Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Lubricant Industry“

The sheet metal forming process basically involves the shaping of sheet metal of various thickness and material properties into the desired contours. This metal forming process has been extensively used by the automotive industry to manufacture both car panels and parts. Over the years numerous investigations have been conducted on various aspects of the manufacturing process with varied success. In recent years the requirements on the sheet metal forming industry have headed towards improved stability in the forming process while lowering environmental burdens. Therefore the overall aim of this research was to identify a technique for developing lubricant formulations that are insensitive to the sheet metal forming process. Due to the expense of running experiments on production presses and to improve time efficiency of the process the evaluation procedure was required to be performed in a laboratory. Preliminary investigations in the friction/lubricant system identified several laboratory tests capable of measuring lubricant performance and their interaction with process variables. However, little was found on the correlation between laboratory tests and production performance of lubricants. Therefore the focus of the research switched to identifying links between the performance of lubricants in a production environment and laboratory tests. To reduce the influence of external parameters all significant process variables were identified and included in the correlation study to ensure that lubricant formulations could be desensitised to all significant variables. The significant process variables were found to be sensitive to die position, for instance: contact pressure, blank coating of the strips and surface roughness of the dies were found significant for the flat areas of the die while no variables affected friction when polished drawbeads were used. The next phase was to identify the interaction between the significant variables and the main lubricant ingredient groups. Only the fatty material ingredient group (responsible for the formation of boundary lubricant regimes) was found to significantly influence friction with no interaction between the ingredient groups. The influence of varying this ingredient group was then investigated in a production part and compared to laboratory results. The correlation between production performance and laboratory tests was found to be test dependant. With both the Flat Face Friction test and the Drawbead Simulator unaffected by changes in the lubricant formulation, while the Flat Bottom Cup test showing similar results as the production trial. It is believed that the lack of correlation between the friction tests and the production performance of the lubricant is due to the absence of bulk plastic deformation of the strip. For this reason the Ohio State University (OSU) friction test was incorporated in the lubricant evaluation procedure along with a Flat Bottom Cup test. Finally, it is strongly believed that if the lubricant evaluation procedure highlighted in this research is followed then lubricant formulations can be developed confidently in the laboratory.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Administración<br>1.1 Oportunidad del Negocio El fuerte crecimiento del rubro industrial forestal en la última década (cerca del 30%), provocado en parte por un aumento en las exportaciones de madera, ha llevado a las empresas a realizar fuertes inversiones en automatización y mecanización de los procesos productivos, para conseguir ser más eficientes y por lo tanto competitivos con el resto del mundo. Este crecimiento y las inversiones realizadas han traído consigo serios problemas de contaminación ambiental, lo cual dentro de las políticas de gobierno y las exigencias de los mercados de destino de los productos madereros, han provocado que las empresas introduzcan fuertes cambios para solucionar los problemas ambientales modificando o sustituyendo aditivos o productos por otros que permitan que los procesos productivos sean más limpios. Entre los problemas que actualmente enfrentan todas las empresas del rubro aserraderos y plantas de remanufacturas, existe el de los derrames producidos por el uso de aceites derivados de hidrocarburos en la lubricación de equipos y cadenas. Para solucionar este problema es que nace como una necesidad Bio-Lube Ltda., empresa fabricante y comercializadora de aceites de origen vegetal para ser usados como lubricantes de cadena y otras aplicaciones de procesos productivos forestales, cuyo producto Bio-Chain WR, soluciona el problema de contaminación, al ser un producto 100% biodegradable y con un precio producto-rendimiento de menor valor que los biodegrables que se ofrecen actualmente en el mercado y muy competitivo con respecto a los derivados de hidrocarburos que se utilizan aún. 1.2 Modelo de Negocio Nuestra empresa ofrecerá el producto Bio-Chain WR, el cual ha sido formulado sobre la base de aceites vegetales (aceite de canola) y aditivos biodegradables, cuya composición se mantiene en reserva de sus dueños. El producto se comercializará en formato de tambores de 208 lts., mismo formato que utilizan las compañías competidoras. El precio de venta del producto será de $2100 + IVA, el cual es similar a los lubricantes base hidrocarburos y muy por debajo de las alternativas biodegradables (30 a 40% menos). El potencial de mercado para el producto Bio-Chain WR es de 280 tambores/mes considerando sólo las regiones VII, VIII y IX, que es donde se concentra el 85% del mercado. Bio-Lube Ltda., espera conseguir como objetivos de venta alcanzar el 5% (14 tambores/mes) del mercado en su primer año (a partir del segundo semestre), para luego aumentar en un 15% (42 tambores/mes) en el segundo año y para lograr desde el tercer al quinto años una participación del 25% (70 tambores/mes). La estrategia de comercialización contempla una etapa de introducción del producto al mercado, para lo cual se espera visitar en una primera etapa a los clientes de mayor nivel de consumo ofreciendo una prueba del producto sin costo, si esta no cumple las exigencias de calidad y rendimiento del cliente. Se estima que el tiempo para introducir el producto al mercado será de 3 a 4 meses. Adicionalmente, se realizará una campaña de marketing para fortalecer las cualidades del producto y la empresa. La estrategia de marketing se desarrollará en dos ámbitos: Imagen corporativa y de la marca; para lo cual se cuenta con un programa de actividades y presupuesto por año. En una primera etapa la estrategia será de marketing directo, fuerte en relaciones interpersonales, hacia las empresas. Aquí los ejecutivos de ventas se dirigen hacia los clientes. En la segunda etapa se realizará un marketing más indirecto y masivo con la utilización de medios tradicionales de publicidad. Lubricantes Ecológicos Bio-Lube Ltda. Parque Industrial S/N, Lota, VIII Región www.biolube.cl 3 1.3 Equipo y modelo organizacional El equipo ejecutivo de Bio-Lube Ltda. está compuesto por el Sr. Esteban Díaz, Gerente General, Ingeniero Comercial, con una gran red de contactos en la zona y con 10 años de experiencia en el sector financiero; Sr. Christian Méndez, Gerente Técnico y apoyo ventas, Ingeniero Civil Químico, con 10 años de experiencia en el sector forestal, desarrollando su carrera en producción, ingeniería y proyectos en empresas del rubro. Sr. Cristian Martínez, Gerente Comercial y apoyo ventas, Ing. Civil Industrial, con 8 años de experiencia en comercialización de lubricantes y asesorías en lubricación para el sector forestal e industrial. Adicionalmente, se contempla la contratación de dos personas para el área producción, bodega y despachos. 1.4 Proyecciones Financieras El valor de la empresa Bio-Lube Ltda. es de $140.994.352 millones y ha sido calculada en base a los flujos de caja de los primeros 5 años. La tasa de descuento utilizada para la evaluación es de un 30%, considerando una tasa por capitales de riesgo. La tasa interna de retorno es de un 88.64% y la inversión se recupera en los primeros 3 años. 1.5 Propuesta a los Inversionistas A continuación, se desglosa el capital requerido para la realización del proyecto Bio-Lube, el cual está compuesto por activo fijo y capital de trabajo.

Automóviles SA es una empresa especializada en la venta y servicios post venta de vehículos en las regiones de Junín, Ayacucho y Huancavelica, fue fundada en el año 1965, y es el único concesionario autorizado de la Toyota en toda la región centro. Dos aspectos importantes en el crecimiento de la organización son: (a) las relaciones comerciales que se tiene con empresas del sector agropecuario y minero que existen en la región centro y (b) la otorgación de créditos directos a clientes de confianza. El objetivo de la consultoría fue identificar el problema principal a través del análisis de las principales causas y brindar propuestas de alternativas de solución. En consecuencia, el problema principal identificado fue el bajo margen de ganancia que genera el cambio de aceites en la línea de negocios de servicios post venta, la cual tiene como origen a diversos factores tales como: (a) ineficiencia en la gestión de abastecimiento por la poca disponibilidad de espacio físico para almacenar aceites en distintas presentaciones de galoneras, (b) aumento del número de competidores que brindan el servicio de mantenimiento de vehículos y camiones, específicamente en lo que respecta a cambio de aceite, y (c) deficiencia en el tiempo de atención del servicio de cambio de aceite. Para tener un mejor entendimiento del problema principal del presente trabajo y para brindar propuestas eficaces de solución, se desarrolló el análisis de causa-raíz para tener un mejor entendimiento del origen del problema, y junto con el análisis interno y externo de la organización ayuden a plantear la mejor solución que se alinee a las estrategias de la organización. Adicionalmente se consideró la revisión literaria, las cuales estuvieron orientadas a entender cuáles son los factores principales que afectan la rentabilidad de toda empresa, tal como la gestión adecuada de los costos, la asignación de precios y el control eficiente de inventarios y de gastos.<br>Automobiles SA is a company specialized in the sale and after-sales services of vehicles in the regions of Junín, Ayacucho, and Huancavelica. It was founded in 1965 and is the only authorized Toyota dealer in the entire Central Region. Two main aspects in the organization's growth are: (a) the commercial relationships existing with companies in the agricultural and mining sector in the Center Region and (b) the grant of loan-extensions to trusted clients. The consultancy object went to identify the main problem through the analysis of the primary causes and provide proposals for alternative solutions. Consequently, the main problem identified was the low-profit margin generated by the change of oils in the aftersales service business line, produced by various factors such as: (a) inefficiency in the management of supply by the limited availability of physical space to store oils in different gallon presentations, (b) increase in the number of competitors who provide vehicle and truck maintenance services, especially concerning oil change, and (c) deficiency in the time at oil change service attention. To have a better understanding of the main problem of the present work and to provide successful solution proposals, the root-cause analysis was developed to have a better comprehension of the origin of the problem, and together with the internal and external analysis of the organization help to propose the best solution that aligns with the organization's strategies. Additionally, the literary review went considered aimed in understood which are the main factors that affect the profitability of any company, such as the adequate management of costs, the allocation of prices, and the efficient control of inventories and expenses.

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica (Pré-Bolonha), Especialidade de Tecnologia da Produção, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra<br>Coatings are frequently applied on molds and accessories for the glass industry in order to restrict surface degradation such as oxidation, corrosion, abrasion and wear of the structural material, thereby decreasing the maintenance costs and increasing the lifetime and performance of components. However, in order to obtain accurate lifetime expectancies and performance of the coatings it is necessary to have a complete reliable understanding of their properties. This thesis is on the improvement of the surface properties and integrity of molds, in order to increase their durability, through the application of different types of coatings. Two methodologies were followed to reach such demands: 1 - synthesis, optimization and characterization of coatings currently used in molds surface protection (Ni-based alloys deposited by Plasma Transferred Arc); 2 - synthesis and characterization of new coatings with improved functionalities, deposited by emergent deposition processes such as Atmospheric Plasma Spraying and DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering. In a first step it was intended to optimize Ni-based coatings deposited by PTA process, studying the effect of substrate dilution on the properties of coatings. In the second part, two different coating systems were evaluated. The first topic investigated the effect of ZrO2 additions on the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behavior to Ni-based alloy coatings deposited by APS process, whilst, in the second the influence of V additions on the properties of TiSi(V)N thin films, containing different Si and V contents, deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering, was evaluated. The main results to be enhanced are described below for each coating system investigated. The dilution of the substrate showed strongly influence the structure and consequently the hardness, oxidation resistance and tribological behavior of coatings. It was observed that increasing dilution had a detrimental effect on the hardness, oxidation resistance and tribological behavior of coatings at room temperature due to base material incorporation. However, in the latter it demonstrated to have a beneficial effect at high temperature due to the fast formation of oxide layers which protect the coating surface against wear. The post-weld heat treatment performed at coatings reduced the hardness of the partially melted and heat affected zones without affecting the coatings hardness. Furthermore, coatings hardness and wear resistance was increased with annealing treatment. Thus, the best performing coating could only be achieved by, selecting the proper deposition conditions that give the best correlation among mechanical properties, level of oxidation and wear resistance of coatings. ZrO2 additions promoted different impact on the microstructure of a Ni-based alloy, when coatings were deposited using powders mixed by mechanical alloying or using separated powders. A homogeneous and compact microstructure with small zirconia particles evenly distributed in the matrix was obtained in the first case, while a porous microstructure, full of semi-melted Ni powders with large particles of ZrO2 entrapped in their boundaries suggesting a brittle behavior was obtained in the second. In both cases the hardness and wear behavior of ZrO2 rich coatings in relation to the Ni-based one, was improved. However, coatings deposited by powders prepared my mechanical alloying revealed to be much more performing due to their compact structure and even distribution of zirconia. All the APS coatings showed higher hardness values than the Ni-based coatings deposited by PTA, however, their micro-abrasion resistance revealed to be worst, due to the lack of cohesion between powders. The structure of V rich coatings analysed by XRD revealed that V incorporations to the TiSiN system shift the peaks to higher angles, indicating a substitutional solid solution due to the substitution of Ti by smaller V atoms. On the other hand, X-ray diffraction analyses performed at the TiSiN films revealed that the stoichiometric nanocomposite structure for the control of vanadium diffusion was not formed. In fact Si incorporation at the TiN system revealed to shift the diffraction peaks to higher angles, which in combination to the same level of compressive residual stresses measured for all the Si rich films, indicted substitutional solid solution formation. V additions showed successfully increase the hardness and tribological behavior of TiSiVN films. The hardness improvement with V incorporations has shown to be a result of the substitutional solid solution formation, whilst, the improvement of the tribological properties is related to the V2O5 phase formation on the sliding contact that acts as a lubricious tribo-film, which protects the coating from wear. The oxidation resistance of Si and V rich coatings showed to be strongly influenced by their structure. Si and V incorporations at the TiN and TiSiN systems, showed improve and abruptly decrease the oxidation resistance of films, respectively. The oxidation resistance decrease of V rich coatings was attributed to the rapid V ions diffusion throughout the oxide scale, which inhibited the formation of a continuous protective silicon oxide layer, as opposed to TiSiN films case, where a continuous and protective SiO2 layer was built leading to a much lower oxidation weight gain over time. V rich coatings showed lower oxidation resistance than Ni-based coatings PTA, but superior hardness values (some orders of magnitude higher) and greater tribological behavior than PTA and APS deposited coatings.<br>Diferentes tipos de revestimentos são frequentemente aplicados em moldes e acessórios para a indústria do vidro, de forma a atenuar a degradação das suas superfícies, devida às extremas condições de oxidação, corrosão, abrasão e desgaste de uso a que estão sujeitos, diminuindo desta forma os custos de manutenção e aumentando o tempo de vida e o desempenho destes componentes. No entanto, de forma a maximizar o desempenho dos revestimentos, é necessário ter uma completa e fiável compreensão das suas propriedades. Esta tese é totalmente dedicada à melhoria das propriedades da superfície dos moldes, de forma a aumentar a sua durabilidade e performance, através da aplicação de diferentes tipos de revestimentos. No sentido de dar cumprimento a este desafio, duas metodologias foram seguidas: 1 - síntese, optimização e caracterização de revestimentos actualmente usados na protecção da superfície dos moldes (ligas à base de Ni depositadas por PTA (plasma transferred arc)); 2 - síntese e caracterização de novos revestimentos mais resistente e com melhores propriedades, depositados por processos de deposição emergentes no mercado, tal como são os casos do APS (atmospheric plasma spraying) e do PVD (physical vapor deposition). Primeiramente estudou-se o efeito da diluição do material base nas propriedades de uma liga de níquel depositada por PTA usada actualmente na protecção da superfície dos moldes. Na segunda parte diferentes sistemas de revestimento foram avaliados. O primeiro estudo incidiu sobre o efeito da adição de ZrO2 nas propriedades mecânicas, microestrutura e comportamento tribológico de uma liga de Ni depositada por APS, enquanto que o segundo estudo recaiu na análise da influência da adição de V nas propriedades de revestimentos cerâmicos de TiSiN, contendo diferentes teores de Si e V, depositados por PVD. Os principais resultados alcançados durante este trabalho são resumidos seguidamente, para cada um dos sistemas de revestimentos analisados. A diluição do substrato mostrou influenciar a estrutura e consequentemente diminuir a dureza, resistência à oxidação e resistência ao desgaste à temperatura ambiente dos revestimentos. No entanto, teve um efeito benéfico no comportamento tribológico a temperaturas elevadas, devido à rápida formação de uma camada de óxido, que mostrou proteger a superfície contra o desgaste. O tratamento térmico efectuado aos revestimentos após deposição reduziu com sucesso a dureza das zonas termicamente afectada pelo calor e parcialmente fundida, sem alterar a dureza da zona fundida. Além disso, o tratamento de envelhecimento realizado aos revestimentos mostrou aumentar a sua dureza e a sua resistência ao desgaste com a exposição à temperatura. Assim, o revestimento com melhor desempenho só pode ser obtido seleccionando as condições de deposição que originem o melhor compromisso entre propriedades mecânicas, nível de oxidação e de resistência ao desgaste. A adição de zircónia à liga de níquel depositada por APS, usando pós de Ni e ZrO2 misturados por síntese mecânica e pós separados promoveu diferente impacto na microestrutura dos revestimentos. Quando depositados com pós preparados por síntese mecânica, os revestimentos exibiram uma estrutura homogénea e compacta com pequenas partículas de zircónica uniformemente distribuídas al longo da matriz de Ni. Por outro lado, quando depositados separadamente obteve-se uma estrutura extremamente porosa com pós de Ni semi-fundidos e com partículas de ZrO2 aprisionadas na sua interface, sugerindo um comportamento frágil. Independente do procedimento de deposição usado, em ambos os casos a dureza e a resistência ao desgaste dos revestimentos foi melhorada com a adição de ZrO2. Contudo, os revestimentos depositados usando pós produzidos por síntese mecânica revelaram possuir uma maior performance, devido à sua estrutura compacta e distribuição uniforme de ZrO2. Todos os revestimentos depositados por APS revelaram possuir valores de dureza superiores aos revestimentos depositados por PTA, no entanto, a sua resistência à abrasão mostrou ser bastante inferior devido à falta de coesão entre pós. As análises de difracção de raio-X realizadas aos filmes ricos em V revelaram que os picos de difracção se deslocam para ângulos superiores com o aumento do teor em V, indicando a formação de uma solução sólida substitucional. Por outro lado, a análise realizada aos revestimentos de TiSIN revelou que a estrutura estequiométrica nanocompósita, requerida para o controlo da difusão de vanádio não foi formada. De facto, a adição de Si ao sistema TiN revelou também deslocar os picos de difracção para ângulos superiores, o que em combinação com o mesmo nível de tensões residuais medido nos diferentes revestimentos, indica a formação de uma solução sólida substitucional. A Adição de V ao sistema TiSiN mostrou aumentar com sucesso as suas propriedades mecânicas e tribológicas. O aumento da dureza com a adição de vanádio foi atribuído à formação da solução sólida substitucional, enquanto, a melhoria das propriedades tribológicas está relacionada com a formação da fase V2O5, no topo da superfície do filme, a qual age como lubrificante sólido, e portanto protege o revestimento de desgaste. A resistência à oxidação de revestimentos ricos em Si e V mostrou ser fortemente influenciada pela sua estrutura. A adição de Si e V aos sistemas TiN e TiSiN, respectivamente, mostrou aumentar e abruptamente reduzir a resistência à oxidação dos filmes. A diminuição da resistência a oxidação dos revestimentos ricos em V foi atribuída à rápida difusão dos iões de V através da camada de óxido, o que inibiu a formação de uma camada contínua e protectora de óxido de silício, contrariamente ao que acontece nos revestimentos TiSiN, onde uma camada contínua e protectora de Si-O foi formada, levando a menores taxas de ganho de massa devido à oxidação com o tempo. Os filmes ricos em V apresentaram menor resistência à oxidação do que os revestimentos espessos depositados por PTA, no entanto, a sua dureza e resistência ao desgaste mostrou ser bastante superior aos dos revestimentos depositados por PTA e APS.

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>高階經營碩士班<br>100<br>Lubricants is the most broadly used item in petrochemical products. It is used in all kinds of transportation vehicles like cars, trains, and aircraft, also factory operations like hydraulic system, rotary device and metalworking process. The lubricant consumption is directly related to local industrial status. Furthermore, the growth rate of national lubricants usage amount is directly related to domestic GDP growth rate. Relative to other Asia Pacific countries, the lubricant market has always been very competitive in Taiwan. According to investigation, there are more than 200 lubricant brands in Taiwan market, including the top two local brands, CPC and FPCC; and international brands like Shell, Mobil, BP, Castrol, NOP and Idemitsu. Besides these well-known brands, a great number of domestic small and medium lubricant companies supply the rest of the market by its own branding or OEM. The research collects and analyzes global lubricant market as well as that of China and Taiwan, interviewing Taiwan lubricant experts and people in the business to discuss current local lubricant industry and future outlook for market competition analysis. The study case is based on the leading brand of Taiwan lubricant market; the company already takes more than 30% of Taiwan market share and still hunger for better achievement. According to case study company''s SWOT, industrial environment, future develop direction and trend, this research summarizes and indicates strategical guidance of lubricant market for the company.

M.Sc.<br>It is estimated that there are approximately 6.9 million vehicles operating on South African roads, four million (58%) of which represent passenger cars. (Mbendi, 2002a). The number of vehicles operating on national roads increase annually. For motor vehicle engines to perform optimally, among other components, they require engine oil. Nationally in 2002, approximately 40 million litres of motor oil were sold at service station forecourts. For the same period, Gauteng motor oil sales exceeded 17.5 million litres while 76% of these sales occurred in Johannesburg (Maneveld, 2003b). When motor oil is poured into an engine there is always an amount of oil that remains in the container. In this study the author quantifies the amount of unused motor oil that is discarded into the environment via the containers that carry it and makes an assessment of the associated environmental implications. In the South African context, no documented data regarding this problem exists. Chapter one provides the background and motivation to the study, an explicit description of the problem being researched, objectives of the research, the study area and a brief description of the research methodology. This chapter defines the parameters within which the research took place. Chapter two briefly describes the South African oil and lubricants industry. It also focuses on lubricant manufacture, blending, composition, use and properties of lubricants. Chapter three details the research methodology and data collection procedures. This is followed by an analysis of the pilot and main study encompassing statistical interpretation and synthesis. Graphical and photographic illustrations are used. Conclusions were reached on the basis of factual information. Chapter four collates the information from previous chapters, which enables the author to make projections and quantify the amount of unused oil discarded into the environment. An assessment of the associated environmental implications is then determined. In the last chapter, limitations of the study are discussed. This is followed by concluding statements, proposals for further research and recommendations to address the research problem.