Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Lubricant Industry“

Lubricants are available in our daily lives for functioning as coolants, to dissipate heat and lubricate different surfaces which can be either in solid, liquid or gaseous forms. It reduces friction by the formation of thin film between two surfaces in contact and by improving efficiency and reducing wear. For any system to work efficiently and effectively appropriate lubricant is needed. Fresh lubricating oil needs to meet specifications of Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Applying lubricant regularly on tool increases life on usage and durability but a situation comes when the oil starts degrading may be due to depletion of additives or tool break down. Degraded oil is tested by using different physicochemical properties and also by employing different sophisticated analytical techniques like infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas chromatography (GC), Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES), etc. In this article, we shall discuss some basics of lubrication, different lubrication regimes and various kinds of lubricants used for various industrial and automotive applications. Some case studies of oil and also their representative formulations, testing and interpretation of results is being presented for understanding of various lubricants.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the tribological properties of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) as lubricant additives in three kinds of commercially available lubricants. Design/methodology/approach A four-ball machine is used to estimate the tribological properties of Cu NPs as lubricant additives in three kinds of commercially available lubricants. Three-dimensional optical profiler and electrical contact resistance are evaluated to investigate the morphology of the worn surfaces and the influence of Cu NPs on tribofilms. Findings Wear tests show that the addition of Cu NPs as lubricant additives could reduce wear and increase load-carrying capacity of commercially available lubricants remarkably, indicating that Cu NPs have a good compatibility with the existing lubricant additives in commercially available lubricants. Originality/value The tribological properties of Cu NPs as lubricant additives in three kinds of commercially available lubricants were investigated in this paper. These results are reliable and can be very helpful for application of Cu NPs as lubricant additives in industry.

Lubricant derived from Mineral oil are not renewable, detrimental to health, and fluctuating in price. As a result, vegetable based oils are regarded as best substitute of mineral oil in the manufacturing of lubricants. It has become vital to do analysis on the application of unconsumable oils for stable industry lubricant development. In this work, the characteristic investigation of lubricant derived from vegetable which are not edible (ex-Jatropha) that can be used for industrial application is analysed. The oil was analysed and changed to make it suitable for development as lubricants for industrial uses. As a control, a mineral based oil that is commercially available as lubricant (SAE 20/W50) was employed. Jatropha oil was modified to improve viscosity while modification has also reduced the viscosity index in parallel. Jatropha oil, contrasting any other vegetable oils, has outstanding cold-flow capabilities, and mitigation of the oils has further improved oil’s cold-flow properties. The pH exhibited by modified Jatropha oil is in the alkaline scale, a high viscosity index. Thus, both modified and unmodified (Esterified) Jatropha oil have been proven to be appropriate for industry usage in low-temperature networks. The modified Jatropha oil was discovered to be an environmentally safe substitute of the oil that are mineral based lubricant (SAE 20/W50) to be used in 2- stroke engines, metal shaping, and gear lubrication in the food treating industry.

Advanced research on vegetable oils as gear lubricants became a topic of interest in green technology where natural resources could be appliedin transportation and industry. The main objectives are to meet demand and monitor the impact of human involvement. Many researches have suggested that vegetable oil has the potential as an alternative lubricant for many engineering process although it has some disadvantages such as oxidative instability and poor properties at low temperature. The use of vegetable oils as a helical gear lubricant has not been studied before. This study is to experimentally analyse the performance of sunflower oil and soybean oil as gear lubricants. An oil test data was taken periodically from the gear test rig within 80 consecutive hours. The performance of sunflower and soybean oils were analysed based on lubricant properties such as kinematic viscosity and viscosity index. The experimental data was compared to the ideal performance of a synthetic gear lubricant. The findings show that sunflower oil has better lubricant properties compared to soybean oil. Sunflower oil shows appreciable high temperature properties as synthetic gear lubricant.

To improve crash worthiness and fuel economy, the automotive industry is, increasingly, using Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS). However, in recent years, stampers, particularly those serving the automotive industry, have begun to face new challenges related to the increased use of AHSS. Stamping AHSS can push the capability limits of some lubricants and often cause lubricant film break down and galling thereby increasing scrap rate and tool maintenance cost. This paper discusses the advantages of AHSS in auto metal stampings, highlights the new challenges faced by stampers, and delineates the exigency of draw lubricant in producing high quality auto stampings from AHSS.

Abstract The article presents a properly planned and designed tests of the abrasive wear resistance 2024 aluminum alloy strips under friction conditions involving various lubricants. Test were focused on the selection of the best lubricant for use in industrial environment, especially for sheet metal forming. Three lubricants of the Orlen Oil Company and one used in the sheet metal forming industry, were selected for tests. Tests without the use of lubricant were performed for a comparison. The tester T-05 was used for testing resistance to wear. As the counter samples were used tool steel - NC6 and steel for hot working - WCL, which are typical materials used for tools for pressing. The results are presented in the form of the force friction, abrasion depth, weight loss and coefficient of friction depending on the lubricant used and the type of counter samples. The results allowed for predicting set lubricant-material for tools which can be applied to sheet metal made of aluminum alloy 2024.

A review is undertaken of the important trends in engine lubricant performance tests that have taken place over the last 10-15 years. Lubricant formulations are driven by industry standard specifications, original equipment manufacturer requirements, and consumer needs. A review is given of the important specifications and associated performance tests, and how these have impacted on lubricant development. The key trends are, firstly, the need for improved fuel economy, secondly, the need for improved oxidation stability, thirdly, the need for improved handling of contaminants (e.g. soot), and, fourthly, the recent move to lubricants containing low levels of sulphur, phosphorus, and sulphated ash, for after-treatment device compatibility reasons.

Growing demands from industry for the use of eco-friendly lubricants led research towards finding environmentally friendly products with superior lubricating characteristics. Vegetable oils and synthetic ester oils are competitive base oils used to obtain lubricants with good physico-chemical, rheological and tribotechnical properties, biodegradable lubricants without negative environmental impacts. In this study we aimed the synthesis and characterization of bioesters with lubricant properties, using as acid component the soybean oil fatty acids in conjunction with the following hydroxyl compounds n-buthanol (P1) and 1,2-propilenglycole (P2), respectively. These complex esters were synthesized in a microwave reactor in a single stage in the presence of the catalyst at the reflux temperature. Characterization was carried out in the respective of structural point of view and as a lubricant.

Prima XP SAE 20W - 50 is a multigrade lubricant used for gasoline and Medripal 412 engine lubricants used for marine industry engines which are non-carcinogenic and environmentally friendly. The main factor in testing lubricants is the Blending process, which is the process of mixing base oil with additives. In the blending process, an inhomogeneous lubricant was found which caused the lubricant test not to comply with specifications. This experiment aims to determine the optimal time of the blending process with the KAN homogeneity test method. Homogeneity testing can be seen from the viscosity value of the lubricant. So the optimum time for the blending process is needed for the continuity of the production process of this lubricant. Medripal 412 products have an optimum blending time of 30 minutes with a viscosity value at 100 C ranging from 14.79 mm2 / s based on the SNI 7069.1 Th. 2012, the product specification value of Medripal 412 is 12.5 - <16.3 mm2 / s and the Prima XP SAE 20W - 50 product has an optimum blending time of 45 minutes with a viscosity value at 100oC of 20.28 mm2 / s based on the SNI 7069.1 Th. 2012, the value of the Prima XP SAE 20W - 50 product specification is 5.6 - <21.9 mm2 / s. This shows that the lubricant is by the standard quality standards set by the company and the government so that the lubricant product is still suitable for use.

Foaming in liquids is ubiquitous in nature. Whereas the mechanism of foaming in aqueous systems has been thoroughly studied, nonaqueous systems have not enjoyed the same level of examination. Here we study the mechanism of foaming in a widely used class of nonaqueous liquids: lubricant base oils. Using a newly developed experimental technique, we show that the stability of lubricant foams can be evaluated at the level of single bubbles. The results obtained with this single-bubble technique indicate that solutocapillary flows are central to lubricant foam stabilization. These solutocapillary flows are shown to originate from the differential evaporation of multicomponent lubricants—an unexpected result given the low volatility of nonaqueous liquids. Further, we show that mixing of some combinations of different lubricant base oils, a common practice in the industry, exacerbates solutocapillary flows and hence leads to increased foaming.

Les normes environnementales toujours plus sévères associées à une constante augmentation de la demande énergétique rendent nécessaires les actions à entreprendre en vue d’améliorer l’efficacité énergétique. Dans le domaine du transport, responsable à lui seul de plus de la moitié de la consommation des ressources pétrolières, les actions visant à optimiser la consommation énergétique se traduisent par la mise en place de nouvelles technologies hybrides, par un travail sur l’aérodynamisme des véhicules, la conception de pneumatiques plus performants ou bien encore la réduction de la taille des moteurs et des boites de vitesse afin de réduire le poids des véhicules. Cependant, selon le VTT (Centre de recherche technique finlandais), dans les voitures particulières, les pertes par frottement représentent un tiers de la consommation totale de carburant. Plusieurs millions de litres de carburant sont ainsi utilisés dans le monde chaque année pour vaincre les forces de frottement. Pour cette raison la recherche en tribologie dans le domaine de l’automobile s’est plus particulièrement focalisée ces dernières années sur le développement de matériaux à faible coefficient de frottement ainsi que lubrifiants plus performants. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier le potentiel des nanoparticules de dichalcogénures métalliques en tant qu’additifs de lubrification pour applications automobiles dans le but de développer de nouveaux lubrifiants hautement performants. Ces nanoparticules, synthétisées pour la première fois dans les années 90, ont déjà montré des propriétés tribologiques intéressantes lors de tests effectués en laboratoire, en régime de lubrification limite. Toutefois, leur utilisation dans des systèmes mécaniques réels nécessite une meilleure compréhension de leurs performances dans des conditions plus proches de la réalité, à savoir en présence de surfaces rugueuses ainsi qu’en présence d’additifs couramment utilisés dans les lubrifiants industriels. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes focalisés sur des nanoparticules de bisulfures de tungstène produites industriellement. Le contexte industriel de ce travail de thèse ainsi que les bases de la tribologie seront exposés dans un premier chapitre consacré à l’état de l’art. Dans ce même chapitre, une revue bibliographique des propriétés lubrifiantes des nanoparticules de bisulfures métalliques (MoS2, WS2) observées lors d’essais tribologiques effectués en laboratoire sera également présentée. L’influence de certains paramètres tels que les conditions d’essais, l’effet de la température, de la concentration, de la cristallinité sera également présentée dans ce premier chapitre.Les résultats de mon travail de thèse seront présentés à travers deux grandes parties. Dans une première, les caractéristiques morphologiques et chimiques des nanoparticules étudiées seront présentées. Leurs propriétés tribologiques dans l’huile de base en présence de surfaces en acier de différentes rugosités seront discutées. Enfin, leurs performances en présence d’additifs couramment utilisés dans les applications industrielles ont également été étudiées. Tous ces essais ont été réalisés en régime de lubrification limite et à 100°C. Dans une seconde partie, le potentiel des nanoparticules pour une application boîte de vitesses a été exploré. Des essais tribologiques ont été réalisés à la fois dans une huile de base ainsi qu’en présence d’un cocktail d’additifs, tout d’abord à l’échelle du laboratoire puis lors de tests réels effectués avec des boites de vitesses utilisées dans l’automobile. Les résultats montrent que les nanoparticules peuvent être utilisées pour augmenter la durée de vie des engrenages
The growing environmental concerns, along with the continuous increase of energy demand, have encouraged research to improve energy efficiency in every technological field. In the transport industry, responsible of more than half of the world’s oil consumption, manufacturers have bet on hybrid fuel technologies, more aerodynamic car profiles, innovative tires and even downsizing of engines and gearboxes to reduce the weight of the vehicles to face the problem. However, according to VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, in passenger cars one third of fuel consumption is due to friction loss. This means that several millions of liters of fuel are used every year to overcome friction around the world. As a consequence, reduction on the friction losses would have a direct impact in oil consumption. For this reason, research in the tribology field has specially focused in the development of low friction materials and more efficient lubricants. This work investigates the potential of metal dichalcogenide nanoparticles as lubricant additives for automobile applications with the aim of formulating more efficient lubricants. These nanoparticles which were synthetized for the first time in the 90’s have shown interesting tribological properties when added to base oil under specific laboratory test conditions. However, their future use in real-life mechanical systems needs a better comprehension of their behavior on rough surfaces and in the presence of additives commonly used in industrial lubricants.Industrially produced tungsten disulfide nanoparticles were used in this work. First of all, the industrial context of this work and the basis of tribology science in general and of tribology in the automotive industry in particular are exposed in the state of the art part. In this section, a literature review of the lubricating properties of laboratory scale produced metal dichalcogenides nanoparticles of tungsten and molybdenum disulfide is exposed. The effect of different conditions (temperature, concentration in oil, contact pressure, among others) is also presented in this first section. The research work done for this thesis is divided in two main parts. In the first one, the nanoparticles were first morphologically and chemically characterized and their tribological potential in base oil was investigated on smooth and rough surfaces under different test conditions. Then, their tribological behavior in the presence of additives that are commonly used in industrial applications, in the boundary lubrication regime and at 100°C was studied.In the second part, the use of nanoparticles for a gearbox application was explored. The potential of the nanoparticles in base oil and in the presence of a commercial package of additives for this application was studied, first at the laboratory scale, and then in scaled-up tests with gearboxes used in cars. The results suggest that nanoparticles can be used to increase life span of the mechanical parts of gears

The sheet metal forming process basically involves the shaping of sheet metal of various thickness and material properties into the desired contours. This metal forming process has been extensively used by the automotive industry to manufacture both car panels and parts. Over the years numerous investigations have been conducted on various aspects of the manufacturing process with varied success. In recent years the requirements on the sheet metal forming industry have headed towards improved stability in the forming process while lowering environmental burdens. Therefore the overall aim of this research was to identify a technique for developing lubricant formulations that are insensitive to the sheet metal forming process. Due to the expense of running experiments on production presses and to improve time efficiency of the process the evaluation procedure was required to be performed in a laboratory. Preliminary investigations in the friction/lubricant system identified several laboratory tests capable of measuring lubricant performance and their interaction with process variables. However, little was found on the correlation between laboratory tests and production performance of lubricants. Therefore the focus of the research switched to identifying links between the performance of lubricants in a production environment and laboratory tests. To reduce the influence of external parameters all significant process variables were identified and included in the correlation study to ensure that lubricant formulations could be desensitised to all significant variables. The significant process variables were found to be sensitive to die position, for instance: contact pressure, blank coating of the strips and surface roughness of the dies were found significant for the flat areas of the die while no variables affected friction when polished drawbeads were used. The next phase was to identify the interaction between the significant variables and the main lubricant ingredient groups. Only the fatty material ingredient group (responsible for the formation of boundary lubricant regimes) was found to significantly influence friction with no interaction between the ingredient groups. The influence of varying this ingredient group was then investigated in a production part and compared to laboratory results. The correlation between production performance and laboratory tests was found to be test dependant. With both the Flat Face Friction test and the Drawbead Simulator unaffected by changes in the lubricant formulation, while the Flat Bottom Cup test showing similar results as the production trial. It is believed that the lack of correlation between the friction tests and the production performance of the lubricant is due to the absence of bulk plastic deformation of the strip. For this reason the Ohio State University (OSU) friction test was incorporated in the lubricant evaluation procedure along with a Flat Bottom Cup test. Finally, it is strongly believed that if the lubricant evaluation procedure highlighted in this research is followed then lubricant formulations can be developed confidently in the laboratory.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Administración
1.1 Oportunidad del Negocio El fuerte crecimiento del rubro industrial forestal en la última década (cerca del 30%), provocado en parte por un aumento en las exportaciones de madera, ha llevado a las empresas a realizar fuertes inversiones en automatización y mecanización de los procesos productivos, para conseguir ser más eficientes y por lo tanto competitivos con el resto del mundo. Este crecimiento y las inversiones realizadas han traído consigo serios problemas de contaminación ambiental, lo cual dentro de las políticas de gobierno y las exigencias de los mercados de destino de los productos madereros, han provocado que las empresas introduzcan fuertes cambios para solucionar los problemas ambientales modificando o sustituyendo aditivos o productos por otros que permitan que los procesos productivos sean más limpios. Entre los problemas que actualmente enfrentan todas las empresas del rubro aserraderos y plantas de remanufacturas, existe el de los derrames producidos por el uso de aceites derivados de hidrocarburos en la lubricación de equipos y cadenas. Para solucionar este problema es que nace como una necesidad Bio-Lube Ltda., empresa fabricante y comercializadora de aceites de origen vegetal para ser usados como lubricantes de cadena y otras aplicaciones de procesos productivos forestales, cuyo producto Bio-Chain WR, soluciona el problema de contaminación, al ser un producto 100% biodegradable y con un precio producto-rendimiento de menor valor que los biodegrables que se ofrecen actualmente en el mercado y muy competitivo con respecto a los derivados de hidrocarburos que se utilizan aún. 1.2 Modelo de Negocio Nuestra empresa ofrecerá el producto Bio-Chain WR, el cual ha sido formulado sobre la base de aceites vegetales (aceite de canola) y aditivos biodegradables, cuya composición se mantiene en reserva de sus dueños. El producto se comercializará en formato de tambores de 208 lts., mismo formato que utilizan las compañías competidoras. El precio de venta del producto será de $2100 + IVA, el cual es similar a los lubricantes base hidrocarburos y muy por debajo de las alternativas biodegradables (30 a 40% menos). El potencial de mercado para el producto Bio-Chain WR es de 280 tambores/mes considerando sólo las regiones VII, VIII y IX, que es donde se concentra el 85% del mercado. Bio-Lube Ltda., espera conseguir como objetivos de venta alcanzar el 5% (14 tambores/mes) del mercado en su primer año (a partir del segundo semestre), para luego aumentar en un 15% (42 tambores/mes) en el segundo año y para lograr desde el tercer al quinto años una participación del 25% (70 tambores/mes). La estrategia de comercialización contempla una etapa de introducción del producto al mercado, para lo cual se espera visitar en una primera etapa a los clientes de mayor nivel de consumo ofreciendo una prueba del producto sin costo, si esta no cumple las exigencias de calidad y rendimiento del cliente. Se estima que el tiempo para introducir el producto al mercado será de 3 a 4 meses. Adicionalmente, se realizará una campaña de marketing para fortalecer las cualidades del producto y la empresa. La estrategia de marketing se desarrollará en dos ámbitos: Imagen corporativa y de la marca; para lo cual se cuenta con un programa de actividades y presupuesto por año. En una primera etapa la estrategia será de marketing directo, fuerte en relaciones interpersonales, hacia las empresas. Aquí los ejecutivos de ventas se dirigen hacia los clientes. En la segunda etapa se realizará un marketing más indirecto y masivo con la utilización de medios tradicionales de publicidad. Lubricantes Ecológicos Bio-Lube Ltda. Parque Industrial S/N, Lota, VIII Región www.biolube.cl 3 1.3 Equipo y modelo organizacional El equipo ejecutivo de Bio-Lube Ltda. está compuesto por el Sr. Esteban Díaz, Gerente General, Ingeniero Comercial, con una gran red de contactos en la zona y con 10 años de experiencia en el sector financiero; Sr. Christian Méndez, Gerente Técnico y apoyo ventas, Ingeniero Civil Químico, con 10 años de experiencia en el sector forestal, desarrollando su carrera en producción, ingeniería y proyectos en empresas del rubro. Sr. Cristian Martínez, Gerente Comercial y apoyo ventas, Ing. Civil Industrial, con 8 años de experiencia en comercialización de lubricantes y asesorías en lubricación para el sector forestal e industrial. Adicionalmente, se contempla la contratación de dos personas para el área producción, bodega y despachos. 1.4 Proyecciones Financieras El valor de la empresa Bio-Lube Ltda. es de $140.994.352 millones y ha sido calculada en base a los flujos de caja de los primeros 5 años. La tasa de descuento utilizada para la evaluación es de un 30%, considerando una tasa por capitales de riesgo. La tasa interna de retorno es de un 88.64% y la inversión se recupera en los primeros 3 años. 1.5 Propuesta a los Inversionistas A continuación, se desglosa el capital requerido para la realización del proyecto Bio-Lube, el cual está compuesto por activo fijo y capital de trabajo.

Automóviles SA es una empresa especializada en la venta y servicios post venta de vehículos en las regiones de Junín, Ayacucho y Huancavelica, fue fundada en el año 1965, y es el único concesionario autorizado de la Toyota en toda la región centro. Dos aspectos importantes en el crecimiento de la organización son: (a) las relaciones comerciales que se tiene con empresas del sector agropecuario y minero que existen en la región centro y (b) la otorgación de créditos directos a clientes de confianza. El objetivo de la consultoría fue identificar el problema principal a través del análisis de las principales causas y brindar propuestas de alternativas de solución. En consecuencia, el problema principal identificado fue el bajo margen de ganancia que genera el cambio de aceites en la línea de negocios de servicios post venta, la cual tiene como origen a diversos factores tales como: (a) ineficiencia en la gestión de abastecimiento por la poca disponibilidad de espacio físico para almacenar aceites en distintas presentaciones de galoneras, (b) aumento del número de competidores que brindan el servicio de mantenimiento de vehículos y camiones, específicamente en lo que respecta a cambio de aceite, y (c) deficiencia en el tiempo de atención del servicio de cambio de aceite. Para tener un mejor entendimiento del problema principal del presente trabajo y para brindar propuestas eficaces de solución, se desarrolló el análisis de causa-raíz para tener un mejor entendimiento del origen del problema, y junto con el análisis interno y externo de la organización ayuden a plantear la mejor solución que se alinee a las estrategias de la organización. Adicionalmente se consideró la revisión literaria, las cuales estuvieron orientadas a entender cuáles son los factores principales que afectan la rentabilidad de toda empresa, tal como la gestión adecuada de los costos, la asignación de precios y el control eficiente de inventarios y de gastos.
Automobiles SA is a company specialized in the sale and after-sales services of vehicles in the regions of Junín, Ayacucho, and Huancavelica. It was founded in 1965 and is the only authorized Toyota dealer in the entire Central Region. Two main aspects in the organization's growth are: (a) the commercial relationships existing with companies in the agricultural and mining sector in the Center Region and (b) the grant of loan-extensions to trusted clients. The consultancy object went to identify the main problem through the analysis of the primary causes and provide proposals for alternative solutions. Consequently, the main problem identified was the low-profit margin generated by the change of oils in the aftersales service business line, produced by various factors such as: (a) inefficiency in the management of supply by the limited availability of physical space to store oils in different gallon presentations, (b) increase in the number of competitors who provide vehicle and truck maintenance services, especially concerning oil change, and (c) deficiency in the time at oil change service attention. To have a better understanding of the main problem of the present work and to provide successful solution proposals, the root-cause analysis was developed to have a better comprehension of the origin of the problem, and together with the internal and external analysis of the organization help to propose the best solution that aligns with the organization's strategies. Additionally, the literary review went considered aimed in understood which are the main factors that affect the profitability of any company, such as the adequate management of costs, the allocation of prices, and the efficient control of inventories and expenses.

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica (Pré-Bolonha), Especialidade de Tecnologia da Produção, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
Coatings are frequently applied on molds and accessories for the glass industry in order to restrict surface degradation such as oxidation, corrosion, abrasion and wear of the structural material, thereby decreasing the maintenance costs and increasing the lifetime and performance of components. However, in order to obtain accurate lifetime expectancies and performance of the coatings it is necessary to have a complete reliable understanding of their properties. This thesis is on the improvement of the surface properties and integrity of molds, in order to increase their durability, through the application of different types of coatings. Two methodologies were followed to reach such demands: 1 - synthesis, optimization and characterization of coatings currently used in molds surface protection (Ni-based alloys deposited by Plasma Transferred Arc); 2 - synthesis and characterization of new coatings with improved functionalities, deposited by emergent deposition processes such as Atmospheric Plasma Spraying and DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering. In a first step it was intended to optimize Ni-based coatings deposited by PTA process, studying the effect of substrate dilution on the properties of coatings. In the second part, two different coating systems were evaluated. The first topic investigated the effect of ZrO2 additions on the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behavior to Ni-based alloy coatings deposited by APS process, whilst, in the second the influence of V additions on the properties of TiSi(V)N thin films, containing different Si and V contents, deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering, was evaluated. The main results to be enhanced are described below for each coating system investigated. The dilution of the substrate showed strongly influence the structure and consequently the hardness, oxidation resistance and tribological behavior of coatings. It was observed that increasing dilution had a detrimental effect on the hardness, oxidation resistance and tribological behavior of coatings at room temperature due to base material incorporation. However, in the latter it demonstrated to have a beneficial effect at high temperature due to the fast formation of oxide layers which protect the coating surface against wear. The post-weld heat treatment performed at coatings reduced the hardness of the partially melted and heat affected zones without affecting the coatings hardness. Furthermore, coatings hardness and wear resistance was increased with annealing treatment. Thus, the best performing coating could only be achieved by, selecting the proper deposition conditions that give the best correlation among mechanical properties, level of oxidation and wear resistance of coatings. ZrO2 additions promoted different impact on the microstructure of a Ni-based alloy, when coatings were deposited using powders mixed by mechanical alloying or using separated powders. A homogeneous and compact microstructure with small zirconia particles evenly distributed in the matrix was obtained in the first case, while a porous microstructure, full of semi-melted Ni powders with large particles of ZrO2 entrapped in their boundaries suggesting a brittle behavior was obtained in the second. In both cases the hardness and wear behavior of ZrO2 rich coatings in relation to the Ni-based one, was improved. However, coatings deposited by powders prepared my mechanical alloying revealed to be much more performing due to their compact structure and even distribution of zirconia. All the APS coatings showed higher hardness values than the Ni-based coatings deposited by PTA, however, their micro-abrasion resistance revealed to be worst, due to the lack of cohesion between powders. The structure of V rich coatings analysed by XRD revealed that V incorporations to the TiSiN system shift the peaks to higher angles, indicating a substitutional solid solution due to the substitution of Ti by smaller V atoms. On the other hand, X-ray diffraction analyses performed at the TiSiN films revealed that the stoichiometric nanocomposite structure for the control of vanadium diffusion was not formed. In fact Si incorporation at the TiN system revealed to shift the diffraction peaks to higher angles, which in combination to the same level of compressive residual stresses measured for all the Si rich films, indicted substitutional solid solution formation. V additions showed successfully increase the hardness and tribological behavior of TiSiVN films. The hardness improvement with V incorporations has shown to be a result of the substitutional solid solution formation, whilst, the improvement of the tribological properties is related to the V2O5 phase formation on the sliding contact that acts as a lubricious tribo-film, which protects the coating from wear. The oxidation resistance of Si and V rich coatings showed to be strongly influenced by their structure. Si and V incorporations at the TiN and TiSiN systems, showed improve and abruptly decrease the oxidation resistance of films, respectively. The oxidation resistance decrease of V rich coatings was attributed to the rapid V ions diffusion throughout the oxide scale, which inhibited the formation of a continuous protective silicon oxide layer, as opposed to TiSiN films case, where a continuous and protective SiO2 layer was built leading to a much lower oxidation weight gain over time. V rich coatings showed lower oxidation resistance than Ni-based coatings PTA, but superior hardness values (some orders of magnitude higher) and greater tribological behavior than PTA and APS deposited coatings.
Diferentes tipos de revestimentos são frequentemente aplicados em moldes e acessórios para a indústria do vidro, de forma a atenuar a degradação das suas superfícies, devida às extremas condições de oxidação, corrosão, abrasão e desgaste de uso a que estão sujeitos, diminuindo desta forma os custos de manutenção e aumentando o tempo de vida e o desempenho destes componentes. No entanto, de forma a maximizar o desempenho dos revestimentos, é necessário ter uma completa e fiável compreensão das suas propriedades. Esta tese é totalmente dedicada à melhoria das propriedades da superfície dos moldes, de forma a aumentar a sua durabilidade e performance, através da aplicação de diferentes tipos de revestimentos. No sentido de dar cumprimento a este desafio, duas metodologias foram seguidas: 1 - síntese, optimização e caracterização de revestimentos actualmente usados na protecção da superfície dos moldes (ligas à base de Ni depositadas por PTA (plasma transferred arc)); 2 - síntese e caracterização de novos revestimentos mais resistente e com melhores propriedades, depositados por processos de deposição emergentes no mercado, tal como são os casos do APS (atmospheric plasma spraying) e do PVD (physical vapor deposition). Primeiramente estudou-se o efeito da diluição do material base nas propriedades de uma liga de níquel depositada por PTA usada actualmente na protecção da superfície dos moldes. Na segunda parte diferentes sistemas de revestimento foram avaliados. O primeiro estudo incidiu sobre o efeito da adição de ZrO2 nas propriedades mecânicas, microestrutura e comportamento tribológico de uma liga de Ni depositada por APS, enquanto que o segundo estudo recaiu na análise da influência da adição de V nas propriedades de revestimentos cerâmicos de TiSiN, contendo diferentes teores de Si e V, depositados por PVD. Os principais resultados alcançados durante este trabalho são resumidos seguidamente, para cada um dos sistemas de revestimentos analisados. A diluição do substrato mostrou influenciar a estrutura e consequentemente diminuir a dureza, resistência à oxidação e resistência ao desgaste à temperatura ambiente dos revestimentos. No entanto, teve um efeito benéfico no comportamento tribológico a temperaturas elevadas, devido à rápida formação de uma camada de óxido, que mostrou proteger a superfície contra o desgaste. O tratamento térmico efectuado aos revestimentos após deposição reduziu com sucesso a dureza das zonas termicamente afectada pelo calor e parcialmente fundida, sem alterar a dureza da zona fundida. Além disso, o tratamento de envelhecimento realizado aos revestimentos mostrou aumentar a sua dureza e a sua resistência ao desgaste com a exposição à temperatura. Assim, o revestimento com melhor desempenho só pode ser obtido seleccionando as condições de deposição que originem o melhor compromisso entre propriedades mecânicas, nível de oxidação e de resistência ao desgaste. A adição de zircónia à liga de níquel depositada por APS, usando pós de Ni e ZrO2 misturados por síntese mecânica e pós separados promoveu diferente impacto na microestrutura dos revestimentos. Quando depositados com pós preparados por síntese mecânica, os revestimentos exibiram uma estrutura homogénea e compacta com pequenas partículas de zircónica uniformemente distribuídas al longo da matriz de Ni. Por outro lado, quando depositados separadamente obteve-se uma estrutura extremamente porosa com pós de Ni semi-fundidos e com partículas de ZrO2 aprisionadas na sua interface, sugerindo um comportamento frágil. Independente do procedimento de deposição usado, em ambos os casos a dureza e a resistência ao desgaste dos revestimentos foi melhorada com a adição de ZrO2. Contudo, os revestimentos depositados usando pós produzidos por síntese mecânica revelaram possuir uma maior performance, devido à sua estrutura compacta e distribuição uniforme de ZrO2. Todos os revestimentos depositados por APS revelaram possuir valores de dureza superiores aos revestimentos depositados por PTA, no entanto, a sua resistência à abrasão mostrou ser bastante inferior devido à falta de coesão entre pós. As análises de difracção de raio-X realizadas aos filmes ricos em V revelaram que os picos de difracção se deslocam para ângulos superiores com o aumento do teor em V, indicando a formação de uma solução sólida substitucional. Por outro lado, a análise realizada aos revestimentos de TiSIN revelou que a estrutura estequiométrica nanocompósita, requerida para o controlo da difusão de vanádio não foi formada. De facto, a adição de Si ao sistema TiN revelou também deslocar os picos de difracção para ângulos superiores, o que em combinação com o mesmo nível de tensões residuais medido nos diferentes revestimentos, indica a formação de uma solução sólida substitucional. A Adição de V ao sistema TiSiN mostrou aumentar com sucesso as suas propriedades mecânicas e tribológicas. O aumento da dureza com a adição de vanádio foi atribuído à formação da solução sólida substitucional, enquanto, a melhoria das propriedades tribológicas está relacionada com a formação da fase V2O5, no topo da superfície do filme, a qual age como lubrificante sólido, e portanto protege o revestimento de desgaste. A resistência à oxidação de revestimentos ricos em Si e V mostrou ser fortemente influenciada pela sua estrutura. A adição de Si e V aos sistemas TiN e TiSiN, respectivamente, mostrou aumentar e abruptamente reduzir a resistência à oxidação dos filmes. A diminuição da resistência a oxidação dos revestimentos ricos em V foi atribuída à rápida difusão dos iões de V através da camada de óxido, o que inibiu a formação de uma camada contínua e protectora de óxido de silício, contrariamente ao que acontece nos revestimentos TiSiN, onde uma camada contínua e protectora de Si-O foi formada, levando a menores taxas de ganho de massa devido à oxidação com o tempo. Os filmes ricos em V apresentaram menor resistência à oxidação do que os revestimentos espessos depositados por PTA, no entanto, a sua dureza e resistência ao desgaste mostrou ser bastante superior aos dos revestimentos depositados por PTA e APS.

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
100
Lubricants is the most broadly used item in petrochemical products. It is used in all kinds of transportation vehicles like cars, trains, and aircraft, also factory operations like hydraulic system, rotary device and metalworking process. The lubricant consumption is directly related to local industrial status. Furthermore, the growth rate of national lubricants usage amount is directly related to domestic GDP growth rate. Relative to other Asia Pacific countries, the lubricant market has always been very competitive in Taiwan. According to investigation, there are more than 200 lubricant brands in Taiwan market, including the top two local brands, CPC and FPCC; and international brands like Shell, Mobil, BP, Castrol, NOP and Idemitsu. Besides these well-known brands, a great number of domestic small and medium lubricant companies supply the rest of the market by its own branding or OEM. The research collects and analyzes global lubricant market as well as that of China and Taiwan, interviewing Taiwan lubricant experts and people in the business to discuss current local lubricant industry and future outlook for market competition analysis. The study case is based on the leading brand of Taiwan lubricant market; the company already takes more than 30% of Taiwan market share and still hunger for better achievement. According to case study company''s SWOT, industrial environment, future develop direction and trend, this research summarizes and indicates strategical guidance of lubricant market for the company.

M.Sc.
It is estimated that there are approximately 6.9 million vehicles operating on South African roads, four million (58%) of which represent passenger cars. (Mbendi, 2002a). The number of vehicles operating on national roads increase annually. For motor vehicle engines to perform optimally, among other components, they require engine oil. Nationally in 2002, approximately 40 million litres of motor oil were sold at service station forecourts. For the same period, Gauteng motor oil sales exceeded 17.5 million litres while 76% of these sales occurred in Johannesburg (Maneveld, 2003b). When motor oil is poured into an engine there is always an amount of oil that remains in the container. In this study the author quantifies the amount of unused motor oil that is discarded into the environment via the containers that carry it and makes an assessment of the associated environmental implications. In the South African context, no documented data regarding this problem exists. Chapter one provides the background and motivation to the study, an explicit description of the problem being researched, objectives of the research, the study area and a brief description of the research methodology. This chapter defines the parameters within which the research took place. Chapter two briefly describes the South African oil and lubricants industry. It also focuses on lubricant manufacture, blending, composition, use and properties of lubricants. Chapter three details the research methodology and data collection procedures. This is followed by an analysis of the pilot and main study encompassing statistical interpretation and synthesis. Graphical and photographic illustrations are used. Conclusions were reached on the basis of factual information. Chapter four collates the information from previous chapters, which enables the author to make projections and quantify the amount of unused oil discarded into the environment. An assessment of the associated environmental implications is then determined. In the last chapter, limitations of the study are discussed. This is followed by concluding statements, proposals for further research and recommendations to address the research problem.

Abstract High torque and friction factors are major challenges while drilling. Providing lubrication helps in reducing torque and drag and increasing rate of penetration (ROP) in water-based fluids and produced water. The lubricants are inert hence, they do not react with other fluid additives or cuttings and will not affect fluid rheology. All Lubricants in the oil and gas industry are in liquid form and usually used to reduce torque and decrease coefficients of friction, they came in different chemical compositions a toxic lubricant mineral oil and non-toxic vegetable lubricants, and they have many papers talk about how they function as lubricants, but with a new generation of solids lubricants, it will be changing the whole industry. Powdered encapsulated lubricant additive comprises a liquid lubricant blended with an inert solid substrate. The solid lubricant additive compositions thus, obtained are advantageously employed in drilling fluids. Fatty acid solid lubricant is one of the aforementioned powdered lubricants. It is a dry form encapsulated lubricant composed of micronized capsules containing oil that remains held until sufficient operational pressure, friction, or shear break the encapsulation to release the oil on demand. In this paper, we present a testing plan, lab results of fatty acid solid lubricant, compare and contrast results with liquid lubricants that had the same component group in three types of salts (brine) to see the range of efficiency between solid and liquid forms.

The disadvantages of conventional metalworking fluids such as disposal problems, health problems and economic factors have led to the development of strategies to reduce their amount in metalworking. Recently, Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) technology was developed and it seems to be a suitable alternative for economically and environmentally compatible production. It combines the functionality of lubrication with an extremely low consumption of lubricant and has a potential to replace metalworking fluids application in machining operations. The MQL lubricants are formulated with two major groups of additives; anti-wear (AW) additives and extreme pressure (EP) additives. When such lubricants are applied to the cutting zone, protective layers are formed on the interacting surfaces of the workpiece and the cutting tool. These layers prevent direct contact between the tool and chip surfaces, and, therefore reduce friction forces and tool wear. In order to utilize MQL to its full potential, it is essential to select appropriate lubricant composition for particular work material and machining parameters. The experimental study of different compositions of MQL lubricants is reported. The effectiveness of the lubricants are determined in terms of their ability to protect the cutting tool in high speed machining of cast aluminum alloys, which are widely used in automotive industry. The main objective of this research is to quantitatively evaluate the ability of lubricant’s additive composition to reduce the tool wear. This is reached through the comparison between the tool wear rate measured during the machining of aluminum cast alloy with the application of MQL, and the tool wear rate obtained in dry machining of the same alloy. Two kinds of the lubricants are evaluated; vegetable and synthetic. The content of AW and EP additives in each kind of lubricant was varied on three levels in order to capture the effect of the lubricant’s composition on tool wear. The result of the MQL lubricants evaluation is discussed and the recommendations for optimal lubricant composition are made.

Lubricant evaluation in natural gas engines is expensive due to large sump volumes and high equipment costs. A new laboratory protocol was developed to miniaturize oil degradation conditions in order to provide a rapid screening method for lubricants. Steel coupons were coated with 200 µm films of three commercial lubricants for natural gas engines. The films were oxidized for up to 90 hrs at 150 °C, 180 °C or 200 °C, then their tribological properties were compared using ball-on-plate tests. No deterioration in tribological performance could be noticed after film oxidation. Sump drains of the three lubricants were also obtained from actual engines with service life in excess 5000 hrs. Only slight reduction in tribological properties was observed, despite dropping alkalinity. This testing protocol can be further refined and possibly applied in lubricant industry, where it would reduce development time of natural gas engine lubricants and further improve their effectiveness.

Abstract Use of metal-on-metal lubricants is a common way to enhance coiled tubing (CT) accessibility in extended reach (ER) wells. However, there is less data available on the effect of lubricants in open-hole applications. Historically, there is only a laboratory study (Sharma and Silviu 2020) that evaluated the effect of lubricants in an open-hole environment. This paper will discuss methodology and results from a 2-in CT field trial where a special CT metal-on-metal lubricant was utilized inside an open-hole completion to enhance accessibility to perform acid stimulation. The wells have measured depth over 17,000-ft with about 7,000-ft of 6-in open-hole lateral, requiring CT acid stimulation. The open-hole formation type is carbonate with permeability values ranging up to 10 mD. The operator requires CT to reach maximum possible depth, providing maximum coverage for acid stimulation. Proprietary CT software is used to model CT accessibility with sensitivity analysis performed with possible coefficient of frictions (CoF) expected from the laboratory research mentioned earlier. The methodology of applying the special CT lubricant is based on filling the entire well with the lubricant solution to maximize CT accessibility. These field trials were executed in October and November 2022. The plan was to run CT to the maximum possible depth in the absence of lubricant. Upon attaining friction lock, base CoF will be analyzed, and CT will be picked up to a certain depth. Special CT lubricant then will be applied at 2% concentration mixed in fresh water by pumping across the CT tubing annulus and via CT in the open-hole while running inside the hole. The special CT lubricant used in this case study was field proven to provide up 40-60% reduction in metal-on-metal CoF based on previous applications in cased completions. The open-hole effectiveness was predicted and modelled based on previous laboratory studies conducted (Sharma and Silviu 2020), which was observed to be in the range of 20 – 40% reduction in CoF for limestone samples. The actual CoF analyzed on one of the field trials was 17%. Being a first-time application of special CT lubricant in open-hole environment, the methodology and results from this field trial will enable application in open-hole wells with similar formations, globally. With more applications of metal-on-non-metal lubricants, it will provide better understanding to the industry on their behaviors downhole.

Abstract In choosing the lubricating oil for a gas turbine system, properties such as viscosity, viscosity index, corrosion prevention, and thermal stability are chosen to optimize turbine longevity and efficiency. Another property that needs to be considered is the lubricant’s reactivity, as the lubricant’s ability to resist combustion during turbine operation is highly desirable. In evaluating a method to define reactivity, the extremely low vapor pressure of these lubricants makes conventional vaporization by heating impractical due to the high temperatures and fuel cracking as well as issues with preferential vaporization. To this end, a new experiment was designed and tested to evaluate the reactivity of lubricating oils using an existing shock-tube facility at Texas A&M University equipped with an automotive fuel injector. This experiment disperses a pre-measured amount of lubricant into a region of high-temperature air to study auto-ignition. To ensure proper dispersal, a laser extinction diagnostic was used to measure the lubricant particles behind the reflected shock as they are dispersed and vaporized. An OH* chemiluminescence diagnostic measuring light emitted during combustion at around 306 nm was used to determine ignition delay time. Pressure was also measured at the sidewall and endwall positions for test repeatability and exothermicity of the experiments. The methods were validated by conducting experiments with ethanol and comparing the results to previous heated shock-tube experiments conducted in the same facility. Using this method, various 32-, 36-, and 46-weight lubricants identified as widely used in the gas turbine industry were tested. Experiments were conducted in post-reflected shock conditions around 1370K (2006 °F) and 1.2 atm, where ignition delay time, peak OH* emission and time-to-peak values were recorded and compared. Ignition was observed for all but one of the lubricants at these conditions, and mild to strong ignition was observed for the other lubricants with varying ignition delay times.