Einloggen

Thematische Bibliographien / Lube oils additives

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Zeitschriftenartikel
Dissertationen
Buchteile
Konferenzberichte

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Lube oils additives“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an

Wählen Sie eine Art der Quelle aus:

Machen Sie sich mit den Listen der aktuellen Artikel, Bücher, Dissertationen, Berichten und anderer wissenschaftlichen Quellen zum Thema "Lube oils additives" bekannt.

Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.

Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.

Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Lube oils additives"

1

Sadykhov, K. I., A. N. Agaev, Z. D. Ibragimov, S. M. Velieva und �. K. Soltanova. „Sulfonate additives for lube oils“. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 29, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1993): 489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00724106.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

2

Zeinalova, G. A., A. K. Kyazim-Zade, �. A. Nagieva, A. Kh Mamedova und R. A. Mamedova. „Ashless dithiophosphate additives for lube oils“. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 29, Nr. 4 (April 1993): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00727388.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

3

Abdullaev, N. G., G. R. Gasan-zade, A. G. Rzaeva und A. A. Makhmudov. „Production of multifunctional additives for lube oils“. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 22, Nr. 4 (April 1986): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00719225.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

4

Tupotilov, N. N., V. V. Ostrikov und A. Yu Kornev. „Finely disperse minerals as antiwear additives for lube oils“. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 44, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-008-0012-7.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

5

Trofimov, V. A., V. G. Spirkin und A. A. Bocharov. „Phenylacetothioamides as antiwear and anticorrosive additives to lube oils“. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 35, Nr. 5 (September 1999): 302–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02694055.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

6

Kozytskyi, S. V. ,., und S. V. Kiriian. „SELF-ORGANIZATION OF NANO-SIZED METALCONTAINING LUBRICANT ADDITIVES“. SHIP POWER PLANTS 44, Nr. 1 (08.05.2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/smf44.2022.20-27.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Effective lubrication between rubbing surfaces is required to reduce friction and wear. Conventional lube oils traditionally contain a package of additives that significantly improve their tribological properties. Antiwear and load-carrying additives improve boundary lubrication and reduce wear of the rubbing surfaces due to the formation of quasi-liquid crystalline layers on them [1]. Such structured layers with molecular ordering determine the tribological characteristics of the friction units

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

7

Lashkhi, V. L., G. I. Shor, I. A. Buyanovskii, L. V. Borenko und S. D. Likhterov. „Certain relationships governing the selection of antifriction additives for lube oils“. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 21, Nr. 5 (Mai 1985): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00724250.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

8

Malinowska, Małgorzata. „The Full or Partial Replacement of Commercial Marine Engine Oil with Bio Oil, on the Example of Linseed Oil“. Journal of KONES 26, Nr. 3 (01.09.2019): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0066.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract The bio-oils are considered to sustainable, alternative and environmentally friendly source of lubricants compared to commercial engine oils, on the base a mineral, synthetic or semi-synthetic. They are obtained from natural raw material (vegetable or animal oils), which are renewable and non-toxic to humans, living organisms and environment. The vegetable oils called green oils, natural oils, bio-oils or natural esters. They can be obtained from plant seeds, that may be consumed – edible oils (for instance: rapeseed oil) or which cannot be consumed – inedible (for example: linseed oil). The conducted research into linseed oil and its different quantity additives (25% and 50%) to commercial marine mineral oil intended for a medium-speed 4-stroke, trunk marine engine (i.e. Marinol RG 1240). The flash point and dependence of viscosity and temperature were compared and assess. It has been proven that vegetable oils have a high ignition temperature and very small viscosity change in the range of temperatures presented, i.e. high viscosity index. According to the results, it can be recommended the addition of 25% linseed oil in the base lubricant is the relevant for lubricating a medium speed 4-stroke marine engine. The vegetable additives can improve a viscosity index a lube oil, and they will be positively affected environmental protection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

9

Nandi, Manishita, und Pranab Ghosh. „Evaluation and Synthesis of Environmentally Benign Multifunctional Additives for Lube Oil“. Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences 14, Nr. 1 (03.02.2024): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2024/v14i1284.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Behenyl acrylate (BA) homo-polymer and its copolymers with citral were synthesized with varying percentage compositions (w/w) and subjected to thorough characterization through GPC (gel permeation chromatography) analysis and spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, NMR). The polymers' capability was assessed through viscosity index improvers/viscosity modifiers (VII or VM), anti wear (AW) additives and pour point depressants (PPD) for base oils (lubricating oil). The action mechanism of the PPD properties was investigated through photomicrographic analysis. Additionally, the thermal stability of the polymers was measured using TGA or thermo gravimetric analysis. Biodegradability tests on copolymers were conducted using soil burial test (SBT) and the Disc Diffusion (DD) method. The copolymers exhibited exceptional PPD, VII, and AW performance when incorporated into lubricating oil.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

10

Akhmedov, A. I., Z. A. Lachinova, D. Sh Gamidova und E. U. Isakov. „Co-oligomers of allylnaphthenates and vinyl monomers as viscosity additives for lube oils“. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 43, Nr. 4 (Juli 2007): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-007-0056-0.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

Mehr Quellen

Dissertationen zum Thema "Lube oils additives"

1

Roy, Dibakar. „Modification of vegetable oils as a potential base oil and a multifunctional lube oil additive“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4365.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

2

Yeasmin, Sultana. „Synthesis and performance evaluation of organic polymeric additives for lube and crude oils“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2019. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4031.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

3

Dey, Koushik. „Synthesis and performance evaluation of chemical additives for lube oil“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2017. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2628.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

4

Saha, Debasish Kumar. „Modification of lube oil properties by addition of organic polymeric additives“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2704.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

5

Paul, Sujan Kumar. „Synthesis and application of chemical additives in the field of lubricant formulation“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4556.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

Buchteile zum Thema "Lube oils additives"

1

„Lube Oil Additives“. In Alpha Olefins Applications Handbook, 347–70. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482254259-18.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Lube oils additives"

1

Fu, Xingguo, Xiaohong Xu und Xuguang Zhou. „The New Lubrication Technology and China’s Sustained Development“. In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63123.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The application of new lubrication technology has a close relationship with the industrial development of automobile, machinery and transportation. Energy saving and environment protection are main two factors to push lubricants upgrades. Lubricant quality and correct application directly influence the use-life of machine, consumption of energy and environment protection. All over the world, especially in Western developed countries people pay more attention to the research and application of new lubricant technology. The lubricant specifications were reviewed and upgraded continuously according to the requirements of machine, fuel economy and emission. China’s sustained development means the ability to satisfy current human’s requirement as well as not to destroy nature resources for next generation. That also means we must balance the fast development of economy, society, resources and environment, we must protect natural resources and environment such as water, ocean, lands and forest which we live on, which can keep our next generation developing. Research and application of new lubricant technology is basic issues to keep China’s economy continuously growing. China’s petroleum consumption increased rapidly during the recent decades. There are two rapid period within 25 years after China’s application of opening and reform policy. The first is from 1978 to 1990, the whole petroleum consumption increased from 913 million to 1.18 billion tons respectively, increasing rate is 2.0% per year. The second was from 1991 to 2003, petroleum consumption increased from 1.18 billion to 2.74 billion tons, increasing rate was up to 6.7% per year. If we compare 2003 with 2001, the net petroleum consumption amount had increased 42million tons, increase rate is 8.7% per year. China now becomes one of biggest petroleum consumption country. The efficiency of China’s petroleum consumption is low. According to world petroleum consumption level (ton per thousand U.S. Dollar, GDP), China consumes four times more petroleum than that of Japan, three times of that of European, two times of that of USA. The wide application of low-grade lubricating oil and the lack of new lubrication technology are the main cause of the low-efficient petroleum usage. In the future decades petroleum shortages will be more and more strict in China, and it will have an important role in the delay of economic development and national safety. It is our lubricants workers duty to develop and apply the new lubrication technology to enhance the use efficiency of petroleum, to prevent our reliable environment and to push the China’s sustainable development. The world total consumption quantity of lubricating oil keeps about 37 to 39 million tons per year. It shares about 1% of total crude refining amount. The lube consumption amount in North American keeps stable about 9.5 million tons which listed No.1 while European and previous Unit Soviet area decreased. Asia is the only increased area, mainly because of the fast economic growth in China and India. China has consumed 4.4million tons lubricating oil in 2003, take about 1.6% of total crude refining amount, shares about 11% of whole world consumption amount, values about 22 billion RMB [1]. The increased rate reaches the highest—10.56% compared to 2002. This was the first time China become the second lubricant consumer in the world, just after USA. In 2004, China’s lubricants consumption will reach over 5 million tons, reaches the top in history, the increased rate will reach 10% comparing with 2003. China’s Automobile industry develops rapidly in the recent years, at the same time fuel efficiency keeps a low level. In 2002 China’s automobile has consumed 2.28 ton fuel per automobile which is 110–120 percent of USA, 200 percent of Japan. There exists a wide market for the application of new lubrication technology. The application of those additives and lube oils such as environment-friend additives, friction modified agents, nano-lube additives, energy-conserving multi-grade lube oils can enhance lubrication efficiency of equipments, decrease fuel consumption and conserve the petroleum resources. In this paper the applications of Cu nano-lube additive are introduced. and 0.1% Cu nano-lube is added into passenger car motor oil 5W30 SJ. The four-ball test equipment, cam-tappet test equipment and MS VI engine test are used to evaluate the performance, the test results shows the application of Cu nano-additive can obviously decrease the friction coefficient and fuel consumption. China should establish its national lube oil evaluation system, this system can greatly push the warranty of the quality of lube oil. The standard and national principle for fuel-conserving should be acted to improve the application of multi-grade lube oil and energy-conserving lube oil and new technology.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

2

Lejre, Kasper H., Søren Kiil, Peter Glarborg, Henrik Christensen und Stefan Mayer. „Reaction of Sulfuric Acid in Lube Oil: Implications for Large Two-Stroke Diesel Engines“. In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3580.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Slow-steaming operation and an increased pressure in the combustion chamber have contributed to increased sulfuric acid (H2SO4) condensation on the cylinder liners in large two-stroke marine diesel engines, thus causing increased corrosion wear. To cope with this, lube oils are formulated with overbased detergent additives present as CaCO3 reverse micelles to neutralize the condensing H2SO4. In this present work, a mixed flow reactor (MFR) setup aims to investigate the neutralization reaction by varying Ca/S molar ratio, stirrer speed, H2SO4 inlet concentration, and residence time. Lube oil samples from the outlet of the MFR were analysed by use of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and a titration method. The MFR results indicate that the CaCO3-H2SO4 reaction is very fast in a real engine, if the cylinder liner is well-wetted, the oil-film is well-mixed, and contains excess of CaCO3 compared to the condensed H2SO4. The observed corrosion wear in large two-stroke marine diesel engines could consequently be attributed to local molar excess of H2SO4 compared to CaCO3 reverse micelles on the cylinder liners.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

3

Kjemtrup, Lars, Rasmus Faurskov Cordtz, Martin Meyer und Jesper Schramm. „Experimental Investigation of Sulfuric Acid Condensation and Corrosion Rate in Motored BUKH DV24 Diesel Engine“. In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3652.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The work conducted in this paper presents a novel experimental setup to study sulfuric acid cold corrosion of cylinder liners in large two-stroke marine diesel engines. The process is simulated in a motored light duty BUKH DV24 diesel engine where the charge air contain known amounts of H2SO4 and H2O vapor. Liner corrosion is measured as iron accumulation in the lube oil. Similarly sulfuric acid condensation is assessed by measuring the accumulation of sulfur in the lube oil. To clarify the corrosive effect of sulfuric acid the lube oil utilized for experiments is a sulfur free neutral oil without alkaline additives (Chevron Neutral Oil 600R). Iron and sulfur accumulation in the lube oil is analyzed with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) apparatus. Three test cases with different H2SO4 concentrations are run. Results reveal good agreement between sulfuric acid injection flow and the accumulation of both iron and sulfur in the oil.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

4

Mayer, A., J. Czerwinski und M. Kasper. „Nanosize Metal Oxide Particle Emissions From Diesel- and Petrol-Engines“. In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60045.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

All internal combustion piston engines emit nanoparticles. Part of them are soot particles as a results of incomplete combustion of fuels, or lube oil. Another part are metal particles, most probably oxides, commonly called ash. A major source of metal particles is engine wear and corrosion. The lube oil reentraines these abraded particles into the combustion zone. There they are partially vaporized and ultrafine oxide particles formed through nucleation [1]. Other sources are metallic additives to the lube oil, or the fuel, and debris from the catalytic coatings in the exhaust-gas after-treatment. The formation process results in extremely fine particles, typically smaller than 50 nm. Thus they can intrude through the alveolar membranes directly into the human organism and can even penetrate the cell nucleus [5]. The consequent health risk necessitates a careful investigation of these emissions and effective curtailment. Substantial information is available on Diesel engine particulate emissions, [2, 3, 4] but there are almost no results for SI engines reported. Beside an example of metal oxide particles from a Diesel engine, [2], the present paper shows some preliminary results of particle mass and nanoparticle emissions of SI engines. Four SI engines were investigated: two older and two newer engines, comprising two car engines and two motorbikes. The tests were done on standard transient driving cycles, and steady-state at constant 50 km/h and idling because prior to this study high concentrations of ash were observed with Diesels during idling, [2]. All tests were done with particle samples collected from the CVS tunnel, during long operating periods, to have sufficient material for analyzing. At the steady-state points, the particle size spectra were measured and based on this the source as “ash” postulated. The results show that the older engines emit high concentrations of both soot and ash particles. The size distribution is bimodal for soot and ash particles. The newer engines’ emission results are less uniform and the concentrations are lower, as expected. Altogether, the concentrations of these ash particles in the exhaust gas of Diesel and SI-engines can be so high, that more detailed investigations are requiredy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

5

Kalam, Md Abul, Masjuki Hj Hassan und Edzrol Niza Mohamad. „Wear and Lubrication Characteristics of a Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Vegetable Oil Blended Fuel“. In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63414.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

This paper presents experimental results carried out to evaluate wear and lubrication characteristics of a multi cylinder diesel engine when operated on vegetable oil blended fuels. The blended fuels consist of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% coconut oil (COIL) (in volume basis) with diesel fuel (DF2). Pure DF2 was used for comparison purposes. The engine was operated at constant speed of 2000 rpm with 50% throttle load for a period of 100 hours for each test fuel. The engine was operated for a total period of 600 hours for six fuels. The same lubricating oil equivalent to SAE 40 was used for all the fuels system. The sample of lube oil was collected through a one way valve connected to the crankcase sump at 50 hour intervals. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The effect of blended fuel on engine component wear and lubrication characteristics in terms of viscosity, total base number (TBN), moisture content, oxidation, wear metals, contaminant elements and lubricant additive depletions were analyzed. The results showed that wear metals, contaminant elements increase with increasing COIL with DF2. An increasing COIL in blends reduces additive elements; and the reduction rate during blends of up to 30% COIL is quite similar to DF2. Soot and sulfation reduce with increasing COIL in blended fuels due to reducing aromatics and sulfur in comparison to DF2. The water concentration increases from above 30% COIL blended fuels. The TBN and viscosity changes are found almost normal. The engine did not have any starting and combustion noise problems when operating on COIL blended fuels. These lubricating oil analysis data will help to select tribological components and compatible lubricating oil for coconut oil or biofuel operated diesel engines.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

6

Cunningham, Caleb S., David Ransom, Jason Wilkes, John Bishop und Benjamin White. „Mechanical Design Features of a Small Gas Turbine for Power Generation in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43491.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

As part of the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (iARPA) Great Horned Owl (GHO) program, Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) developed and tested a small gas turbine for power generation in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). This development program focused on advancing the state of the art in UAV power systems by meeting key metrics in weight, fuel efficiency, and noise generation. Design, assembly, and testing of the gas turbine were completed in-house at SwRI. Fundamental mechanical design features of the gas turbine include an integrated 7 kW motor-generator, minimal oil lubrication system, cantilevered compressor/turbine assembly, and can combustor with air-atomizing fuel nozzles. The compressor/turbine assembly is cantilevered directly off of the motor-generator shaft, which spins on hybrid ceramic bearings. Due to potential rotor natural frequencies in the design operating range, the rotor-dynamic design of this configuration was a special design challenge. The outboard rotor bearing is softly supported on O-rings to provide compliance and drive shaft natural frequencies below the operating range. The lube oil system is another interesting design feature of the GHO gas turbine. It is based on a minimal oil lubrication system previously used at SwRI. The minimal oil lubrication system relies on low oil flow rates and cooling air to pull droplets of oil through the bearing. The oil passes through the machine and is consumed during combustion. This system eliminates traditional oil recirculation hardware for simplicity and weight savings. The can combustor features a modular design and uses additive manufacturing techniques to facilitate easy and cost effective prototyping. All combustor components are manufactured from Inconel 718 using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) with additional post-machining. These parts are particularly challenging for DMLS because of their thin walls and high aspect ratio. The custom air-atomizing fuel nozzles also highlight one of the exciting advantages of the DMLS process. Each nozzle would be difficult to machine using traditional techniques because of the tight internal flow passages; however, they are simple to construct using additive manufacturing. The GHO turbine developed by SwRI demonstrates interesting design features including a minimal oil lubrication system, a cantilever shaft with softly supported bearing, and combustor components built using additive manufacturing techniques. This design provides a platform for further development, testing, and demonstration of small gas turbine technology for UAV power generation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

7

Kappanna, Hemanth, Marc C. Besch, Daniel K. Carder, Mridul Gautam, Adewale Oshinuga und Matt Miyasato. „Development of an Advanced Retrofit Aftertreatment System Targeting Toxic Air Contaminants and Particulate Matter Emissions From HD-CNG Engines“. In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35131.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Increasing urban pollution levels have led to the imposition of evermore stringent emissions regulations on heavy-duty engines used in transit buses. This has made compressed natural gas (CNG) a promising fuel for reducing emissions, particularly particulate matter (PM) from heavy-duty transit buses. Indeed, research studies performed at West Virginia University (WVU) and elsewhere have shown that pre-2010 compliant natural gas engines emit an order of magnitude lower PM emissions, on a mass basis, when compared to diesel engines without any exhaust aftertreatment devices. However, on a number basis, particle emissions in the nanoparticulate range were an order of magnitude higher for natural gas fueled buses than their diesel counterparts. There exists a significant number of pre-2007 CNG powered buses in transit agencies in the US and elsewhere in the world. Therefore, an exhaust aftertreatment device was designed and developed by WVU, in association with Lubrizol, to retrofit urban transit buses powered by MY2000 Cummins Westport C8.3G+ heavy-duty CNG engines, and effectively reduce Toxic Air Contaminants (TAC) and PM (mass and number count) exhaust emissions. The speciation results showed that the new exhaust aftertreatment device reduced emissions of metallic elements such as iron, zinc, nonmetallic minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and sulfur derived from lube oil additives to non-detectable levels, which otherwise could contribute to an increase in number count of nanoparticles. The carbonyl compounds were reduced effectively by the oxidation catalyst to levels below what were found in the dilution air. Also, hydrocarbons identified as TAC’s by California Air Resource Board (CARB) [1] were reduced to non-detectable levels. This ultimately reduced the number of nanoparticles to levels equal to that found in the dilution air.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

Wir bieten Rabatte auf alle Premium-Pläne für Autoren, deren Werke in thematische Literatursammlungen aufgenommen wurden. Kontaktieren Sie uns, um einen einzigartigen Promo-Code zu erhalten!