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Oliveira, Luiz, Joel Rodrigues, Sergei Kozlov, Ricardo Rabêlo und Victor Albuquerque. „MAC Layer Protocols for Internet of Things: A Survey“. Future Internet 11, Nr. 1 (14.01.2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11010016.
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Due to the wide variety of uses and the diversity of features required to meet an application, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are moving forward at a strong pace to meet this demand while at the same time trying to meet the time-to-market of these applications. The characteristics required by applications, such as coverage area, scalability, transmission data rate, and applicability, refer to the Physical and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer designs of protocols. This paper presents a deep study of medium access control (MAC) layer protocols that are used in IoT with a detailed description of such protocols grouped (by short and long distance coverage). For short range coverage protocols, the following are considered: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Near Field Communication (NFC), Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1, Bluetooth Low Energy, IEEE 802.15.4, Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol (Wireless-HART), Z-Wave, Weightless, and IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/ah. For the long range group, Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT), Long Term Evolution (LTE) CAT-0, LTE CAT-M, LTE CAT-N, Long Range Protocol (LoRa), and SigFox protocols are studied. A comparative study is performed for each group of protocols in order to provide insights and a reference study for IoT applications, considering their characteristics, limitations, and behavior. Open research issues on the topic are also identified.
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Murayama, Mitsutaka, und Masahiro Shiota. „Triangulation of the map of a G-manifold to its orbit space“. Nagoya Mathematical Journal 212 (Dezember 2013): 159–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00277630-2366201.
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AbstractLet G be a Lie group, and let M be a smooth proper G-manifold. Let M/G denote the orbit space, and let π : M → M/G be the natural map. It is known that M/G is homeomorphic to a polyhedron. In the present paper we show that there exist a piecewise linear (PL) manifold P, a polyhedron L, and homeomorphisms τ : P → M and σ : M/G → L such that σ o π o τ is PL. This is an application of the theory of subanalytic sets and subanalytic maps of Shiota. If M and the G-action are, moreover, subanalytic, then we can choose τ and σ subanalytic and P and L unique up to PL homeomorphisms.
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HIRSCH, MORRIS W. „Fixed points of local actions of nilpotent Lie groups on surfaces“. Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 37, Nr. 4 (28.01.2016): 1238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2015.73.
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Let$G$be a connected nilpotent Lie group with a continuous local action on a real surface$M$, which might be non-compact or have non-empty boundary$\unicode[STIX]{x2202}M$. The action need not be smooth. Let$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$be the local flow on$M$induced by the action of some one-parameter subgroup. Assume$K$is a compact set of fixed points of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$and$U$is a neighborhood of$K$containing no other fixed points.Theorem.If the Dold fixed-point index of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}_{t}|U$is non-zero for sufficiently small$t>0$,then$\mathsf{Fix}(G)\cap K\neq \varnothing$.
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GROVES, J. R. J., und DESSISLAVA H. KOCHLOUKOVA. „Nilpotent-by-abelian Lie algebras of type FPm“. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 148, Nr. 3 (10.02.2010): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004109990442.
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AbstractLet L be a finitely generated Lie algebra which is a split extension of a free nilpotent Lie algebra N by a finite dimensional abelian Lie algebra. Let V denote the quotient of N by its commutator subalgebra; we can regard V as a module for L/N. We discuss the relationship between the homological finiteness properties of V and those of L. In particular, we show that if L has type FPm and N has class c then V is 1 + c(m − 1)-tame (equivalently, the (1 + c(m − 1))th tensor power of V is finitely generated under the diagonal action of L/N).
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Quynh, Truong Cong, und M. Tamer Koşan. „On automorphism-invariant modules“. Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 14, Nr. 05 (17.03.2015): 1550074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498815500747.
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Let M and N be two modules. M is called automorphism N-invariant if for any essential submodule A of N, any essential monomorphism f : A → M can be extended to some g ∈ Hom (N, M). M is called automorphism-invariant if M is automorphism M-invariant. This notion is motivated by automorphism-invariant modules analog discussed in a recent paper by Lee and Zhou [Modules which are invariant under automorphisms of their injective hulls, J. Algebra Appl. 12(2) (2013), 1250159, 9 pp.]. Basic properties of mutually automorphism-invariant modules and automorphism-invariant modules are proved and their connections with pseudo-injective modules are addressed.
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KANEKO, ATSUSHI, und MIKIO KANO. „SEMI-BALANCED PARTITIONS OF TWO SETS OF POINTS AND EMBEDDINGS OF ROOTED FORESTS“. International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 15, Nr. 03 (Juni 2005): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195905001671.
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Let m be a positive integer and let R1, R2 and B be three disjoint sets of points in the plane such that no three points of R1 ∪ R2 ∪ B lie on the same line and |B| = (m-1)|R1|+m|R2|. Put g = |R1∪R2|. Then there exists a subdivision X1∪X2∪⋯∪Xg of the plane into g disjoint convex polygons such that (i) |Xi ∩ (R1 ∪ R2)| = 1 for all 1 ≤ i ≤ g; and (ii) |Xi∩B| = m-1 if |Xi∩R1| = 1, and |Xi∩B| = m if |Xi∩R2| = 1. This partition is called a semi-balanced partition, and our proof gives an O(n4) time algorithm for finding the above semi-balanced partition, where n = |R1| + |R2| + |B|. We next apply the above result to the following theorem: Let T1,…,Tg be g disjoint rooted trees such that |Ti| ∈ {m,m+1} and vi is the root of Ti for all 1 ≤ i ≤ g. Let P be a set of |T1|+⋯+|Tg| points in the plane in general position that contains g specified points p1,…,pg. Then the rooted forest T1 ∪ ⋯ ∪ Tg can be straight-line embedded onto P so that each vi corresponds to pi for every 1 ≤ i ≤ g.
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CONVERSANO, ANNALISA. „A REDUCTION TO THE COMPACT CASE FOR GROUPS DEFINABLE IN O-MINIMAL STRUCTURES“. Journal of Symbolic Logic 79, Nr. 01 (März 2014): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsl.2013.4.
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Abstract Let ${\cal N}\left( G \right)$ be the maximal normal definable torsion-free subgroup of a group G definable in an o-minimal structure M. We prove that the quotient $G/{\cal N}\left( G \right)$ has a maximal definably compact subgroup K, which is definably connected and unique up to conjugation. Moreover, we show that K has a definable torsion-free complement, i.e., there is a definable torsion-free subgroup H such that $G/{\cal N}\left( G \right) = K \cdot H$ and $K\mathop \cap \nolimits^ \,H = \left\{ e \right\}$ . It follows that G is definably homeomorphic to $K \times {M^s}$ (with $s = {\rm{dim}}\,G - {\rm{dim}}\,K$ ), and homotopy equivalent to K. This gives a (definably) topological reduction to the compact case, in analogy with Lie groups.
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Kim, Euiho, und Yujin Shin. „Feasibility Analysis of LTE-Based UAS Navigation in Deep Urban Areas and DSRC Augmentation“. Sensors 19, Nr. 19 (27.09.2019): 4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194192.
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The current autonomous navigation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) heavily depends on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, in challenging environments, such as deep urban areas, GNSS signals can be easily interrupted, so that UAS may lose navigation capability at any instant. For urban positioning and navigation, Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been considered a promising signal of opportunity due to its dense network in urban areas, and there has recently been great advancement in LTE positioning technology. However, the current LTE positioning accuracy is found to be insufficient for safe UAS navigation in deep urban areas. This paper evaluates the positioning performance of the current network of LTE base stations in a selected deep urban area and investigates the effectiveness of LTE augmentations using dedicated short range communication (DSRC) transceivers through the optimization of the ground LTE/DSRC network and cooperative positioning among UAS. The analysis results based on simulation using an urban canyon model and signal line of sight propagations show that the addition of four or five DSRC transceivers to the existing LTE base station network could provide better than 4–6 m horizontal positioning accuracy (95%) in the selected urban canyon at a position of 150 ft above the ground, while a dense LTE network alone may result in a 15–20 m horizontal positioning error. Additionally, the simulation results of cooperative positioning with inter-UAS ranging measurements in the DSRC augmented LTE network were shown to provide horizontal positioning accuracy better than 1 m in most flight space, assuming negligible time-synchronization errors in inter-UAS ranging measurements.
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Libet, Benjamin. „Introduction to slow synaptic potentials and their neuromodulation by dopamine“. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, S1 (15.05.1992): S3—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-237.
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The existence of two muscarinically mediated slow postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) and a noncholinergic (peptidergic) late-slow PSP was established in the 1960s. These have synaptic delays and PSP durations 100–10 000 times those for the nicotinic (fast) excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP). Evidence is reviewed for and against the proposal that, in rabbit superior cervical ganglia, the slow (s-) inhibitory postsynaptic potential requires a second transmitter, dopamine, released by muscarinic action on interneurones (the small, intensely fluorescent cells). The s-EPSP in frog ganglia appears only in already depolarized cells by a muscarinic closure of the M (voltage-sensitive K+) channels. But the large s-EPSP in mammalian neurones, not depolarized, is generated largely via other mechanisms, especially one involving cyclic GMP. Dopamine also produces a long-term enhancement (LTE) of the muscarinic slow PSPs in rabbit superior cervical ganglia, whether dopamine is applied exogeneously or released intraganglionically by preganglionic nerve impulses at 10 s−1. LTE is producible heterosynaptically, and it persists well over 3 h; a noncholinergic (peptide?) transmitter may contribute to the initial 30 min of LTE. LTE is mediated by a D1 receptor coupled to cyclic AMP; it is blocked by cyclic GMP or low Ca2+ or calmidazolium (a calmodulin inhibitor). The modulatory process of LTE has certain similarities to, but also fundamental differences from, the long-term potentiation known in the hippocampus.Key words: muscarinic synapses, peptidergic synapses, dopamine actions, neuromodulation, postsynaptic long-term enhancement.
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JARA, P., und D. ŞTEFAN. „HOPF–CYCLIC HOMOLOGY AND RELATIVE CYCLIC HOMOLOGY OF HOPF–GALOIS EXTENSIONS“. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 93, Nr. 1 (09.06.2006): 138–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024611506015772.
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Let $H$ be a Hopf algebra and let $\mathcal{M}_s (H)$ be the category of all left $H$-modules and right $H$-comodules satisfying appropriate compatibility relations. An object in $\mathcal{M}_s (H)$ will be called a stable anti-Yetter–Drinfeld module (over $H$) or a SAYD module, for short. To each $M \in \mathcal{M}_s (H)$ we associate, in a functorial way, a cyclic object $\mathrm{Z}_\ast (H, M)$. We show that our construction can be used to compute the cyclic homology of the underlying algebra structure of $H$ and the relative cyclic homology of $H$-Galois extensions.Let $K$ be a Hopf subalgebra of $H$. For an arbitrary $M \in \mathcal{M}_s (K)$ we define a right $H$-comodule structure on $\mathrm{Ind}_K^H M := H \otimes_K M$ so that $\mathrm{Ind}_K^H M$ becomes an object in $\mathcal{M}_s (H)$. Under some assumptions on $K$ and $M$ we compute the cyclic homology of $\mathrm{Z}_\ast (H, \mathrm{Ind}_K^H M)$. As a direct application of this result, we describe the relative cyclic homology of strongly graded algebras. In particular, we calculate the cyclic homology of group algebras and quantum tori.Finally, when $H$ is the enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, we construct a spectral sequence that converges to the cyclic homology of $H$ with coefficients in a given SAYD module $M$. We also show that the cyclic homology of almost symmetric algebras is isomorphic to the cyclic homology of $H$ with coefficients in a certain SAYD module.
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BENDEL, CHRISTOPHER P. „Cohomology and projectivity of modules for finite group schemes“. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 131, Nr. 3 (November 2001): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004101005266.
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Let G be a finite group scheme over a field k, that is, an affine group scheme whose coordinate ring k[G] is finite dimensional. The dual algebra k[G]* ≡ Homk(k[G], k) is then a finite dimensional cocommutative Hopf algebra. Indeed, there is an equivalence of categories between finite group schemes and finite dimensional cocommutative Hopf algebras (cf. [19]). Further the representation theory of G is equivalent to that of k[G]*. Many familiar objects can be considered in this context. For example, any finite group G can be considered as a finite group scheme. In this case, the algebra k[G]* is simply the group algebra kG. Over a field of characteristic p > 0, the restricted enveloping algebra u([gfr ]) of a p-restricted Lie algebra [gfr ] is a finite dimensional cocommutative Hopf algebra. Also, the mod-p Steenrod algebra is graded cocommutative so that some finite dimensional Hopf subalgebras are such algebras.Over the past thirty years, there has been extensive study of the modular representation theory (i.e. over a field of positive characteristic p > 0) of such algebras, particularly in regards to understanding cohomology and determining projectivity of modules. This paper is primarily interested in the following two questions:Questions1·1. Let G be a finite group scheme G over a field k of characteristic p > 0, and let M be a rational G-module.(a) Does there exist a family of subgroup schemes of G which detects whether M is projective?(b) Does there exist a family of subgroup schemes of G which detects whether a cohomology class z ∈ ExtnG(M, M) (for M finite dimensional) is nilpotent?
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ALON, NOGA. „Economical Elimination of Cycles in the Torus“. Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 18, Nr. 5 (September 2009): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963548309009997.
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Let m > 2 be an integer, let C2m denote the cycle of length 2m on the set of vertices [−m, m) = {−m, −m + 1, . . ., m − 2, m − 1}, and let G = G(m, d) denote the graph on the set of vertices [−m, m)d, in which two vertices are adjacent if and only if they are adjacent in C2m in one coordinate, and equal in all others. This graph can be viewed as the graph of the d-dimensional torus. We prove that one can delete a fraction of at most $O(\frac{\log d}{m})$ of the vertices of G so that no topologically non-trivial cycles remain. This is tight up to the logd factor and improves earlier estimates by various researchers.
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Ikeda, Tamotsu. „On the lifting of hermitian modular forms“. Compositio Mathematica 144, Nr. 5 (September 2008): 1107–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x08003643.
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AbstractLet K be an imaginary quadratic field with discriminant −D. We denote by 𝒪 the ring of integers of K. Let χ be the primitive Dirichlet character corresponding to K/ℚ. Let $\Gamma ^{(m)}_K=\mathrm {U} (m,m)({\mathbb Q})\cap \mathrm {GL}_{2m}({\cal O})$ be the hermitian modular group of degree m. We construct a lifting from S2k(SL2(ℤ)) to S2k+2n(ΓK(2n+1),det −k−n) and a lifting from S2k+1(Γ0(D),χ) to S2k+2n(ΓK(2n),det −k−n). We give an explicit Fourier coefficient formula of the lifting. This is a generalization of the Maass lift considered by Kojima, Krieg and Sugano. We also discuss its extension to the adele group of U(m,m).
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Silva, Cleonardo Augusto, Arthur Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Wanderson Gonçalves Gonçalves, Pablo Pinto, Rafael Pompeu Pantoja, Tatiana Vinasco-Sandoval, André Maurício Ribeiro-dos-Santos et al. „Can miRNA Indicate Risk of Illness after Continuous Exposure to M. tuberculosis?“ International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 7 (01.04.2021): 3674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073674.
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The role of regulatory elements such as small ncRNAs and their mechanisms are poorly understood in infectious diseases. Tuberculosis is one of the oldest infectious diseases of humans and it is still a challenge to prevent and treat. Control of the infection, as well as its diagnosis, are still complex and current treatments used are linked to several side effects. This study aimed to identify possible biomarkers for tuberculosis by applying NGS techniques to obtain global miRNA expression profiles from 22 blood samples of infected patients with tuberculosis (n = 9), their respective healthy physicians (n = 6) and external healthy individuals as controls (n = 7). Samples were run through a pipeline consisting of differential expression, target genes, gene set enrichment and miRNA–gene network analyses. We observed 153 altered miRNAs, among which only three DEmiRNAs (hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-486-3p and hsa-miR-4732-5p) were found between the investigated patients and their respective physicians. These DEmiRNAs are suggested to play an important role in granuloma regulation and their immune physiopathology. Our results indicate that miRNAs may be involved in immune modulation by regulating gene expression in cells of the immune system. Our findings encourage the application of miRNAs as potential biomarkers for tuberculosis.
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Savage, Norman M. „Silurian (Llandovery–Wenlock) conodonts from the base of the Heceta Limestone, southeastern Alaska“. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, Nr. 5 (01.05.1985): 711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-077.
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The base of the Heceta Limestone, exposed on Cap Island in southeastern Alaska, appears to lie close to the top of the celloni Zone. The succeeding 8 m of strata lies within the amorphognathoides Zone and part of the ranuliformis Zone. This Cap Island faunal sequence consists of 12 previously described and largely cosmopolitan taxa and nine new, possibly more provincial, taxa. It is particularly characterized by the distinctive new taxa Tuxekania barbarajeanae, Neospathognathodus chapini, Tokeenia furcata, and Aspelundia capensis. The section is of late Llandovery to early Wenlock (Silurian) age.
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Ningombam, Devarani Devi, und Seokjoo Shin. „Throughput Optimization Using Metaheuristic-Tabu Search in the Multicast D2D Communications Underlaying LTE-A Uplink Cellular Networks“. Electronics 7, Nr. 12 (14.12.2018): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7120440.
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The sum throughput of a cellular network can be improved when nearby devices employ direct communications using a resource sharing technique. Multicast device-to-device (M-D2D) communication is a promising solution to accommodate higher transmission rates. In an M-D2D communication, a multicast group is formed by considering a transmitter that can transmit the same information to multiple receivers by considering the transmission link conditions. In this paper, we focus on the uplink interference generated due to the non-orthogonal sharing of resources between the cellular users and M-D2D groups. To mitigate the interference, we propose a spectrum reuse-based resource allocation and power control scheme for M-D2D communication underlaying an uplink cellular network. We formulate the throughput optimization problem by considering the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) method within a multicell cellular network. In addition, a metaheuristic-tabu search algorithm is developed that maximizes the probability of finding optimal solutions by minimizing uplink interference. To analyze fairness resource distribution among users, we finally consider Jain’s fairness index. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the coverage probability, success rate, spectral efficiency, and sum throughput of the network, compared with a random resource allocation scheme without a metaheuristic-tabu search algorithm.
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SCHMEDING, ALEXANDER, und CHRISTOPH WOCKEL. „FUNCTORIAL ASPECTS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF LIE GROUPOIDS FROM THEIR BISECTIONS“. Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 101, Nr. 2 (14.03.2016): 253–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788716000021.
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To a Lie groupoid over a compact base $M$, the associated group of bisection is an (infinite-dimensional) Lie group. Moreover, under certain circumstances one can reconstruct the Lie groupoid from its Lie group of bisections. In the present article we consider functorial aspects of these construction principles. The first observation is that this procedure is functorial (for morphisms fixing $M$). Moreover, it gives rise to an adjunction between the category of Lie groupoids over $M$ and the category of Lie groups acting on $M$. In the last section we then show how to promote this adjunction to almost an equivalence of categories.
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FURMAN, ALEX, und YEHUDA SHALOM. „Sharp ergodic theorems for group actions and strong ergodicity“. Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 19, Nr. 4 (August 1999): 1037–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385799133881.
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Let $\mu$ be a probability measure on a locally compact group $G$, and suppose $G$ acts measurably on a probability measure space $(X,m)$, preserving the measure $m$. We study ergodic theoretic properties of the action along $\mu$-i.i.d. random walks on $G$. It is shown that under a (necessary) spectral assumption on the $\mu$-averaging operator on $L^2(X,m)$, almost surely the mean and the pointwise (Kakutani's) random ergodic theorems have roughly $n^{-1/2}$ rate of convergence. We also prove a central limit theorem for the pointwise convergence. Under a similar spectral condition on the diagonal $G$-action on $(X\times X,m\times m)$, an almost surely exponential rate of mixing along random walks is obtained.The imposed spectral condition is shown to be connected to a strengthening of the ergodicity property, namely, the uniqueness of $m$-integration as a $G$-invariant mean on $L^\infty(X,m)$. These related conditions, as well as the presented sharp ergodic theorems, never occur for amenable $G$. Nevertheless, we provide many natural examples, among them automorphism actions on tori and actions on Lie groups' homogeneous spaces, for which our results can be applied.
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El Hassan, Adil Abou, Abdelmalek El Mehdi und Mohammed Saber. „NB-IoT and LTE-M towards massive MTC: Complete performance evaluation for 5G mMTC“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, Nr. 1 (01.07.2021): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp308-320.
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Since the emerging 5G wireless network is expected to significantly revolutionize thefield of communication, its standardization and design should regard the internet ofthings (IoT) among the main orientations. Also, emerging IoT applications introducenew requirements other than throughput to support massive machine-type commu-nication (mMTC) where small data packets are occasionally sent. Therefore, moreimportance is attached to coverage, latency, power consumption, and connection den-sity. For this purpose, the third generation partnership project (3GPP) has introducedtwo novel cellular IoT technologies supporting mMTC, known as NB-IoT and LTE-M. This paper aims to determine the system configuration and deployment required forNB-IoT and LTE-M technologies to fully meet the 5G mMTC requirements in termsof coverage, throughput, latency, battery life, and connection density. An overview ofthese technologies and their design principles is also described. A complete evalua-tion of NB-IoT and LTE-M performance against 5G mMTC requirements is presented,and it is shown that these requirements can be met but only under certain conditionsregarding system configuration and deployment. This is followed by a performancecomparative analysis, which is mainly conducted to determine the limits and suitableuse cases of each technology.
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Moy, Allen. „Distribution Algebras on p-adic Groups and Lie Algebras“. Canadian Journal of Mathematics 63, Nr. 5 (18.10.2011): 1137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2011-025-3.
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Abstract When F is a p-adic field, and is the group of F-rational points of a connected algebraic F-group, the complex vector space of compactly supported locally constant distributions on G has a natural convolution product that makes it into a ℂ-algebra (without an identity) called the Hecke algebra. The Hecke algebra is a partial analogue for p-adic groups of the enveloping algebra of a Lie group. However, has drawbacks such as the lack of an identity element, and the process is not a functor. Bernstein introduced an enlargement . The algebra consists of the distributions that are left essentially compact. We show that the process is a functor. If is a morphism of p-adic groups, let be the morphism of ℂ-algebras. We identify the kernel of in terms of Ker. In the setting of p-adic Lie algebras, with g a reductive Lie algebra, m a Levi, and the natural projection, we show that maps G-invariant distributions on to NG(m)-invariant distributions on m. Finally, we exhibit a natural family of G-invariant essentially compact distributions on g associated with a G-invariant non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form on g and in the case of SL(2) show how certain members of the family can be moved to the group.
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Adams, Kenneth D., und Edward J. Rhodes. „Late Pleistocene to present lake-level fluctuations at Pyramid and Winnemucca lakes, Nevada, USA“. Quaternary Research 92, Nr. 1 (26.02.2019): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.134.
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AbstractA new lake-level curve for Pyramid and Winnemucca lakes, Nevada, is presented that indicates that after the ~15,500 cal yr BP Lake Lahontan high stand (1338 m), lake level fell to an elevation below 1200 m, before rising to 1230 m at the 12,000 cal yr BP Younger Dryas high stand. Lake level then fell to 1155 m by ~10,500 cal yr BP followed by a rise to 1200 m around 8000 cal yr BP. During the mid-Holocene, levels were relatively low (~1155 m) before rising to moderate levels (1190–1195 m) during the Neopluvial period (~4800–3400 cal yr BP). Lake level again plunged to about 1155 m during the late Holocene dry period (~2800–1900 cal yr BP) before rising to about 1190 m by ~1200 cal yr BP. Levels have since fluctuated within the elevation range of about 1170–1182 m except for the last 100 yr of managed river discharge when they dropped to as low as 1153 m. Late Holocene lake-level changes correspond to volume changes between 25 and 55 km3 and surface area changes between 450 and 900 km2. These lake state changes probably encompass the hydrologic variability possible under current climate boundary conditions.
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BESSI, UGO. „An analytic counterexample to the KAM theorem“. Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 20, Nr. 2 (April 2000): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385700000146.
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We study the non-existence of KAM tori for quasi-integrable, analytic Lagrangians. Let ${\cal L}\colon {\bf T}^m\times{\bf R}^m \to {\bf R}$, ${\cal L} (Q,\dot{Q})=\tfrac{1}{2}\vert\dot{Q}\vert^2+h(Q)$ and let $\bar\omega\in{\bf R}^m$ be a frequency exponentially close to resonances. We find $h$ analytic of norm arbitrarily small such that ${\cal L}$ has no invariant torus of frequency $\bar\omega$ projecting diffeomorphically on $\T^m$
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Smiljanic, R., P. Donati, A. Bragaglia, B. Lemasle und D. Romano. „Deep secrets of intermediate-mass giants and supergiants“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 616 (August 2018): A112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832877.
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Context. Recent observational results have demonstrated an increase in the surface Na abundance that correlates with stellar mass for red giants between 2 and 3 M⊙. This trend supports evolutionary mixing processes as the explanation for Na overabundances seen in some red giants. In this same mass range, the surface Al abundance was shown to be constant. Aims. Our main aim was to extend the investigation of the Na and Al surface abundances to giants more massive than 3 M⊙. We sought to establish accurately whether the Na abundances keep increasing with stellar mass or a plateau is reached. In addition, we investigated whether mixing can affect the surface abundance of Al in giants more massive than 3 M⊙. Methods. We obtained new high-resolution spectra of 20 giants in the field of 10 open clusters; 17 of these stars were found to be members of 9 clusters. The giants have masses between 2.5 M⊙ and 5.6 M⊙. A model atmosphere analysis was performed and abundances of up to 22 elements were derived using equivalent widths. Additionally, abundances of C, N, and O were determined using spectrum synthesis. The abundances of Na and Al were corrected for non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) effects. Moreover, to extend the mass range of our sample, we collected from the literature high-quality C, N, O, and Na abundances of 32 Galactic Cepheids with accurate masses in the range between 3 M⊙ and 14 M⊙. Results. The surface abundances of C, N, O, Na, and Al were compared to predictions of stellar evolution models with and without the inclusion of rotation-induced mixing. The surface abundances of most giants and Cepheids of the sample can be explained by models without rotation. For giants above Ȉ2.5 M⊙, the Na abundances reach a plateau level of about [Na/Fe] ~ 0.20–0.25 dex (in non-LTE). This is true for both Cepheids and giants in open clusters. Regarding Al, the non-LTE [Al/Fe] ratios are mostly close to solar and suggest that Al is not affected by the first dredge-up up to ~5.0 M⊙. Our results support previous works that found models with rotation to overestimate the mixing effects in intermediate-mass stars.
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MUSTAPHA, SAMI. „Gaussian estimates for heat kernels on Lie groups“. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 128, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004199003783.
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Let G be a connected real Lie group and let [gfr ] be its Lie algebra. We shall denote by [qfr ] ⊂ [gfr ] the radical of [gfr ]. Let [gfr ] = [qfr ] [ltimes ] [sfr ] (where [sfr ] is semisimple or 0) be a Levi decomposition of [gfr ] (cf. [11]). When [sfr ] ≠ 0 we can apply the Iwasawa decomposition on [sfr ] (cf. [8]) [sfr ] = [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] [oplus ] [kfr ], where [nfr ] is nilpotent and [afr ] is abelian and normalizes [nfr ] so that [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] is a soluble algebra. Since [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] normalizes [qfr ] it is clear that [rfr ] = [qfr ] [oplus ] [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] is a soluble Lie algebra of [gfr ]. By Lie's theorem (cf. [11]) we can find a basis on [rfr ]c = [rfr ] [otimes ] C for which the adjoint action of [rfr ] on [rfr ]c takes a triangular form. Let us denote by λ1(x); λ2(x), …, λn(x), x ∈ [rfr ] the corresponding eigenvalues. The λj's can be identified with elements of Homℝ([rfr ], C) and are called the roots of the adjoint action of [rfr ]. Let us denote by [Lscr ] = {L1, …, Lk} the set of the non zero real parts of the λj's. We shall say that the group G is a B-group if [Lscr ] ≠ &0slash; and if there exist α1, …, αk [ges ] 0, [sum ]kj=1 αj = 1, such that [sum ]kj=1 αjLj = 0. Otherwise we say that G is an NB-group. It can be shown that the above definition is independent of the particular choice of the Levi and Iwasawa decompositions that are used (cf. [13]).We shall denote by dlg = dg (resp. drg) the left (resp. right) Haar measure on G and by m(g) = drg/dlg the modular function.Let [Xscr ] = {X1, X2, …, Xn} be left invariant fields on G that verify the Hörmander condition (cf. [15]) and let Δ = −[sum ]X2j be the corresponding sub-Laplacian. Δ is formally self adjoint on the Hilbert space L2(G, drg) and the spectral gap of Δ is defined byformula here
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Ambartsumian, V. A., und A. L. Gyulbudaghian. „The Role of Neutral Hydrogen in the Evolution of Sprial and Irregular Galaxies“. Symposium - International Astronomical Union 194 (1999): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900162473.
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The Hubble classification suggested for the spiral galaxies, Sa–Sb–Sc–Sm–Irr, was considered by many astronomers as an evolution succession. The version of transformation from early spirals to the late spirals and vice versa was considered. The existence of several parameters, monotonically increasing or decreasing along this succession, together with the parameters which do not depend on the structural type of the galaxies of this succession, is a confirmation of this succession to be a succession of stages of evolution. Let us consider in detail both types of parameters. About the full masses and luminosities of galaxies we can state, that except Irr and maybe Sm-galaxies there is not a clear expressed difference of mean values of these parameters for galaxies of different structural types. Irr galaxies are the systems with low masses and luminosities, but on the (M-L) diagram a part of them is obviously mixed with the late spirals. There is a strong change of the M/L ratio with changing of the structural type, though the early type galaxies on average apparently have the least values of that ratio. As monotonically changing parameters we can suggest the following three:
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Abramov, Viktor. „3-Lie Superalgebras Induced by Lie Superalgebras“. Axioms 8, Nr. 1 (06.02.2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms8010021.
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We show that given a Lie superalgebra and an element of its dual space, one can construct the 3-Lie superalgebra. We apply this approach to Lie superalgebra of ( m , n ) -block matrices taking a supertrace of a matrix as the element of dual space. Then we also apply this approach to commutative superalgebra and the Lie superalgebra of its derivations to construct 3-Lie superalgebra. The graded Lie brackets are constructed by means of a derivation and involution of commutative superalgebra, and we use them to construct 3-Lie superalgebras.
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Petzl, Henrike, und Rodney Y. Sharp. „Comparison of graded and ungraded Cousin complexes“. Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society 41, Nr. 2 (Juni 1998): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0013091500019659.
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Let R = ⊕n∈zRn be a ℤ-graded commutative Noetherian ring and let M be a ℤ-graded R-module. S. Goto and K. Watanabe introduced the graded Cousin complex *C(M)* for M, a complex of graded R-modules. Also one can ignore the grading on M and construct the Cousin complex C(M)* for M, discussed in earlier papers by the second author. The main results in this paper are that *C(M)* can be considered as a subcomplex of C(M)* and that the resulting quotient complex is always exact. This sheds new light on the known facts that, when M is non-zero and finitely generated, C(M)* is exact if and only if *C(M)* is (and this is the case precisely when M is Cohen-Macaulay).
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Sánchez, Javier. „Free Group Algebras in Division Rings with Valuation II“. Canadian Journal of Mathematics 72, Nr. 6 (05.07.2019): 1463–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/s0008414x19000348.
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AbstractWe apply the filtered and graded methods developed in earlier works to find (noncommutative) free group algebras in division rings.If $L$ is a Lie algebra, we denote by $U(L)$ its universal enveloping algebra. P. M. Cohn constructed a division ring $\mathfrak{D}_{L}$ that contains $U(L)$. We denote by $\mathfrak{D}(L)$ the division subring of $\mathfrak{D}_{L}$ generated by $U(L)$.Let $k$ be a field of characteristic zero, and let $L$ be a nonabelian Lie $k$-algebra. If either $L$ is residually nilpotent or $U(L)$ is an Ore domain, we show that $\mathfrak{D}(L)$ contains (noncommutative) free group algebras. In those same cases, if $L$ is equipped with an involution, we are able to prove that the free group algebra in $\mathfrak{D}(L)$ can be chosen generated by symmetric elements in most cases.Let $G$ be a nonabelian residually torsion-free nilpotent group, and let $k(G)$ be the division subring of the Malcev–Neumann series ring generated by the group algebra $k[G]$. If $G$ is equipped with an involution, we show that $k(G)$ contains a (noncommutative) free group algebra generated by symmetric elements.
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Shu, Bin, und Yufeng Yao. „Irreducible Representations of the Generalized Jacobson-Witt Algebras“. Algebra Colloquium 19, Nr. 01 (März 2012): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1005386712000041.
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Let L be the generalized Jacobson-Witt algebra W(m;n) over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic p > 3, which consists of special derivations on the divided power algebra R= 𝔄(m;n). Then L is a so-called generalized restricted Lie algebra. In such a setting, we can reformulate the description of simple modules of L with the generalized p-character χ when ht (χ) < min {pni-pni-1| 1 ≤ i ≤ m} for n=(n1,…,nm), which was obtained by Skryabin. This is done by introducing a modified induced module structure and thereby endowing it with a so-called (R,L)-module structure in the generalized χ-reduced module category, which enables us to apply Skryabin's argument to our case. Simple exceptional-weight modules are precisely constructed via a complex of modified induced modules, and their dimensions are also obtained. The results for type W are extended to the ones for types S and H.
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KOŞAN, M. TAMER, und ABDULLAH HARMANCI. „DECOMPOSITIONS OF MODULES SUPPLEMENTED RELATIVE TO A TORSION THEORY“. International Journal of Mathematics 16, Nr. 01 (Januar 2005): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x05002722.
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Let R be a ring, M a right R-module and a hereditary torsion theory in Mod-R with associated torsion functor τ for the ring R. Then M is called τ-supplemented when for every submodule N of M there exists a direct summand K of M such that K ≤ N and N/K is τ-torsion module. In [4], M is called almost τ-torsion if every proper submodule of M is τ-torsion. We present here some properties of these classes of modules and look for answers to the following questions posed by the referee of the paper [4]: (1) Let a module M = M′ ⊕ M″ be a direct sum of a semisimple module M′ and τ-supplemented module M″. Is M τ-supplemented? (2) Can one find a non-stable hereditary torsion theory τ and τ-supplemented modules M′ and M″ such that M′ ⊕ M″ is not τ-supplemented? (3) Can one find a stable hereditary torsion theory τ and a τ-supplemented module M such that M/N is not τ-supplemented for some submodule N of M? (4) Let τ be a non-stable hereditary torsion theory and the module M be a finite direct sum of almost τ-torsion submodules. Is M τ-supplemented? (5) Do you know an example of a torsion theory τ and a τ-supplemented module M with τ-torsion submodule τ(M) such that M/τ(M) is not semisimple?
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Solomon, Jake P., und Misha Verbitsky. „Locality in the Fukaya category of a hyperkähler manifold“. Compositio Mathematica 155, Nr. 10 (06.09.2019): 1924–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x1900753x.
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Let $(M,I,J,K,g)$ be a hyperkähler manifold. Then the complex manifold $(M,I)$ is holomorphic symplectic. We prove that for all real $x,y$, with $x^{2}+y^{2}=1$ except countably many, any finite-energy $(xJ+yK)$-holomorphic curve with boundary in a collection of $I$-holomorphic Lagrangians must be constant. By an argument based on the Łojasiewicz inequality, this result holds no matter how the Lagrangians intersect each other. It follows that one can choose perturbations such that the holomorphic polygons of the associated Fukaya category lie in an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the Lagrangians. That is, the Fukaya category is local. We show that holomorphic Lagrangians are tautologically unobstructed. Moreover, the Fukaya $A_{\infty }$ algebra of a holomorphic Lagrangian is formal. Our result also explains why the special Lagrangian condition holds without instanton corrections for holomorphic Lagrangians.
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Mansor, Mohamad ‘Ismat Hafizi, Huda Adibah Mohd Ramli, Ani Liza Asnawi und Farah Nadia Mohd Isa. „Simulation of Packet Scheduling in Cognitive Long Term Evolution-Advanced“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, Nr. 2 (01.11.2017): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i2.pp533-540.
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<p>Real Time (RT) and Non-Real Time (NRT) multimedia content demand on mobile devices are increasing at a high pace. Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) is expected to cater these demands. However, LTE-A operates at fixed spectrum which leads to spectrum scarcity. Cognitive Radio (CR) is one the promising technologies that is used to overcome spectrum scarcity and implementation of CR into LTE-A will improve spectrum availability and efficiency of the network. Furthermore, with addition of Packet Scheduling (PS) in the cognitive LTE-A, QoS requirement of the mobile users can be guaranteed. However, the study on the stated is very limited. Thus, this paper models, simulates and evaluates performance of five well-known PS algorithms for supporting the RT and NRT multimedia contents. The simulation results show that Maximum- Largest Weighted Delay First (M-LWDF) is the best candidate for implementation in the cognitive LTE-A.</p>
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Frugone-Álvarez, Matías, Claudio Latorre, Fernando Barreiro-Lostres, Santiago Giralt, Ana Moreno, Josué Polanco-Martínez, Antonio Maldonado et al. „Volcanism and climate change as drivers in Holocene depositional dynamic of Laguna del Maule (Andes of central Chile – 36° S)“. Climate of the Past 16, Nr. 4 (02.07.2020): 1097–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1097-2020.
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Abstract. Late Quaternary volcanic basins are active landscapes from which detailed archives of past climate and seismic and volcanic activity can be obtained. A multidisciplinary study performed on a transect of sediment cores was used to reconstruct the depositional evolution of the high-elevation Laguna del Maule (LdM) (36∘ S, 2180 m a.s.l., Chilean Andes). The recovered 5 m composite sediment sequence includes two thick turbidite units (LT1 and LT2) and numerous tephra layers (23 ash and 6 lapilli). We produced an age model based on nine new 14C AMS dates, existing 210Pb and 137Cs data, and the Quizapú ash horizon (1932 CE). According to this age model, the relatively drier Early Holocene was followed by a phase of increased productivity during the mid-Holocene and higher lake levels after 4.0 ka cal BP. Major hydroclimate transitions occurred at ca. 11, 8.0, 4.0 and 0.5 ka cal BP. Decreased summer insolation and winter precipitation due to a southward shift in the southern westerly winds and a strengthened Pacific Subtropical High could explain Early Holocene lower lake levels. Increased biological productivity during the mid-Holocene (∼8.0 to 6.0 ka cal BP) is coeval with a warm–dry phase described for much of southern South America. Periods of higher lake productivity are synchronous to a higher frequency of volcanic events. During the Late Holocene, the tephra layers show compositional changes suggesting a transition from silica-rich to silica-poor magmas at around 4.0 ka cal BP. This transition was synchronous with increased variability of sedimentary facies and geochemical proxies, indicating higher lake levels and increased moisture at LdM after 4.0 ka cal BP, most likely caused by the inception of current El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (ENSO–PDO) dynamics in central Chile.
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Skinner, C. J. „Infrared and radio excesses of late-type stars“. Symposium - International Astronomical Union 122 (1987): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900156785.
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The IRAS catalogues have been searched for cool (G,K,M) giant and supergiant stars to investigate the occurrence of circumstellar (C/S)silicate dust, revealed by its emission features at 9.7 and 18μm. Low Resolution Spectrograph (LRS) spectra covering the 7-23μm range were used, plus the 60 and 100μm photometric points. M Supergiants were found in White Wing (1978), other stars by correlating the Bright Star Catalogue with the LRS catalogue: this discriminated against very cool stars reddened by dust; however i t can be seen in Table I that there is a clear trend for cooler and more luminous stars to have a dust shell. M Supergiants almost all have dust shells, whilst only the cooler M bright-giants and giants do. Of the G and K stars, only a very few of the Supergiants have dust shells. The sili cate features fell into two categories:
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Yaser, Muhammad. „Femtocell Number Influence to SINR and Throughput on Coexistence GSM and LTE Network“. Jetri : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro 17, Nr. 2 (06.03.2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jetri.v17i2.6072.
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<p><em>Coexistence GSM network and LTE femto relies on the number of femtocell deployment position. In the earlier study, the impact of macrocell size, femtocell deployment position, and coexistence LTE femtocell network integrated with GSM macrocell had been discussed. LTE femtocell used Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology for its operation. In coexistence networks, LTE femtocells operate with OFDM technology so that they can utilize several radio frequency fractions without disturbing other parts of the frequency located between them. Unfortunately, the impact of femtocell number on the coexistence network had not been discussed. SINR and femtocell throughput performance are mathematically analyzed. The result showed that femtocell number had an effect on the coexistence network performance. SINR GSM, SINR femtocell and femtocell throughput significantly degraded as the femtocell number increased. The increasing femtocell number from M =0 to M =20 on each GSM cell cause around 14 dB degradation in SINR GSM, 3 dB decline in SINR Femto, approximately 1.7% decline in throughput for K = 4. Meanwhile for K = 7, the increasing femtocell number cause 17 dB decline in SINR GSM 6,5 dB decline in SINR Femto and 3.2 % decline in throughput. Those happened since the LTE femtocell interference went up. So femtocell number greatly influences the Coexistence GSM Network and LTE femtocell.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>Jaringan koeksistensi GSM dan LTE Femto sangat tergantung pada kondisi sebaran femtocell, di</em><em> </em><em>antaranya jumlah femtocell. Pada studi sebelumnya telah dibahas mengenai pengaruh ukuran macrocell dan posisi penyebaran femtocell dan jaringan koeksistensi LTE femtocell yang diintegrasikan dengan GSM macrocell. Dalam jaringan koeksistensi, LTE femtocell beroperasi dengan teknologi Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) sehingga dapat memanfaatkan beberapa fraksi frekuensi radio tanpa mengganggu bagian lain dari frekuensi yang terletak di antaranya Namun studi sebelumnya belum membahas pengaruh jumlah femtocell pada jaringan koeksistensi ini. Kinerja kedua sistem yang dalam hal ini SINR dan femtocell throughput dianalisis secara matematis. Hasil simulasi menunjukan bahwa jumlah femtocell memiliki efek pada kinerja jaringan koeksistensi. SINR GSM, SINR femtocell dan femtocell throughput semakin menurun seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah femtocell</em><em>.</em><em> Peningkatan jumlah femtocell dari M = 0 ke M = 20 pada setiap sel GSM menyebabkan penurunan sekitar 14</em><em> </em><em>dB SINR GSM, penurunan 3</em><em> </em><em>dB SINR Femto, sekitar1, 7% penurunan throughput untuk K = 4. Sementara itu untuk K = 7, peningkatan junlah femtocell menyebabkan penurunan 17</em><em> </em><em>dB SINR GSM, penurunan 6.5</em><em> </em><em>dB SINR Femtocell dan penurunan 3, 2% dalam throughput. Hal ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan interferensi dari LTE femtocell. Maka jumlah LTE femtocell sangat mempengaruhi sistem koeksistensi LTE femtocell dengan jaringan GSM</em><em>.</em><em></em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>
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Combi, Lorenzo, Alberto Gatto, Pierpaolo Boffi, Umberto Spagnolini und Paola Parolari. „Optical Multilevel Pulse Width Modulation for Analog Mobile Fronthaul“. Photonics 5, Nr. 4 (23.11.2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040049.
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The evolution of radio access networks is towards a centralized architecture (C-RAN), with massive antenna deployments and large radio-frequency bandwidths. In the next future, traditional optical transport technologies based on digital radio over fiber will no longer be able to support the mobile fronthaul traffic connecting antennas hosted at remote radio units and centralized baseband units. Analog radio over fiber can be selected to support the mobile fronthaul (MFH) network and, in particular, pulse width modulation (PWM) is a viable alternative for analog signal transport. In order to increase the MFH spectral efficiency, we propose to exploit multilevel PWM (M-PWM) in a wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) network, comparing its performance with a conventional 2-level PWM solution. Experimental results show successful transmission over 7.5-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) of up to 16 aggregated LTE-like 20-MHz signals with 64-QAM on each subcarrier, while up to eight aggregated LTE-like 20-MHz signals with 256-QAM could be supported. M-PWM thus allows either using higher order modulation formats or aggregating a higher number of LTE channels.
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Briggs, Richard W., Steven G. Wesnousky und Kenneth D. Adams. „Late Pleistocene and Late Holocene Lake Highstands in the Pyramid Lake Subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA“. Quaternary Research 64, Nr. 2 (September 2005): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.02.011.
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AbstractShoreline geomorphology, shoreline stratigraphy, and radiocarbon dates of organic material incorporated in constructional beach ridges record large lakes during the late Pleistocene and late Holocene in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA. During the late Holocene, a transgression began at or after 3595 ± 35 14C yr B.P. and continued, perhaps in pulses, through 2635 ± 40 14C yr B.P., resulting in a lake as high as 1199 m. During the latest Pleistocene and overlapping with the earliest part of the Younger Dryas interval, a lake stood at approximately 1212 m at 10,820 ± 35 14C yr B.P. and a geomorphically and stratigraphically distinct suite of constructional shorelines associated with this lake can be traced to 1230 m. These two lake highstands correspond to periods of elevated regional wetness in the western Basin and Range that are not clearly represented in existing northern Sierra Nevada climate proxy records.
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Korotin, S. A., S. M. Andrievsky, E. Caffau, P. Bonifacio und E. Oliva. „Study of the departures from LTE in the unevolved stars infrared spectra“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 496, Nr. 2 (17.06.2020): 2462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1707.
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ABSTRACT We present a study of departures from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) in the formation of infrared (IR) lines of Na i, Mg i, Al i, S i, K i, and Sr ii in unevolved stars of spectral types F, G, K and metallicities around the solar metallicity. The purpose of this investigation is to identify lines of these species that can be safely treated with the LTE approximation in the IR spectra of these types of stars. We employ a set of 40 stars observed with the GIANO spectrograph at the 3.5 m Telescopio Nazionale Galileo and previously investigated by Caffau et al. We were able to identify many lines that can be treated in LTE for all the above-mentioned species, except for Sr ii. The latter species can only be studied using three lines in the J band, but all three of them display significant departures from LTE. With our small-size, but high-quality sample, we can determine robustly the trends of the abundance ratios with metallicity, confirming the trends apparent from a sample that is larger by several orders of magnitude, but of lower quality in terms of resolution and S/N ratio.
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Raharto, Moedji. „An Infrared Colour Discriminator for Giant and Supergiant Optical M Stars“. International Astronomical Union Colloquium 148 (1995): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100022089.
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AbstractAn infrared colour - MK spectral type diagram of optical M giants, M Miras and M supergiants is presented. The area in the diagram with m12 − m25 > 0.70 and MK spectral type earlier than M4 is occupied by early type optical M supergiants. The region of spectral type later than M4 is occupied by optical late M giants (Mira variables) and late M supergiants. The area in the diagram with a colour range of 0.15 < m12 − m25 < 0.70 is occupied by optical giants (Mira Variables) and supergiants (M supergiants with blue companions and probably some M supergiants in the evolutionary stage pre or post M supergiants with large infrared excesses). Finally, the area in the diagram with m12 − m25 < 0.15 is clearly occupied by M giants without circumstellar dust shells. The colour distribution of the M giants, M supergiants and M Miras in the colour - spectral type diagram suggests that we can use the colour properties as search criteria for (i) early M supergiants with colours of m12 − m25 > 0.70, (ii) late M supergiants with colours of m12 − m25 > 0.70, (iii) M giants with m12 − m25 < 0.15, (iv) Mira candidates using IRAS point sources which are also identified as optical M stars.
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BENKERT, MARC, JOACHIM GUDMUNDSSON, CHRISTIAN KNAUER, RENÉ VAN OOSTRUM und ALEXANDER WOLFF. „A POLYNOMIAL-TIME APPROXIMATION ALGORITHM FOR A GEOMETRIC DISPERSION PROBLEM“. International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 19, Nr. 03 (Juni 2009): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195909002952.
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We consider the following packing problem. Let α be a fixed real in (0, 1]. We are given a bounding rectangle ρ and a set [Formula: see text] of n possibly intersecting unit disks whose centers lie in ρ. The task is to pack a set [Formula: see text] of m disjoint disks of radius α into ρ such that no disk in B intersects a disk in [Formula: see text], where m is the maximum number of unit disks that can be packed. In this paper we present a polynomial-time algorithm for α = 2/3. So far only the case of packing squares has been considered. For that case, Baur and Fekete have given a polynomial-time algorithm for α = 2/3 and have shown that the problem cannot be solved in polynomial time for any α > 13/14 unless [Formula: see text].
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LEE, YUH-JIA, und CHEN-YUH SHIH. „THE RIESZ REPRESENTATION THEOREM ON INFINITE DIMENSIONAL SPACES AND ITS APPLICATIONS“. Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 05, Nr. 01 (März 2002): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219025702000705.
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Let H be a real separable Hilbert space and let E⊂H be a nuclear space with the chain {Em: m=1,2,…} of Hilbert spaces such that E = ∩m∈ℕEm. Let E* and E-m denote the dual spaces of E and Em, respectively. For γ > 0, let [Formula: see text] be the collection of complex-valued continuous functions f defined on E* such that [Formula: see text] is finite for every m. Then [Formula: see text] is a complete countably normed space equipping with the family {‖·‖m,γ : m = 1,2,…} of norms. Using a probabilistic approach, it is shown that every continuous linear functional T on [Formula: see text] can be represented uniquely by a complex Borel measure νT satisfying certain exponential integrability condition. The results generalize an infinite dimensional Riesz representation theorem given previously by the first author for the case γ = 2. As applications, we establish a Weierstrass approximation theorem on E* for γ≥1 and show that the space [Formula: see text] spanned by the class { exp [i(x,ξ)] : ξ ∈ E} is dense in [Formula: see text] for γ>0. In the course of the proof we give sufficient conditions for a function space on which every positive functional can be represented by a Borel measure on E*.
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Brunella, Marco. „Remarks on structurally stable proper foliations“. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 115, Nr. 1 (Januar 1994): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004100071954.
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Let M be a closed manifold of dimension 3 and let Fol(M) be the space of codimension one C∞-foliations on M. A foliation ∈ Fol(M) is said to be Cr- structurally stable if there exists a neighbourhood V of in Fol(M) in the (Epstein) Cr-topology such that every foliation is topologically conjugate to , through a homeomorphism near to the identity. Some background on the problem of structural stability of foliations can be found in [8]. In this paper we shall be concerned with proper foliations, i.e. foliations all of whose leaves are proper.
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FÜRER, MARTIN, und BALAJI RAGHAVACHARI. „PARALLEL EDGE COLORING APPROXIMATION“. Parallel Processing Letters 06, Nr. 03 (September 1996): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626496000315.
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Let G be a graph with n vertices and m edges and let its maximum degree be Δ. It is shown that a valid edge coloring of G using at most 2Δ−1 colors can be computed in O( log n log Δ) time using O(m+n) processors on a CREW PRAM. Based on this, for any constant c>1, a valid edge coloring for G using at most max([cΔ], Δ+1) colors can be computed in O( log 2 n) time, using O(m+n) processors. Employing different techniques, we show that it is possible to compute a Δ2 coloring in O( log * n) time, with O(m+n) processors. Also, a maximal matching of G can be computed in O( log 2 n log Δ) time using O(m+n) processors on a CREW PRAM.
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Roy, Alex J., und Matthew S. Lachniet. „Late Quaternary glaciation and equilibrium-line altitudes of the Mayan Ice Cap, Guatemala, Central America“. Quaternary Research 74, Nr. 1 (Juli 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.04.010.
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AbstractThe Sierra los Cuchumatanes (3837 m), Guatemala, supported a plateau ice cap and valley glaciers around Montaña San Juan (3784 m) that totaled ∼ 43 km2 in area during the last local glacial maximum. Former ice limits are defined by sharp-crested lateral and terminal moraines that extend to elevations of ∼ 3450 m along the ice cap margin, and to ca. 3000–3300 m for the valley glaciers. Equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) estimated using the area–altitude balance ratio method for the maximum late Quaternary glaciation reached as low as 3470 m for the valley glaciers and 3670 m for the Mayan Ice Cap. Relative to the modern altitude of the 0°C isotherm of ∼ 4840 m, we determined ELA depressions of 1110–1436 m. If interpreted in terms of a depression of the freezing level during maximal glaciation along the modern lapse rate of − 5.3°C km–1, this ΔELA indicates tropical highland cooling of ∼ 5.9 to 7.6 ± 1.2°C. Our data support greater glacial highland cooling than at sea level, implying a high tropical sensitivity to global climate changes. The large magnitude of ELA depression in Guatemala may have been partially forced by enhanced wetness associated with southward excursions of the boreal winter polar air mass.
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Bartov, Yuval, Mordechai Stein, Yehouda Enzel, Amotz Agnon und Ze'ev Reches. „Lake Levels and Sequence Stratigraphy of Lake Lisan, the Late Pleistocene Precursor of the Dead Sea“. Quaternary Research 57, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2284.
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AbstractLake Lisan, the late Pleistocene precursor of the Dead Sea, existed from ∼70,000 to 15,000 yr B.P. It evolved through frequent water-level fluctuations, which reflected the regional hydrological and climatic conditions. We determined the water level of the lake for the time interval ∼55,000–15,000 cal yr B.P. by mapping offshore, nearshore, and fan-delta sediments; by application of sequence stratigraphy methods; and by dating with radiocarbon and U-series methods. During the studied time interval the lake-level fluctuated between ∼340 and 160 m below mean sea level (msl). Between 55,000 and 30,000 cal yr B.P. the lake evolved through short-term fluctuations around 280–290 m below msl, punctuated (at 48,000–43,000 cal yr B.P.) by a drop event to at least 340 m below msl. At ∼27,000 cal yr B.P. the lake began to rise sharply, reaching its maximum elevation of about 164 m below msl between 26,000 and 23,000 cal yr B.P., then it began dropping and reached 300 m below msl at ∼15,000 cal yr B.P. During the Holocene the lake, corresponding to the present Dead Sea, stabilized at ca. 400 m below msl with minor fluctuations. The hypsometric curve of the basin indicates that large changes in lake area are expected at above 403 and 385 m below msl. At these elevations the lake level is buffered. Lake Lisan was always higher than 380 m below msl, indicating a significantly large water contribution to the basin. The long and repetitious periods of stabilization at 280–290 m below msl during Lake Lisan time indicate hydrological control combined with the existence of a physical sill at this elevation. Crossing this sill could not have been achieved without a dramatic increase in the total water input to the lake, as occurred during the fast and intense lake rise from ∼280 to 160 m below msl at ∼27,000 cal yr B.P.
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Isono, Yusuke. „ON FUNDAMENTAL GROUPS OF TENSOR PRODUCT FACTORS“. Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 19, Nr. 4 (02.08.2018): 1121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474748018000336.
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Let $M$ be a $\text{II}_{1}$ factor and let ${\mathcal{F}}(M)$ denote the fundamental group of $M$. In this article, we study the following property of $M$: for any $\text{II}_{1}$ factor $B$, we have ${\mathcal{F}}(M\,\overline{\otimes }\,B)={\mathcal{F}}(M){\mathcal{F}}(B)$. We prove that for any subgroup $G\leqslant \mathbb{R}_{+}^{\ast }$ which is realized as a fundamental group of a $\text{II}_{1}$ factor, there exists a $\text{II}_{1}$ factor $M$ which satisfies this property and whose fundamental group is $G$. Using this, we deduce that if $G,H\leqslant \mathbb{R}_{+}^{\ast }$ are realized as fundamental groups of $\text{II}_{1}$ factors, then so are groups $G\cdot H$ and $G\cap H$.
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Bell, Trevor, Julia Daly, Martin J. Batterson, David G. E. Liverman, John Shaw und I. Rod Smith. „Late Quaternary Relative Sea-Level Change on the West Coast of Newfoundland*“. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 59, Nr. 2-3 (04.04.2007): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/014751ar.
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Abstract Two revised relative sea-level (RSL) curves are presented for the Port au Choix to Daniel’s Harbour area of the Great Northern Peninsula, northwestern Newfoundland. Both curves are similar, showing continuous emergence of 120-140 m between 14 700 cal BP and present. The half-life of exponential curves fit to the RSL data is 1400 years and the rate of emergence varies from ~2.3 m per century prior to 10 000 cal BP to ~0.13 m per century since 5000 cal BP. The curves fit a general pattern of RSL history along the west coast of Newfoundland, where there is a southward transition from solely emergence to emergence followed by submergence. Isostatic depression curves are generated for four RSL records spanning the west coast. Almost double the crustal depression is recorded to the northwest, reflecting the greater glacioisostatic loading by the Laurentide Ice Sheet over southern Labrador and Québec compared to a smaller loading centre by a regional ice complex over Newfoundland. Only the St. George’s Bay RSL record in the southwest appears to show evidence for a proglacial forebulge, when at 6000 cal BP an isostatic ridge of 4 m amplitude begins to collapse.
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Chacron, M., und T. K. Lee. „Open questions concerning antiautomorphisms of division rings with quasi-generalized Engel conditions“. Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 18, Nr. 09 (17.07.2019): 1950167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498819501676.
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Let [Formula: see text] be a noncommutative division ring with center [Formula: see text], which is algebraic, that is, [Formula: see text] is an algebraic algebra over the field [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be an antiautomorphism of [Formula: see text] such that (i) [Formula: see text], all [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are positive integers depending on [Formula: see text]. If, further, [Formula: see text] has finite order, it was shown in [M. Chacron, Antiautomorphisms with quasi-generalised Engel condition, J. Algebra Appl. 17(8) (2018) 1850145 (19 pages)] that [Formula: see text] is commuting, that is, [Formula: see text], all [Formula: see text]. Posed in [M. Chacron, Antiautomorphisms with quasi-generalised Engel condition, J. Algebra Appl. 17(8) (2018) 1850145 (19 pages)] is the question which asks as to whether the finite order requirement on [Formula: see text] can be dropped. We provide here an affirmative answer to the question. The second major result of this paper is concerned with a nonnecessarily algebraic division ring [Formula: see text] with an antiautomorphism [Formula: see text] satisfying the stronger condition (ii) [Formula: see text], all [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are fixed positive integers. It was shown in [T.-K. Lee, Anti-automorphisms satisfying an Engel condition, Comm. Algebra 45(9) (2017) 4030–4036] that if, further, [Formula: see text] has finite order then [Formula: see text] is commuting. We show here, that again the finite order assumption on [Formula: see text] can be lifted answering thus in the affirmative the open question (see Question 2.11 in [T.-K. Lee, Anti-automorphisms satisfying an Engel condition, Comm. Algebra 45(9) (2017) 4030–4036]).
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WU, WEISHENG. „Schmidt games and non-dense forward orbits of certain partially hyperbolic systems“. Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 36, Nr. 5 (11.02.2015): 1656–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2014.136.
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Let$f:M\rightarrow M$be a partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism with conformality on unstable manifolds. Consider a set of points with non-dense forward orbit:$E(f,y):=\{z\in M:y\notin \overline{\{f^{k}(z),k\in \mathbb{N}\}}\}$for some$y\in M$. Define$E_{x}(f,y):=E(f,y)\cap W^{u}(x)$for any$x\in M$. Following a method of Broderick, Fishman and Kleinbock [Schmidt’s game, fractals, and orbits of toral endomorphisms.Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.31(2011), 1095–1107], we show that$E_{x}(f,y)$is a winning set for Schmidt games played on$W^{u}(x)$which implies that$E_{x}(f,y)$has Hausdorff dimension equal to$\dim W^{u}(x)$. Furthermore, we show that for any non-empty open set$V\subset M$,$E(f,y)\cap V$has full Hausdorff dimension equal to$\dim M$, by constructing measures supported on$E(f,y)\cap V$with lower pointwise dimension converging to$\dim M$and with conditional measures supported on$E_{x}(f,y)\cap V$. The results can be extended to the set of points with forward orbit staying away from a countable subset of$M$.
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ENAYAT, ALI, und JOEL DAVID HAMKINS. „ZFC PROVES THAT THE CLASS OF ORDINALS IS NOT WEAKLY COMPACT FOR DEFINABLE CLASSES“. Journal of Symbolic Logic 83, Nr. 1 (März 2018): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsl.2017.75.
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AbstractIn ZFC, the class Ord of ordinals is easily seen to satisfy the definable version of strong inaccessibility. Here we explore deeper ZFC-verifiable combinatorial properties of Ord, as indicated in Theorems A & B below. Note that Theorem A shows the unexpected result that Ord is never definably weakly compact in any model of ZFC.Theorem A. Let${\cal M}$be any model of ZFC.(1)The definable tree property fails in${\cal M}$: There is an${\cal M}$-definable Ord-tree with no${\cal M}$-definable cofinal branch.(2)The definable partition property fails in${\cal M}$: There is an${\cal M}$-definable 2-coloring$f:{[X]^2} \to 2$for some${\cal M}$-definable proper class X such that no${\cal M}$-definable proper classs is monochromatic for f.(3)The definable compactness property for${{\cal L}_{\infty ,\omega }}$fails in${\cal M}$: There is a definable theory${\rm{\Gamma }}$in the logic${{\cal L}_{\infty ,\omega }}$(in the sense of${\cal M}$) of size Ord such that every set-sized subtheory of${\rm{\Gamma }}$is satisfiable in${\cal M}$, but there is no${\cal M}$-definable model of${\rm{\Gamma }}$.Theorem B. The definable ⋄Ordprinciple holds in a model${\cal M}$of ZFC iff${\cal M}$carries an${\cal M}$-definable global well-ordering.Theorems A and B above can be recast as theorem schemes in ZFC, or as asserting that a single statement in the language of class theory holds in all ‘spartan’ models of GB (Gödel-Bernays class theory); where a spartan model of GB is any structure of the form $\left( {{\cal M},{D_{\cal M}}} \right)$, where ${\cal M} \models {\rm{ZF}}$ and ${D_{\cal M}}$ is the family of${\cal M}$-definable classes. Theorem C gauges the complexity of the collection GBspa of (Gödel-numbers of) sentences that hold in all spartan models of GB.Theorem C. GBspais${\rm{\Pi }}_1^1$-complete.