Dissertationen zum Thema „LoRaWAN network“

Internet of Things is an important part of realizing smart cities, this article introduces a proposal to build an Internet of Things system with LoRaWAN to achieve diverse smart city applications. There are three problems proposed and resolved in this research, how to maximize wireless devices’ lifetime with LoRa protocol characters， how to choose the gateways’ location for improving the efficiency and reduce costs, and about a good way to set up network servers to balance performance and consumption to implement in smart city applications. The IoT platform is built completely and running three applications on it in this research, Smart Parking, Smart Building Monitoring and Smart Sewage Monitoring. The methods of build platform and set applications are also explained in this article.

Recent technological developments led to increased computational and networking capabilities of everyday objects. This situation resulted in an increase in number of devices embedded in cyber-physical systems. In order to simplify the design and management of pervasive and heterogeneous systems like these, there is need for new high-level paradigms able to capture concerns like heterogeneity and location of the devices. Aggregate computing is one of these: it proposes to describe the global behaviour of a system by managing global spatio-temporal data structures, and abstracting details of its physical network, as topology and communication technology. A related problem with the design of complex pervasive systems is verifying their behaviour in a real scenario, because it is generally expensive, complicated, and not always possible in practice. A partial solution to the problem is testing this kind of systems using simulations. Even though simulations execute a system model, it should be noted that such model is only a system abstraction; however they can still provide reliable insights on the system behaviour and performance. In the Internet-of-Things context, an emergent enabling communication technology for situated devices is LoRaWAN. LoRaWAN is a network protocol that allows long range communications and low energy consumption, at the cost of limited data rate. There are currently no platforms for aggregated languages that support their execution over LoRaWAN networks. Moreover nowadays there are no simulators supporting real simulation of aggregate system over LoRaWAN networks: however there are simulators supporting aggregate applications or LoRaWAN networks. The contribution of this thesis is to provide a platform that supports the LoRaWAN abstractions as backend of an aggregate computing system, and join it to the existing DingNet simulator achieving a platform allowing aggregate applications simulations over realistic LoRaWAN networks.

The process of finding a parking space can be a tedious task that drivers spent too much time on today. With the rising threat from global warming, reducing the time spent driving is vital. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the use of LoRaWAN for urban IoT applications by developing a sensor system for parking space monitoring to make this process easier. The main component of the developed prototype of the sensor system consists of a The Things UNO, which is a modified version of the Arduino Leonardo with an integrated RN2483 LoRaWAN transceiver module. Two types of sensors, an ultrasonic distance sensor and a magnetometer, were tested for car detecting abilities in the sensor system. The distance sensor was proven to be the more reliable sensor for detecting cars, but a combination of both a distance sensor and a magnetometer can be used to improve the power usage of the system. LoRaWAN has a high potential to work great in a parking space monitoring system and other urban IoT applications, but its coverage and reliability in different conditions requires more testing.
Att hitta en parkeringsplats kan vara en omständing uppgift, och är något som bilister idag spenderar för mycket tid på. Med den ökade risken från global uppvärmning är det viktigt att försöka reducera körtid. Syftet med den här rapporten är att utvärdera användandet av LoRaWAN för urbana IoT-applikationer genom att utveckla ett sensorsystem för att bevaka parkeringsplatser för att göra det enklare att hitta lediga parkeringsplatser. Huvudkomponenten i den utvecklade prototypen av sensorsystemet är en TheThings UNO, vilket är en modifierad version av en Arduino Leonardo med en inbyggd RN2483 LoRaWAN-modul. Två sorters sensorer, en avståndssensor och en magnetometer, testades i sensorsystemet. Avståndssensorn visade sig vara den mer pålitliga sensorn för att detektera bilar. En kombination av en avståndssensor och en magnetometer kan poteniellt användas tillsammans för att minska strömanvändningen. LoRaWANhar stor potential att fungera i ett parkeringbevakningssystem samt andra urbana IoT-applikationer, men dess täcking och pålitlighet i olika miljöer borde undersökas mer.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico
El paradigma de comunicación Internet of Things (IoT), el cual plantea la posibilidad de interconectar objetos cotidianos y toda clase de dispositivos convencionales a Internet, está actualmente en pleno desarrollo. El gran número de nodos que se espera conectar a Internet exige a su vez la implementación a gran escala de Internet Protocol versión 6 (IPv6). IoT busca el desarrollo de nuevas aplicaciones y ha impulsado la creación de nuevas arquitecturas de red y nuevas clases de dispositivos. Las redes Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) han surgido recientemente como una evolución natural del concepto Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), redes de sensores in- terconectadas. A la luz del IoT, las nuevas redes LPWAN abren un nuevo campo de desarrollo, principalmente enfocado en servicios de monitoreo y afines que se desarrollen en áreas am- plias y no requieran grandes tasas de transferencia. Los dispositivos LPWAN se caracterizan por ser de bajo consumo energético y de bajo costo, facilitando su despliegue masivo por largos períodos sin necesidad de recargar sus baterías. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) es una de las primeras y principales tec- nologías LPWAN, y presenta una gran flexibilidad que la hace ideal para redes de diseño propio. En América funciona en la banda industrial, científica y médica (ISM) alrededor de los 915 MHz. Sin embargo, también existen muchas otras tecnologías LPWAN con arquitec- turas y protocolos propietarios, lo que dificulta alcanzar la interoperabilidad que se desea en el entorno IoT. El grupo de trabajo para la implementación de IPv6 sobre redes LPWAN (lpwan WG) perteneciente al Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) se encuentra actualmente desarrol- lando un mecanismo de compresión y fragmentación de paquetes IPv6 para redes LPWAN denominado Static Context Header Compression (SCHC). El esquema de compresión se en- cuentra terminado, pero aún no ha sido implementado ni evaluado de manera oficial. En este trabajo se presenta una plataforma experimental para la implementación y eval- uación del mecanismo SCHC sobre una red LoRaWAN consistente en un nodo terminal Mi- crochip y un Radio Gateway (RG) de Everynet. En su desarrollo se han integrado múltiples y diversas herramientas del campo de las Telecomunicaciones y las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (ICT). La plataforma creada logra una implementación básica pero exitosa del esquema de com- presión de SCHC. Por medio de ella se ha llevado a cabo una evaluación preliminar del funcionamiento de SCHC, analizando el nivel de compresión logrado por el mecanismo para tres contextos de comunicación característicos de una red LPWAN. Los resultados obtenidos son positivos.

I requisiti di molte applicazioni IoT necessitano di trasmettere dati su lunghe distanze, con basso data rate e con il minor impatto possibile sul consumo energetico. Le tecnologie LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) sono state progettate per complementare ed in alcuni casi sostituire le soluzioni offerte dalla reti cellulari e dalle reti di sensori a corto/medio raggio. Nonostante la pletora di standards LPWAN disponibili sul mercato, la tecnologia LoRa/LoRaWAN sta riscuotendo notevole successo grazie alle performance che riesce a garantire. L’imponente mole di dati generata dalle applicazioni IoT richiede soluzioni in grado di poter archiviare e gestire in maniera efficiente il ciclo di vita delle informazioni. L’utilizzo di piattaforme di data analytics basate su sistemi NoSQL permettono una gestione più agile dei Big Data. In questa tesi è stata progettata ed implementata un’infrastruttura per il monitoraggio ambientale tramite LoRaWAN e la relativa piattaforma di data analytics adoperata per lo studio delle metriche relative alla trasmissione radio LoRa. I risultati ottenuti dalla sperimentazione possono essere usati per fare tuning delle configurazioni per il deploy in contesti reali.

Low-Power Wide-Area Networks, LPWANs, achieve long communication ranges with a low energy consumption by communicating at low bit rates. Most LPWAN devices are battery powered and are required to operate for an extended period of time, which stresses the requirements for energy efficiency. This thesis investigates the energy consumption of LPWAN devices operating in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical, ISM, band and how use cases affect the consumption. Specifically, LoRa/LoRaWAN and Sigfox are examined. Their key characteristics are described and energy consumption is modelled. The models are verified by comparing the model outputs with measured power consumption of LoRa and Sigfox devices. Through the models, design parameters are investigated with regards to consumption, and product lifetime are estimated. The influence of use cases on energy consumption is explored by measuring the Package Delivery Ratio, PDR, at different ranges using various bit transmission rates.The results showed that the bitrate, data redundancy and protocol overhead were among parameters which could be used to optimise energy efficiency. It was also shown, that the device lifetimes could be significantly increased by increasing the transmission interval and removing message acknowledgements. Realistically, LoRa devices can have a lifetime of more than 10 years and Sigfox 3 years, using a 2800 mWh battery. The use case tests showed that a 100 % PDR should not be expected at any bitrate, but lower bitrates and messaging redundancy increase the likelihood of a successful package delivery. Hence, there is a tradeoff between low energy consumption and range/reliability. Additionally, it was found that a low node to gateway distance and a high gateway density increase the probability of a successful transaction. Thus, the power consumption is tightly coupled to the network configuration.
Low-Power Wide-Area Networks, LPWANs, uppnår långa kommunikationsräckvidder med låg energiförbrukning genom att kommunicera med låga bithastigheter. De flesta enheter är batteridrivna och måste operera över längre tid, vilket ökar kraven för energieffektivitet. Denna avhandling undersöker energiförbrukningen för LPWAN enheter i det industriella, vetenskapliga och medicinska ISM bandet och hur olika användningsfall påverkar förbrukningen. Specifikt undersöks LoRa/LoRaWAN och Sigfox. Deras viktigaste egenskaper beskrivs och deras energiförbrukning modelleras. Modellerna verifieras genom att jämföra resultaten från modellerna med uppmätt effektförbrukning av LoRa och Sigfox-enheter. Genom modellerna undersöks även designparametrar med avseende på strömkonsumtion och produktens livslängd uppskattas. Påverkan användningsfall har på energiförbrukning undersöks genom att mäta Package Delivery Ratio, PDR, vid olika avstånd och bitöverföringshastigheter.Resultaten visade att bitraten, dataredundansen och protokollstorleken var bland parametrar som kunde användas för att optimera energieffektiviteten. Det visades också att enhetens livslängd kunde ökas signifikant genom att öka överföringsintervallet och ta bort meddelandebekräftelser. Realistiskt kan LoRaenheter ha en livslängd på mer än 10 år och Sigfox 3 år, med ett batteri på 2800 mWh. Resultatet av olika test visade att en 100 % PDR inte bör förväntas vid någon bitrate, men lägre bitrater och redundans för meddelanden ökar sannolikheten för en paketleverans. Det finns därför en avvägning mellan låg energiförbrukning och räckvidd och sannolikheten för en lyckad packetleverans. Dessutom konstaterades att en låg nod till gateway-avstånd och en hög gateway-densitet ökar sannolikheten för att transaktioner lyckas. Således är energiförbrukningen tätt kopplad till nätverkskonfigurationen.

La télésurveillance médicale est un domaine encore en plein développement en France. C'est une branche de la télémédecine qui a pour vocation de permettre à un médecin de recueillir et d'interpréter à distance les données nécessaires au suivi médical d'un patient. Elle permet, entre autres, d'améliorer le suivi médical à distance des personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie ou atteintes de pathologies chroniques (insuffisance cardiaque, diabète et hypertension artérielle par exemple), et ainsi elle favorise leur maintien à domicile et prévient au plus tôt d'éventuelles hospitalisations.Cette Thèse CIFRE au sein de l'entreprise MainCare (éditeur majeur de solutions digitales pour le monde de la santé) nous a permis de proposer la nouvelle plateforme I²PHEN (IoT Interoperable Platform for Health moNitoring low power) au sein de laquelle le suivi des paramètres de santé du patient est réalisé à l'aide d'objets connectés (tensiomètre, thermomètre, glucomètre, ...) qui communiquent avec la plateforme distante (monitoring de données distribuées). Le serveur de récupération peut alors déclencher des alertes, définies au préalable avec les équipes médicales. Le choix technologique des réseaux utilisés est un point majeur. En effet, les réseaux LPWAN (Low-Power Wide Area Network) offrent une alternative rentable et moins coûteuse en énergie que les réseaux cellulaires pour transmettre des petites quantités de données, sur des distances importantes et à partir de capteurs et d'objets faible puissance alimentés sur batterie. Ce domaine étant nouveau, et encore peu dédié au domaine médical, il a été nécessaire de développer de nouveaux axes de recherche comme COMMA, notre nouvel algorithme adaptatif pour réduire la consommation énergétique et les interférences en mobilités quotidiennes. Le premier verrou a été la consommation énergétique, en relation avec la qualité de service, de ces nouveaux réseaux dans le domaine critique de la santé. Le second verrou, et probablement le plus difficile, a été de proposer des solutions d'interopérabilité pour que les objets connectés puissent dialoguer via ces nouveaux réseaux avec la plateforme distante, par l'intermédiaire d'une passerelle locale (basée sur Arduino). Au final, la plateforme que nous proposons dans notre plateforme permet le télémonitoring des patients de bout en bout, interopérable et économe en énergie
Medical telemonitoring is an area still in full development in France. It is a branch of telemedicine which aims at enabling a doctor in collecting and interpreting remotely the data necessary for the medical follow-up of a patient. It enables, among others, in improving remote medical monitoring of seniors with loss of autonomy or suffering from chronic diseases (heart diseases, diabetes and high blood pressure for example). Hence it encourages their stay at home and to warn as soon as possible of any hospitalizations.This CIFRE Thesis within Maincare company (major publisher of digital solutions for the world of health) allowed us to propose our novel platform I²PHEN (IoT Interoperable Platform for Health moNitoring low power) in which the monitoring of a patient's health parameters is done using connected objects (sphygmomanometer, thermometer, glucometer, ...) which communicates with the remote platform (distributed data monitoring). The central server can then trigger alerts which are defined beforehand with the medical teams. The technological choice of the networks used is a major concern. LPWAN networks (Low-Power Wide Area Network) offer a cost-effective alternative and are less expensive in terms of energy than cellular networks to transmit small amounts of data from sensors and energy efficient objects powered on batteries over important distances. This field being new, and still little dedicated to the medical field, it is necessary to develop new focus of research such as COMMA, a new adaptive algorithm to reduce energy consumption and interference in daily mobility. Hence, the first lock is the energy consumption, in relation to the quality of service (QoS), of these new networks in the critical area of telemedecine. The second lock, and probably the most difficult, is to propose interoperable solutions in which connected objects can interact, through these new networks, with the remote platform through a local gateway (based on Arduino). In the end, the platform that we propose in this PHD allows the telemonitoring of patients from end to end, is interoperable and energy efficient

Une grande partie des nouvelles générations d'objets connectés ne pourra se développer que s'il est possible de les rendre entièrement autonomes sur le plan énergétique. Même si l'utilisation de batteries ou de piles résout une partie de ce problème en assurant une autonomie qui peut-être importante avec des coûts relativement faibles, elle introduit non seulement des contraintes de maintenance incompatibles avec certaines applications, mais aussi des problèmes de pollution. La récupération de l'énergie thermique, mécanique, électromagnétique, solaire ou éolienne est une solution très prometteuse. Dans ce cas, la vie de l'objet connecté peut-être prolongée. Cependant, l'énergie récupérée dépend fortement des conditions au voisinage du dispositif et peut donc varier de façon périodique ou aléatoire. Il parait alors important d'adapter le système (mesure et transmission de données) aux contraintes de la récupération d'énergie. L'objectif de la thèse est de proposer une solution de capteur autonome basée sur un système de récupération et de gestion multisources d'énergies (solaire et éolienne) et pouvant-être mis en oeuvre dans différentes classes d'applications IoT. On s'intéresse, dans un premier temps, à la modélisation de la consommation du noeud capteur. Ensuite, on modélise le système de récupération multisources. Puis, on se focalise sur le management de puissance du système autonome. Ce management est basé sur des prédictions de l'énergie disponible et de celle consommée. Enfin, le travail de modélisation et d'optimisation est validé par des expérimentations afin d’avoir un démonstrateur de Capteur Communicant Autonome en Énergie pour les applications IoT
Researchers aim to develop entirely autonomous sensors. By ensuring an important autonomy, the use of batteries solves part of the energy problem with relatively low costs. However, batteries introduce different problems such as maintenance and environmental pollution. Harvesting thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, solar or wind energy present in the environment is an attractive solution. Using harvested energy from their surroundings, wireless sensor nodes can significantly increase their typical lifetime. Nevertheless, the harvested energy depends on the surrounding conditions of the device and can vary periodically or randomly. It seems important to adapt the system (measurement and data transmission) to the harvesting energy constraints. The thesis objective is to provide an autonomous sensor solution based on a multisources energy harvesting and management system (solar and wind energies), which can be used in different IoT applications. First, we are interested in modeling and optimizing the sensor node energy consumption. Then, the multiple harvesting system is modeled according to the energy needs of the sensor node. Besides, we focus on the power management of the autonomous system. This management part is based on predictions of both available and consumed energies. Finally, the proposed modeling and optimization studies are validated with experimental works in order to develop an Autonomous Communicating Sensor platform for IoT applications

This master thesis deals with the design of beehive security system against unauthorized manipulation. The system uses LoRaWAN wireless communication technology for data transmission. The device records the movement of the beehive using an accelerometer and then locates the beehive using a GPS module. The low-energy system works via a battery-powered ESP32 microcontroller and is located on a beehive. The battery is charged using a solar panel. The system can be modularly expanded with additional sensors to monitor the condition of the bees. The device has been tested in practice, where it has been confirmed that it meets the required properties for securing beehives.

Diploma thesis deals with the implementation of LTE Cat-M1 technology in simulator NS--3 (Network Simulator 3). The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes key terms concerning IoT (Internet of Things), M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication, LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LPWA (Low-Power Wide Area) networks. The practical part summarizes the possibilities of currently available modules for cellular technologies for NS-3, ie. the LENA module and the subsequent extension of LENA+ and ELENA. Simulation scenarios offer a comparison of LTE/LTE-A and LTE Cat-M1 (also known as eMTC - enhanced Machine Type Communication) technologies for M2M communication. The results of the simulations are well-arranged in the form of graphs and discussed at the end of the thesis.

Precision Agriculture (PA) is an emerging technology which enables efficient irrigation by employing the Internet of Things (IoT). We split the thesis in two parts. The first part is estimation of humidity level via experimentation. We focus on measuring Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) to obtain humidity level of the field. Thus, we aim at eliminating the humidity sensors which are very expensive and estimate soil moisture through the variation of RSSI values measured by wireless devices buried underground. In the second part of the thesis, we aim at building an accurate and reliable irrigation system by the help of IoT technology via simulations. The advantage brought by our Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is twofold: it minimizes the amount of wasted water during irrigation in farming, and it increases the yield with efficient irrigation. For these purposes, we tested the performance of LoRa protocol in different scenarios in both parts of the thesis.

Il presente lavoro ha come obiettivo proporre un'analisi di una delle tecnologie emersa negli ultimi anni: LoRaWAN, "Long Range Wide Area Network". In particolare l'obiettivo è testare le prestazioni nella trasmissione dei nodi LoRa a brevi distanze in ambienti indoor/outdoor attraverso un server della rete The Thing Network e sperimentare il servizio offerto dalla rete IoT Lepida della pubblica amministrazione della regione Emilia Romagna. Nel capitolo 2 viene descritta la tecnologia LoRaWAN e per quale motivo si presta bene ad implementare delle reti IoT. In particolare si analizza la struttura della rete attraverso lo stack tecnologico soffermandosi sulla modulazione LoRa (layer �fisico) e sullo strato MAC. Viene in�ne illustrata l'architettura della rete implementata che mette in comunicazione un End Device con The Thing Network e Lepida. Nel capitolo 3 viene presentata la Rete Lepida, ed attraverso la sperimentazione del suo servizio di rete IoT, viene descritto come è possibile registrare un nodo personale, specificando quali sono i tipi di connessione e le relative chiavi necessarie. In seguito vengono esposti i vari tipi di visualizzazione dati che il servizio mette a disposizione dell'utente. Nel capitolo 4 viene utilizzata la rete The Thing Network per mappare la copertura dell'intera zona del campus di Cesena e veri�care la connettività di un nodo LoRa con un Gateway privato presente in sede. Nel Capitolo conclusivo vengono esposte le considerazioni fatte in luce della sperimentazione di un servizio IoT, e delle potenzialità di LoRaWAN in generale.

The Diploma work deals with the implementation of LTE Cat-M technology in the simulation tool Network Simulator 3 (NS-3). The work describe LPWA technologies and their use cases. In first are described the main parts of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. Subsequently are described and defined the most used technologies in LPWA networks. Technologies which are used in the LPWA networks are Sigfox, LoRaWAN, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and Long Term Evolution for Machines (LTE Cat-M), where LTE Cat-M technology is described in more details. Simulations are simulated in simulation tool NS-3 and use LENA module. In NS 3 tool are simulated Simulations, which give us informations of Network state according to different Network set up. At the end are done changes of Radio Resource Control (RRC) states in NS-3 tool. These changes are required for correct implementation LTE Cat-M technology in NS-3 tool. Then we are able to simulate simulations, which meet to definition of LTE Cat-M technology.

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is already providing solutions to various tasks related to monitoring the environment and controlling devices over wired and wireless networks. It is estimated by several well-known research facilities that the number of IoT devices will be in the order of tens of billions by 2020. This inevitably brings challenges and costs in deployment, management, and maintenance of networks. The focus of this thesis is to provide solutions that mainly help in the deployment and maintenance of various wireless IoT networks. Different applications have different requirements for a wireless link coverage. It is important to utilize suitable radio technology for a particular application in order, e.g., to maximize the lifetime of a device. A wireless body area network (WBAN) typically consists of devices that are within couple of meters from each other. The WBAN is suitable for, e.g., measuring muscle activity and transferring data to a storage for processing. The wireless link can use air as a medium, or alternatively, an induced electric field to a body can be used. In this thesis, it is shown that a location of the electrodes in the body have impact to the attenuation. Home automation IoT applications are typically implemented with mid-range wireless technologies, known as wireless personal area networks (WPAN). In order to minimize and get rid of battery change operations, a wake-up receiver could be utilized in order to improve the device’s energy efficiency. The concept is introduced and performance of the current state-of-the-art works are presented. In addition, a control loop enabling a passive device to have control over an energy source is proposed. Applications that have low bandwidth requirements can be implemented with low-power wide area networks (LPWAN). One technology – LoRaWAN – is evaluated, and it is recommended as based on the results to use it in non-critical applications
Tiivistelmä Esineiden internet (Internet of Things, IoT) mahdollistaa jo laajan kirjon erilaisia ratkaisuja ympäristön monitorointiin ja laitteiden hallintaan hyödyntäen sekä langattomia että langallisia verkkoja. Usea hyvin tunnettu tutkimusorganisaatio on arvioinut, että vuonna 2020 IoT laitteiden määrä tulee olemaan kymmenissä miljardeissa. Se luo väistämättä haasteita laitteiden sijoittamisessa, hallinnassa ja kunnossapidossa. Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy tarjoamaan ratkaisuja, jotka voivat helpottaa langattomien IoT laitteiden sijoittamisessa ja kunnossapidossa. IoT sovellusten laaja kirjo vaatii erilaisia langattomia radioteknologioita, jotta sovellukset voitaisiin toteuttaa, muun muassa, mahdollisimman energiatehokkaasti. Langattomassa kehoverkossa (wireless body area network, WBAN) käytetään usein hyvin lyhyitä langattomia linkkejä. WBAN on soveltuva esimerkiksi lihasten aktiivisuus mittauksessa ja mittaustiedon siirtämisessä talteen varastointia ja prosessointia varten. Linkki voidaan toteuttaa käyttäen ilmaa rajapintana, tai vaihtoehtoisesti, kehoa. Tässä työssä on näytetty, että käytettäessä kehoa siirtotienä, elektrodien sijainnilla on merkitystä signaalin vaimennuksen kannalta. Kotiautomaatio IoT sovellukset ovat tyypillisesti toteutettu käyttäen langatonta likiverkkoa, jossa linkin pituus sisätiloissa on alle 30 metriä. Jotta päästäisiin eroon pariston vaihto-operaatiosta tai ainakin vähennettyä niiden määrää, herätevastaanotinta käyttämällä olisi mahdollista parantaa laitteiden energiatehokkuutta. Herätevastaanotin konsepti ja tämänhetkistä huipputasoa edustavien vastaanottimien suorituskyky ovat esitetty. Lisäksi, on ehdotettu menetelmä joka takaa energian saannin passiiviselle IoT laitteelle. IoT sovellukset jotka tyytyvät vähäiseen kaistanleveyteen voidaan toteuttaa matalatehoisella laajan alueen verkolla (low-power wide area network, LPWAN). Yhden LPWAN teknologian, nimeltään LoRaWAN, suorituskykyä on evaluoitu. Tulosten perusteella suositus on hyödyntää kyseistä teknologiaa ei-kriittisissä sovelluksissa

New innovations, technologies, ideas and businesses are driving the realisation of the Internet of Things (IoT) vision. As with many other fields in technology comes competing protocols and standards, ranging from modulation schema used for transmitting data to security standards used to ensure safe operation and the privacy needs for all involved entities. This thesis looks into one of the competing modulation schema and network protocols for IoT applications: the LoRaWAN protocol. The main contribution of this thesis is a datadriven empirical study that helps verify theoretically obtained results from other authors. Our results also suggest that as long as other signals on the same frequency band uses different modulation techniques (or just other parameters for the same modulation technique), then only the signal to noise ratio is affected without introducing collisions. This affects the scalability and overall practical distance covered by a LoRaWAN. Our general conclusion is that the LoRaWAN as a technology/protocol has its disadvantages, mainly how heavily different traffic profiles may affect the scalability of it and a general lack of hard quality of service guarantees.

The demand for connected devices, according to the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, is expected to grow considerably in the immediate future. Various standards are currently contending to gain an edge over the competition and provide the massive connectivity that will be required by a world in which everyday objects are expected to communicate with each other. Among these standards, Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are continuously gaining momentum, mainly thanks to their ability to provide long-range coverage to devices, exploiting license-free frequency bands. The focus of this thesis is on one of the most prominent LPWAN technologies: LoRa™. First, this thesis establishes a series of models that cover various aspects of a LoRa network. Then, a new Network LoRaWAN Simulator is introduced to simulate a LoRa-based IoT network of four use cases. Finally, the performance of the LoRa system is evaluated and analyzed.

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) are able to combine long range communication with a low energy consumption sacrificing performance in terms of bit rate and message frequency. This thesis presents a general evaluation of the LPWAN characteristics and a description of the LPWAN protocols LoRaWAN, SigFox and NB-IoT. It also covers a method to evaluate if a LPWAN technology would be a suitable choice of communication technology for a certain use case. Lastly, it covers the implementation of LoRaWAN on a connected electromechanical lock and investigates in the real life performance of the lock by using eight nodes in two case studies involving four locations each. The lock was evaluated from how often it was able to send a heartbeat (a status message), how reliable the communication was, what latency a user could expect and how much energy a data transmission required. Two of the eight nodes were placed in a deep indoor environment. One of them, located 0.794 km from a gateway was able transmit every 150th second. The other one located 1.85 km from a gateway was not able to successfully deliver any packets at all. Five nodes were able to transmit most heartbeats within 10 seconds. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) was below 90% for all locations except for one. In this location, the node was placed close to a large window and managed to communicate with a gateway 3.22 km away with a PDR of 97% and almost exclusively with less than 10 seconds between transmission. The results in this thesis show the potential in LoRaWAN but highlights how dependent the performance will be of the placement of the lock.
Genom att kombinera låg dataöverföringshastighet och låg meddelandefrekvens kan LPWAN uppnå en kommunikation med lång räckvidd och låg energiförbrukning. Denna uppsats går igenom vad som karaktäriserar LPWAN i stort samt presenterar LPWAN-protokollen LoRaWAN, SigFox och NB-IoT. Den visar även en metod vilken kan användas för att utvärdera hur väl ett use case lämpar sig för LPWAN-tekniken. Slutligen görs en implementering av LoRaWAN i ett uppkopplat lås från ASSA ABLOY för att undersöka vilken prestanda som är möjlig att uppnå för åtta olika noder i två olika fallstudier. Låset utvärderades utfirån hur ofta det kunde skicka statusmeddelanden, hur tillförlitlig kommunikationen var samt hur mycket energi som förbrukades. Två av åtta noder placera-des långt in i sina respektive byggnader, den ena kunde endast skicka statusuppdateringar i intervaller om 150 sekunder och den andra lyckades inte leverera några datapaket alls. Fem noder lyckades skicka de flesta statusuppdateringerna i intervall under tio sekunder. Resultatet visade på en packet delivery ratio under 90% i samtliga fall förutom ett. Där placerades noden nära ett stort fönster och lyckades kommunicera med en gateway 3.22 km bort med en PDR på 97% och mindre än 10 sekunder mellan sändningarna. Detta resultat visar potentialen för LoRaWAN men belyser även hur beroende prestandan kommer att vara av hur låset placeras.

Les progrès des technologies de communication à faible consommation d’énergie et à faible cout ont révolutionne les applications de télédétection et de surveillance. L’Internet des objets (IoT) a promis la création d’un écosystème d’appareils connectes à travers un large éventail d’applications, telles que les villes intelligentes. A l’heure actuelle, de nombreuses normes et technologies concurrentes tentent de saisir l’IoT, en particulier dans le domaine des technologies de télédétection et de communication. LoRa (Long Range) est l’une de ces technologies qui gagne en popularité et en attraction dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN). La possibilité d’établir des communications longue distance avec des nœuds relativement simples, une infrastructure minimale, des besoins en énergie réduits et l’utilisation de bandes ISM sans licence offre un avantage concurrentiel significatif. Bien que la portée de communication dans LoRa puisse dépasser 15 kilomètres en visibilité directe, le débit binaire maximal pouvant être atteint est limite à quelques kilobits par seconde. De plus, lorsqu’une collision se produit dans LoRa, le débit est encore réduit en raison de pertes de trames et de retransmissions. Les travaux de cette thèse traitent le problème des collisions dans LoRa qui peuvent survenir sous une charge importante et qui dégradent les performances du réseau.Premièrement, nous considérons le contexte des communications en liaison montante dans LoRaWAN. Nous étudions le contexte des signaux LoRa en collision synchronisée, ou chaque appareil terminal doit retransmettre toute sa trame en collision après qu’une collision se produit dans LoRa. Ce comportement diminue le débit global et augmente la consommation d’énergie des terminaux et le délai des trames. Pour cette raison, afin d’atténuer les effets néfastes des collisions, nous avons proposé un algorithme de décodage pour résoudre les signaux LoRa en collision synchronisée, dans un trafic réseau sature et confirme. Nous avons remplacé le modèle de retransmission conventionnel de LoRa en un modèle faisant en sorte que les dispositifs terminaux transmettent des bitmaps au lieu de retransmettre des trames entières pour déterminer les symboles corrects de chaque trame en collision. Notre algorithme a pu améliorer significativement le débit global de la couche LoRaWAN MAC à base de LoRa, et diminuer la consommation d’énergie des émetteurs et le délai des trames.Deuxièmement, nous considérons le contexte des communications en liaison descendante dans LoRaWAN. Nous avons remarqué que la liaison descendante dans LoRa est un goulot d’étranglements. Nous avons donc travaillé sur la sélection de la passerelle par le serveur de réseau et son impact sur le débit, la consommation d’énergie et le délai. Nous avons étudié trois types de déploiement de passerelle et nous avons montre que les performances du système dépendent de ce déploiement. Nous avons montré que l’équilibrage du nombre de terminaux par passerelle (également connu sous le nom de charge) améliore le débit par rapport au choix de la passerelle avec la meilleure qualité de signal. En outre, nous avons montré que la combinaison de la charge et de la qualité du signal n’améliore pas davantage le débit. De plus, nous avons montré que le choix de la passerelle avec la meilleure qualité de signal diminue le délai des trames et la consommation d’énergie des terminaux par rapport au choix de la passerelle avec la charge la plus faible
The progress in low-energy, low-cost communication technologies have revolutionized remote sensing and monitoring applications. Internet of Things (IoT) has promised an ecosystem of connected devices across a wide range of applications such as in smart cities.Currently, many competing standards and technologies are attempting to seize the IoT, particularly in the area of remote sensing and communication technologies. LoRa (Long Range) is one of those technologies that is gaining popularity and attraction in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) applications. The ability to make long-distance communications with relatively simple nodes, minimal infrastructure, reduced power requirements, and the use of unlicensed ISM bands provides a significant competitive advantage. Although the communication range in LoRa can exceed 15 kilometers in line of sight, the maximum bit rate that can be achieved is limited to few kilobits per second. Additionally, when a collision occurs in LoRa, the throughput is further reduced due to frame losses and retransmissions. The work of this thesis deals with the problem of collisions in LoRa that may occur under heavy load, and which degrade the performance of the network.First, we consider the context for LoRaWAN uplink communications. We study the context of fully synchronized colliding LoRa signals, where each end-device has to retransmit its entire colliding frame after a collision occurs in LoRa. This behavior decreases the overall throughput, and increases the energy consumption of the end-devices, and the delay of the frames. Therefore, in order to mitigate the damaging effects of collisions, we proposed a decoding algorithm to resolve synchronized colliding LoRa signals, in a saturated and confirmed network traffic. We substituted the conventional retransmission model of LoRa by having end-devices transmitting bitmaps instead of retransmitting whole frames to determine the correct symbols of each colliding frame. Our algorithm was able to significantly improve the overall throughput of the LoRaWAN MAC layer based on LoRa, and to decrease the energy consumption of the transmitters and the delay of the frames.Second, we consider the context for LoRaWAN downlink communications. We noticed that the downlink in LoRa is a bottleneck. Hence, we worked on the gateway selection by the network server and its impact on the throughput, the energy consumption and the delay. We studied three types of gateway deployment and we show that the system performance depends on this deployment. We showed that balancing the number of end-devices per gateway (also known as load) improves the throughput compared to choosing the gateway with the highest signal quality. Moreover, we showed that combining load and signal quality does not further improve the throughput. In addition, we showed that choosing the gateway with the highest signal quality decreases the delay and energy consumption compared to choosing the gateway with the lowest load

In the Internet of things (IoT), many applications will require low-power and low-cost to achieve long lifetime and scale (respectively). These types of applications are referred to as massive IoT, as opposed to critical IoT, which emphasizes ultra-high reliability and availability and low latency. One type of network catering to massive IoT applications are Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), and presently, many LPWAN standards are trying to assert their role in the IoT ecosystem. This thesis explores LPWANs from both technical and non-technical perspectives to ascertain their use-case versatility and influence on the future telecommunications’ landscape. With respect to spectrum, the studied LPWANs may be categorized as unlicensed LPWAN or licensed LPWAN. The prior category typically refers to proprietary solutions and in this thesis are represented by SigFox and LoRaWAN. The latter group includes EC-GSM-IoT, eMTC, and NB-IoT and can be considered synonymous with cellular LPWAN because they are designed to be integrated into existing cellular infrastructures. The results indicate that all of the different types of explored LPWANs support applications without strict downlink, payload size, and latency requirements. For use cases without these specific demands (typically sensors, meters, tracking, etc.), it is not a question of whether or not a network fulfills the requirements, but rather how flexible the requirements are. As a result the choice of network will be determined by non-technical aspects and a cost versus functionality trade-off where unlicensed LPWAN is typically cheaper. Hence, both categories of LPWANs offer a unique value proposition; therefore, they can be considered complementary. This notion is reinforced when looking at non-technical aspects such as ecosystem, regulation, network ownership and control, and network coordination, which differ quite significantly. Furthermore, unlicensed LPWANs are likely to be the vanguard of a new type of competitor offering the core service of connectivity.
Inom Internet of Things (IoT) kommer många applikationer att kräva låg effekt och låg kostnad för att uppnå en lång livstid och skala. Dessa typer av applikationer refereras till som massiv IoT, vilket står i motsats till kritisk IoT som kräver ultrahög tillförlitlighet och tillgänglighet och låg fördröjning. En typ av nätverk som ämnar tillgodose kraven av massiv IoT är Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), och idag försöker många av dessa hävda sig inom IoT ekosystemet. Detta examensarbete undersöker LPWANs from ett teknisk och icke-tekniskt perspektiv för att utröna deras mångsidighet och påverkan på det framtida telekomlandskapet. Med avseende på spektrum kan de i detta examensarbete undersökta nätverken kategoriseras som olicensierat LPWAN eller licensierat LPWAN. Den tidigare hänvisar typiskt till proprietära lösningar och representeras i detta arbete av SigFox och LoRaWAN. Den senare kategorin består av EC-GSM-IoT, eMTC, och NB-IoT och kan betraktas som synonymt med mobil LPWAN eftersom de designade för att bli integrerade i existerande mobila nätverk. Resultaten indikerar att alla nätverk stödjer applikationer utan strikta krav när det gäller nedlänkens funktionalitet, mängden data per meddelande, och fördröjning. För applikationer utan dessa specifika krav (typiskt sensorer, mätare, spårning, etc.) är det inte en fråga om huruvida ett nätverk uppfyller kraven eller ej, utan snarare hur flexibla kraven är. Därför kommer valet av nätverk att bestämmas av icke-tekniska aspekter och en avvägning mellan kostnad och funktionalitet vari olicensierat LPWAN är vanligtvis billigare. Därmed erbjuder båda kategorier av nätverk en unik värde proposition och kan därför betraktas som komplementerande. Denna föreställning är förstärkt av att nätverken skiljer sig signifikant när det gäller deras icke-tekniska aspekter såsom ekosystem, reglering, ägandeskap och kontroll, och nätverks koordinering. Dessutom är olicensierade LPWANs troligen är förtruppen av en ny typ av konkurrent som erbjuder den grundläggande servicen av konnektivitet.

Les zones blanches étendues sont de vastes espaces géographiques (forêts, déserts), sans ou ayant très peu d’infrastructures telles que les routes, les réseaux électriques ou de télécommunication. Cependant, très souvent, dans ces zones se développent de nombreuses activités économiques ou environnementales telles que le monitoring de l’environnement, la surveillance d’une frontière ou d’une installation de pipeline, ou encore la prévention des feux de forêt. Grâce aux techniques de télédétection et de communication, une fonction clé de ces activités repose sur la collecte d’informations issues de capteurs qui sont transmises à un centre d’analyse distant. Nous proposons des solutions réseau afin d’effectuer la collecte de ces données dans les zones blanches étendues grâce à des technologies de communication longue distance et faible énergie, de type LoRaWAN. Pour le problème du déploiement du réseau de capteurs sans fil dans ces zones difficiles, nous avons proposé une heuristique inspirée de la croissance biologique d’un champignon, le physarum. Le physarum est capable de créer un corps complexe de liens pour trouver de la nourriture nécessaire à sa survie tout en optimisant ses propres ressources corporelles lors des périodes de disette. Ce principe d’optimisation a été adapté au domaine des réseaux pour déployer un réseau tolérant aux fautes, tout en minimisant le nombre de ressources ou relais à placer sur la zone d’intérêt. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à la collecte opportuniste de données dans les zones blanches afin de pouvoir collecter l’information des nœuds trop éloignés d’une station relais. Nous avons développé une méthode de collecte basée sur les avions de ligne qui survole le territoire. Durant une fenêtre de communication, l’avion est à portée d’un capteur et peut ainsi collecter les données stockées qui seront livrées au serveur à l’atterrissage de l’avion. Notre dernière contribution utilise conjointement les deux méthodes précédentes, pour permettre à la fois le déploiement du réseau et la collecte des capteurs isolés
Although wide white areas are not equipped or sparsely equipped with any infrastructure (energy, roads ...), strategic human activities are being carried out such as mines, forest, pipeline... To tackle the problem of deploying sensor networks in a very large area where few infrastructures are available, we propose a network deployment algorithm which aims at efficiently linking sparse points of interest in a very wide white area. The originality of the proposed method is that it mimics the evolution of a type of mold called physarum. Secondly, we aim at overcoming the deployment problem in wide white areas by using long range communication between an aircraft and earth. The new data collection scheme he proposes is based on the use of commercial flights to collect data while they cross over an area of interest. It investigates the feasibility of such a scheme by determining the collection capacity of commercial aircraft in different locations of the desert. Finally, we mixed both solutions do repatriate data from sensors not covered by any flight to a covered data sink that relays data to the aircraft

L’objectif de cette de thèse est d’étudier à la fois des solutions matérielles et logicielles pour améliorer les conditions de travail des sapeurs-pompiers. Il s’agit de développer un système intelligent basé sur l’internet des objets pour surveiller l'état de santé des pompiers et aider à les localiser lors des interventions. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié et proposé plusieurs approches permettant de réduire la consommation d’énergie du système afin de maximiser sa durée de vie. La première approche présente un modèle de prédiction basé sur la corrélation temporelle entre les mesures collectées par le même capteur. Il permet de réduire la quantité de données collectées et transmises au centre de contrôle. Ce modèle est exécuté à la fois par le capteur et le centre et qui s'auto-adapte en fonction de l’écart constaté entre les mesures réelles collectées et les mesures prédites. Une deuxième version de cette approche a été étudiée pour prendre en considération la perte de message et la synchronisation entre le capteur et le centre de contrôle. D’un autre côté et pour réduire davantage la consommation d’énergie, nous avons couplé l’approche de prédiction avec un algorithme de collecte de données adaptatif permettant de réduire l’activité du capteur et le taux d’échantillonnage. Toutes ces approches ont été testées via des simulations et de l’implémentation réelle. Les résultats obtenus montrent l’efficacité de ces approches en termes de réduction de la consommation d’énergie tout en gardant l’intégrité de données. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est dédiée au traitement des données issues des interventions des sapeurs-pompiers. Nous avons étudié plusieurs méthodes de clustérisation permettant un prétraitement de données avant l’extraction des connaissances. D’un autre côté, nous avons appliqué des méthodes d'apprentissage profond sur un grand ensemble de données concernant 200.000 interventions qui ont eu lieu pendant une période de 6 ans dans le département du Doubs, en France. Le but de cette partie était de prédire le nombre d’interventions futures en fonction de variables explicatives externes, pour aider les pompiers à bien gérer leurs ressources
In this thesis, we present a multilevel scheme consisting of both hardware and software solutions to improve the daily operational life of firefighters. As a core part of this scheme, we design and develop a smart system of wearable IoT devices used for state assessment and localization of firefighters during interventions. To ensure a maximum lifetime for this system, we propose multiple data-driven energy management techniques for resource constraint IoT devices. The first one is an algorithm that reduces the amount of data transmitted between the sensor and the destination (Sink). This latter exploits the temporal correlation of collected sensor measurements to build a simple yet robust model that can forecast future observations. Then, we coupled this approach with a mechanism that can identify lost packets, force synchronization, and reconstruct missing data. Furthermore, knowing that the sensing activity does also require a significant amount of energy, we extended the previous algorithm and added an additional adaptive sampling layer. Finally, we also proposed a decentralized data reduction approach for cluster-based sensor networks. All the previous algorithms have been tested and validated in terms of energy efficiency using custom-built simulators and through implementation on real sensor devices. The results were promising as we were able to demonstrate that our proposals can significantly improve the lifetime of the network. The last part of this thesis focusses on building data-centric decision-making tools to improve the efficiency of interventions. Since sensor data clustering is an important pre-processing phase and a stepstone towards knowledge extraction, we review recent clustering techniques for massive data management in IoT and compared them using real data for a gas leak detection sensor network. Furthermore, with our hands on a large dataset containing information on 200,000 interventions that happened during a period of 6 years in the region of Doubs, France. We study the possibility of using Machine Learning to predict the number of future interventions and help firefighters better manage their mobile resources according to the frequency of events

碩士
國立清華大學
通訊工程研究所
105
As the Internet of Things (IoT) try to make almost everything in our lives able to connect to the Internet, how to solve the problems of transmission distance and power consumption is essential. Therefore, many long-range and low-power wireless protocols have been proposed. Among these protocols, LoRa wireless transmission technology is in the limelight and has been widely discussed. However, in the latest specification of LoRaWAN protocol, there are still many details are not fully standardized, resulting in different designs of products and the bottleneck of managements in LoRaWAN. For example, the data transmission path was not taken into account in the original design of LoRaWAN gateways, that is, when gateways receive recognized data, they will be transferred directly to the same specific MQTT topic. As a result, it is likely to cause confusion and inconvenience of data utilization. In addition, when a node wants to join the LoRaWAN, it is necessary to manually place the keys corresponding to the node in each gateway, so the information transmitted can be recognized and decrypted. In this thesis, we have designed and implemented a network management system for LoRaWAN wireless communication protocol in order to solve the problems of key management of single or multiple LoRaWAN gateways and the data transmission path after collecting data. We have implemented data preprocessing and classification, key management, and an easy-to-use user interface in the system. The results show that users can quickly and easily deploy LoRaWAN gateways and device nodes through the management system we designed, and can more easily retrieve the data of device nodes, breaking through the bottleneck of managements in LoRaWAN.

Este trabalho descreve a criação de um protótipo para prova de conceito de uma solução de transmissão e controlo, através de uma Internet das Coisas LoRaWAN, substituindo as comunicações GSM, de um sistema de comunicação e gestão com painéis de visualização e análise de dados, de uma solução de iluminação LED para iluminação pública. Desenvolveu-se uma interface de comunicação LoRa e LoRaWAN e uma camada de comunicação, considerando, a limitação do tamanho das mensagens, a comunicação bidirecional, o número de transmissões e o número de dispositivos de iluminação presentes num sistema de iluminação pública. Implementou-se também um dos primeiros sistemas utilizando comunicação LoRaWAN Classe C.
This work describes an implementation of prototype towards the development of a Led Lighting System for Public illumination with a transmission and control solution with an Internet of Things LoRaWAN communication and management system with dashboard for data visualization and data analytics. It was developed a LoRaWAN communication interface and communication layer considering the message size limitation, two-way communication and the number of transmissions taking into account the number of lighting devices present in a street illumination system. A management system was developed with data analytics and visualization to make savings and improve process management. Also, we implemented one of the first commercial systems using a Class C LoRaWAN.

碩士
國立交通大學
資訊科學與工程研究所
106
The LoRaWAN network has the advantages of long-range transmission and low power consumption. However, it has the disadvantages of low throughput and long transmission duty cycle time interval. Caused by the long transmission duty cycle time interval, any packet lost cannot be recovered soon on the LoRaWAN network. In our experiments lasting for one year, we find that even though we place the devices in the effective range of LoRaWAN, the packet loss rates are still too high to be acceptable. It is a serious problem for IoT applications. This thesis proposes two designs to solve the packet loss problem. We modify the IoT application to let the node retransmit lost data for itself and help transfer its neighboring node's data. Our approach can efficiently enhance the reliability of LoRaWAN with a low bandwidth overhead.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
As doenças que afectam os tecidos vegetais são promovidas por factores bióticos e abióticos. Eles são caracterizados por uma taxa de propagação rápida e ausência de sintomatologia, causando um impacto negativo na economia mundial e no ecossistema vegetal.O procedimento padrão para detectar doenças e respectivos sintomas é restrito a uma observação visual dos sintomas e realizado apenas por pessoal qualificado e treinado. Além disso, e independentemente de uma possível falta de pessoal capaz, a observação visual da planta só é eficaz nos últimos estágios das doenças. Torna-se claro que a falta de equipamentos com capacidade de análise e caracterização do estado fisiológico dos tecidos vegetais no local deixa espaço para o surgimento de novos dispositivos.Esses sistemas devem ser capazes de analisar o estado fisiológico e diagnosticar doenças de plantas em diferentes condições ambientais. Além disso, a ausência de requisitos de manutenção e rotinas sistemáticas são algumas das características desejadas para novos dispositivos, além de transparentes ao crescimento e desenvolvimento da planta.Nesta tese é proposto um sistema completo para diagnosticar doenças de plantas. O sistema desenvolvido é capaz de analisar o estado fisiológico das plantas com base na Espectroscopia de Impedância Elétrica (EIS)técnica. O sistema transfere dados e resultados adquiridos por meio do protocolo sem fio Long Rande Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), enquanto possui procedimentos específicos para garantir baixo consumo de energia. Nesse sentido, seu perfil atual e análise de consumo de energia também são apresentados neste trabalho.
Diseases that affect the vegetable tissues are promoted by both biotic and abiotic factors. These are characterized by a fast spreading rate and an absence of symptomatology, causing a negative impact both in the worldwide economy and in the plant ecosystem.The standard procedure to detect diseases and respective symptoms is restricted to a visual symptoms observation and performed only by skilled and trained personnel. Additionally, and regardless of a possible lack of capable personnel, plant visual observation is only effective in the last stages of the diseases. It becomes clear that the lack of equipment with analysis and characterization capabilities of the physiological state of vegetable tissues on-site, leaves room for the emergence of new devices.These systems should be able to analyze the physiological state and diagnose plant diseases under different environmental conditions. Also, the absence of maintenance requirements and systematic routines are some desired characteristics for new devices, all the while being transparent to the plant growth and development.In this thesis a complete system to diagnose plant diseases is proposed. The developed system is able to analyze the physiological state of plants based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)technique. The system transfers collected data and results via Long Rande Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) wireless protocol, while having specific procedures to ensure low power consumption. In this sense, its current profile and energy consumption analysis are also presented in this work.

碩士
明新科技大學
管理研究所碩士在職專班
107
LoRaWAN (Long Range WAN) is a long distance and low power wireless communication network. Its major features are low power and long distance transmission which are very suitable for large scale IoT data collection and transmission. Coffee is one of the major crops of Ruisui Township of Hua-Lien County. The Ruisui Township is located at latitude of 23.5 degree, which is very suitable for Coffee to grow. There were large coffee farms at Ruisui Township from Japanese era. This thesis employs LoRaWAN technology to collect the environment of coffee farms at Ruisui Township, including air temperature and humidity, soil temperature and humidity, Light intensity, etc. and analyze the key parameters to influence coffee grow and harvest。 We also use LoRaWAN micro sensor with GPS and vibration functions to monitor the workers in the coffee farm. Including tracing the working route of harvesting coffee beans for each worker so that we can know which area are already harvested and which are still need to harvest. This can dramatically improve the working efficient and help to increase the volume of harvested coffee beans.

碩士
國立臺北大學
資訊工程學系
107
The production of agriculture is affected by many environmental factors, and irrigation water is also one of the factors. Soil moisture is an important part of crop irrigation decision-making and can be used as a reference for crops to be irrigated. Predicting future changes in soil moisture values can serve as a reference for irrigation decision making, thereby increasing crop growth. In this paper, we present a LoRaWAN agricultural irrigation system with soil moisture prediction using hybrid LSTM-CNN Learning. The proposed model has two channels, LSTM and CNN, which learn the long-term dependence and local features of the data, respectively, and combine the results of the two channels to produce the final soil moisture prediction results. For the training data, using environmental sensor data deployed in a farm greenhouse that connects with LoRaWAN and transmits the data to a cloud application server. Another source of training data is weather data from the Central Weather Bureau for forecasting. We use these data to establish the proposed hybrid LSTM-CNN prediction model. The experimental results show that the proposed hybrid LSTM-CNN prediction model can achieve the expected results and predict the soil moisture value for the next hour.