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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Long-term climate targets“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Long-term climate targets"
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Corfee-Morlot, Jan, und Niklas Höhne. „Climate change: long-term targets and short-term commitments“. Global Environmental Change 13, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2003): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.09.001.
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Gouldson, Andy, und Rory Sullivan. „Long-term corporate climate change targets: What could they deliver?“ Environmental Science & Policy 27 (März 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.11.013.
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Rogelj, Joeri, Michiel Schaeffer, Malte Meinshausen, Reto Knutti, Joseph Alcamo, Keywan Riahi und William Hare. „Zero emission targets as long-term global goals for climate protection“. Environmental Research Letters 10, Nr. 10 (01.10.2015): 105007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105007.
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Spataru, Catalina, Paul Drummond, Eleni Zafeiratou und Mark Barrett. „Long-term scenarios for reaching climate targets and energy security in UK“. Sustainable Cities and Society 17 (September 2015): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2015.03.010.
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O'Neill, B. C., K. Riahi und I. Keppo. „Mitigation implications of midcentury targets that preserve long-term climate policy options“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, Nr. 3 (13.01.2010): 1011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903797106.
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Anderson, Kevin, Alice Bows und Sarah Mander. „From long-term targets to cumulative emission pathways: Reframing UK climate policy“. Energy Policy 36, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2008): 3714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.003.
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Sandén, Björn A., und Christian Azar. „Near-term technology policies for long-term climate targets—economy wide versus technology specific approaches“. Energy Policy 33, Nr. 12 (August 2005): 1557–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.01.012.
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Matiiuk, Yuliia, Mykolas Simas Poškus und Genovaitė Liobikienė. „The Implementation of Climate Change Policy in Post-Soviet Countries Achieving Long-Term Targets“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 11 (03.06.2020): 4558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114558.
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Contribution to climate change mitigation is required for all world countries. Post-Soviet countries’ climate change policy strategies by 2030 (2035) were adopted relatively recently. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the achievements of climate change policy, encompassing carbon emissions, energy intensity, and renewable energy consumption, in separate Post-Soviet countries and to reveal the possibilities of reaching their long-term 2030–2035 targets. The results showed huge differences in carbon emissions, energy intensity, and the share of renewable energy consumption among Post-Soviet countries. Analyzing the trends of climate change policy implementation in almost all Post-Soviet countries (except Ukraine and Uzbekistan), carbon pollution increased during the analyzed period (2002–2014). The highest growth of emissions was observed in Georgia and Tajikistan. Furthermore, the economic development level was positively and significantly related to the level of carbon emissions. During the 2002–2014 period, energy intensity decreased in all Post-Soviet countries, particularly in those where the level was lower. The share of renewable energy consumption increased the most in countries that are members of the EU (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) and Moldova, which declared its willingness to join the EU. However, the energy intensity and the share of renewable energy consumption were insignificantly related to the level of economic development. Analyzing the possibility of achieving the Post-Soviet countries’ climate change policy targets, the results showed that only some of them will succeed. Therefore, Post-Soviet countries should implement more efficient climate change policies and effective tools in order to achieve their targets.
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Iyer, Gokul, Nathan Hultman, Jiyong Eom, Haewon McJeon, Pralit Patel und Leon Clarke. „Diffusion of low-carbon technologies and the feasibility of long-term climate targets“. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 90 (Januar 2015): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.08.025.
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O'Neill, Brian, K. Riahi und I. Keppo. „Mitigation implications of mid-century targets that preserve long-term climate policy options“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, Nr. 50 (01.02.2009): 502001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/50/502001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Long-term climate targets"
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Åkerman, Jonas. „Transport systems meeting long-term climate targets : A backcasting approach“. Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-29712.
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Future transport systems consistent with long-term climate targets are examined in this thesis, using a systems perspective covering the entire transport system. Aviation is given particular attention, as expansion of this mode is difficult to reconcile with climate targets. The aim is to provide scientific decision support for current transport policy-making, especi-ally regarding structures with high inertia, e.g. urban structure, roads, railways, fuel produc-tion systems and vehicle fleets. An additional aim is to widen the perception of possible transport futures consistent with meeting climate targets, and to support a wider discussion in society on this topic. Papers I and III are backcasting studies which encompass the whole transport system. Paper III outlines an image of future Swedish transport by 2050, in which energy use per capita is reduced by 60%. This reduction is consistent with a 42% reduction in total global greenhouse gas emissions. Paper IV shows that total air travel by Swedes generates about 8.7 million tons of CO2-equivalents annually. This corresponds to about 12% of total Swedish emissions. Considering the rapid growth in emissions, aviation is key to achieving overall climate targets. Paper V indicates that building high-speed tracks between Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö may yield emissions reductions of about 550,000 tons of CO2-equivalents annually, if a life-cycle perspective is considered for all modes. However, this reduction is contingent on continuing growth of transport volumes, which seems diffi-cult to reconcile with the images in Papers II and III. This might consequently be a „second best‟ solution if a more radical break in transport growth is deemed unlikely due to external drivers. The overall conclusion from this thesis is that improved vehicle technology and low carbon fuels are necessary, but not solely sufficient, to achieve long-term targets consistent with limiting global warming to two degrees. The growth in volume, especially of car and air travel and truck transport, must also be curbed. However, total travel volume can be maintained at 2005 levels if substantial modal shifts to cycling and public transport are achieved. Moreover, if conscious measures are taken regarding urban planning and the use of communications technology to replace travel, functional accessibility may increase considerably. The trend-breaking development needed to achieve climate targets requires a combination of different policy measures. Pricing of external effects, e.g. greenhouse gas emissions, is a key strategy and would involve ending aviation‟s exemption from carbon tax and value-added tax. Other possible pricing measures include differentiated charges for car travel in urban areas, km-charges on trucks and increased fuel taxes. However, to gain acceptance for pricing measures and maintain a well-functioning society, better alternatives with a lower climate impact are needed. Increased road capacity in urban areas usually increases car travel. Therefore, to achieve the targets set, strict prioritisation of investments in public transport, cycling and ICT infrastructure is needed, especially since public resources are limited. Another conclusion is that, for transport policies to be effective and not lead to sub-optimisations, it is necessary to consider the wider system delimitations explored in this thesis.Denna avhandling handlar om vilka förändringar av transportsystemet som krävs om långsiktiga klimatmål ska kunna nås. Flyget ägnas speciell uppmärksamhet eftersom dess snabba ökning är mycket svår att förena med klimatmålen. Ett syfte med avhandlingen är att ge underlag för nutida beslut, speciellt sådana som gäller strukturer i samhället med lång livslängd. Det gäller bebyggelsestruktur, vägar, järnvägar och system för bränsleproduktion, men även fordonsflottor. Ett ytterligare syfte är att vidga föreställningen om möjliga trans-portframtider, i syfte att ge underlag för en bredare diskussion i samhället om vilka fördel-arna och nackdelarna är med olika utvecklingar. Artiklarna I och III utgör backcastingstudier där hela transportsystemet behandlas. I artikel III presenteras en framtidsbild för det svenska transportsystemet år 2050 där energianvändningen per person har minskat med 60%. Detta är förenligt med en minskning av de globala utsläppen av växthusgaser med 42%. I artikel IV visas att utsläppen från den svenska befolkningens totala flygresande (inrikes och utrikes) år 2006 uppgick till 8,7 miljoner ton CO2-ekvivalenter. Detta motsvarar 12% av de totala svenska utsläppen av växthusgaser från alla sektorer. Artikel V visar att ett bygge av höghas-tighetsjärnväg mellan Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö (Europabanan) skulle kunna minska de årliga utsläppen med 550 000 ton CO2-ekvivalenter per år, utifrån ett livscykelperspektiv. Denna utsläppsminskning är dock relaterad till ett referensscenario med en relativt kraftig ökning av transportvolymerna, en utveckling som synes svår att förena med framtidsbild-erna i artikel II och III. Höghastighets järnväg kan således betecknas som en ”näst bästa” lösning, som kan bli aktuell om ökningstakten för transportvolymerna inte bedöms kunna bromsas kraftigt. Den övergripande slutsatsen från denna avhandling är att förbättrad fordonsteknik och större andel icke-fossila bränslen är nödvändigt, men att ökningstakten för främst bilresande, flygresande och lastbilstransporter också behöver brytas. Om en kraftig överflyttning kan ske till mer klimatvänliga transportslag, som cykel, buss och spårtrafik, så skulle dock det totala resandet kunna vara ungefär lika stort som det var år 2005. Med en medveten satsning på transporteffektiv samhällsplanering samt ett smart utnyttjande av IT för att ersätta en del resor med virtuella möten, så kan dessutom tillgängligheten till olika funktioner öka mar-kant. För att åstadkomma de trendbrott som behövs om klimatmålen ska nås, krävs en kom-bination av olika styrmedel. Ekonomiska styrmedel är mycket viktiga, inte minst att flygets nuvarande undantag från klimatskatter och moms avslutas. Andra viktiga styrmedel är trängsel- och miljöavgifter för bilar i stadsområden, km-skatter för lastbilar samt i viss mån höjda koldioxidskatter. För att nå acceptans för dessa styrmedel samt bibehålla ett väl funge-rande samhälle krävs dock, i vissa fall, bättre alternativ med låg klimatpåverkan. Eftersom ny vägkapacitet oftast leder till nygenererad trafik, är det viktigt att tillgängliga resurser konsekvent prioriteras till kollektivtrafik, cykel och informations- och kommunikations-teknologi.
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Gren, Sofia, und Linnea Sörman. „Interpretations of concepts and implementation of negative emissions technologies (NETs) in long-term climate targets : A cross country comparison“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176108.
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Countries' long-term climate targets are described by different concepts who, over time, have become increasingly dependent on negative emissions technologies (NETs) in order for the targets to be reached. This thesis is a cross country comparison, examining similarities and differences in the concepts used by seven countries to express their long-term climate targets, focusing on their plans for implementing NETs. The empirical material was collected from interviews with experts from each country. Concepts in long-term climate targets can have various interpretations and there are uncertainties about what emissions that are covered within the different concepts. NETs are crucial for achieving any type of net-zero target however they are in nascent stages, except for forest management, and there are several factors affecting the possibilities to implement NETs. It is important not to focus too much on NETs to comply with the long-term climate targets, NETs should function as a complement to emissions reduction and target the unavoidable emissions. We recommend that countries clarify what emissions are included within their concept, set out specific targets for NETs and lastly put a great effort into clarifying policy instruments related to NETs.Ländernas långsiktiga klimatmål beskrivs av olika begrepp som är beroende av negativa utsläppstekniker för att målen ska nås. Denna avhandling är en jämförelse mellan sju länder där ländernas likheter och skillnader undersöks genom deras val av begrepp och även deras planer för att implementera tekniker för att nå negativa utsläpp. Det empiriska materialet samlades in från intervjuer med experter från varje land. Begrepp i de långsiktiga klimatmålen kan ha olika tolkningar och det råder osäkerhet om vilka utsläpp som täcks upp inom de olika begreppen. Negativa utsläppstekniker är avgörande för att uppnå alla typer av netto-nollmål men de befinner sig i väldigt tidiga faser av utveckling, förutom skog som redan finns på plats och det finns flera faktorer som påverkar möjligheterna att implementera negativa utsläppstekniker. Det är viktigt att inte fokusera för mycket på negativa utsläppstekniker för att uppfylla de långsiktiga klimatmålen, de bör fungera som ett komplement till utsläppsminskning och rikta in sig på de oundvikliga utsläppen. Vi rekommenderar att länder klargör vilka utsläpp som ingår i begreppen, fastställer specifika mål för negativa utsläppstekniker och slutligen satsar mycket på att klargöra policyinstrument relaterade till negativa utsläppstekniker.
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Bertram, Christoph [Verfasser], Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer, Gunnar [Akademischer Betreuer] Luderer, Elmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Kriegler, Ottmar [Gutachter] Edenhofer und Christian von [Gutachter] Hirschhausen. „The effect of near-term climate policies on the achievability of ambitious long-term climate targets / Christoph Bertram ; Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer, Christian von Hirschhausen ; Ottmar Edenhofer, Gunnar Luderer, Elmar Kriegler ; Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung“. Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1156270634/34.
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Risberg, Erik. „Large companies taking climate action by using science-based methods : A case study performed at a global leader in appliance manufacturing with a leading position in sustainability“. Thesis, KTH, Integrerad produktutveckling, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-218024.
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Many companies acknowledge the threat from global carbon emissions and how it affects climate change. Despite the continuous warnings, many organizations lack the necessary and recommended action plans that can hamper their negative impact on the environment. One of the managerial tools that companies use globally in order to work proactively and strategically on issues related to the environment, is to set up carbon reduction targets. With time companies have in-house strategies on how to reach the carbon reduction targets by creating a roadmap of cutting measures. Unfortunately, the majority of companies do not have carbon reduction targets that are in line with what science think is needed to avoid contributing to global warming. Nonetheless, forward-thinking early adopters have been using “science-based” methods to challenge the status quo by developing ambitious carbon targets that are in line with today’s best carbon science. This qualitative research investigates the challenging steps from setting a long-term carbon target, using the guidelines and methods presented by the Science-based target initiative. With an exploratory research approach, a case study was conducted at a global leader in appliance manufacturing and industry leader within sustainability. The data was gathered by using semistructured interviews combined with observational findings with a focus to examine how carbon targets emerge in a situated organizational setting. The interviewee's representatives come from two categories, internal company representatives and, external companies that have used the guidelines to set science-based carbon targets. For manufacturing firms, the findings from investigating three steps of the process: calculating the base-year, target integration and predicting future technology development. Calculating the base-year was identified as the most challenging step. The empirical findings helped build an understanding of the different dimensions that facilitate corporate sustainability management. This research has helped to contribute to the lack of empirical findings within the carbon management and carbon target area. Specifically, the sciencebased carbon target topic.Många företag har idag uppmärksammat det globala hotet från de enorma utsläppen av koldioxid och dess drivande roll i framtidens klimatförändringar. Trots att många företag kontinuerligt arbetar mot att minska sina koldioxidutsläpp, saknar många de nödvändiga handlingsplanerna för att hämma deras negativa påverkan på miljön. Ett av verktygen företag globalt har för att arbeta med proaktivt och strategiskt i frågor som rör miljö, är att sätta upp koldioxidreduktionsmål. Men tyvärr har flertalet av företagen idag mål som inte ligger i linje med vad vetenskapen anser är nödvändigt för att undvika den framtida globala uppvärmningen.Vad ett företag bidrar med har visat sig ofta bygga på okunskap och är därför hamnar sällan målen i linje med vad naturen efterfrågar. För att utmana detta problem har några banbrytande företag använt sig av metoder som kallas "science-based". Dessa metoder är en samling ramverk för att skapa långsiktiga koldioxidreduktionsmål som bättre ligger i linje med vad forskningen tror är nödvändigt för att undvika den globala uppvärmningen. Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker hur ett tillverkningsföretag skapar långsiktiga koldioxidreduktionsmål genom att använda vetenskapligt baserade metoder. En explorativ fallstudie genomfördes hos en global ledare inom tillverkning av vitvaror och hushållsapparater och, som även är branschledare inom hållbarutveckling. Uppgifterna samlades in genom att använda halvstrukturerade intervjuer i kombination med observationer med fokus på att undersöka målsättningsprocessen i ett företags miljöer. De intervjuade kommer från två kategorier, representanter inom företaget och, externa företag som redan har använt dessa ramverk för att skapa vetenskapligt baserade koldioxidreduktionsmål. Resultaten visar att för tillverkningsföretag finns det tre utmanande steg: att beräkna basåret, målintegration och förutspå nödvändig framtida teknikutveckling. De empiriska fynden bidrar till att skapa en bättre förståelse kring hur företag idag arbetar med att sätta upp koldioxidreduktionsmål med fokus på att använda ”science-based” ramverken.
Bücher zum Thema "Long-term climate targets"
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Barton, Barry, und Jennifer Campion. Climate Change Legislation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0002.
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Climate change is a particularly difficult policy problem, being long term and multifaceted. This chapter explores the proposition that well-crafted laws make it easier to make climate change policy that is coordinated, systematic, durable, and likely to encourage suitable energy innovation. Without dictating content, it identifies five elements for such legislation: greenhouse gas targets that have legal significance; instruments such as carbon budgets that impel early action towards long-term targets; requirements to identify the policies and measures that will reach those targets; requirements for decision makers in different sectors to pursue climate change targets; and rules for the information base. It concludes that laws reflecting these elements can improve the process of climate change policy making.
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Jaramillo, Marcela, und Valentina Saavedra. NDC Invest: Supporting Transformational Climate Policy and Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003340.
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The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that meeting the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting the global temperature rise from pre-industrial levels to between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius requires reaching net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) between 2050 and 2070, as well as deep reductions in the emissions of other greenhouse gases by around mid-century (GHGs) (IPCC, 2018). At the same time countries need to build resilience to face the changes that cannot be avoided. NDC Invest was created as the one-stop-shop of the IDB Group providing technical and financial support for countries in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) in their efforts to achieve the climate objectives under the Paris Agreement, seeking to transition to a net zero, resilient and sustainable development pathways that improve quality of life and prosperity in LAC. Through our research and experience supporting countries and piloting solutions we have developed a toolbox for support. This paper describes three NDC Invest products to support Governments to tackle challenges and scale up action towards a climate aligned and sustainable development path: i) the design of Long-Term Strategies (LTS) for net-zero emissions and resilience; ii) design of ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), aligned to LTS; and iii) design of investment plans and finance strategies. Our three products are not a fix recipe, but rather a toolbox to provide flexible and relevant solutions tailored to country needs and context, and different stages of design and implementation of their climate targets.
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Brunner, Ronald D., und Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.
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Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.
Buchteile zum Thema "Long-term climate targets"
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Cimander, Ralf. „Citizen Panels on Climate Targets: Analyzing Dropout in Long-Term (e-)Collaboration Processes“. In Public Administration and Information Technology, 265–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25403-6_13.
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Solano-Rodríguez, Baltazar, Amalia Pizarro-Alonso, Kathleen Vaillancourt und Cecilia Martin-del-Campo. „Mexico’s Transition to a Net-Zero Emissions Energy System: Near Term Implications of Long Term Stringent Climate Targets“. In Lecture Notes in Energy, 315–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74424-7_19.
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Hill, Martin P., und Julie A. Coetzee. „How can progress in the understanding of antagonistic interactions be applied to improve biological control of plant invasions?“ In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 363–76. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0363.
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Abstract Classical biological control has been used as a management tool for invasive non-native plant species globally for over 200 years. There have been some very successful programmes, most notably on waterweeds, cacti and seed reduction in perennial trees. Seventy per cent of agents released have established in at least one instance, and 66% of the targeted invasive species have showed some level of control. However, some programmes have failed to meet expectations, for example on Lantana camara. The most commonly cited reasons for the failure of establishment or limited efficacy of biological control agents are unsuitable climatic conditions and genotype incompatibility. We propose that antagonistic biotic interactions play a significant role in the outcomes of weed biological control programmes. Induced plant defences (physical and chemical) that can be mounted rapidly by the invasive non-native plants can result in the reduction in agent populations after initial attack. Rapid induction of plant defences have been implicated in the lack of long-term establishment of the agent Falconia intermedia that showed great initial promise against the widespread invasive shrub L. camara. Host range expansion by native natural enemies onto biological control agents have also been shown to reduce population growth of agents. Finally, competition from indigenous plant species aids invasive alien plant population reduction in the presence of herbivory. All three factors have been poorly studied and further work is needed to better explain the outcomes of weed biological control programmes.
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Fisher, Elizabeth, Bettina Lange und Eloise Scotford. „18. Climate Change Law“. In Environmental Law, 599–639. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811077.003.0018.
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This chapter examines the fast-moving area of law relating to climate change. This includes a considerable body of public international law, from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to the legally innovative Paris Agreement 2015. The chapter also considers legal developments at the EU and UK levels, which both contain a rich body of climate law and policy. The EU and the UK are both seen as ‘world leaders’ in climate law and policy. In EU law, this is due to the EU greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme and the EU’s leadership in advocating ambitious greenhouse gas mitigation targets and in implementing these targets flexibly across the EU Member States through a range of regulatory mechanisms. The UK introduced path-breaking climate legislation in the Climate Change Act 2008, which provided an inspiring model of climate governance, legally entrenching long-term planning for both mitigation and adaptation. The chapter concludes with an exploration of climate litigation, a new and growing field of inquiry.
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Gell, Peter A., Marie-Elodie Perga und C. Max Finlayson. „Changes Over Time“. In Freshwater Ecology and Conservation, 283–305. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766384.003.0013.
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Freshwater systems are continuously shaped by cyclical and directional forces of change, whether they be natural or anthropogenic. Beyond gradual transitions disturbances can reset their internal dynamics generating an abrupt ecological shift. Long-term data sets of gradual or abrupt change can be accessed by exhuming the physical, chemical, and biological remains archived in the sediment layers within lakes and wetlands. Long-term monitoring programmes offer more detailed evidence, usually over shorter time frames. In combination these records attest to the response of wetlands to climate and the impact of industrialised people. Humans have modified lake ecosystems for millennia and the condition of many wetland ecosystems have changed such that they are now regarded as novel. Long-term records provide targets for wetland restoration and can identify the main drivers of degradation. Identification of the character of modern Ramsar wetlands may be enhanced by reference to records of past state.
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Vincent, David. „Arresting carbon dioxide emissions: why and how?“ In Energy... beyond oil. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209965.003.0004.
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This chapter sets the scene for future chapters covering a range of low carbon technologies from renewables through to nuclear. It reviews how the evidence base for climate change is building up, what the impacts of climate change might be, and how we are beginning to explore the policies and measures which will be needed to make the transition to a low carbon economy. The year 2005 will go down in history as the beginnings of a broad, politically backed consensus that man’s activity is influencing our climate. In February 2005, the Kyoto Protocol came into force—binding over 170 countries in action to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, accepted by most informed commentators to be the principal cause of anthropogenically forced climate change. In the same year, the G8 group of countries at Gleneagles, Scotland, considered climate change as a key agenda item. Significantly, it set up a forum for discussion with other countries and the emerging economies. The forum, known as the ‘Dialogue on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development’ met for the first time in November 2005. However, the value of the Kyoto protocol is not universally acknowledged. Some argue that although the science underpinning the existence of climate change and the link with carbon dioxide emissions has become unequivocal, the Kyoto protocol is not appropriate for them. A group of these countries, including the US, China, and India (huge emitters of carbon dioxide in their own right) has agreed the need to tackle climate change. Their approach is to promote clean technology development initiatives; though how exactly that partnership will evolve and deliver new low carbon technologies is not, at the time of writing, clear. Nevertheless, whether via the formalized Kyoto Protocol with carbon dioxide emission reduction targets or via other initiatives, a start has been made on the long, uncertain road to a low carbon world. Slowly, but surely, global action on climate change is gathering momentum. The term ‘greenhouse effect’ was first coined by the French mathematician Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier in 1827. It enables and sustains a broad balance between solar radiation received and Earth’ s radiation emitted or reflected.
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„Strategies for Restoring River Ecosystems: Sources of Variability and Uncertainty in Natural and Managed Systems“. In Strategies for Restoring River Ecosystems: Sources of Variability and Uncertainty in Natural and Managed Systems, herausgegeben von D. R. MONTGOMERY und S. M. BOLTON. American Fisheries Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569469.ch3.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Hydrogeomorphic processes play key roles in creating, modifying, or destroying aquatic habitat and act as ecological disturbances that shape ecosystem characteristics and dynamics. Within the broad regional context set by general patterns of climate, physiography (geology and topography), and vegetation, the combined influences of the hydrologic, geomorphic, and vegetation regimes dominate the variability of river systems. Interactions among these regimes can strongly influence river ecosystems, and an understanding of the nature of these regimes and disturbance histories is crucial for setting restoration targets and interpreting the long-term ecological influences of hydrogeomorphic processes. It is difficult to design effective stream and channel restoration measures, or evaluate project performance, without an understanding of the pertinent geomorphic context, habitat-forming processes, and disturbance history. Of particular relevance are the main processes that transport and store water, sediment, and wood, and how differences in current and potential conditions are related to local conditions, basin-wide contexts, and the influences of human activities. Because stream and channel processes and characteristics vary regionally and throughout a drainage basin, there is no universal template for guiding restoration efforts. In designing restoration measures, it is essential to address trends and differences between current and potential conditions to ensure that restoration efforts are neither futile nor poorly matched to the site or system in question.
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Cohen, Andrew S. „Lakes as Archives of Earth History“. In Paleolimnology. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133530.003.0005.
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For several months each year I work in central Africa collecting sediment cores and fossils from a large rift lake, Lake Tanganyika. Periodically my nonscientist friends ask me why I do this. They usually mean both ‘‘why would someone collect mud from the bottom of a lake’’? and perhaps as an even greater challenge to my sanity, ‘‘why would one travel halfway around the world to do this’’? The answer to these questions (and the theme of this book) is deceptively simple. Paleolimnologists study lake deposits because they provide science with archives of earth and ecosystem history that are both highly resolved in time and of long duration. In the particular case of Lake Tanganyika, this combination, in principle, permits us to study events as closely spaced in time as annual events over the lake’s 10-million-year history. Few other records of earth history beyond those found in lake muds provide this combination of duration and resolution. The range of questions that can be examined with these archives is enormous. Paleolimnologists provide constraints on the timing of past climate change, determine rates of evolutionary change in species, and investigate the timing of pollutant introduction into watersheds. One might reasonably ask what good could come from trying to synthesize these disparate questions. I believe that the unifying factor behind all of these fields of study lies in the character of lake sediment archives. Lakes are attractive targets for study by such different fields of investigation because of the special nature of their depositional environment. Considering the contents of lake archives and their characteristics is the best place to start thinking about what makes paleolimnology a distinctive discipline. . . . What Are Lake Archives? . . . An archive is a singularly appropriate term to describe the foundations of paleolimnological research. The term archive can refer both to a historical record, its content, and to the place where such records are housed, its container.
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„1. “Living with a Moving Target”: Long-term Climatic Variability and Environmental Risk in Dryland Regions“. In Sustainable Lifeways, 13–38. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9781934536322.13.
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Moloi, Julie. „Long-Term Preservation for Access of Audio-Visual Archives at Botswana National Archives (BNARS)“. In Advances in Library and Information Science, 92–109. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6618-3.ch006.
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This chapter discusses the long-term preservation and access to audio-visual (AV) archives at the Botswana National Archives and Records Services (BNARS). The principal guidance to the study was attributed to international preservation guidelines, standards, and best practices. The study adopted a qualitative approach, along with the employment of these data collection methods: interviews, observation, and document review. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the target population, which included the deputy director, senior archivist, and the archives officer. Data was subjected to thematic analysis in line with the set objectives. The key research findings of the study indicated that there were no long-term preservation strategy for AV archives at BNARS, there was absence of archival access and no acquisition policies in place, various types of AV materials were all stored under the same roof and under the same climatic conditions. Furthermore, some AV archives were not processed thus making it hard to identify, retrieve, and make them accessible for use. Additionally, the research reflected that there was lack of requisite special technical skills needed for long-term preservation of AV archives. Finally, the study revealed that there was no specific budget for the long-term preservation of AV archives at BNARS. In conclusion, therefore, the study recommends that, BNARS develop a holistic AV preservation strategy to ensure the long-term availability and accessibility of AV archives for future use.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Long-term climate targets"
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Oni, Babatunde. „Addressing the Socio-Economic Concerns of the Niger Delta Host Communities Through Local Content Policy; the Impact of Nigerias Local Participation Policy on Her Investment Climate“. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207210-ms.
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Abstract Objective and scope This paper aims to establish that proper resource management and governance within the Nigerian oil and gas industry, more specifically, her local participation policy, which focuses on adequately addressing the social and economic concerns of the host communities in oil producing regions of Nigeria, particularly in the Niger Delta, will ultimately lead to more secure and sustainable economic development and a more attractive investment climate for Nigeria. Methods Procedure, process This research study will employ an analytical approach, more specifically qualitative analysis, in analyzing the interplay between the various factors which have birthed low oil and gas productivity in the Niger delta region of Nigeria and how proper application of Nigeria's local participation policy can influence the circumstances and yield positive result. The research study will rely heavily on available literature and legislative enactments, as well as available case law on the issues concerned. The primary sources in the collection of materials for this paper will comprise of journals, books, and articles which address the relevant research questions guiding the scope of this paper. Results, Observation, conclusion Nigeria's local content policy, just like many other governmental policies in Nigeria, has been criticized as being vulnerable to corruption as a result of the manifest lack of transparency in the Nigerian oil and gas industry, and local content has already been labelled as a potential victim of capture as a result of this dearth in transparency. It is imperative that the broad discretionary powers granted to the local content monitoring board, and the minister of petroleum by the provisions of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act, be utilized in a manner devoid of parochial ethnic sentiments or political interest, in order for Nigeria to properly take advantage of the economic development benefits provided by the proper implementation of local content policy. The long term benefits of local content policy such as technology transfer, long term fiscal incentives, and the growth of local commerce and industry, will go a long way in setting Nigeria on a plain path to sustainable economic growth and better resource management. It is important that the Nigerian government play its role in driving local content policy by facilitating Nigerian enterprises to take active part in the local content programs, as well as keep tabs and monitor the effectiveness of local content policy in achieving its targets. New or additive information to the industry Proper implementation of Local Content policy in Nigeria will be beneficial, not just for the host communities but for the rest of the country, as well as for all investors in the Nigerian oil and gas industry, by providing thousands of employment opportunities for the locals, as well as providing a much needed technology transfer which will result in a structural transformation of not just the local manufacturing industries in Nigeria but the entire Nigerian oil and gas industry as well; thus addressing a major aspect of the social and economic concerns of the local people, and also giving Nigeria's economy a much needed boost towards achieving sustainable development in her natural resources sector.
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Shin, Hyunkyoung, Youngjae Yu, Thanh Dam Pham, Hyeonjeong Ahn, Byoungcheon Seo und Junbae Kim. „Analysis of Environmental Conditions for the Conceptual Design of a 200 MW Floating Offshore Wind Farm in the East Sea, Korea“. In ASME 2019 2nd International Offshore Wind Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2019-7605.
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Abstract Due to global climate change, concern regarding the environment is greater than ever. Also, the energy industry is constantly developing and investing in new and renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions. Korea is planning to increase the proportion of renewable energy generation to 20% by 2030, in accordance with the 3020 renewable energy policy. This will involve 16.5 GW (34%) from wind energy, with a capacity from offshore wind energy of approximately 13 GW. Considering domestic technological wind resource potential (33.2 GW), it seems to be a sufficient target amount. However, in order to start the wind power generation business, the installation area must be analyzed for environmental information, for the evaluation of the wind resource and the early-stage concept design. Because it is difficult to conduct long-term measurements of the entire sea area, the environmental conditions are generally estimated from short-term measurement data and long-term reanalysis data. In this study, the environmental conditions of the East Sea of Korea were selected, and a comparative analysis was performed on the meteorological agency’s oceanic meteorology buoy data, ERA-5 reanalysis data obtained from ECMWF, and NASA’s MERRA-2 data. The extreme sea states of 50 years and 100 years were analyzed by extreme statistical analysis. Finally, environmental conditions required for the basic design of wind turbines were selected following IEC and DNV standards.
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Nordin, N. „Concept+ 2.0 - The Revolution of Small and Marginal Fields“. In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-f-287.
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The development of small and marginal fields is becoming progressively more important in mature oil and gas provinces. During the low oil price environment starting in 2015, the challenging economic climate required going beyond conventional boundaries to develop small and marginal fields; hence a concept was tested further through “Concept+ Workflow”. In 2019, “Concept+2.0 Workflow” was introduced with the incorporation of Design to Value (D2V) principles. Among the elements in “Concept+2.0 Workflow” was design replication through the “Design One Build Many (D1BM)” concept, with the primary focus on one standardized fit-for-purpose topsides design. With the right mind set, such development will not only technically feasible, but also economically attractive and value creative. The first element of this approach is the Lightweight Structure (LWS) with a targeted weight topsides. A long term EPCIC contract will be established based on the generic D1BM fit-for-purpose functional facilities design to provide economies of scale. The second element is on the Target Cost Setting and Target Schedule Ready for Rig (RFR) which ascertains the EPCIC capability to compete and provide the optimum Design to Value approach for the development. Throughout, an integrated approach and disciplined project management have been essential for maintaining a cost effective and timely execution of Concept+ as well as Concept+2.0. Results have clearly illustrated the success of this approach in Concept+, leading to successful execution of various small and marginal fields as well as capturing the best practices and lesson learnt to be emulated. This paper reviews the above-mentioned applications and highlights the seamless integration of the efforts of various departments and multi-disciplinary teams.
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Aumuller, John J., und Vincent A. Carucci. „Determination of Service Life for Undamaged and Damaged Delayed Coker Drums“. In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63006.
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A stated goal of governments in addressing climate warming and to transition to a low carbon future by the end of this century is to increase the proportion of energy supplied by alternative sources. For the hydrocarbon processing industry, the question of stranded assets will become significant as these alternative energy sources become more prevalent. Existing equipment will need to operate to the end of its useful life and new equipment may need to be avoided. In particular, coker drums are very expensive investments due to their size, materials and number required in the delayed coker unit of a processing facility. Because of the severe service environment in which coke drums operate, the service life of a drum is not well established. Long term reliability of coker drums is impacted by thermo-mechanical damage mechanisms associated with self constraint of the drum shell and skirt during the formation of hot and cold temperature spots and patches. By assessing the imposed thermomechanical strains, a more precise determination of drum fatigue may be made, allowing better estimation of service life. This service life may be estimated for newly fabricated drums and those drums with shell damage, such as bulging. Service life determination is of practical importance for operators since it provides a more realistic estimate of operational life as compared to the normally referenced Code design life. An accurate estimation of drum service life has not been available in the industry to date due to a number of deficiencies and conservatisms in the current calculation practices. Insight into the causal damage mechanism provides opportunities in identifying alternatives in design, material selection, fabrication, inspection, and maintenance for operating this equipment to a practical and optimal target service life.
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Langlois, Lucille M., Alan McDonald, Hans-Holger Rogner und Ivan Vera. „Energy System Expectations for Nuclear in the 21st Century: A Plausible Range“. In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22499.
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This paper outlines a range of scenarios describing what the world’s energy system might look like in the middle of the century, and what nuclear energy’s most profitable role might be. The starting point is the 40 non-greenhouse-gas-mitigation scenarios in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2000). Given their international authorship and comprehensive review by governments and scientific experts, the SRES scenarios are the state of the art in long-term energy scenarios. However, they do not present the underlying energy system structures in enough detail for specific energy technology and infrastructure analyses. This paper therefore describes initial steps within INPRO (the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles of the International Atomic Energy Agency) to translate the SRES results into a range of possible nuclear energy technology requirements for mid-century. The paper summarizes the four SRES scenarios that will be used in INPRO and the reasons for their selection. It provides illustrative examples of the sort of additional detail that is being developed about the overall energy system implied by each scenario, and about specific scenario features particularly relevant to nuclear energy. As recommended in SRES, the selected scenarios cover all four SRES “storyline families.” The energy system translations being developed in INPRO are intended to indicate how energy services may be provided in mid-century and to delineate likely technology and infrastructure implications. They will indicate answers to questions like the following. The list is illustrative, not comprehensive. • What kind of nuclear power plants will best fit the mid-century energy system? • What energy forms and other products and services provided by nuclear reactors will best fit the mid-century energy system? • What would be their market shares? • How difficult will it be to site new nuclear facilities? • Which are nuclear energy’s biggest competitors? • Which non-nuclear technologies can nuclear power complement? • What is the range of potential demand growth for new capacity? • How is demand growth distributed geographically around the world? Different scenarios imply different answers, which are then the starting point for estimating what future reactor users might require of reactor and fuel cycle designs around mid-century. These user requirements — in terms of economics, safety, proliferation resistance, waste, and environmental impacts — are intended to help establish key directions in which to encourage innovation. They are intended as a useful input to managers designing R&D strategies targeted on the anticipated energy system needs, and other relevant needs, of mid-century.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Long-term climate targets"
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Hunter, Fraser, und Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world