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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Lokala elnät“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Lokala elnät"
Laphai, Zaw San, und Sedat Polat. „Framtidens elnät : Hur elbilar och solceller påverkar på det lokala elnätet“. Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36676.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePresentation har gjort med båda svenska och norska språket .
Löfgren, Louise. „Elbilsladdnings påverkan på elnätet : Simuleringar av Gävles lokala elnät med olika laddningsmönster“. Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36846.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe transport sector is facing a transition from combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles. Through this action the carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector can be reduced. The purpose of this study is to observe how an increased power use from electric vehicle charging (EVC) affects the local electricity grid in Gävle. The study also addresses how different charging techniques affect the electricity grid. The background of this study is to the increase awareness of the capacity of the electricity grid. There is a need from the electricity grid company to look over the impact on the grid from EVC. This could also be useful for others looking over the impact on the electricity grid from EVC. This is a hot topic and lots of other studies look over the different aspects of EVC. Previous studies also examine different types of charging techniques and how smart charging reduces the negative impact on the electricity grid. Smart charging is a way to adjust the EVC by regulating it after different parameters and connecting the entire electrical grid. This study simulates existing measured values of the low-voltage grid in Gävle and various types of EVC. This study examines the power use of existing measurement data as well as load current and voltage drops in the electricity grid with different load profiles in four different areas. Results from this study shot that EVC affects the electricity grid, to what extent depends on the type of charging technology used and the dimensions of the electricity grid. The study shows that electricity use in the area has power peaks in the afternoon and evening with residential customers, but power peaks tend to be in the middle of the day if there are industries in the area. EVC increase the load on the electricity grid, causes voltage drops and a few fuses in the grid to be triggered. Charging with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 and charging with a power monitor of 13.8 kW create the greatest voltage drops and highest load on the grid. Charging without means of control affects the electricity grid the most but charging with a power monitor also creates problems. Charging with 5.5 kW between 23:00-06:00 as well as when only 50 % of all customers charge with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 impacts the grid the least. Charging with low power during the night when the base load is at its lowest is the charging technology that is most favorable for the electricity grid. Results also show that the grid can handle a higher load of EVC in the near future if only some of the customers in the network start using electric vehicles.
Bjerre, Gustav, und Daniel Granath. „Flexibilitetsmarknaders roll för att överkomma kapacitetsbrist i lokala elnät : En studie om konceptets möjligheter och utmaningar på aktörsnivå och marknadsnivå“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176252.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSeveral Swedish metropolitan regions have begun facing issues regarding the capacity in the power grid, a problem that is also known as capacity shortage. The problem of capacity shortage is based on several changes within the power system, for example, an increasing degree of renewable, intermittent electricity production, and society's increasing degree of electrification. In order to manage capacity shortages, power grid companies have traditionally expanded the power grid to be able to deliver power during all hours of the year, a method that has long lead times and high investment costs. The accelerated problem of capacity shortages puts pressure for change in the power system, and in particular the power grid companies to deal with the problem. An alternative in managing capacity shortages is for power grid companies to purchase flexibility services. It is a solution that is referred to as a more sustainable, resource efficient and socio-economic in relation to conventional power grid expansion. Flexibility in the power system can be seen as changes in the electricity production or the demand for power that intends to stabilize the power system. In a flexibility market, power grid companies can give companies incentives to offer their flexibility against payment and thus handle capacity shortages when needed. The purpose of the thesis has been to study the role of flexibility markets in overcoming capacity shortages in local power grids, and the concept’s opportunities and challenges for different actors and from a market perspective. Through qualitative research methods, semi-structured interviews, literature- and document studies, the authors have mapped the state of knowledge about flexibility markets and the concept's meaning for the power system. The thesis also presents a theoretical framework of economic theory that aims to provide a greater understanding of the market's establishment process and what possible market failures that are likely to occur. A pre-study has been carried out where two projects, CoordiNet and Sthlmflex, of flexibility markets in Sweden have been studied to identify insights into the concept’s opportunities and challenges. Furthermore, a semi-structured interview study was conducted with 15 different companies in Gothenburg, a region that does not yet have a flexibility market, to study companies’ drivers and obstacles to participate in a flexibility market. The companies were categorized into five different segments: industries, port industries, real estate companies, power grid companies and aggregators. The results from the pre-study show that the existing flexibility markets have been important for participating players to understand how they should integrate a flexibility market as a part of their businesses. It has been shown that there are several challenges in the flexibility projects, such as inadequate communication, lack of automated processes and low liquidity on the markets. In the interview study, it could be discerned that most industries, port industries and real estate companies have flexibility resources and potential to participate as flexibility providers in a flexibility market. In the same segments, obstacles were identified regarding the lack of technical equipment to be able to offer flexibility and an uncertainty about the level of remuneration that can be expected from the flexibility market for flexibility providers. Power grid companies sees flexibility markets as a good alternative for managing capacity shortages and that the potential is great for the future. Aggregators are believed to play a significant role in flexibility markets and be an enabler for companies with smaller flexibility resources and limited knowledge. In total, 12 of the 15 companies surveyed were interested in participating in a flexibility market in Gothenburg. Based on theory, a flexibility market can be seen as an innovative market and that the establishment process involves various market stabilizing actions. Flexibility markets also imply a need for innovative business models for market participants. Regarding the obstacles and challenges identified in the flexibility markets during the thesis, there are risks of market failure caused by asymmetric information, high transaction costs, bounded rationality, and externalities.
Wallsten, Felix. „Effektoptimering av ett lokalt elnät“. Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68309.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLarsson, Mikael, und Simon Persson. „Optimering av lokalt elnät i Falkenberg genom data mining“. Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42094.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFredriksson, Jonatan. „Anpassning av småskaliga vattenkraftverk för ö-drift av lokalt elnät“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388143.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSmed, Johan. „Lokal effekttoppsreduktion med elbilar - En del av framtidens smarta elnät?“ Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-135873.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDue to climate targets setup by Sweden to address climate change, the share of intermittent electricity generation is expected to increase, especially solar and wind power. In order to avoid expensive investments and capacity enhancement, due to uneven electricity production, it is important that the already existing power grid is efficient and utilized in a smart way. A larger proportion of renewable electricity generation is not the only change that affects the Swedish electricity system. The number of battery electric vehicles (BEV) in the Swedish car fleet is constantly increasing and as an important part of achieving national targets it is both likely and desirable that it continues. BEVs also carry other potential uses than transport. Due to the battery’s storage capacity, electricity can be stored during charging but also returned later to the grid using Vehicle-to-Grid technology. This means that the BEV can have secondary applications, which can contribute to and be part of, the future power grid. The purpose of this study has been to study local power reduction with help of battery electric vehicles ability to recharge electricity to the property when power need is high. The work will furthermore answer the financial incentives that may arise at a local level and how the potential is for BEVs to be an active part of a smart grid. To investigate the potential of the BEVs power reduction, the power need for the 755 apartments in the area of Lilljansberget in Umeå for 2016 has been used. A model was then developed in Excel software, the purpose of which was to simulate how the discharges from BEVs, after last arrival time of the day, over a year’s time, affect the new power usage for the area. Since the model in Excel is intended to correspond to actual conditions, parameters related to electric cars, charging and discharging have been determined and applied. The reduction was then optimized with the plug-in program What’s Best! whereby a new maximum usage for the area could be determined. The optimization has been done on a monthly and annual basis and with 3.6 and 6.6 kW discharge effects. Furthermore, scenarios have been investigated claiming that the proportion of BEVs corresponds to 10, 20 and 30% of the area’s car fleet. The work shows that driving pattern for cars correlates well with high power peaks, which is reinforced by the results that show that a reduction is possible for most scenarios around 100 kW, corresponding to approximately 25% of the area’s previous maximum power need. The reduction further indicates potential for profitability, as revenue, based on power tariffs, exceeds the degeneration costs of batteries regardless of the scenario and time span for optimization. The most profitable power reduction occurs on an annual basis with 20% BEVs, with an annual revenue of approximately 37,000 SEK, including degeneration costs of the battery. Revenue distributed on participating BEVs is between 700 - 1400 SEK per year. In order to reflect the results of the work in reality, a locally installed battery should also be in place to better guarantee reduction as temporary changes to available BEVs or power usage arise. A major reduction in power has proven to be both possible but also directly profitable. On the other hand, revenues, based on costs for power tariffs, are considered to be too low in relation to expenses and remuneration, which makes such an investment difficult to motivate. Continued work on further valuation of power reduction is needed to provide answers to financial compensation that may be applicable. The local power reduction studied in this work greatly changes the power demand for the area but the impact on the grid remains largely small. Therefore, it is concluded that local power reduction with battery electric vehicles is not a solution to the future electrical system, but can at local level, contribute to a smart grid.
Sporrong, Kristofer, und Mattias Harrysson. „Elektrisk integrering och projektering av förnybar energi i svagt lokalt elnät“. Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-19037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo achieve a reliable and qualitative power conversion from the wind into electric power, a variety of factors and demands need to be obtained. Climatological and technological factors requires proper dimensioning and adjustment of the conversion technology, to harvest the greatest possible amount of energy and to be converted in a reliable and energy efficient way, that windmill owners, power grid owners require. The wind is as familiar an unpredictable power supply. The variations in intensity over time could mean a number of drive optimization problems with after-effects of the wind turbine, power grid and load. The consequences may depend on which type of technology that is installed in the different parts of the energy system. The area's power grid and varying power needs with characteristics over time, also has a significant importance. The turbulent wind gives deviations of voltage and power flow, especially in various extreme situations in weak power grids. Good interaction between the wind turbine and power grid with varying active and reactive power demand for the energy users, provides conditions for a good power quality and thus, an optimal and safe operation with few interruptions over time. It can be, and often is the mechanics, electro-technical choices in the wind turbine and associated electrical systems that play a critical role in how profitable installation is during the wind turbines technological life. The power grid owner strives for a good interaction between the power grid and electrical generation which rise for few faults between interruptions and errors. In the branch this is known as "Mean time between failures" MTBF. According to the Swedenergy, harmonics, slow and fast voltage variations including required short-circuit power should be investigated and compared with those requirements and terms that prevails with electrical integration of power into the grid. The feasibility study has concluded two suitable power connection proposals including wind mapping research, later in this report it is described and suggested two related Smart Grid variants with energy storage for the two power connection proposals in the existing weak local grid.
Judith Saari var betygsättare på muntlig presentation.
Rosenkvist, Mari. „Laststyrning av elvärmesystem i småhus i ett lokalt elnät med effekttaxa : Beräkning av ekonomiska konsekvenser för nätägaren och en utblick mot sårbarheter i smarta elnät“. Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36979.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBy facilitating demand side management, smart grids are expected to smooth the way for a transition to cleaner electric energy. This bachelor’s thesis aims to analyse the consequences for a distribution system operator (DSO) of direct load control,which is set to minimize the consumer’s bill for power transmission. This is also a central theme in the recently initiated Auto-Flex smart grid project, with main actors DSO Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB and tech company Ngenic AB. The included study of scientific articles points out that the impact of demand response on electric grids is largely determined by incentives used to harvest demand side flexibility. In this thesis, the consequences of direct load control are examined by means of simplified calculations in Excel, analysing electric meter data from approximately 140 anonymous customers, in addition to power supply data for the township connection to the regional distribution grid. If customers with electric heating systems would install load control equipment to lower their power transmission bills, the local DSO would experience reduced revenues. The reduction in revenues would not be offset economically by curbed peak power transmission from the regional grid, according to the executed calculations. Even if extra load control was added in peak days, the net economic result for the local DSO would still be negative in most of the studied cases. Individual characteristics of heating systems and buildings have not been accounted for in this study, neither has the correlation between load reduction, outdoor temperature and load control duration. A second aim of this thesis is to examine attitudes of the main actors in the Auto-Flex project on confidentiality, reliability and demand side management business models in relation to the development of smart grids. Through semi-structured interviews, it was revealed that neither chief executive officer of Ngenic AB, Björn Berg, nor chief grid officer of Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB, Per-Erik Johansson, see any severe threats against customer confidentiality, nor against power reliability, when implementing direct load control within the project. However, it was pointed out that an electric grid with very low physical capacity could become vulnerable to load control failures. Further examination of the connection between business models, power reliability, and cyber security are crucial to ensure socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable smart grids.
Johansson, Sylvester. „Analys av ett lokalt elnät: Hur väl rustat är det för framtiden? : Ett underlag för framtida investeringar“. Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68344.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleClimate change is one of today's biggest challenges, and the amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere has to be greatly reduced. Sweden aims at a fossil-free car fleet by 2030, using alternative vehicles and fuels. Therefore electrically driven vehicles have become attractive, causing new challenges for power grid owners. This study aims to serve as a basis for future investments in a local electricity grid. By simulating scenarios regarding electrical vehicle charging power in relation to the number of vehicles involved, the electricity grid will be loaded to investigate its capacity. Transformers and cables in the grid will be determined by age. The method is based on literature studies and simulations have been made in dpPower. The results show that the grid is old, but yet capable of a nearly 100 % of electric cars charged with 3.7 kW, with higher charging powers the grid starts to yield at about 25-50 % of electric car penetration. The substations are the components that are subjected the most, problems with voltage drops is the most common quality shortage. The cross section of the feeding cable between substations and the nearest cable distribution cabinet was increased which resulted in significant improvements in voltage drop. The high voltage network is considered as very strong and can handle all scenarios. The conclusion is that transformer power rating and voltage drops will become limiting factors in the future. Transformers and power cables may need to be reinforced alternatively additional substations to the grid put in place. Additional substations with the redesign of the grid may distribute the load, reduce the distance to customers and with that reduce the voltage drop. The high-voltage grid should be utilized more in the future, thus unburdening the low voltage grid.