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Verghese, Priya, und Youngki Kim. „Unilateral localized cystic kidney: Answer“. Pediatric Nephrology 26, Nr. 5 (21.08.2010): 715–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1622-y.
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LI, XIANG-YUAN, FU-CHENG HE, KE-XIANG FU und WENJIAN LIU. „SOLVATION ENERGY OF NONEQUILIBRIUM POLARIZATION: OLD QUESTION, NEW ANSWER“. Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 09, supp01 (Januar 2010): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633610005591.
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Although an old question, the electrostatic free energy of nonequilibrium solvation in a continuous dielectric has recently been disputed. Here we show that the nonequilibrium solvation energy can be obtained without any ambiguity by imposing a suitable external electric field with its source localized in the ambient so as to bring the nonequilibrium into an equilibrium state but constrain its charge distribution, polarization, and entropy unchanged. As an application, a two-sphere cavity model is proposed for estimating the solvent reorganization energy, which solves the longstanding issue that it tends to be overestimated by a factor of two by the popular continuum models.
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Hayden, Patrick, und Alex May. „Localizing and excluding quantum information; or, how to share a quantum secret in spacetime“. Quantum 3 (24.10.2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-10-24-196.
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When can quantum information be localized to each of a collection of spacetime regions, while also excluded from another collection of regions? We answer this question by defining and analyzing the localize-exclude task, in which a quantum system must be localized to a collection of authorized regions while also being excluded from a set of unauthorized regions. This task is a spacetime analogue of quantum secret sharing, with authorized and unauthorized regions replacing authorized and unauthorized sets of parties. Our analysis yields the first quantum secret sharing scheme for arbitrary access structures for which the number of qubits required scales polynomially with the number of authorized sets. We also study a second related task called state-assembly, in which shares of a quantum system are requested at sets of spacetime points. We fully characterize the conditions under which both the localize-exclude and state-assembly tasks can be achieved, and give explicit protocols. Finally, we propose a cryptographic application of these tasks which we call party-independent transfer.
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Khauli, Raja, Robson Ferrigno, Gustavo Guimarães, Muhammad Bulbulan, Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson Junior, Bernardo Salvajoli, Daniel Moore Freitas Palhares et al. „Treatment of Localized and Locally Advanced, High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Report From the First Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries“. JCO Global Oncology, Nr. 7 (April 2021): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00421.
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PURPOSE To generate and present survey results on important issues relevant to treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) focusing on developing countries. METHODS A panel of 99 PCa experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 67 questions concern the main areas of interest of this article: treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in developing countries. A larger panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create the recommendations for treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this article. RESULTS The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. Each question was deemed consensus if 75% or more of the full panel had selected a particular answer. These answers are based on panelist opinion and not on a literature review or meta-analysis. For questions that refer to an area of limited resources, the recommendations considered cost-effectiveness as well as the possible therapies with easier and greater access. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two nonanswers. Results were tabulated in real time. CONCLUSION The voting results and recommendations presented in this article can guide physicians managing localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data; however, as guidelines for treatment of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in developing countries have not been defined, this article will serve as a point of reference when confronted with this disease.
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Thorne, James, Majid Yazdani, Marzieh Saeidi, Fabrizio Silvestri, Sebastian Riedel und Alon Halevy. „From natural language processing to neural databases“. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, Nr. 6 (Februar 2021): 1033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3447689.3447706.
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In recent years, neural networks have shown impressive performance gains on long-standing AI problems, such as answering queries from text and machine translation. These advances raise the question of whether neural nets can be used at the core of query processing to derive answers from facts, even when the facts are expressed in natural language. If so, it is conceivable that we could relax the fundamental assumption of database management, namely, that our data is represented as fields of a pre-defined schema. Furthermore, such technology would enable combining information from text, images, and structured data seamlessly. This paper introduces neural databases , a class of systems that use NLP transformers as localized answer derivation engines. We ground the vision in NeuralDB, a system for querying facts represented as short natural language sentences. We demonstrate that recent natural language processing models, specifically transformers, can answer select-project-join queries if they are given a set of relevant facts. However, they cannot scale to non-trivial databases nor answer set-based and aggregation queries. Based on these insights, we identify specific research challenges that are needed to build neural databases. Some of the challenges require drawing upon the rich literature in data management, and others pose new research opportunities to the NLP community. Finally, we show that with preliminary solutions, NeuralDB can already answer queries over thousands of sentences with very high accuracy.
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Wang, Luke L., Christopher J. D. Wallis, Niranjan Sathianathen, Nathan Lawrentschuk, Declan G. Murphy, Robert Nam und Daniel Moon. „‘ProtecTion’ from overtreatment: does a randomized trial finally answer the key question in localized prostate cancer?“ BJU International 119, Nr. 4 (04.01.2017): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bju.13734.
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Wallack, M. K. „Answer to comment on article “Massive localized edema of the thigh in a morbidly obese patient”“. European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 36, Nr. 5 (Mai 2010): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2010.03.001.
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Tilman, Andrew R., Avinash K. Dixit und Simon A. Levin. „Localized prosocial preferences, public goods, and common-pool resources“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, Nr. 12 (08.10.2018): 5305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802872115.
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The presence of prosocial preferences is thought to reduce significantly the difficulty of solving societal collective action problems such as providing public goods (or reducing public bads). However, prosociality is often limited to members of an in-group. We present a general theoretical model where society is split into subgroups and people care more about the welfare of others in their own subgroup than they do about those in out-groups. Individual contributions to the public good spill over and benefit members in each group to different degrees. We then consider special cases of our general model under which we can examine the consequences of localized prosociality for the economic outcomes of society as a whole. We ask to what extent prosociality closes the welfare gap between the Nash equilibrium without prosociality and the social optimum. The answer depends on whether private and public inputs are good or poor substitutes in producing final output. Critically, the degree to which this welfare gap closes is a concave function of the level of prosociality in the case of poor substitutes, so even low levels of prosociality can lead to social welfare near the social optimum.
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Dunnam, Curt. „EM Site A.C. Magnetic Field Sources, Surveys and Solutions Part IV: Survey Data Analysis“. Microscopy Today 4, Nr. 4 (Mai 1996): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500068450.
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Up to the present waypoint in this series on EM site magnetic fields, we have identified typical sources of time-varying magnetic field intensities, examined salient field characteristics and illustrated correct survey methods. Our goal this month is to analyze data collected at a proposed site and answer the key question of whether or not the candidate site is, as far as magnetic fields go, acceptable for EM use. In the process of analyzing the magnetic field survey data we will define some of the interpretive techniques involved and observe the distinction between localized (a.c. power) and non-localized (geomagnetic) time-varying fields. Finally, we will discuss the implications of EM susceptibility threshold vs. measured field ratios when considering remedial site shielding.
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Kumar, V., und Y. Xu. „Unusual presentation of metastatic sebaceous carcinoma and its response to chemotherapy: is genotyping a right answer“. Current Oncology 22, Nr. 4 (08.06.2015): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/co.22.2467.
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Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare malignant tumour of skin. It commonly occurs in the head and neck region. The standard of care for localized disease is wide local excision followed by radiotherapy. Occasionally, sebaceous carcinoma can be associated with Muir–Torre syndrome, which is characterized by sebaceous lesions and carcinomas in the visceral organs. Metastatic sebaceous carcinoma is even rarer, with very little evidence about the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic disease.Here, we report a case of recurrent sebaceous carcinoma metastatic to the rectum (initially mimicking rectal cancer and Muir–Torre syndrome) in which the disease responded to multiple lines of chemotherapy. We also review the available literature on chemotherapy in this disease and discuss the role of tumour profiling and genotypeguided selection of chemotherapeutics in such rare tumours.
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Renz, Manuel, und Martin Kaupp. „Predicting the Localized/Delocalized Character of Mixed-Valence Diquinone Radical Anions. Toward the Right Answer for the Right Reason“. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 116, Nr. 43 (17.10.2012): 10629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp308294r.
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Beben, Piotr, und Jie Wu. „The Homotopy Type of a Poincaré Duality Complex After Looping“. Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society 58, Nr. 3 (10.06.2015): 581–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0013091515000048.
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AbstractWe answer a weaker version of the classification problem for the homotopy types of (n — 2)-connected closed orientable (2n — 1)-manifolds. Let n ≥ 6 be an even integer and let X be an (n — 2)-connected finite orientable Poincaré (2n — 1)-complex such that Hn-1 (X;ℚ) = 0 and Hn-1 (X;ℤ2) = 0. Then its loop space homotopy type is uniquely determined by the action of higher Bockstein operations on Hn-1 (X; ℤp) for each odd prime p. A stronger result is obtained when localized at odd primes.
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Anandbabu, M. H., B. Palanichelvam und R. Suganya. „Recovery Mutual Scheduling: A Decentralized Approach for Fault Recovery Mechanism in the Grid Computing“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (Juni 2014): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.571.
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Grid computing is that the major analysis space wherever the distributed resources square measure used. In programming, the largest challenge is to amass optimum answer for the submitted jobs within the grid. For giant subtask need time intense computation, this paper introduces a replacement fault recovery mechanism into grid systems associated an thorough study on grid service. We have a tendency to propose a replacement algorithmic program on considering these factors. In our planned algorithmic program Recovery Mutual programming, a catalog is employed which is able to be responsive in accumulation of saving its state sporadically. Consequently the turnout of a system is exaggerated with the localized approach.
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SRIVASTAVA, VIPIN, und RAISHMA KRISHNAN. „TWO-DIMENSIONAL LOCALIZATION: SYNTHESIS OF OLD AND NEW RESULTS“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, Nr. 25 (10.10.2003): 4491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203023008.
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We have addressed the central question in two-dimensional disordered systems: whether all states are localized even at infinitesimal disorder, as has been believed for over two decades but has come in question after recent experiments. We argue that the answer could still be yes since above a certain density the electrons can be treated effectively as non-interacting. Below this density, though the interactions among electrons get weaker they become more and more important as the electron density reduces. This can cause delocalization and produce a metallic phase. Some recent experimental results have been analysed to understand the nature of the newly found metallic phase at low electron-densities, and also the insulating phase at lower densities.
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Kulkarni, Amit, Nathan Rubin, Tony Tholkes, Anna Prizment, Charles J. Ryan und Arpit Rao. „Real-world cardiovascular outcomes with novel anti-androgen agents in prostate cancer patients.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2019): e16510-e16510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e16510.
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e16510 Background: Abiraterone use is associated with significant cardiovascular (CV) morbidity in clinical trials, but the magnitude of this morbidity in contemporary US prostate cancer (PC) population remains unknown. We examined a large medical claims database to answer this important question. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed Marketscan claims database (1/1/2013 to 9/30/2015) to identify adults with diagnosis of localized PC, recurrent localized PC, biochemically recurrent non-metastatic PC and metastatic PC who received treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) alone or ADT with novel antiandrogen agents (abiraterone or enzalutamide). The primary outcome measure was composite severe CV outcome of acute myocardial infarction (MI), stroke or heart failure (HF). We used Cox regression model with time dependent covariates to estimate the CV risk of various therapies. Results: A total of 7030 patients of PC were identified- 1285 received ADT for localized PC, 424 received ADT for recurrent localized PC, 554 received ADT for biochemically recurrent non-metastatic PC, 256 received ADT alone for metastatic PC and 1366 received abiraterone or enzalutamide with ADT for metastatic PC. During the study period, 143 severe CV events occurred, resulting in an incidence rate of 0.74 per 100 patient-years. In multivariate analysis, abiraterone use was associated with a trend towards increased risk of severe CV compared to non-abiraterone users (HR = 1.58; 95% CI: 0.98-2.59, p= 0.06). No such increased risk was detected for ADT (HR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.92-2.00, p= 0.12) or enzalutamide (HR = 0.84 95% CI: 0.34-2.11, p= 0.71). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to present real-world data on CV outcomes of PC patients receiving novel anti-androgens. Our findings support the trend towards increased severe CV risk seen in abiraterone trials. No such association was seen for enzalutamide. Additional analyses with a longer follow-up duration are planned.
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Luz, Murilo de Almeida, Gustavo Cardoso Guimarães, Aguinaldo César Nardi, Alexandre Saad Feres Lima Pompeo, Álvaro Sadek Sarkis, Amr Nowier, Antônio Carlos Lima Pompeo et al. „Consensus on Prostate Cancer Treatment of Localized Disease With Very Low, Low, and Intermediate Risk: A Report From the First Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries (PCCCDC)“. JCO Global Oncology, Nr. 7 (April 2021): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00515.
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PURPOSE A group of international urology and medical oncology experts developed and completed a survey on prostate cancer (PCa) in developing countries. The results are reviewed and summarized, and recommendations on consensus statements for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa focused on developing countries were developed. METHODS A panel of experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 66 questions concern the principal areas of interest of this paper: very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in developing countries. A larger panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create the recommendations for treatment and follow-up for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this manuscript. RESULTS The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. Each question was deemed consensus if 75% or more of the full panel had selected a particular answer. These answers are based on panelist opinion not a literature review or meta-analysis. For questions that refer to an area of limited resources, the recommendations consider cost-effectiveness and the possible therapies with easier and greater access. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two nonanswers. The results were tabulated in real time. CONCLUSION The voting results and recommendations presented in this document can be used by physicians to support management for very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data; however, as guidelines for treatment for very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in developing countries have not been developed, this document will serve as a point of reference when confronted with this disease.
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Brekke, Torkel. „Islamophobia and Antisemitism are Different in Their Potential for Globalization“. Journal of Religion and Violence 9, Nr. 1 (2021): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jrv202142689.
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A widespread assumption in research on prejudice and hate crime is that Islamophobia and antisemitism are analogous phenomena: both travel easily across national and cultural boundaries and adapt to new contexts. This article argues that this assumption is incorrect. Islamophobia works well in very different cultural contexts and shows highly diverse localized expressions. Antisemitism is linked to Christian theology even when expressed in Muslim societies and is not global to nearly the same extent as Islamophobia. The key question is this: how can we understand the cultural conditions for the globalization of antisemitism and Islamophobia? To answer this the article looks briefly at Islamophobia and antisemitism in Chinese and Hindu civilizations and then moves on to introduce the theory of cultural models. Islamophobia is a family of more or less similar cultural models belonging to a range of different cultures across time and space. This is the general answer to the question of why Islamophobia is an intensely globalizing prejudice. Islamophobia should be conceptualized as a number of overlapping cultural models found in various societies. Today, local varieties of Islamophobia seem to come into closer contact, to converge and sometimes to exchange elements as a result of intensifying transnational and global communication.
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Moreno, Wilmer Emilio García. „Analysis of Colombian Seismicity as a Way to Explain and Understand The Bucaramanga Nest“. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 3, Nr. 3 (01.08.2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2018.3.3.1709.
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Colombia is region with high seismicity due to the convergence of Panama Block, Nazca and Caribbean plates with the South American Plate, however there is a complex area named The Bucaramanga Nest which was the motive of this research means of its complexity, being that there have been different studies which have not been able to explain the reason of this phenomenon, for that motive this work has as objective finding this answer by the use of 3679 earthquake information in Colombia, with a Mw higher than 3.5. Having information from all the earthquakes, they were localized on its epicenters to notice how they were distributed, after that, five lines were chosen to make, along them, The Benioff Zone, obtaining the geometry of the slabs for Nazca and Caribbean plates, knowing the angle of subduction of them and how it changed, also, thirty earthquakes near the five lines were selected to see the focal mechanisms along the slabs and knowing the fault system in The Bucaramanga Nest. Beside all it was said before, it was modeled an approximation of the subduction zones by a contour map along the studied region. At the end, it was able to reach an answer about the reason of why The Bucaramanga Nest happened, defining its vertical and lateral extension too.
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WALSH, THOMAS. „ZERO-BIAS ANOMALIES IN THE CURRENT-VOLTAGE AND CONDUCTANCE-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-CRITICAL-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 06, Nr. 02 (20.01.1992): 125–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979292000098.
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The occurrence of zero-bias anomalies (ZBAs) in the current-voltage and conductance-voltage characteristics of high-critical-temperature superconductors (HTS) is reviewed. Following a historical introduction, we summarize studies noting HTS ZBAs. Several explanations of the ZBAs in HTS tunneling characteristics have been proposed including a resistance in series with a Josephson junction, a conductive channel near the Fermi energy ε F , localized magnetic states on film surfaces, proximity effects, a peak in the electron density of states near ε F , an array of junctions in an HTS ceramic sample, coupling between a film's normal surface layer and the superconducting layer below the surface, quasiparticle tunneling, and phase diffusion. The plausibility and implications of these suggested explanations are discussed. Experiments to answer questions that remain regarding the source and significance of the ZBAs are proposed.
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O’Brien, Daniel T. „The Action Is Everywhere, But Greater at More Localized Spatial Scales: Comparing Concentrations of Crime across Addresses, Streets, and Neighborhoods“. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56, Nr. 3 (18.10.2018): 339–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427818806040.
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Objectives: Recent work has debated which geographic scale is most relevant to understanding the clustering of crime and disorder across a city. This study introduces nested Gini coefficients that help answer this question by disentangling concentrations of crime at multiple scales in a single city while also controlling for artifacts of arithmetic and urban form. Methods: The study examines six indices of crime and disorder drawn from requests for government services received by the City of Boston in 2011 for addresses ( N = 98,355) nested in street segments ( N = 13,048) nested in census tracts ( N = 178). Nested Gini coefficients assessed the average concentration at each level independent of the higher geographic unit (e.g., the streets of a single tract). Results: Concentrations were greatest at addresses, then at streets, and then at tracts. Compared to whole-city calculations, they showed equal or greater levels of concentration of crime and disorder for addresses, but lower concentrations for streets. Controlling for the number of locations on a street or in a tract also markedly diminished concentrations. Conclusions: The findings indicate a continued need to explain concentrations of crime, especially at localized geographic scales.
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Yaremchuk, Iryna, und Tetiana Bulavinets. „Study of plasmonic properties of copper monosulfide nanoparticles depending on their dielectric constant“. Technology audit and production reserves 4, Nr. 3(60) (31.07.2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237269.
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The object of research is plasmonic properties copper of monosulfide nanoparticles. One of the most problematic areas is that there is still no unambiguous answer to which main copper monosulfide nanoparticles parameters have a decisive effect on their resonance absorption, scattering or electric field enhancement. It is necessary to study the plasmonic properties of copper monosulfide nanoparticles depending on their main parameter, namely the dielectric constant. The principle of dipole equivalence and Mee-Gans theory for the modeling of the optical nanoparticle characteristics is used. It is found that dielectric constant is a crucial parameter determining the resulting optical response of such nanoparticles. The surrounding medium refractive index affects the position and magnitude of the nanoparticles maximum plasmonic absorption. The nonspherical nanoparticles are characterized by two plasmon peaks corresponding to transverse and longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance if the ratio between the axes is higher than 1.5. The ellipsoidal nanoparticles exhibit higher sensitivity to changes in the refractive index of the surrounding medium in comparison to the spherical ones. The obtained research results are primarily the basis for further comprehensive research of plasmonic copper monosulfide nanoparticles for their specialized applications. Second, knowledge of the influence of the nanoparticle dielectric constant on their resulting spectral characteristics allow tuning of the localized surface plasmon resonance peak position in a wide wavelength range, from 500 to 1200 nm, using the nanoparticle synthesis technique. Thus, the material under study is promising for sensor applications in a wide spectral range.
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Stojčić, Nebojša, Heri Bezić und Tomislav Galović. „Economic Structure and Regional Economic Performance in Advanced Eu Economies“. South East European Journal of Economics and Business 11, Nr. 1 (01.04.2016): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jeb-2016-0004.
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Abstract Recent economic turmoil has revived interest in the quest for sustainable growth. Current economic thinking attaches growing importance to industrial development. The roots of such thinking can be traced back to traditional arguments about the beneficial role of manufacturing for economic growth through horizontal and vertical spillovers to other sectors. These spillovers are of particular importance at the regional level, as such externalities tend to be localized in nature. The objective of this paper is to explore the relationship between economic structure and regional growth in ten Western European EU member states in the post-crisis period. The analysis wishes to answer the question of whether regions with a higher concentration of manufacturing outperform their counterparts with more diverse economic structures. A spatial panel econometric technique is applied in order to distinguish between the intra-regional and inter-regional effects of economic structure, yielding recommendations for policy makers in the field of industrial policy.
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Anderson, Richard G. W., William C. Donzell und Janet M. Larkin. „Ligand-Induced Clustering of the LDL Receptor in the Absence of Coated Pits“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103206.
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A remarkable feature of the LDL receptor in human fibroblasts is that in the absence of ligand there is a preferential clustering of the receptor over clathrin-coated pits. The physiologic significance of this distribution was made apparent when it was discovered that certain mutations localized to the cytoplasmic tail of the LDL receptor resulted in the receptor being randomly distributed on the cell surface and unable to efficiently internalize LDL. These results raise the questions of what determinants in the coated pit are responsible for receptor clustering and whether the receptor is able to cluster in the absence of coated pits. Although the answer to the first question is still not known, we've been able to address the second question by utilizing a method for removing the coated pits in situ. This method depends upon the observation that when human fibroblasts are depleted of intracellular K+, coated pits disappear from the cell surface.
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Wallace, R. „Recurrent Collapse of the Fire Service in New York City: The Failure of Paramilitary Systems as a Phase Change“. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, Nr. 2 (Februar 1993): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250233.
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Analysis of persistent and recurring episodes of large-scale collapse of the fire service in New York City suggests a striking inverse to Granovetter's ‘strength of weak ties’ analysis of social system integration: that hierarchical paramilitary systems can become fatally unstable if locally based, strong self-interacting equivalence classes of units are unable to answer the vast majority of calls for service without assignment of units from other classes. A simple network-based model finds that an incremental increase in the probability that units must be shared between geographically centered classes leads to a sharply nonlinear, system-wide ‘phase transition’ from stability and localized demand to instability and a ‘delocalized’ service demand. Implications are explored for the continuing deterioration of the fire service in New York City and its considerable consequences for both public health and public order. More general questions of the interaction of extended but integrated social systems with paramilitary hierarchical structures are also examined.
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Damayanti, Ratna Ayu. „Restoration of Budget Control: How It Should Be? A Case Study of The Local Government of Indonesia“. GATR Accounting and Finance Review 3, Nr. 3 (30.09.2018): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/afr.2018.3.3(3).
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Objective - This research aim is to examine the phenomenon of budget control and deviant behavior in order to answer the question: "how should budget control in the government sector be in order to effectively prevent deviant behavior such as budgetary slack?" The study focuses on local governments in Indonesia, where such controls have not been able to combat budgetary slack, which has led to widespread corruption. Methodology/Technique - This study uses the Habermas method to criticize budgetary control practices that continue in the present day. Findings - By creating a public space over localized wisdom-based control, known as an informal control system, the weakness of formal control systems in overcoming budgetary slack with be reduced. Novelty - This study takes a critical approach, while most previous studies have adopted a positivistic approach or an interpretative study. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: Budget; Budget Control; Budgetary Slack; Local Wisdom; Public Sector, Indonesia. JEL Classification: M10, M14, M19.
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Tafuri, Alessandro, Maria Angela Cerruto und Alessandro Antonelli. „Neoadjuvant Strategies Before Radical Prostatectomy for High Risk Prostate Cancer in the Era of New Hormonal Agents“. Current Drug Targets 22, Nr. 1 (31.12.2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200621194409.
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: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a hormone dependent disease including several different patterns from indolent and clinically meaningless to aggressive and lethal disease. Among non-metastatic PCa, high-risk disease represents a therapeutically challenge, given the unfavorable oncological outcomes after exclusive local therapy. Deprivation therapy in the neoadjuvant setting is not recommended prior to radical prostatectomy since it did not provide any survival advantage, although reducing tumor volume, surgical margins rate, local and nodal stage. However, in the few recent years, new hormonal treatments for metastatic PCa emerged, and showed a relevant increase of overall survival with respect to classical androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Thus, neo-adjuvant regimens of ADT based on these novel molecules are now under investigation and the results of ongoing clinical trials are expected in order to provide a definitive answer on the real role of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy in the treatment of high-risk localized prostate cancer. In this narrative review, we underline the role of neoadjuvant therapy before radical prostatectomy in high-risk PCa patients considering the impact of the new available hormonal agents.
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Gros, B. L., D. S. Greenhouse und T. E. Cohn. „Visual Warning Signals Optimized for Human Perception: What the Eye Sees Fastest“. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2, Nr. 1 (2005): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/693254.
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This study aimed to answer the question of how to design a visual warning signal that is most easily seen and produces the quickest reaction time. This is a classic problem of bionic optimization—if one knows the properties of the receiver one can most easily find a suitable solution. Because the peak of the spatio-temporal contrast sensitivity function of the human visual system occurs at non-zero spatial and temporal frequencies, it is likely that movement enhances the detectability of threshold visual signals. Earlier studies employing extended drifting sinewave gratings bear out this prediction. We have studied the ability of human observers to detect threshold visual signals for both moving and stationary stimuli. We used discrete, localized signals such as might be employed in aerospace or automotive warning signal displays. Moving stimuli show a superior detectability to non-moving stimuli of the same integrated energy. Moving stimuli at threshold detectability are seen faster than non-moving threshold stimuli. Under some conditions the speed advantage is over 0.25 seconds. Similar advantages have also been shown to occur for suprathreshold signals.
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Arndt, Sonja, Mathias Urban, Colette Murray, Kylie Smith, Beth Swadener und Tomas Ellegaard. „Contesting early childhood professional identities: A cross-national discussion“. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 19, Nr. 2 (Juni 2018): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463949118768356.
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In this collective article, the authors explore constructions of early childhood practitioners and how they disconnect and reconnect in a global neo-liberal education policy context. The contributions to the conversation provide windows into shifting professional identities across five national contexts: New Zealand, the USA, Ireland, Australia and Denmark. The authors ask who benefits from the notion of distinct professional identities, linked to early childhood education as locally and culturally embedded practice. They conceptualize teachers’ shifting subjectivities, drawing on Kristeva’s philosophical conception of identity as constantly in construction, open and evolving. Arguments for the urgency to counter the global uniformity machine, streamlined curricula, standardized assessment and deprofessionalization are not new. However, the authors wonder whether these arguments are missing something. Does our localized and highly contextualized identity construction enable ‘divide and rule’ politics by global agents such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank and international corporations? The authors’ (preliminary) answer is to build individual and collective professional identities that are grounded in diverse local contexts and in a broader transnational professional (political) consciousness and collective voice.
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Stanimirovic, Branko, Dusan Stanojevic, Mladenko Vasiljevic, Snezana Rakic und Ana Mitrovic. „The effect of anogenital warts on life quality of affected patients“. Medical review 62, Nr. 3-4 (2009): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0904177s.
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Introduction. Anogenital warts represent a clinical manifestation of the infection of the lower female genital tract, human papilloma viruses types 6 and 11. They belong to the group of sexually transmitted diseases and then may be localized either on the female or male genitalia. The aim of the study was to show the effect of anogenital warts on life quality of the affected patients. Material and methods. The study was conducted on 200 female patients using the standardized questionnaire filled in by patients under the researcher's supervision immediately before laser wart removal. Each question out of 15 could be answered by one of the suggested answers: always, almost always, sometimes, rarely and never. The answer 'always' was worth one point, 'almost always' two points, 'sometimes' three points, 'rarely' four points and never 'five' points. Life quality was categorized as bad, tolerable, good, very good and excellent. The lower number of points in the questionnaire indicated the worse life quality and the higher number of points demonstrated a better life quality. Results. The study results showed that the highest number of subjects was in the third and fourth decade of life. The presence of anogenital warts had an effect on life quality in most patients. 5% of subjects assessed their life quality as bad, 16% as tolerable, 45% as good and 23% as very good. Only in 11% of patients the presence of anogenital warts did not have any effect on life quality (c2 = 121.680, p< 0.001). Conclusion. The presence of anogenital warts has a significant effect on life quality of affected patients, indicating the significance of their early detection and treatment.
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Parodi, Antonio, Luca Ferraris, William Gallus, Maurizio Maugeri, Luca Molini, Franco Siccardi und Giorgio Boni. „Ensemble cloud-resolving modelling of a historic back-building mesoscale convective system over Liguria: the San Fruttuoso case of 1915“. Climate of the Past 13, Nr. 5 (12.05.2017): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-455-2017.
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Abstract. Highly localized and persistent back-building mesoscale convective systems represent one of the most dangerous flash-flood-producing storms in the north-western Mediterranean area. Substantial warming of the Mediterranean Sea in recent decades raises concerns over possible increases in frequency or intensity of these types of events as increased atmospheric temperatures generally support increases in water vapour content. However, analyses of the historical record do not provide a univocal answer, but these are likely affected by a lack of detailed observations for older events. In the present study, 20th Century Reanalysis Project initial and boundary condition data in ensemble mode are used to address the feasibility of performing cloud-resolving simulations with 1 km horizontal grid spacing of a historic extreme event that occurred over Liguria: the San Fruttuoso case of 1915. The proposed approach focuses on the ensemble Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model runs that show strong convergence over the Ligurian Sea (17 out of 56 members) as these runs are the ones most likely to best simulate the event. It is found that these WRF runs generally do show wind and precipitation fields that are consistent with the occurrence of highly localized and persistent back-building mesoscale convective systems, although precipitation peak amounts are underestimated. Systematic small north-westward position errors with regard to the heaviest rain and strongest convergence areas imply that the reanalysis members may not be adequately representing the amount of cool air over the Po Plain outflowing into the Ligurian Sea through the Apennines gap. Regarding the role of historical data sources, this study shows that in addition to reanalysis products, unconventional data, such as historical meteorological bulletins, newspapers, and even photographs, can be very valuable sources of knowledge in the reconstruction of past extreme events.
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Palii, Andrew, Juan M. Clemente-Juan, Sergey Aldoshin, Denis Korchagin, Evgenii Golosov, Shmuel Zilberg und Boris Tsukerblat. „Can the Double Exchange Cause Antiferromagnetic Spin Alignment?“ Magnetochemistry 6, Nr. 3 (28.08.2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry6030036.
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The effect of the double exchange in a square-planar mixed-valence dn+1−dn+1−dn−dn–type tetramers comprising two excess electrons delocalized over four spin cores is discussed. The detailed analysis of a relatively simple d2−d2−d1−d1–type tetramer shows that in system with the delocalized electronic pair the double exchange is able to produce antiferromagnetic spin alignment. This is drastically different from the customary ferromagnetic effect of the double exchange which is well established for mixed-valence dimers and tetramers with one excess electron or hole. That is why the question “Can double exchange cause antiferromagnetic spin alignment?” became the title of this article. As an answer to this question the qualitative and quantitative study revealed that due to antiparallel directions of spins of the two mobile electrons which give competitive contributions to the overall polarization of spin cores, the system entirely becomes antiferromagnetic. It has been also shown that depending on the relative strength of the second-order double exchange and Heisenberg–Dirac–Van Vleck exchange the system has either the ground localized spin-triplet or the ground delocalized spin-singlet.
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Pasulka, Diana Walsh. „Pre-modern Scriptures in Postmodern Times“. Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts 2, Nr. 2-3 (14.03.2008): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/post.v2i2.293.
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A contemporary movement in Christian religious thought advocates for the recovery of pre-modern exegetical practices. Wesley Kort, Paul Griffiths, and Catherine Pickstock are among several theorists who support a return to pre-modern reading and writing practices as an answer to the crisis of modernity. In the context of scripture studies, the works of Kort, Griffiths, and Pickstock can be understood as examples of analyses that focus on the performative elements of scripture. Their stress on memorization, recitation, and reading reflect the influence of studies of the performative function of scriptures by Wilfred Cantwell Smith and William Graham. Kort, Griffiths, and Pickstock take this line of argument even further, by arguing that is it the very loss of scripture as performance that has inaugurated a loss of the sacred in modernity. This development thus tackles the philosophical issues at stake between secularism and theology and moves beyond the localized analysis of the meaning of specific scriptures. The following analysis places this development in an historical and philosophical context by revealing the theoretical precedents that each scholar draws upon, specifically the later writings of Martin Heidegger.
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Gooday, Graeme. „‘Nature’ in the laboratory: domestication and discipline with the microscope in Victorian life science“. British Journal for the History of Science 24, Nr. 3 (September 1991): 307–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400027382.
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What sort of activities took place in the academic laboratories developed for teaching the natural sciences in Britain between the 1860s and 1880s? What kind of social and instrumental regimes were implemented to make them meaningful and efficient venues of experimental instruction? As humanly constructed sites of experiment how were the metropolitan institutional contexts of these laboratories engineered to make them legitimate places to study ‘Nature’? Previous studies have documented chemists' effective use of regimented quantitative analysis in their laboratory teaching from the 1820s, but less is known about how Victorian academics made other sorts of laboratories unproblematic pedagogical spaces. This paper will examine the literary, disciplinary and instrumental technologies of microscopy deployed by T. H. Huxley at his South Kensington laboratory during the early 1870s to render his biology teaching legitimate, meaningful and efficient. As such it is a response to Pickstone's recent call for a broader account of microscopy teaching in late nineteenth-century academic life science, and one localized answer to Bennett's enquiries as to what the appearance of a microscope in laboratories and other domestic settings betokened to historical actors, and how such tokens changed over time.
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Chataigner, Sylvain, Laurent Gaillet, Yannick Falaise, Jean-François David, Richard Michel, Christophe Aubagnac, Adrien Houel, Didier Germain und Jean-Philippe Maherault. „Acoustic monitoring of a prestressed concrete beam reinforced by adhesively bonded composite“. MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 09013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819909013.
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The use of adhesively bonded composite reinforcement is relatively widely used for concrete structures. Yet, some questions remain regarding its use in the case of prestressed concrete structures especially in relation with the influence of existing cracking and the verification of the encountered damage phenomena at real scale. French National Organism CEREMA with the help of French motorway bridge owners association ASFA and French National Research Organism IFSTTAR realized several real size experimental investigations of an old prestressed concrete beam coming from a deconstructed bridge to answer these questions (Project CLERVAL). Both flexure and shear tests up to failure were carried out and several measurement methods were used to understand the role of the composite reinforcement on the behavior of the structure and the damage scenario. Acoustic emission was one of these methods and two different systems were investigated. The proposed communication will first describe the two used acoustic systems and their dedication (localized acoustic emission and overall acoustic survey). A specific development will then be presented aiming at optimizing the obtained acoustic phenomena localization taking into account the anisotropy of the prestressed concrete beam. Finally, main results will then be presented for both flexure and shear tests.
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Lindquist, Kristen A., Tor D. Wager, Hedy Kober, Eliza Bliss-Moreau und Lisa Feldman Barrett. „The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, Nr. 3 (23.05.2012): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11000446.
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AbstractResearchers have wondered how the brain creates emotions since the early days of psychological science. With a surge of studies in affective neuroscience in recent decades, scientists are poised to answer this question. In this target article, we present a meta-analytic summary of the neuroimaging literature on human emotion. We compare the locationist approach (i.e., the hypothesis that discrete emotion categories consistently and specifically correspond to distinct brain regions) with the psychological constructionist approach (i.e., the hypothesis that discrete emotion categories are constructed of more general brain networks not specific to those categories) to better understand the brain basis of emotion. We review both locationist and psychological constructionist hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence and report meta-analytic findings bearing on these hypotheses. Overall, we found little evidence that discrete emotion categories can be consistently and specifically localized to distinct brain regions. Instead, we found evidence that is consistent with a psychological constructionist approach to the mind: A set of interacting brain regions commonly involved in basic psychological operations of both an emotional and non-emotional nature are active during emotion experience and perception across a range of discrete emotion categories.
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Lake, James A., Ryan G. Skophammer, Craig W. Herbold und Jacqueline A. Servin. „Genome beginnings: rooting the tree of life“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, Nr. 1527 (12.08.2009): 2177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0035.
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A rooted tree of life provides a framework to answer central questions about the evolution of life. Here we review progress on rooting the tree of life and introduce a new root of life obtained through the analysis of indels, insertions and deletions, found within paralogous gene sets. Through the analysis of indels in eight paralogous gene sets, the root is localized to the branch between the clade consisting of the Actinobacteria and the double-membrane (Gram-negative) prokaryotes and one consisting of the archaebacteria and the firmicutes. This root provides a new perspective on the habitats of early life, including the evolution of methanogenesis, membranes and hyperthermophily, and the speciation of major prokaryotic taxa. Our analyses exclude methanogenesis as a primitive metabolism, in contrast to previous findings. They parsimoniously imply that the ether archaebacterial lipids are not primitive and that the cenancestral prokaryotic population consisted of organisms enclosed by a single, ester-linked lipid membrane, covered by a peptidoglycan layer. These results explain the similarities previously noted by others between the lipid synthesis pathways in eubacteria and archaebacteria. The new root also implies that the last common ancestor was not hyperthermophilic, although moderate thermophily cannot be excluded.
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Savin, A., B. Silvi und F. Colonna. „Topological analysis of the electron localization function applied to delocalized bonds“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, Nr. 6 (01.06.1996): 1088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-122.
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What is a local viewpoint of delocalized bonds? We try to provide an answer to this paradoxical question by investigating representative conjugated organic molecules (namely, allyl cation, trans-butadiene, and benzene) together with reference nonconjugated systems (ethylene and propene) by means of topological analysis of the electron localization function ELF. The valence attractors of the ELF gradient field are classified according to their synaptic order (i.e., connections with core attractors). The basin populations [Formula: see text] (i.e., the integrated density over the attractor basins) and their standard deviation, σ, have been calculated and are discussed. The basin populations and their relative fluctuations, defined as [Formula: see text] are sensitive criteria of delocalization. In the case of well-localized C—C or C=C bonds, λ ~0.4, whereas for delocalized bonds λ increases to about 0.5. Another criterion of delocalization is provided by the basin hierarchy, which is defined from the reduction of the localization domains. For most systems, delocalization occurs not only for neighboring carbon-carbon disynaptic attractor basins, but also for nearest neighbor disynaptic protonated attractor basins. Key words: electron localization function, topological analysis, delocalization, population analysis.
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Pylkkänen, Liina. „Neural basis of basic composition: what we have learned from the red–boat studies and their extensions“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, Nr. 1791 (16.12.2019): 20190299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0299.
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Language is our mind's most powerful generative system for the expression of meaning and thought. What are the neural mechanisms of our ability to compose complex meanings from simpler representations? This question is impossible to answer unless we decompose the notion of ‘meaning composition’ in some theoretically guided way and then begin to assess the extent to which brain activity tracks the posited subroutines. Here, I summarize results from a body of MEG research that has begun to address this question from the ground up, first focusing on simple combinations of two words. The work sets off with a hypothesis space offered by theoretical linguistics, positing syntactic and logico-semantic composition as the main combinatory routines, but then reveals that the most consistent and prominent reflection of composition, localized in the left anterior temporal cortex at 200–250 ms, cannot be described with this toolkit. Instead, this activity tracks a much more conceptually driven process, robustly sensitive to the density of the conceptual feature space of the composing items. I will describe our functional understanding of this activity and how it may operate within a broader ‘combinatory network.’ This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards mechanistic models of meaning composition’.
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Loveridge, Scott, und Dusan Paredes. „Are Rural Costs of Living Lower? Evidence from a Big Mac Index Approach“. International Regional Science Review 41, Nr. 3 (27.05.2016): 364–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017616650488.
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Rural leaders can point to low housing costs as a reason that their area should be competitive for business attraction. To what extent do rural housing costs offset transportation and other locational disadvantages in cost structures? The United States lacks information to systematically answer the question. We adapt a strategy employed by The Economist in exploring purchasing power parity: the Big Mac index. We gather information on Big Mac prices with a random sample of restaurants across the contiguous United States. We find that core metro counties exhibit slightly higher Big Mac prices than other counties, but that differences across the balance of the rural–urban continuum code are not significant, implying that costs in a metroadjacent county are not different than areas that are much more rural. We show that some groups of states exhibit lower prices, especially in the southeast. Furthermore, we test for the presence of spatial monopoly and find that distance to other MacDonald’s restaurants has some influence on price. Stores at a greater distance from their competitors tend to charge more, ceteris paribus. We also show our results are consistent with other localized estimates of living costs. Our general findings could help rural decision makers determine whether their area truly holds cost advantages for firms looking to relocate.
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Selim, Yasser Fouad. „Decentering the Bard: The Localization of "King Lear" in Egyptian TV Drama "Dahsha"“. Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 18, Nr. 33 (30.12.2018): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.18.10.
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Dahsha [Bewilderment] is an Egyptian TV series written by scriptwriter Abdelrahim Kamal and adapted from Shakespeare’s King Lear. The TV drama locates Al Basel Hamad Al Basha, Lear’s counterpart, in Upper Egypt and follows a localized version of the king’s tragedy starting from the division of his lands between his two wicked daughters and the disinheritance of his sincere daughter till his downfall. This study examines the relationship between Dahsha and King Lear and investigates the position of the Bard when contextualized in other cultures, revisited in other locales, and retold in other languages. It raises many questions about Shakespeare’s proximity to the transcultural/transnational adaptations of his plays. Does Shakespeare’s discourse limit the interpretation of the adapted works or does it promote intercultural conversations between the varying worldviews? Where is the Bard positioned when contextualized in other cultures, revisited in other locales, and retold in other languages? Does he stand in the center or at the margin? The study attempts to answer these questions and to read the Egyptian localization of King Lear as an independent work that transposes Shakespeare from a central dominant element into a periphery that remains visible in the background of the Upper Egyptian drama.
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Serra, Yolande L., Angela Rowe, David K. Adams und George N. Kiladis. „Kelvin Waves during GOAmazon and Their Relationship to Deep Convection“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, Nr. 10 (01.10.2020): 3533–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0008.1.
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AbstractThe 2014–15 Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GOAmazon) field campaign over the central Amazon near Manaus, Brazil, occurred in coordination with the larger Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud-Resolving Modeling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (CHUVA) project across Brazil. These programs provide observations of convection over the central Amazon on diurnal to annual time scales. In this study, we address the question of how Kelvin waves, observed in satellite observations of deep cloud cover over the GOAmazon region during the 2014–15 time period, modulate the growth, type, and organization of convection over the central Amazon. The answer to this question has implications for improved predictability of organized systems over the region and representation of convection and its growth on local to synoptic scales in global models. Our results demonstrate that Kelvin waves are strong modulators of synoptic-scale low- to midlevel free-tropospheric moisture, integrated moisture convergence, and surface heat fluxes. These regional modifications of the environment impact the local diurnal cycle of convection, favoring the development of mesoscale convective systems. As a result, localized rainfall is also strongly modulated, with the majority of rainfall in the GOAmazon region occurring during the passage of these systems.
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Varadwaj, Arpita, Helder Marques und Pradeep Varadwaj. „Is the Fluorine in Molecules Dispersive? Is Molecular Electrostatic Potential a Valid Property to Explore Fluorine-Centered Non-Covalent Interactions?“ Molecules 24, Nr. 3 (22.01.2019): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030379.
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Can two sites of positive electrostatic potential localized on the outer surfaces of two halogen atoms (and especially fluorine) in different molecular domains attract each other to form a non-covalent engagement? The answer, perhaps counterintuitive, is yes as shown here using the electronic structures and binding energies of the interactions for a series of 22 binary complexes formed between identical or different atomic domains in similar or related halogen-substituted molecules containing fluorine. These were obtained using various computational approaches, including density functional and ab initio first-principles theories with M06-2X, RHF, MP2 and CCSD(T). The physical chemistry of non-covalent bonding interactions in these complexes was explored using both Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules and Symmetry Adapted Perturbation Theories. The surface reactivity of the 17 monomers was examined using the Molecular Electrostatic Surface Potential approach. We have demonstrated inter alia that the dispersion term, the significance of which is not always appreciated, which emerges either from an energy decomposition analysis, or from a correlated calculation, plays a structure-determining role, although other contributions arising from electrostatic, exchange-repulsion and polarization effects are also important. The 0.0010 a.u. isodensity envelope, often used for mapping the electrostatic potential is found to provide incorrect information about the complete nature of the surface reactive sites on some of the isolated monomers, and can lead to a misinterpretation of the results obtained.
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Sabino, R., C. Verissímo, J. Brandão, C. Alves, P. Alves, H. Parada und L. Rosado. „Keratinophilic Fungi: a microscopic approach by in vitro hair perforation analysis“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 14, S3 (September 2008): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927608089599.
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Nowadays, environmental moulds are often being referred as also being the cause of superficial mycosis. Keratinophilic activity is one of the characteristics involved in the infectious process of some fungal species. With these findings some problems appear: 1) Do these species really act on keratinized tissues?; 2) How do these fungi perform their keratinophilic activity?; 3) Should we validate the results as positives in the case of isolating from the lesions only species considered as environmental? To answer to these questions, the in vitro hair perforation test was performed in 60 different species, including dermatophytes and environmental isolates. In vitro perforation capability, believed to be one of the characteristics involved in some fungal infectious processes, was assessed with aid of optic-, fluorescence-, electron scanning- and transmission-microscopy, followed by calculation of keratinophilic activity. According to Ali-Shtayeh et al., each hair degradation factor has a specific weight in a keratinolytic activity intensity index called “IKA”, which ranges between 0 and 100%. Changes in the hair structure may occur in the two following different ways: (a) Superficial Erosion, where there is an even hair degradation from the outside to the inside (b) Radial Penetration where there is a localized degradation of hair surface, often in a pocket-like structure. Different types of hyphæ are observed: of narrow diameter called boring hyphæ, of larger diameter called wider boring hyphæ) and swollen boring hyphæ (with dilated tips). Hyphæ may also produce highly specialized perforation organs.
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Luger, Peter, Stefan Mebs, Manuela Weber und Birger Dittrich. „Charge Density Studies on Anti-Alzheimer Agents“. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (05.08.2014): C969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314090305.
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The average age of people is increasing continuously thanks to the progress in the medicinal sciences and further social advances. As a consequence, however, diseases which affect people more likely at a higher age also increase. In this course Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related brain disorders distribute rapidly and have to be taken more serious. One of the most frequently applied drugs against AD is donepezil®. Its function is a reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby reducing the deficit of acetylcholine associated with the occurrence of AD. As one result from the charge density (CD) of the small-molecule structure containing the donepezilium cation comparable electronic interactions were identified as in the macromolecular TcAChE-donepezil complex which were made visible by electrostatic potential and Hirshfeld surfaces.[1] Two newer developments of Alzheimer agents are bexarotene and methylene blue. For the first one a therapeutic effect on AD in a mouse model was recently reported. From a comparative CD study on bexarotene and its disila analogue differences in the electrostatic potentials were identified, while the spherical structures showed no significant differences. The second one, methylene blue, targets the abnormal tangle type tau protein aggregation inside the nerve cells in the brain and stops its spread. The molecule is positively charged with various counterions. From the CD an answer to the not yet understood question is expected whether the formal positive charge is localized or delocalized.
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Marotti, Jonathan D., Katharina Glatz, Vinita Parkash und Jonathan L. Hecht. „International Internet-Based Assessment of Observer Variability for Diagnostically Challenging Endometrial Biopsies“. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 135, Nr. 4 (01.04.2011): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2010-0139-oa.1.
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Abstract Context.—Endometrial carcinoma of endometrioid histology is frequently preceded by endometrial hyperplasia, from which localized, premalignant lesions called endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) emerge. Diagnostic criteria for EIN have been developed by histopathologic correlation with clinical outcome, molecular changes, and objective computerized histomorphometry. However, several benign mimics of EIN continue to cause diagnostic confusion. Objective.—To better understand the diagnostic pitfalls of EIN. Design.—An online quiz of 18 endometrial biopsies considered difficult by a gynecologic pathologist was constructed. Each case contained clinical history and at least 2 microscopic images. Answer choices included the following: (1) EIN, (2) polyp, (3) benign endometrium (proliferative, secretory, disordered, tubal metaplasia, and lower uterine segment), and (4) adenocarcinoma. Online tutorials were offered at the start, and the authors' diagnosis and clinical follow-up were provided at the end. Results.—The quiz was completed by 78 participants from 13 countries. Agreement with the authors ranged from 17% to 100% (mean, 55%). For analysis, polyp and benign responses were grouped. The mean percentage of agreement was highest in cases of polyp with no special features (88%), tubal metaplasia (87%), and secretory change (75%). Poorer agreement was seen with cases containing mucinous metaplasia (38%), extensive morular metaplasia (28%), and EIN arising in a polyp (53%). The mean percentage of agreement for EIN without these features was 63%. Conclusions.—Although the reproducibility of EIN criteria was good, a subset of biopsies with morular metaplasia and EIN in polyps was problematic and likely required consensus review.
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Damian-Serrano, Alejandro, Steven H. D. Haddock und Casey W. Dunn. „The evolution of siphonophore tentilla for specialized prey capture in the open ocean“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, Nr. 8 (16.02.2021): e2005063118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005063118.
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Predator specialization has often been considered an evolutionary “dead end” due to the constraints associated with the evolution of morphological and functional optimizations throughout the organism. However, in some predators, these changes are localized in separate structures dedicated to prey capture. One of the most extreme cases of this modularity can be observed in siphonophores, a clade of pelagic colonial cnidarians that use tentilla (tentacle side branches armed with nematocysts) exclusively for prey capture. Here we study how siphonophore specialists and generalists evolve, and what morphological changes are associated with these transitions. To answer these questions, we: a) Measured 29 morphological characters of tentacles from 45 siphonophore species, b) mapped these data to a phylogenetic tree, and c) analyzed the evolutionary associations between morphological characters and prey-type data from the literature. Instead of a dead end, we found that siphonophore specialists can evolve into generalists, and that specialists on one prey type have directly evolved into specialists on other prey types. Our results show that siphonophore tentillum morphology has strong evolutionary associations with prey type, and suggest that shifts between prey types are linked to shifts in the morphology, mode of evolution, and evolutionary correlations of tentilla and their nematocysts. The evolutionary history of siphonophore specialization helps build a broader perspective on predatory niche diversification via morphological innovation and evolution. These findings contribute to understanding how specialization and morphological evolution have shaped present-day food webs.
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Huber, Loreta, und Airidas Kairys. „Culture Specific Items in Audiovisual Translation: Issues of Synchrony and Cultural Equivalence in the Lithuanian Dub of “Shrek the Third”“. Studies about Languages 1, Nr. 38 (13.07.2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.38.24743.
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Audiovisual translation encompasses a number of dissimilar areas. To quote Frederic Valera Chaume, AVT “covers both well-established and new ground-breaking linguistic and semiotic transfers like dubbing, subtitling, surtitling, respeaking, audiosubtitling, voice-over, simultaneous interpreting at film festivals, free-commentary and goblin translation, subtitling for the deaf and the hard of hearing, audiodescription, fansubbing and fandubbing” (2013, p. 105). This paper analyses the importance of culture-specific elements in audiovisual products and strategies of their transfer to the target culture. Practical investigation is based on a case study of an animated film “Shrek the Third” and its Lithuanian dub. The choice for the case study was determined by the fact that the history of dubbing animated movies in independent Lithuania started with “Shrek,” the first Hollywood film dubbed into Lithuanian, which has achieved unprecedented success and become an example for further dub localizations. The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between types of synchrony that should be maintained in dubbing and culture-specific items that should be localized in the target text. The study is complemented with a research survey that questions the importance of different types of synchronies in translation. As there is no consensus about the importance of lip synchrony in dubbing, and some scholars (Doane, 1980; Chaume, 2012) claim that it plays a dominant role in dubbing, whereas others (Herbst, 1994; Jüngst, 2010) declare its overestimation, the survey research attempts to answer this debatable question.
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Pangarso, R. Agung, R. Suharyadi und R. Rijanta. „The Spatial Patterns and Local Economic Determinant of Industrial Agglomeration in Semarang District, Indonesia“. Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 6, Nr. 2 (07.04.2020): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.6.2.99-112.
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Urbanization creates opportunities for Indonesia, potentially to boost economic growth and create vibrant cities (metropolitan). Urbanization and agglomeration economies should be an important element in Indonesia‘s development as a mid-income country. Manufacturing industry becomes a dominant economic sector in metropolitan area such as Semarang that shows urbanization-industrialization relationship. Industrial agglomeration potentially induces socio-economic changes in the region. To prepare these changes, it is important to understand the spatial dynamics of agglomeration and predict its determinants locally. This paper aims to answer questions related to the spatial patterns and determinants of industrial agglomeration in Semarang Regency, a periphery of Semarang metropolitan. Nearest Neighbor Analysis is used to identify spatial patterns, followed by Ellison and Glaeser Index to measure agglomeration strength, and Specialization Index to measure industrial specialization. Geographically Weighted Regression is used to identify determinants of agglomeration. Analysis uses geographical database of Large and Medium Industries in 2016 and related sub-district based data. Result shows 11 of 21 sub-sectors of industries geographically form clustered (agglomerated) pattern. Six of them are strongly agglomerated (most localized). High specializations in these six sub-sectors occur in 14 sub-districts. Result obtains a significant spatial regression model explains the effect of independent variables simultaneously occurring in three sub-sectors: beverages; wearing apparel; wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture, articles of straw and plaiting materials. Partially, industrial agglomeration by three sub-sector’s specializations in sub-district level is determined by variables: industrial employment; vocational school; Gross Regional Domestic Product; population; arterial road; agricultural land availability; and agricultural households.
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Veyssière, P. „Dislocation fine structure and mechanical properties of intermetallic alloys“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (06.08.1989): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153476.
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Weak-beam (WB) TEM was introduced in the late sixties and flourished during the following decade. It revealed the most powerful all-materials technique for the imaging of very localized strain gradients as for instance in dislocation studies. Although some of its first achievements dealt with the resolution of subdissociation in ordered materials, WB happened to be mostly utilized to answer questions raised along 25 years of active speculation on dissociation in fcc, bcc and hcp metals and alloys; in addition, it helped exploring dislocation properties in ceramic materials (oxides, semiconductors, carbides). With the loss of general interest in core-related dislocation phenomena, the WB technique then became much less popular (excepted for semiconductors) until the new impulse given by the materials community in the field of intermetallic alloys; this effort is the object of the present review. In the meantime, the ultimate resolution obtainable from WB conditions got constantly improved: a separation between dislocation images lesser than 1.5nm is now accessible on modem microscopes. Due to the failure of the column approximation, new precautions then have to be taken at analyzing images (especially in the case of fourfold dissociation in Ll2 alloys). It should be added that whatever the technique employed in order to analyze dislocation cores (in-situ straining as opposed to static WB or HREM), it is often difficult to assess that TEM observations represent the very configurations that operate in the bulk materials and control its mechanical behaviour; this point has been addressed elsewhere.
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Joshi, Vidhu B., Tristan Juvet, Paige E. Nichols, Stephen A. Boorjian, Jeffrey Karnes, Matthew K. Tollefson und Matthew Gettman. „Intraoperative application of platelet-rich plasma to the neurovascular bundles during radical prostatectomy: A prospective clinical trial.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, Nr. 6_suppl (20.02.2020): TPS380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.6_suppl.tps380.
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TPS380 Background: Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the most common surgical treatment for prostate cancer (PC). Yet even with nerve-sparing RP (NS-RP), a significant proportion of men experience transient or permanent erectile dysfunction (ED) partially due to intraoperative neurovascular bundle (NVB) damage from thermal or mechanical trauma. Studies have shown that platelet released growth factors counteract trauma and facilitate healing. We evaluate the use of platelet rich plasma (PRP) to facilitate early nerve healing and decrease ED after NS-RP. Methods: A prospective, open label, 20 subject human trial evaluating intraoperative topical NVB PRP application was approved by the IRB and FDA under an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE 16915) for the investigational use of an approved blood separation device. Men aged 50-60 with newly diagnosed, localized PC and normal preoperative sexual and urinary function, defined as a Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) score of >19 and an answer of “none” on question 5 of the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) are eligible. Intraoperatively, a 10ml PRP product is created from a 180 mL sample of the patient’s whole blood using the Angel Concentrated Platelet Rich Plasma System (Cytomedix, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD USA). PRP is applied via mechanical transfer to the NVB after completion of the vesicourethral anastomosis. The primary endpoint is the safety and tolerability of PRP on the NVB after NS-RP. Secondary endpoints include feasibility of intraoperative PRP application and longitudinal assessment of erectile function and urinary continence by questionnaire administration at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after NS-RP. Clinical trial information: NCT02957149.