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1
Bhandari, Khem Raj, und Narayan Prasad Adhikari. „Grid Integration of Solar and Solar/Wind Hybrid Mini-Grid Projects: A Case of Solar/Wind Hybrid Mini-Grid Project Implemented by AEPC“. Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, Nr. 3 (13.10.2020): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32004.
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Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) has been scaling up renewable energy technologies through Mini-grid power supply in Nepal’s off-grid areas in order to fulfill community electricity demands for both households and electricity-based enterprises. It is likely that, in some of the off-grid renewable energy (RE) mini-grid service areas, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) grid line might reach in near future. The objective of this study is to highlight success stories of solar and solar/wind mini-grids implemented by AEPC and for their longer-term sustainable operation grid integration policy of isolated mini-grid systems will require. Till the date AEPC has successfully electrified more than 20 rural communities through solar and solar/wind hybrid mini-grid systems. Some of these isolated mini-grid projects will seek grid interconnections in near future due to NEA distribution system expansion trend. When the isolated mini-grids will be connected to the national grid power network in future, the mini-grid can feed surplus electricity to the local utility grid line and will receive deficit electricity from the local utility grid system to serve the consumers connected to the local grid network. The methodology applied to this study is assessment of existing solar and solar/wind mini-grid projects, technological intervention required for grid integration, reviewing grid-connection policy of distributed renewable generations in the country and recommendation of relevant policy option for grid connection of rural mini-grids. Grid integration of isolated solar and solar/wind mini-grids will have positive impacts to the sustainability of the present isolated mini-grids, will help in retaining existing mini-grids end users, energy produced by mini-grid systems will be optimally utilized, the existing mini-grid power will contribute to stabilize weak national grid electrical parameters. The outcome of the study will recommend need of policy options as well as technological interventions in order to do grid integration of solar and solar/wind hybrid mini-grid systems in Nepal.
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Rösch, Tobias, Peter Treffinger und Barbara Koch. „Remuneration of Distribution Grids for Enhanced Regenerative Electricity Deployment—An Analysis and Model for the Analysis of Grid Structures in Southern Germany Using Linear Programming“. Energies 13, Nr. 20 (15.10.2020): 5385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205385.
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Ecological concerns on the climatic effects of the emissions from electricity production stipulate the remuneration of electricity grids to accept growing amounts of intermittent regenerative electricity feed-in from wind and solar power. Germany’s eager political target to double regenerative electricity production by 2030 puts pressure on grid operators to adapt and restructure their transmission and distribution grids. The ability of local distribution grids to operate autonomous of transmission grid supply is essential to stabilize electricity supply at the level of German federal states. Although congestion management and collaboration at the distribution system operator (DSO) level are promising approaches, relatively few studies address this issue. This study presents a methodology to assess the electric energy balance for the low-voltage grids in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg, assuming the typical load curves and the interchange potential among local distribution grids by means of linear programming of the supply function and for typical seasonal electricity demands. The model can make a statement about the performance and development requirements for grid architecture for scenarios in 2035 and 2050 when regenerative energies will—according to present legislation—account for more than half of Germany’s electricity supply. The study details the amendment to Baden-Württemberg’s electricity grid required to fit the system to the requirements of regenerative electricity production. The suggested model for grid analysis can be used in further German regions and internationally to systematically remunerate electricity grids for the acceptance of larger amounts of regenerative electricity inflows. This empirical study closes the research gap of assessing the interchange potential among DSO and considers usual power loads and simultaneously usual electricity inflows.
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Herenčić, Lin, Perica Ilak und Ivan Rajšl. „Effects of Local Electricity Trading on Power Flows and Voltage Levels for Different Elasticities and Prices“. Energies 12, Nr. 24 (10.12.2019): 4708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244708.
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Local electricity trading is a concept that allows active electricity trading between consumers, producers and/or prosumers located in a local low voltage distribution grid. The concept should provide added value to the participants and accelerate the democratization, decarbonization and decentralization of the power sector. The effects of local electricity trading on voltage levels in distribution grids are just in the early stage of research, together with the possible means of control, market design, market-clearing approaches and integration of the local electricity trading within the electricity markets. The aim of this work is to contribute to the research by examining if near real-time local electricity trading can be implemented in a distribution grid without time-consuming security-constrained unit commitment calculations for the observed time horizon and without security-constrained economic dispatch calculations for each trading period. Moreover, this work investigates if the implementation of local electricity trading can contribute to the avoidance of unpredictable and unfavorable consumption/production patterns, which can appear in the distribution grid due to the random behavior of a large number of participants. It is analyzed if a contribution to the maintenance of the voltages and currents within limits can be achieved that way. The method for simulation of a local electricity market and analysis of power flows and voltage levels is presented. The auction-based local electricity trading is simulated and applied on the modified IEEE European Low Voltage Test Feeder where the effects of local electricity trading on power flows and voltage levels are studied for boundary elasticities and prices of demand and supply offering curves. It is shown that the local electricity trading has potential to incentivize active participation of prosumers, which can lead to better demand/supply balancing at the local level and to a decrease of voltage fluctuations.
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Joskow, Paul L. „Creating a Smarter U.S. Electricity Grid“. Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, Nr. 1 (01.02.2012): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.1.29.
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This paper focuses on efforts to build what policymakers call the “smart grid,” involving 1) improved remote monitoring and automatic and remote control of facilities in high-voltage electricity transmission networks; 2) improved remote monitoring, two-way communications, and automatic and remote control of local distribution networks; and 3) installation of “smart” metering and associated communications capabilities on customer premises so that customers can receive real-time price information and/or take advantage of opportunities to contract with their retail supplier to manage the consumer's electricity demands remotely in response to wholesale prices and network congestion. I examine the opportunities, challenges, and uncertainties associated with investments in “smart grid” technologies. I discuss some basic electricity supply and demand, pricing, and physical network attributes that are critical for understanding the opportunities and challenges associated with expanding deployment of smart grid technologies. Then I cover issues associated with the deployment of these technologies at the high voltage transmission, local distribution, and end-use metering levels.
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Egert, Rolf, Nina Gerber, Jasmin Haunschild, Philipp Kuehn und Verena Zimmermann. „Towards Resilient Critical Infrastructures – Motivating Users to Contribute to Smart Grid Resilience“. i-com 20, Nr. 2 (01.08.2021): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2021-0021.
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Abstract Smart cities aim at improving efficiency while providing safety and security by merging conventional infrastructures with information and communication technology. One strategy for mitigating hazardous situations and improving the overall resilience of the system is to involve citizens. For instance, smart grids involve prosumers—capable of producing and consuming electricity—who can adjust their electricity profile dynamically (i. e., decrease or increase electricity consumption), or use their local production to supply electricity to the grid. This mitigates the impact of peak consumption periods on the grid and makes it easier for operators to control the grid. This involvement of prosumers is accompanied by numerous socio-technical challenges, including motivating citizens to contribute by adjusting their electricity consumption to the requirements of the energy grid. Towards this end, this work investigates motivational strategies and tools, including nudging, persuasive technologies, and incentives, that can be leveraged to increase the motivation of citizens. We discuss long-term and side effects and ethical and privacy considerations, before portraying bug bounty programs, gamification and apps as technologies and strategies to communicate the motivational strategies to citizens.
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Ji, Peng, Lipeng Zhu, Chao Lu, Wei Lin und Jürgen Kurths. „How Price-Based Frequency Regulation Impacts Stability in Power Grids: A Complex Network Perspective“. Complexity 2020 (28.02.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6297134.
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With the deregulation of modern power grids, electricity markets are playing a more and more important role in power grid operation and control. However, it is still questionable how the real-time electricity price-based operation affects power grid stability. From a complex network perspective, here we investigate the dynamical interactions between price-based frequency regulations and physical networks, which results in an interesting finding that a local minimum of network stability occurs when the response strength of generators/consumers to the varying price increases. A case study of the real world-based China Southern Power Grid demonstrates the finding and exhibits a feasible approach to network stability enhancement in smart grids. This also provides guidance for potential upgrade and expansion of the current power grids in a cleaner and safer way.
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Ma, Li, und Die Xu. „Toward Renewable Energy in China: Revisiting Driving Factors of Chinese Wind Power Generation Development and Spatial Distribution“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 16 (14.08.2021): 9117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169117.
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As the biggest renewable energy installation and generation country globally, it is important to deeply understand China’s wind power production determinants and draw implications for energy policy. This paper analyzes local electricity deployment, electricity consumption, investment in wind power, and price of wind power electricity on-grid apart from traditional GDP and CO2 factors in the panel data regression model, and some interesting results are found. The investment of installation and the price of wind power electricity on-grid have negative impacts on wind power generation, while local electricity consumption and inter-provincial power transmission capacity significantly impact wind power generation positively. GDP and CO2 emission per capita have negative and positive impacts on wind power production, respectively. As for different wind power zones, the most influencing factors are local electricity consumption. Hence, this paper concludes that local absorbing capacity is still an important limiting factor to Chinese renewable energy development. At last, some policies are suggested to enhance the local absorbing capacity of renewable energy.
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Lestari, Heksi, Maarten Arentsen, Hans Bressers, Budhi Gunawan, Johan Iskandar und Parikesit. „Sustainability of Renewable Off-Grid Technology for Rural Electrification: A Comparative Study Using the IAD Framework“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 12 (30.11.2018): 4512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124512.
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This paper analyses the implementation of renewable off-grid technologies in rural areas, especially where an extension to the national electricity grid was not considered economically feasible. Implementation of remote, stand-alone, electricity technologies as alternatives to a grid connection to provide sustainable electricity access have often failed with many planned projects not realised or abandoned. Our initial assumption was that stand-alone electricity project exhibiting higher scores on sustainability indicators would benefit communities more and make their endurance more likely. However, the impact of the stand-alone technology was often overruled or its quality weakened by government preferences wishing to realise a connection to the central electricity grid. Empirically, the study compares three cases of stand-alone micro-hydropower projects and three cases of stand-alone solar photovoltaic projects in Bogor Regency, Indonesia. It is based on qualitative document analysis, complemented by multiple rounds of semi-structured interviews and observations. The paper assesses the extent to which each project met indicators of technical, economic, social, environmental, and institutional sustainability. The paper tries to explain the endurance of the project from these sustainability scores and uses additional explanations from Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework. The findings show that, for the studied local communities, the attractiveness of a grid connection overrules the virtues of a stand-alone electricity project, despite its quality, successful operation and impact. Our research also shows that government policy priorities changed in the rural electrification programme for some communities. In these situations, the off-grid rural electrification programme predominantly provided only temporary access to sustainable electricity for remote local communities that remained waiting and hoping for a grid connection to connect them to fossil fuel-dominated electricity.
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Röder, Johannes, David Beier, Benedikt Meyer, Joris Nettelstroth, Torben Stührmann und Edwin Zondervan. „Design of Renewable and System-Beneficial District Heating Systems Using a Dynamic Emission Factor for Grid-Sourced Electricity“. Energies 13, Nr. 3 (01.02.2020): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030619.
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In future energy scenarios with a high share of renewable energies within the electricity system, power-to-heat technologies could play a crucial role for achieving the climate goals in the heating sector. District heating systems can integrate volatile wind and photovoltaic energy sources and resolve congestions within the electricity grid, leading to curtailment of renewable electricity generation. This paper presents a design approach for setting up system-beneficial power-to-heat-based district energy systems. Within the scope of the project QUARREE100 an existing district in the provincial town Heide in Northern Germany is examined. A linear investment and unit commitment optimization model is applied. By considering local dynamic emission factors for grid-sourced electricity, which contain information on local wind energy curtailment as well as the emission intensity of the overall electricity generation, a renewable and system-beneficial design can be derived. With this method, the minimal rated power and capacity of energy converter and storage units can be determined to achieve emission reductions with respect to minimum costs. The approach of using different methods for the consideration of the emissions of grid-sourced electricity is analyzed based on different scenarios. By using a dynamic emission factor for grid-sourced electricity, lower emissions with fewer costs can be achieved. It is shown that a dynamic assessment leads to different design decisions and far-reaching deviations in the unit commitment. The results clearly show that a constant emission factor is no longer an option for grid-sourced electricity in urban energy system models.
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Korsten, N., A. C. Brent, B. Sebitosi und K. Kritzinger. „The impact of residential rooftop solar PV on municipal finances: An analysis of Stellenbosch“. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, Nr. 2 (23.06.2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i2a1740.
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Electricity utilities throughout the world are responding to the increased uptake of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) in the household sector. Although the increase of decentralised solar PV is seen as progressive for sustainable development, it is not without financial implications for electricity utilities. There is a concern in South Africa that allowing rooftop solar PV connection to the grid will reduce electricity sales for local governments and thus their revenue streams from electricity. An investigation was carried out to examine the financial impact that increasing installations of grid-connected rooftop PV at a household level might have on local governments in South Africa. Stellenbosch Municipality was used as a case study, and two different approaches were used. The first considered the maximum grid capacity for distributed generation, as determined by the South African grid standards. The second was based on individual households that would gain the most financial benefit from investing in rooftop PV. The outcome indicated a financial reduction in total electricity revenue of 0.6–2.4% depending on the approach followed. A fixed monthly charge of about R363 would counter these potential financial loses, but entail a disincentive for households to invest in solar PV installations.
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Jouégo, E. P. „Management of innovation in the electricity sector: impact of framework policy“. Bulletin of the Dnipropetrovsk University. Series: Management of Innovations, Nr. 7 (25.12.2016): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/191621.
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The framework policy has a significant impact on the management of innovation in the electricity sector. To be effective, the framework policy should be adapted to the local, national, and international context. In order to find out how to adapt the policy framework efficiently, it is important to carefully examine the existing situation. When considering the development of renewable energy technology for electricity generation, policy framework plays a more important role. A short literature review analysis on the topic reveals that for developing countries having a low electricity access rate, the deployment of mini-grid presents a huge opportunity. In each local context it is important, however, to define which type of mini-grid should be adapted and how to increase the renewable energy share of mini-grid. It is also important to review the different existing policy mechanisms related to mini-grid and renewable energy development and consider how each mechanism can influence innovation in the electricity sector. The current research is dedicated to the framework policy analysis only.
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Salkuti, Surender Reddy. „Challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid“. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, Nr. 2 (01.04.2020): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp1179-1186.
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The development smart grids have made the power systems planning and operation more efficient by the application of renewable energy resources, electric vehicles, two-way communication, self-healing, consumer engagement, distribution intelligence, etc. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed comprehensive review of challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid. Smart grids are transforming the traditional way of meeting the electricity demand and providing the way towards an environmentally friendly, reliable and resilient power grid. This paper presents various challenges of smart grid development including interoperability, network communications, demand response, energy storage and distribution grid management. This paper also reviews various issues associated with the development of smart grid. Local, regional, national and global opportunities for the development of smart grid are also reported in this paper.
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Yu, Yunjun, Yanghui Guo, Weidong Min und Fanpeng Zeng. „Trusted Transactions in Micro-Grid Based on Blockchain“. Energies 12, Nr. 10 (22.05.2019): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101952.
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In order to build a local electricity market (LEM), community members can trade electricity peer-to-peer (P2P) with their neighbors. This paper proposes a Hierarchical Bidding and Transaction Structure based on blockchain (HBTS). First, combined with the multi-agents, each microgrid corrects the estimated cost probability distribution of other microgrids by Bayesian theorem, making its probability closer to the accurate probability. Second, for maximize the benefits of the microgrid, this paper uses the Nash equilibrium in the Cournot model to find the optimal quotation and output of different bidding strategies for the microgrid under different power demand conditions. Then the exchange of electricity translates into an exchange of digital proof of electricity purchases and sales of electricity on the Hyperledger Fabric, ensuring the security of the transaction process and the irreparable modification of ledgers. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the bidding strategy through experiments, and analyze the transaction process.
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Shen, Jianjian, Xiufei Zhang, Jian Wang, Rui Cao, Sen Wang und Jun Zhang. „Optimal Operation of Interprovincial Hydropower System Including Xiluodu and Local Plants in Multiple Recipient Regions“. Energies 12, Nr. 1 (02.01.2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010144.
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This paper focuses on the monthly operations of an interprovincial hydropower system (IHS) connected by ultrahigh voltage direct current lines. The IHS consists of the Xiluodu Hydropower Project, which ranks second in China, and local plants in multiple recipient regions. It simultaneously provides electricity for Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces and thus meets their complex operation requirements. This paper develops a multi-objective optimization model of maximizing the minimum of total hydropower generation for each provincial power grid while considering network security constraints, electricity contracts, and plant constraints. The purpose is to enhance the minimum power in dry season by using the differences in hydrology and regulating storage of multiple rivers. The TOPSIS method is utilized to handle this multi-objective optimization, where the complex minimax objective function is transformed into a group of easily solved linear formulations. Nonlinearities of the hydropower system are approximatively described as polynomial formulations. The model was used to solve the problem using mixed integer nonlinear programming that is based on the branch-and-bound technique. The proposed method was applied to the monthly generation scheduling of the IHS. Compared to the conventional method, both the total electricity for Guangdong Power Grid and Zhejiang Power Grid during dry season increased by 6% and 4%, respectively. The minimum monthly power also showed a significant increase of 40% and 31%. It was demonstrated that the hydrological differences between Xiluodu Plant and local hydropower plants in receiving power grids can be fully used to improve monthly hydropower generation.
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Bimenyimana, Samuel, Godwin Norense Osarumwense Asemota, Jean De Dieu Niyonteze, Cyprien Nsengimana, Paula Jeanne Ihirwe und Lingling Li. „Photovoltaic Solar Technologies: Solution to Affordable, Sustainable, and Reliable Energy Access for All in Rwanda“. International Journal of Photoenergy 2019 (13.12.2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5984206.
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Despite remarkable economic growth and development in recent decades, Rwanda has been still facing energy crises and challenges. Although the country has considerable energy assets, less than 10% is utilized for its local electricity needs. Currently, national installed generation capacity is estimated at 221 MW, for a population around 12 million, and electricity access is estimated at 51% (37% grid and 14% off-grid networks). About half the population is without electricity access while the grid-connected users face high electricity tariffs and frequent power outages (blackouts). The national grid itself is also experiencing high losses. This paper used the HOMER software for modeling the optimal, sustainable, reliable, and affordable photovoltaic solar technologies as energy solutions for all (off-grid and on-grid users) in Rwanda. The selection and recommendation of a suitable photovoltaic (PV) solar technology depend on its annual electricity production capacity, electrical load, renewable energy penetration percentage, economic viability, feasibility, affordability, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emission level for climate change considerations towards a clean and greener future. The results show that the least cost of energy (LCOE) for electricity production by each of the solar PV systems with storage, PV-grid-connected household, and PV-grid connection with storage was 67.5%, 56.8%, and 33.9%, respectively, lower than the normal electricity tariff in Rwanda. The PV systems with storage proposed in this paper could be effective in increasing national energy resource exploitation, providing affordable and reliable energy access to all citizens.
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Hasan, Md Nazmul, Rafia Nishat Toma, Abdullah-Al Nahid, M. M. Manjurul Islam und Jong-Myon Kim. „Electricity Theft Detection in Smart Grid Systems: A CNN-LSTM Based Approach“. Energies 12, Nr. 17 (28.08.2019): 3310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173310.
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Among an electricity provider’s non-technical losses, electricity theft has the most severe and dangerous effects. Fraudulent electricity consumption decreases the supply quality, increases generation load, causes legitimate consumers to pay excessive electricity bills, and affects the overall economy. The adaptation of smart grids can significantly reduce this loss through data analysis techniques. The smart grid infrastructure generates a massive amount of data, including the power consumption of individual users. Utilizing this data, machine learning and deep learning techniques can accurately identify electricity theft users. In this paper, an electricity theft detection system is proposed based on a combination of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. CNN is a widely used technique that automates feature extraction and the classification process. Since the power consumption signature is time-series data, we were led to build a CNN-based LSTM (CNN-LSTM) model for smart grid data classification. In this work, a novel data pre-processing algorithm was also implemented to compute the missing instances in the dataset, based on the local values relative to the missing data point. Furthermore, in this dataset, the count of electricity theft users was relatively low, which could have made the model inefficient at identifying theft users. This class imbalance scenario was addressed through synthetic data generation. Finally, the results obtained indicate the proposed scheme can classify both the majority class (normal users) and the minority class (electricity theft users) with good accuracy.
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Fishov, Alexander G., Irina L. Klavsuts und Dmitry A. Klavsuts. „Multi-Agent Regulation of Voltage in Smart Grid System with the Use of Distributed Generation and Customers“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (Dezember 2014): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.761.
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The paper considers the solution to the problem of distributed voltage regulation in Smart Grid System. It takes into consideration the conflict of interests of companies included in the generation network and consumers of electricity. The paper presents an innovative method of demand side management which can be used for controlling the quality of electricity optimization of consumption and conservation of electric power in distribution grids of low voltage class; to start a service of voltage regulation to the consumers in the parts of the grid adjoining to the nodes of generation; to develop the grid and realize the regulation of the voltage by the network companies during load and generation active behavior. The decentralized regulation of voltage is supposed to be the basic organization principal which uses local information and control actions. The control of the facilities of voltage regulation is performed via the artificial intelligence (expert systems).
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Li, Yan Bin, Yun Li und Wei Guo Li. „Application Credibility Theory in the Smart Grid Information Network Security Assessment“. Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (Juni 2014): 841–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.841.
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With the development of the smart grid , information network securityassessment affects the safe operation of the smart grid . In this paper, theimproved credibility theory and analytic hierarchy process , combined withstructural features of the smart grid network , From the wide area network ,access network, enterprise local network , local area network and the CPN-siteand home users to assess the impact of the five aspects of information networksfor smart grid security operation. And make the case for more security strategyto improve the reliability of the smart grid operation , thus providing a basisfor guiding the development and safe use of electricity grid users .
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Neagu, Bogdan-Constantin, Ovidiu Ivanov, Gheorghe Grigoras, Mihai Gavrilas und Dumitru-Marcel Istrate. „New Market Model with Social and Commercial Tiers for Improved Prosumer Trading in Microgrids“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 18 (04.09.2020): 7265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187265.
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In the deregulated electricity markets, trading prices are determined by the offer-demand mechanism, and retail consumers can negotiate tariffs with their supplier of choice. For classic wholesale suppliers, the tariffs are determined by the prices of transactions performed on the wholesale market. In parallel with becoming eligible for participating in the market, the consumers use increasingly local generation sources based mostly on renewable electricity generation equipment such as Photovoltaic (PV) panels, and become prosumers. They want to be able to sell back to the market the generation surplus, in order to obtain the maximum benefits from their initial investment. This paper proposes a two-tier local market model oriented for prosumers and consumers connected in microgrids, based on the blockchain technologies and other technologies and concepts such as smart grids, crowdsourcing and energy poverty. Its goals are to improve the possibilities of local prosumers to sell electricity to local consumers and to increase their profitability, compared to the trading model often used in developing markets, of selling the surplus back to the grid via aggregators. The research aims to contribute to the sustainable development of the electricity sector using new and renewable sources of energy, state-of the art technologies and smart contracts, leading to prosumer proliferation and electricity cost reduction for consumers.
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Sotnyk, Iryna, Tetiana Kurbatova, Oleksandr Kubatko, Olha Prokopenko, Gunnar Prause, Yevhen Kovalenko, Galyna Trypolska und Uliana Pysmenna. „Energy Security Assessment of Emerging Economies under Global and Local Challenges“. Energies 14, Nr. 18 (16.09.2021): 5860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185860.
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This paper proposes methodological approaches to assessing the impact of renewable energy and energy efficiency development on emerging economies’ energy security. It is suggested to supplement the current methodology for assessing energy security with the decoupling index of the renewable energy financial burden on the state budget, the energy efficiency decoupling index, the households’ energy poverty indicator, the index of capacity development for balancing electricity generation volumes, and the energy fluctuations indicator. These indices provide a comprehensive assessment of energy security under the latest challenges. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic in the Ukrainian energy sector led to the “green and coal paradox”, when the government decided to keep green electricity generation but limit nuclear generation. It required increased flexible capacities (thermal generation) and led to a rise in electricity prices and environmental pollution. Forecasting energy fluctuations with Butterworth filters allows minimizing the risks of maximum peak loads on the grid and timely prevention of emergencies. The energy fluctuations within the 20% range guarantee energy security and optimal energy companies’ operation. It is proposed to smooth out energy consumption fluctuations through green energy development, smart grids formation, energy efficiency improvements, and energy capacities balancing to ensure energy and economic sustainability.
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Zhang, Ting, Shuaishuai Cao, Lingying Pan und Chenyu Zhou. „A Policy Effect Analysis of China’s Energy Storage Development Based on a Multi-Agent Evolutionary Game Model“. Energies 13, Nr. 23 (29.11.2020): 6293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236293.
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Energy storage technology plays a significant role in the pursuit of the high-quality development of the electricity market. Many regions in China have issued policies and regulations of different intensities for promoting the popularization of the energy storage industry. Based on a variety of initial conditions of different regions, this paper explores the evolutionary process of electricity market players considering energy storage technology. The trilateral evolutionary game model is adopted to analyze the strategies of the power plant, the power grid, and the government. After assigning the model according to an actual situation, each equilibrium point corresponds to a real electricity market situation. The results indicate the following: (1) In the process of stabilizing, the role of “Advanced Imitators” leading the strategy of building energy storage changes between the power plant and the power grid. (2) In Eastern, Middle, and Southern China, the power plants and power grids on a greater-than-medium scale will choose to build energy storage without governmental regulations, due to the abundant net profit. (3) In the northeast of China, power plants with a medium-or-lower scale will choose not to build energy storage because of the relatively low on-grid price, and small power grids can make enough profits by operating energy storage facilities. (4) In Northern China, the large power plants and the medium power grids will choose to build energy storage due to the high electricity sale price and the resulting high profit. (5) In Western China, the small power plants and power grids cannot afford to build energy storage due to the low electricity price. The results lead to valuable policy suggestions for the local governments of China in promoting energy storage in the future. To meet the goal of energy storage popularization, regional electricity market plans need relevant policies based on its existing conditions, offering suitable external conditions for adding energy storage.
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Shokri Gazafroudi, Amin Shokri, Javier Prieto und Juan Manuel Corchado. „Virtual Organization Structure for Agent-Based Local Electricity Trading“. Energies 12, Nr. 8 (22.04.2019): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081521.
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End-users are more active because of demand response programs and the penetration of distributed energy resources in the bottom-layer of the power systems. This paper presents a virtual organization of agents of the power distribution grid for local energy trade. An iterative algorithm is proposed; it enables interaction between end-users and the Distribution Company (DisCo). Then, the performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in a 33-bus distribution network; its effectiveness is measured in terms of its impact on the energy trading scenarios and, thus, of its contribution to the energy management problem. According to the simulation results, although aggregators do not play the role of decision makers in the proposed model, our iterative algorithm is profitable for them.
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Gercek, Cihan, und Angèle Reinders. „Smart Appliances for Efficient Integration of Solar Energy: A Dutch Case Study of a Residential Smart Grid Pilot“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 3 (10.02.2019): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030581.
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This paper analyzes the use patterns of a residential smart grid pilot in the Netherlands, called PowerMatching City. The analysis is based on detailed monitoring data measured at 5-min intervals for the year 2012, originating from this pilot which was realized in 2007 in Groningen, Netherlands. In this pilot, smart appliances, heat pumps, micro-combined heat and power (µ-CHP), and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been installed to evaluate their efficiency, their ability to reduce peak electricity purchase, and their effects on self-sufficiency and on the local use of solar electricity. As a result of the evaluation, diverse yearly and weekly indicators have been determined, such as electricity purchase and delivery, solar production, flexible generation, and load. Depending on the household configuration, up to 40% of self-sufficiency is achieved on an annual average basis, and 14.4% of the total consumption were flexible. In general, we can conclude that micro-CHP contributed to keep purchase from the grid relatively constant throughout the seasons. Adding to that, smart appliances significantly contributed to load shifting in peak times. It is recommended that similar evaluations will be conducted in other smart grid pilots to statistically enhance insights in the functioning of residential smart grids.
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Wang, Kang Qi, Xiao Bin Tan und Shan Jin Yu. „Load Scheduling Strategies Based on Dynamic Price in Smart Grid“. Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (Dezember 2013): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.2495.
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The combination of renewable energy and dynamic electricity pricing is an important feature of modern smart grid. Due to the dynamic electricity price and the intermittency nature of renewable energy, a local small-scaled smart grid (microgrid) needs to intelligently schedule various work loads to determine their start and end time in order to maximize the utilization of renewable energy and minimize the total electricity cost. Since the workload that can be shifted/scheduled is classified into interruptible load and non-interruptible load, in this paper we present two novel recursive scheduling strategies based on dynamic programming for both categories. The simulation experiment demonstrates that our strategies can effectively save energy expenditure and increase the proportion of renewable energy in overall energy consumption.
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Faia, Ricardo, João Soares, Zita Vale und Juan Manuel Corchado. „An Optimization Model for Energy Community Costs Minimization Considering a Local Electricity Market between Prosumers and Electric Vehicles“. Electronics 10, Nr. 2 (09.01.2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020129.
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Electric vehicles have emerged as one of the most promising technologies, and their mass introduction may pose threats to the electricity grid. Several solutions have been proposed in an attempt to overcome this challenge in order to ease the integration of electric vehicles. A promising concept that can contribute to the proliferation of electric vehicles is the local electricity market. In this way, consumers and prosumers may transact electricity between peers at the local community level, reducing congestion, energy costs and the necessity of intermediary players such as retailers. Thus, this paper proposes an optimization model that simulates an electric energy market between prosumers and electric vehicles. An energy community with different types of prosumers is considered (household, commercial and industrial), and each of them is equipped with a photovoltaic panel and a battery system. This market is considered local because it takes place within a distribution grid and a local energy community. A mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed to solve the local energy transaction problem. The results suggest that our approach can provide a reduction between 1.6% to 3.5% in community energy costs.
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Faia, Ricardo, João Soares, Zita Vale und Juan Manuel Corchado. „An Optimization Model for Energy Community Costs Minimization Considering a Local Electricity Market between Prosumers and Electric Vehicles“. Electronics 10, Nr. 2 (09.01.2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020129.
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Electric vehicles have emerged as one of the most promising technologies, and their mass introduction may pose threats to the electricity grid. Several solutions have been proposed in an attempt to overcome this challenge in order to ease the integration of electric vehicles. A promising concept that can contribute to the proliferation of electric vehicles is the local electricity market. In this way, consumers and prosumers may transact electricity between peers at the local community level, reducing congestion, energy costs and the necessity of intermediary players such as retailers. Thus, this paper proposes an optimization model that simulates an electric energy market between prosumers and electric vehicles. An energy community with different types of prosumers is considered (household, commercial and industrial), and each of them is equipped with a photovoltaic panel and a battery system. This market is considered local because it takes place within a distribution grid and a local energy community. A mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed to solve the local energy transaction problem. The results suggest that our approach can provide a reduction between 1.6% to 3.5% in community energy costs.
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Fichera, Alberto, Elisa Marrasso, Maurizio Sasso und Rosaria Volpe. „Energy, Environmental and Economic Performance of an Urban Community Hybrid Distributed Energy System“. Energies 13, Nr. 10 (17.05.2020): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102545.
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Energy systems face great challenges from both the supply and demand sides. Strong efforts have been devoted to investigate technological solutions aiming at overcoming the problems of fossil fuel depletion and the environmental issues due to the carbon emissions. Hybrid (activated by both renewables and fossil fuels) distributed energy systems can be considered a very effective and promising technology to replace traditional centralized energy systems. As a most peculiar characteristic, they reduce the use of fossil sources and transmission and distribution losses along the main power grid and contribute to electric peak shaving and partial-loads losses reduction. As a direct consequence, the transition from centralized towards hybrid decentralized energy systems leads to a new role for citizens, shifting from a passive energy consumer to active prosumers able to produce energy and distribute energy. Such a complex system needs to be carefully modelled to account for the energy interactions with prosumers, local microgrids and main grids. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of a hybrid distributed energy system serving an urban community and modelled within the framework of agent-based theory. The model is of general validity and estimates (i) the layout of the links along which electricity is distributed among agents in the local microgrid, (ii) electricity exchanged among agents and (iii) electricity exported to the main power grid or imported from it. A scenario analysis has been conducted at varying the distance of connection among prosumers, the installed capacity in the area and the usage of links. The distributed energy system has been compared to a centralized energy system in which the electricity requests of the urban community are satisfied by taking electricity from the main grid. The comparison analysis is carried out from an energy, environmental and economic point of view by evaluating the primary energy saving, avoided carbon dioxide emissions and the simple payback period indices.
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Crimmann, Martina, und Reinhard Madlener. „Assessing Local Power Generation Potentials of Photovoltaics, Engine Cogeneration, and Heat Pumps: The Case of a Major Swiss City“. Energies 14, Nr. 17 (01.09.2021): 5432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175432.
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In this paper, we investigate the potentials of distributed generation (DG) in a medium-sized Swiss city. We show the role of private households in the sustainable energy transition process induced by Swiss energy policy. For the analysis, we define six scenarios that enable us to study the potentials and impacts of different combinations of DG technologies in terms of costs, CO2 emissions, and amounts and shares of DG provided by non-industrial end-users (essentially private households and the services sector). Three variants are investigated, one with real electricity costs and CO2 emissions, one with increased electricity costs (e.g., construction of new power plants), and one with increased CO2 emissions (e.g., due to the planned nuclear phase-out in Switzerland). We find that non-industrial entities can play an important role as prosumers. They mitigate the need for centralized generation. Within a scenario where the non-industrial energy end-users install water-water heat pumps and photovoltaics, a total reduction of the gas procurement from the grid is possible whereas the electricity demand from the grid increases by 24%. This scenario reveals higher DG electricity costs in comparison to conventional electricity supply, but the total costs of energy supply decrease due to the elimination of gas supply, and the CO2 emissions can be reduced by 68%.
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Lohmeier, Daniel, Dennis Cronbach, Simon Ruben Drauz, Martin Braun und Tanja Manuela Kneiske. „Pandapipes: An Open-Source Piping Grid Calculation Package for Multi-Energy Grid Simulations“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 23 (26.11.2020): 9899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239899.
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The increasing complexity of the design and operation evaluation process of multi-energy grids (MEGs) requires tools for the coupled simulation of power, gas and district heating grids. In this work, we analyze a number of applicable tools and find that most of them do not allow coupling of infrastructures, oversimplify the grid model or are based on inaccessible source code. We introduce the open source piping grid simulation tool pandapipes that—in interaction with pandapower—addresses three crucial criteria: clear data structure, adaptable MEG model setup and performance. In an introduction to pandapipes, we illustrate how it fulfills these criteria through its internal structure and demonstrate how it performs in comparison to STANET®. Then, we show two case studies that have been performed with pandapipes already. The first case study demonstrates a peak shaving strategy as an interaction of a local electricity and district heating grid in a small neighborhood. The second case study analyzes the potential of a power-to-gas device to provide flexibility in a power grid while considering gas grid constraints. These cases show the importance of performing coupled simulations for the design and analysis of future energy infrastructures, as well as why the software should fulfill the three criteria.
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Wang, Diangang, Shuo Song, Wei Gan und Kun Huang. „An algorithm for detecting abnormal electricity mode of power users“. MATEC Web of Conferences 189 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818904001.
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In order to reduce the non-technical loss and reduce the operating cost of the power company, an abnormal power consumption detection algorithm is proposed. The algorithm includes feature extraction, principal component analysis, grid processing, local outliers, and so on. Firstly, we extract several feature quantities that characterize the user's power consumption pattern, and map the X users to the two-dimensional plane by principal component analysis. Data visualization and easy to calculate local outliers, and grid processing techniques to filter out data points in low density regions. The algorithm is used to reduce the number of training samples in the power user data set, and to output the anomalies and probabilities of all users' behavior. The experimental results show that the use of the sorting only need to detect the anomaly of a few users can find a large number of abnormal users, significantly improve the efficiency of the algorithm.
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Zambrano, Telly Yarita Macías, Yoan Pablo Rodríguez Monier, Jean Telmo Mendoza Mera, Carmen Magdalena Mero Alcivar, Anita dolores zambrano Valencia und Douglas José Giler Loor. „Environmental impact of photovoltaic solar technology“. International journal of life sciences 5, Nr. 1 (28.04.2021): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v5n1.1137.
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The work presents an analysis linked to one of the environmentally sustainable energy alternatives that are currently being adopted with success Worldwide. Putting the field research method into practice, the results of a study related to an application of technological innovation are shown to reduce the amount of the electricity bill of a local teacher, through the introduction of photovoltaic technology connected to the low grid. Institution tension. The results of the load study and hourly energy consumption of said entity are shown and its own methodology is deployed for the technological design of a photovoltaic plant connected to the grid, which can avoid the energy consumption of the conventional grid, reducing the amount of the institution's electricity bill, at the same time that it is possible to reduce losses, improve the quality of electricity service and reduce COemissions2 into the atmosphere. The environmental and social impacts associated with the penetration of photovoltaic technology are exposed.
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Ahrens, Mischa, Fabian Kern und Hartmut Schmeck. „Strategies for an Adaptive Control System to Improve Power Grid Resilience with Smart Buildings“. Energies 14, Nr. 15 (24.07.2021): 4472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154472.
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Low-voltage distribution grids face new challenges through the expansion of decentralized, renewable energy generation and the electrification of the heat and mobility sectors. We present a multi-agent system consisting of the energy management systems of smart buildings, a central grid controller, and the local controller of a transformer. It can coordinate the provision of ancillary services for the local grid in a centralized way, coordinated by the central controller, and in a decentralized way, where each building makes independent control decisions based on locally measurable data. The presented system and the different control strategies provide the foundation for a fully adaptive grid control system we plan to implement in the future, which does not only provide resilience against electricity outages but also against communication failures by appropriate switching of strategies. The decentralized strategy, meant to be used during communication failures, could also be used exclusively if communication infrastructure is generally unavailable. The strategies are evaluated in a simulated scenario designed to represent the most extreme load conditions that might occur in low-voltage grids in the future. In the tested scenario, they can substantially reduce voltage range deviations, transformer temperatures, and line congestions.
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Pan, Ming Ming, und Shi Ming Tian. „Research on User-Side Distributed Power System Control Strategy“. Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (Februar 2014): 1881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1881.
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Distributed power system, especially the distributed power and micro-grid system in the mountain villages, islands and remote areas, has many advantages, which can be used as an effective supplement of grid to help solve the problem of electricity supply. The connected-grid inverter needs to be able to work in both grid mode and island operation mode in order to ensure the safety of the local critical load. The paper proposed the seamless switching control strategy for two modes of switching. The experimental results verify the property of the topology structure and control strategy.
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Mohseni, Soheil, Alan C. Brent und Daniel Burmester. „Community Resilience-Oriented Optimal Micro-Grid Capacity Expansion Planning: The Case of Totarabank Eco-Village, New Zealand“. Energies 13, Nr. 15 (02.08.2020): 3970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153970.
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In the grid-tied micro-grid context, energy resilience can be defined as the time period that a local energy system can supply the critical loads during an unplanned upstream grid outage. While the role of renewable-based micro-grids in enhancing communities’ energy resilience is well-appreciated, the academic literature on the techno-economic optimisation of community-scale micro-grids lacks a quantitative decision support analysis concerning the inclusion of a minimum resilience constraint in the optimisation process. Utilising a specifically-developed, time-based resilience capacity characterisation method to quantify the sustainability of micro-grids in the face of different levels of extended grid power outages, this paper facilitates stakeholder decision-making on the trade-off between the whole-life cost of a community micro-grid system and its degree of resilience. Furthermore, this paper focuses on energy infrastructure expansion planning, aiming to analyse the importance of micro-grid reinforcement to meet new sources of electricity demand—particularly, transport electrification—in addition to the business-as-usual demand growth. Using quantitative case study evidence from the Totarabank Subdivision in New Zealand, the paper concludes that at the current feed-in-tariff rate (NZ$0.08/kWh), the life cycle profitability of resilience-oriented community micro-grid capacity reinforcement is guaranteed within a New Zealand context, though constrained by capital requirements.
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Buffo, Giulio, Domenico Ferrero, Massimo Santarelli und Andrea Lanzini. „Reversible Solid Oxide Cell (ReSOC) as flexible polygeneration plant integrated with CO2 capture and reuse“. E3S Web of Conferences 113 (2019): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911302009.
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This work presents the concept of a Reversible Solid Oxide Cell (ReSOC) system localized in an urban residential district. The system is operated as a polygeneration plant that acts as interface between the electricity grid and the local micro-grid of the district. The ReSOC plant produces hydrogen via electrolysis during periods of low electricity demand (i.e., low-priced electricity). Hydrogen is used for multiple city needs: public mobility (H2 bus fleet), electricity production delivered to the micro-grid during peak-demand hours, and heat (accumulated in a storage) provided to the local district heating (DH) network. An additional option analyzed is the use of part of the H2 to produce DME using CO2 captured from biogas obtained from municipal solid wastes. The DME is used for fueling a fleet of trucks for the garbage collection in the residential district. A traditional CO2 removal process based on liquid MEA thermally integrated with the ReSOC system is studied. A time-resolved model interfaces the steady-state operating points with the thermal storage and the loads (electrical, H2 buses, DME trucks, heat), implementing constraints of thermal and H2 self-sufficiency on the system. Neglecting the DME option, the average daily roundtrip electric efficiency is about 38%, while the annual efficiency, which includes H2 mobility and thermal energy to DH, reaches 68%. When the DME option is considered, the thermal demand for CO2 removal and conversion process reduces the heat availability for DH, while the need for additional H2 for DME synthesis increases the electricity consumption for water electrolysis: both these phenomena imply a reduction of system efficiency (-9%) proportional to DME demand.
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Ghotge, Rishabh, Yitzhak Snow, Samira Farahani, Zofia Lukszo und Ad van Wijk. „Optimized Scheduling of EV Charging in Solar Parking Lots for Local Peak Reduction under EV Demand Uncertainty“. Energies 13, Nr. 5 (10.03.2020): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051275.
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Scheduled charging offers the potential for electric vehicles (EVs) to use renewable energy more efficiently, lowering costs and improving the stability of the electricity grid. Many studies related to EV charge scheduling found in the literature assume perfect or highly accurate knowledge of energy demand for EVs expected to arrive after the scheduling is performed. However, in practice, there is always a degree of uncertainty related to future EV charging demands. In this work, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) based smart charging strategy is developed, which takes this uncertainty into account, both in terms of the timing of the EV arrival as well as the magnitude of energy demand. The objective of the strategy is to reduce the peak electricity demand at an EV parking lot with PVarrays. The developed strategy is compared with both conventional EV charging as well as smart charging with an assumption of perfect knowledge of uncertain future events. The comparison reveals that the inclusion of a 24 h forecast of EV demand has a considerable effect on the improvement of the performance of the system. Further, strategies that are able to robustly consider uncertainty across many possible forecasts can reduce the peak electricity demand by as much as 39% at an office parking space. The reduction of peak electricity demand can lead to increased flexibility for system design, planning for EV charging facilities, deferral or avoidance of the upgrade of grid capacity as well as its better utilization.
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Baetens, R., R. De Coninck, L. Helsen und D. Saelens. „The Impact of Load Profile on the Grid-Interaction of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Systems in Low-Energy Dwellings“. Journal of Green Building 5, Nr. 4 (01.11.2010): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.5.4.137.
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A building integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV) system may produce the same amount of electricity as consumed in the building on a yearly base. The simultaneity of production and consumption however needs to be evaluated: the distribution grid is regarded as virtual storage and is loaded unconventionally or even overloaded. A detailed bottom-up modelling approach of the domestic load, thermal installations and the local generation of BIPV system may give more insight. The present paper aims at quantifying the impact of domestic load profiles on the grid-interaction of BIPV-equipped dwelling in a moderate Belgian climate wherefore the cover factor is defined. For a yearly electricity production that equals the yearly domestic demand, a cover factor of 0.42 is found if a classic heating system is installed, denoting that more than half of the produced electricity will be passed on to the grid and withdrawn on another moment. If a heat pump is used for space heating and domestic hot water, the cover factor decreases to 0.29.
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Arranz-Piera, Pol, Francis Kemausuor, Lawrence Darkwah, Ishmael Edjekumhene, Joan Cortés und Enrique Velo. „Mini-grid electricity service based on local agricultural residues: Feasibility study in rural Ghana“. Energy 153 (Juni 2018): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.058.
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Chakraborty, Shantanu, Remco Verzijlbergh, Kyri Baker, Milos Cvetkovic, Laurens De Vries und Zofia Lukszo. „A Coordination Mechanism For Reducing Price Spikes in Distribution Grids“. Energies 13, Nr. 10 (15.05.2020): 2500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102500.
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Recently, given the increased integration of renewables and growing uncertainty in demand, the wholesale market price has become highly volatile. Energy communities connected to the main electricity grid may be exposed to this increasing price volatility. Additionally, they may also be exposed to local network congestions, resulting in price spikes. Motivated by this problem, in this paper, we present a coordination mechanism between entities at the distribution grid to reduce price volatility. The mechanism relies on the concept of duality theory in mathematical programming through which explicit constraints can be imposed on the local electricity price. Constraining the dual variable related to price enables the quantification of the demand-side flexibility required to guarantee a certain price limit. We illustrate our approach with a case study of a congested distribution grid and an energy storage system as the source of the required demand-side flexibility. Through detailed simulations, we determine the optimal size and operation of the storage system required to constrain prices. An economic evaluation of the case study shows that the business case for providing the contracted flexibility with the storage system depends strongly on the chosen price limit.
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Munro, Paul G. „Energy political ecologies in the South Pacific: the politics of energy transitions in Vanuatu“. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 14, Nr. 2 (04.06.2021): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab006.
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Abstract In this article, I develop a political ecology analysis of Vanuatu’s grid electricity policies, with a specific focus on Espiritu Santo Island. I show how the global political economy looms large in shaping the island’s energy geographies. Colonial legacies, ideologically conflictive donor aid programmes, multinational corporate legal discords, parliamentary political caprices and the vicissitudes of the local environment all intersect to shape the spatial dynamics of electricity access that raises numerous energy justice concerns. The development of the island’s electricity infrastructure is not neutral; rather, it is a socio-technical product of these political economy mediations.
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Huang, Hui, Shilin Nie, Jin Lin, Yuanyuan Wang und Jun Dong. „Optimization of Peer-to-Peer Power Trading in a Microgrid with Distributed PV and Battery Energy Storage Systems“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 3 (27.01.2020): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030923.
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Integrating distributed generation (DG) into the main grid is a challenge for the safety and stability of the grid. The application of peer-to-peer (P2P) technology in microgrids with distributed generation is expected to facilitate increased self-consumption of distributed and renewable energy, and the rise of prosumers’ monetary benefits. A P2P energy trading model in microgrids with photovoltaic (PV) distributed generation and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) is proposed in this paper. We additionally designed a P2P electricity trading mechanism based on coalition game theory. A simulation framework of this model is presented which assumed a local community with 30 households under comprehensive constraints encompassing a customer load profile, PV system, BESSs, market signals including feed-in tariffs, and retail prices. Firstly, individual customers can post orders (purchasing orders or selling orders) and exchange information in a P2P energy trading market. Secondly, the microgrid operator can validate the orders based on how to achieve the minimum overall energy consumption in microgrids and set reasonable real-time purchasing and selling prices for P2P energy transactions. Thirdly, the orders can be automatically conducted and completed at the designed optimal price. This mechanism can be a practical solution motivating individual customers to participate in P2P electricity trading, assist with electricity cost reduction, benefit from electricity supply increases, and help the grid operators to make the most economically and socially friendly decisions.
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Majdi Nasab, Navid, Jeff Kilby und Leila Bakhtiaryfard. „Case Study of a Hybrid Wind and Tidal Turbines System with a Microgrid for Power Supply to a Remote Off-Grid Community in New Zealand“. Energies 14, Nr. 12 (18.06.2021): 3636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123636.
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This paper evaluates the feasibility of using a hybrid system consisting of wind and tidal turbines connected to a microgrid for power supply to coastal communities that are isolated from a main supply grid. The case study is Stewart Island, where the cost of electricity, provided by a central diesel power station, is higher than the grid network in New Zealand. Local residents believe that reducing the consumption of diesel and having a renewable source of electricity generation are two of the island’s highest priorities. Merging a tidal energy source (predictable) with wind (unpredictable) and diesel (back-up), through a microgrid, may be a way to increase reliability and decrease the cost of generation. Several off-grid configurations are simulated using HOMER and WRPLOT software. Using two wind and four tidal turbines, plus one diesel generator for back-up, is the best design in terms of lower greenhouse gas emissions, higher renewable fraction, and reduced net present cost.
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Klunne, Qim Jonker. „Small hydropower in Southern Africa – an overview of five countries in the region“. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, Nr. 3 (01.08.2013): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i3a3138.
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This paper looks at the status of small hydropower in Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. For each country, an overview will be given of the electricity sector and the role of hydropower, the potential for small hydropower and the expected future of this technology. Small hydropower has played an important role in the history of providing electricity in the region. After a period with limited interest in applications of small hydropower, in all five countries, a range of stakeholders from policy makers to developers are showing a renewed interest in small hydropower. Although different models were followed, all five countries covered in the paper do currently see activities around grid connected small scale hydropower. Particular frameworks that facilitate IPPs and Power Purchase Agreements with the national utility do provide a basis for (local) commercial banks to provide finance. Off-grid hydropower for rural electrification purposes sees activities in the countries with an active (support) role of government in this respect only. Small hydropower, renewable energy technology has large potential across the southern Africa region, both for grid connected and off-grid applications. Historically, small hydropower played an important role in the development of the region. Since the mid-1960s, however, the main emphasis has been on centralised fossil fuel-based electricity generation. Developers and policy makers have only recently begun looking at small hydropower again.
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Vourdoubas, John. „Islands with Zero Net Carbon Footprint due to Electricity Use. The Case of Crete, Greece“. European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 2, Nr. 1 (23.02.2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2021.2.1.116.
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European islands are pioneers in the development of renewable energy technologies. Aim of the current research is to investigate the possibility of zeroing the net annual carbon emissions due to electricity generation in the island of Crete, Greece. Crete, with population 634,930 permanent residents, has abundant solar and wind energy resources while electricity generation from solar-PV systems and wind farms is highly profitable. The electric grid of Crete was autonomous so far but currently its interconnection with the grid of continental Greece is under construction. This will allow soon the transfer of large amounts of electricity between Crete and the mainland. When excess electricity will be generated by solar and wind energy systems in the island it could be transferred in mainland and vice-versa. Carbon neutrality due to electricity generation in Crete can be achieved with local generation of “green solar and wind electricity” combined with electricity transfer via two electric cables with the mainland. Annual electricity generation in Crete is currently at 3,043 GWh while 21.22% of it is generated by renewable energies. Carbon emissions due to electricity generation are calculated at 3.22 tnCO2/capita. It has been estimated that the required size of solar-PV systems generating annually the electricity currently produced by fossil fuels in Crete is at 1,698 MWp while their cost is at 2.04 bil. €. The required size of wind farms generating annually the electricity currently produced by fossil fuels is at 950.6 MWel while their cost is at 0.914 bil. €. It is concluded that carbon neutrality due to electricity generation in Crete is technically and economically feasible.
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Irfan, Muhammad, Zhen-yu Zhao, Munir Ahmad und Abdul Rehman. „A Techno-Economic Analysis of Off-Grid Solar PV System: A Case Study for Punjab Province in Pakistan“. Processes 7, Nr. 10 (07.10.2019): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100708.
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Fossil fuels are the primary sources of electricity generation in Pakistan. The energy demand and supply gap have intensified recently due to the massive population and fossil fuels are unable to meet the gigantic energy requirement of the country. Meanwhile, they also have adverse environmental impacts. Remote rural regions that are far away from the national grid do not have any means to fulfill their energy needs. The off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) system has emerged to be the best energy option to electrify these remote regions. However, the strategic problem pertaining to local electricity generation is the absence of the area-specific generation capacity and economic feasibility data for solar energy. To address this problem, this study aims to assess the potential and economic viability of utilizing an off-grid solar PV system for rural electrification in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The research results reveal that there is an excellent solar irradiance in the rural areas of Punjab for electricity generation. In addition, suitable tilt angles have been calculated to increase the energy output of solar PV in the respective regions. Furthermore, this study has undertaken the economic viability for solar PV systems, and it was found that electricity generation from the solar PV costs Pakistani rupees (PKR) 7.15 per kWh and is much cheaper than conventional electricity, which costs PKR 20.7 per kWh. Besides, the system can reduce carbon emissions considerably. If 100% of the unelectrified households adopt solar PV system, then 617,020 metric tons of CO2 could be mitigated annually. Based on research findings, this study has suggested essential policy recommendations that would serve as a guideline for the government and stakeholders to maximum deploy the off-grid solar PV rural electrification programs in Punjab as well as on a national scale.
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Pownall, Thomas, Iain Soutar und Catherine Mitchell. „Re-Designing GB’s Electricity Market Design: A Conceptual Framework Which Recognises the Value of Distributed Energy Resources“. Energies 14, Nr. 4 (20.02.2021): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041124.
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The design of electricity markets determines the technologies, services and modes of operation that can access value, consequently shaping current and future electricity landscapes. This paper highlights that the efficacy of Great Britain’s electricity market design in facilitating net zero is inadequate and must be reconfigured. The rules of the current electricity market design are remnants of an electricity sector dominated by large-scale, centralised, fossil fuel technologies. Therefore, routes to market for the provision of necessary services to support net zero, not least flexibility, are largely inaccessible for distributed energy resources and, despite their benefits to the system, are thus undervalued. Based upon a review and consolidation of 30 proposed electricity market designs from liberalised electricity sectors, this paper proposes a new electricity market design for Great Britain. This design is presented alongside a new institutional framework to aid in the efficient operation of the market. Specifically, this paper proposes a new local balancing and coordinating market located at each grid supply point (the transmission and distribution interface). This is realised through the implementation of a distributed locational marginal pricing structure which is governed by the evolution of the current distributed network operator, known as the distributed service provider (DSP). The DSP also operates a local balancing and ancillary market for their geographical area. The wholesale market is reconfigured to coordinate with these new local markets and to harmonise the actors across the distribution and transmission network.
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Khanal, Kshitiz, und Bivek Baral. „Sub-national Energy Access Planning Model for Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study of Barpak“. Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, Nr. 3 (15.10.2020): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32179.
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As most nations have adopted the Sustainable Development agenda to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, it is vital that planning of energy systems at local, regional and national levels also align with the agenda in order to achieve the goals. This study explores the sustainability of primary energy resources of a rural community to meet growing demands of the community, in order to achieve SDGs for energy access Goal no. 7 (SDG7) at local level. Using a linear back-casting techno-economic energy access model that informs the expected change in energy demand in order to reach SDG7 targets, this study examined whether local energy resources would be enough to achieve the targets for Barpak VDC (named such at the time of data collection before Nepal’s administrative restructuring), and explored the possibility of importing electricity from national grid to attain SDG7 targets. By analyzing the outputs of the model for Barpak, we found that currently assessed local energy resources are insufficient to meet the energy access targets. Importing electricity from national grid, in addition to the mini-hydropower plant currently in operation at Barpak is needed to achieve the targets. Huge cost investment and timely expansion of transmission and distribution infrastructure is crucial. By 2030, total energy demand is expected to grow up to 50,000 Gigajoules per year. Electricity import from national grid grows steadily, reaching up to 45,000 Gigajoules in 2030. The social costs of energy will continue to be dominated by household sector till 2030, reaching up to 30 million Nepali Rupees per year in total. Use of wood as fuel, the only significant source of emission in the model is modeled to decrease linearly and stop by 2030, as required by SDGs. Emission of 17 Metric Tonnes of Carbon-dioxide and 4.5 million kg Methane equivalent is reduced to zero at 2030. This model serves as an innovative approach to integrate SDG targets to local and regional energy planning process, and can be adopted for energy systems and policy planning for various regions in Nepal.
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Uamusse, Miguel, Kamshat Tussupova, Kenneth Persson und Ronny Berndtsson. „Mini-Grid Hydropower for Rural Electrification in Mozambique: Meeting Local Needs with Supply in a Nexus Approach“. Water 11, Nr. 2 (12.02.2019): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020305.
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UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 states that access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy should be provided for all by 2030. Mozambique is one of the poorest countries on earth but has abundant supply of energy resources. The electrification rate, however, has been slow. Rural electrification is hampered by lack of basic infrastructure, institutional barriers, and low ability and willingness to pay for energy services. Thus, there is a general gap between electricity supply and demand. In view of this, the present paper investigates supply and demand of electricity for a typical rural case study area in Mozambique. We suggest a nexus approach to improve water, energy, and food security initiated at a local level. Households in the investigated case study area can be connected to a mini-grid hydropower system that allows for energy production to 80–200 households. To increase the economic profitability of the mini-grid hydropower system we suggest including small-scale industry. For the studied rural village, this would be constituted by a small-scale factory for milling of corn and other cereals. Electricity produced can thus be used for food processing but also for pumping water supply to households for domestic use and small-scale irrigated farming lots. The results indicate that the villagers have a real payment capacity of between 8 and 19 USD per MWh of generated hydropower. Benefits of rural electrification are direct. It contributes to improved living conditions for households and provides better nexus security and sustainable development within healthcare, education, and small-scale business development.
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Santos, João M., Pedro S. Moura und Aníbal T. de Almeida. „Technical and economic impact of residential electricity storage at local and grid level for Portugal“. Applied Energy 128 (September 2014): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.054.
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Dynge, Marthe Fogstad, Pedro Crespo del Granado, Naser Hashemipour und Magnus Korpås. „Impact of local electricity markets and peer-to-peer trading on low-voltage grid operations“. Applied Energy 301 (November 2021): 117404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117404.
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