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Zhou, Fan, Goce Trajcevski, Roberto Tamassia, Besim Avci, Ashfaq Khokhar und Peter Scheuermann. „Bypassing holes in sensor networks: Load-balance vs. latency“. Ad Hoc Networks 61 (Juni 2017): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2017.03.002.
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HARADA, Minoru, Kazuo ASHIDA, Takashi DENO und Yuji OHMOTO. „Experimental Study on Bypassing Tunnel of Bed Load Transport in a Reservoir“. PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 40 (1996): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.40.813.
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Nguyen, Phi Le, Yusheng Ji, Zhi Liu, Huy Vu und Khanh-Van Nguyen. „Distributed hole-bypassing protocol in WSNs with constant stretch and load balancing“. Computer Networks 129 (Dezember 2017): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2017.10.001.
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DOLOGLONYAN, A. V., und V. T. MATVIIENKO. „HEAT GENERATION CONTROL IN MICROGAS TURBINE PLANTS WITH WARMTH REGENERATION“. Fundamental and Applied Problems of Engineering and Technology 3 (2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7408-2021-347-3-3-11.
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The subject of consideration in the article is a mathematical model for calculating the main parameters of regenerative MGTPs when using bypassing cyclic air past the regenerator to control heat generation for cogeneration MGTPs. It has been established that the use of air bypassing past the regenerator makes it possible to change the amount of heat generated by the cogeneration MGTP over a wide range (up to 75...80%). This makes it possible to meet the needs of local facilities for heat at cyclic or variable heat load, ensuring the stability of the supply of electricity. This model can be used for simplified and preliminary calculations of MGTP.
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Clemens, F. H. L. R., H. J. van Mameren und J. Kollen. „Optimising the Efficiency of Storm Water Settling Basins by Means of Bypassing“. Water Science and Technology 27, Nr. 5-6 (01.03.1993): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0490.
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The reduction in pollutional load realised by storm water settling basins is potentially reduced due to the occurrence of a partially mixed situation in the basin or due to resuspension of settled material. The decrease in efficiency can theoretically be avoided by means of partially bypassing the basin. In order to quantify the potential increase in efficiency a settling basin in Amersfoort is taken as an example. This basin seems to behave like an almost completely mixed system, bypassing would increase the overall efficiency from ca. 34 % to ca 39 % for three overflows. The dynamic behaviour of settling basins, scouring conditions and the boundary conditions for which settling basins are to be designed are the research needs for further development in the field of storm water settling basins.
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Allen, Matthew J., Katy L. Townsend, Thomas W. Bauer, Stefan M. Gabriel, Mary OʼConnell und Anton Clifford. „Evaluation of the Safety of a Novel Knee Load-Bypassing Device in a Sheep Model“. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 94, Nr. 1 (Januar 2012): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.j.00918.
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Nguyen, Phi Le, Thanh Hung Nguyen und Kien Nguyen. „A Path-Length Efficient, Low-Overhead, Load-Balanced Routing Protocol for Maximum Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks with Holes“. Sensors 20, Nr. 9 (28.04.2020): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092506.
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In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with holes, designing efficient routing protocols, which prolong the network lifetime, is one of the most critical issues. To this end, this paper proposes a new geographic routing protocol for WSNs named the load Balanced and constant Stretch protocol for bypassing Multiple Holes (i.e., BSMH). In contrast to the existing works in the literature, the design of BSMH simultaneously takes into account the three factors that impacted the network lifetime, including routing path length, control packet overhead, and load balance among the nodes. Moreover, BSMH aims at minimizing the routing path length and the control overhead, while maximizing the load balance. We theoretically prove the efficiency of BSMH and extensively evaluate BSMH against the state-of-the-art protocols. The evaluation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the others in various investigated metrics, not only network lifetime, but also routing path stretch, load balance, and control overhead. Specifically, BSMH prolongs the network lifetime by 30 % compared to the existing protocols while guaranteeing that the routing path stretch is under 1.3 .
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Padmarasan, M., C. T. Manikandan, N. Karthikeyan, L. Jayaprakash und C. S. Ajin Sekhar. „A Novel Analysis of Improving Displacement Factor Using IVDFC in Distribution Systems“. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 6, Nr. 3 (01.09.2017): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v6.i3.pp193-202.
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In this paper discuss the new approach for improving displacement factor using an Interline Dynamic Voltage Restoring and Displacement Factor Controlling Device (IVDFC) in a distribution system. An Interline Dynamic Voltage Restorer (IDVR) is perpetually engaged in distribution systems to mitigate voltage sag/swell problems. An IDVR simply consists of numerous dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) sharing a common dc link connecting independent feeders to safe electric power to critical loads. The IDVR is operated that it hold the voltage across the critical load bus terminals constant at system nominal frequency irrespective of the changes occurring in source voltages frequency. While one of the DVRs compensates for the local voltage sag in its feeder, the other DVRs reload the common dc-link voltage. For normal voltage levels, the DVRs should be bypassed. Instead of bypassing the DVRs in normal conditions, this paper proposes operating the DVRs, if needed, to improve the displacement factor (DF) of one of the involved feeders. DF improvement can be achieved via active and reactive power exchange (PQ sharing) between different feeders. To successfully apply this concept, several constraints are addressed throughout the paper. The simulation model for this system is developed using MATLAB which is shown that the voltage across the critical load is regulated completely.
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Mattsson, Ann, Glen Nivert und Mari Heinonen. „Direct precipitation on demand at large Scandinavian WWTPs reduces the effluent phosphorus load“. Water Science and Technology 65, Nr. 12 (01.06.2012): 2106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.126.
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On demand use of direct precipitation of wastewater has been successfully implemented at several large Scandinavian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as a cost-efficient method of treating wastewater bypassing secondary treatment. During wet weather situations or when the capacity of secondary treatment is reduced excess wastewater can be treated through efficient direct precipitation. This increases the total capacity of the WWTP to remove phosphorus during these periods. This treatment strategy allows the WWTPs to meet stringent effluent phosphorus limits without extending secondary treatment of the main plant, despite high wet weather flows. The gain in terms of reduced phosphorus emissions varies depending on local conditions such as climate, collection system and secondary treatment capacity. It also varies from year to year depending on the weather and reductions of capacity due to planned refurbishing or unplanned breakdown of equipment. Operating chemical precipitation on demand has proved to contain challenges to operation and organisation of the WWTP. These challenges include logistics of start-up, training of staff and maintaining the system between occasions of operation. Sufficient up-stream storage capacity, reliable weather forecasts and good contracts with suppliers of chemicals are keys of success.
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P. Hassan, Mohamed, Abdullah Saad Mahmud, A. S. M. Rafie und Rizal Zahari. „Alternative Numerical Validation Methodology for Short-Term Development Projects“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 564 (Juni 2014): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.638.
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Virtual prototyping has been increasingly taking over the process of sole physical tests. Companies are reporting up to 80% reduction in errors when using virtual tests through the design process. Conventional numerical validation methodology however, is not as beneficial for short-term projects because any new numerical scenario has to be validated before being used. Although during the conceptual stage, relative values can be sufficient. The alternative methodology proposed also uses realistic loads. It comprise applying these loads on a functioning structure to verify them. The modified version of the structure is then relatively validated by being tested under these verified loads. Thus, bypassing the physical tests requirement. Aerodynamic loads are acquired from simulating the Gulfstream IV-SP forward fuselage during climbing, cruising and landing. Mechanical loads are acquired from estimating structural weight and impact load during landing. In total, three finite element models were created. Autodesk softwares were used to perform CFD and FEA. Only greater loads were applied during FEA. Results simplified neglected cruising data for having lowest values. Comparing estimated weights of functional and modified structures showed a possible 15% weight savings. While the FEA results showed a promising 45% less inquired stress within the modified structure.
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Klarmann, Noah, Benjamin Timo Zoller und Thomas Sattelmayer. „Numerical modeling of co-emissions for gas turbine combustors operating at part-load conditions“. Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 2 (06.07.2018): C3N5OA. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/jgpps.c3n5oa.
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A numerical model is presented for the precise prediction of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in gas turbine combustors. All models are based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This work starts with an introduction of fundamental mechanisms, which are responsible for CO emissions. As we will show, there is a need of CO-models as standard combustion models fail to predict CO-emissions precisely. For the purpose of validation, experiments are conducted. High ratios of secondary air is bypassing the burner in order to induce interaction of the flame front with secondary air, as the flame brush gets diluted and decreases in reactivity. Note, this is an important mechanism for elevated CO emissions in multi-burner systems with high staging ratio. Five operating points with each having a different adiabatic flame temperature were measured. They include equilibrium (complete burnout) and superequilibrium CO (incomplete burnout). In summary, it is shown that the prediction of CO with the presented models lead to a significant improvement as it captures the transition from equilibrium to superequilibrium CO. Furthermore, the strong underestimation of CO predicted by standard combustion models is shown.
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Ahnert, M., J. Tränckner, N. Günther, S. Hoeft und P. Krebs. „Model-based comparison of two ways to enhance WWTP capacity under stormwater conditions“. Water Science and Technology 60, Nr. 7 (01.10.2009): 1875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.514.
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Two different approaches to increase the fraction of combined water treated in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) which would otherwise contribute to combined sewer overflows (CSO) are presented and compared based on modelling results with regard to their efficiencies during various rain events. The first option is to generally increase the WWTP inflow according to its actual capacity rather than pre-setting a maximum that applies to worst case loading. In the second option the WWTP inflow is also increased, however, the extra inflow of combined water is bypassing the activated sludge tank and directly discharged to the secondary clarifier. Both approaches have their advantages. For the simulated time series with various rain events, the reduction of total COD load from CSOs and WWTP effluent discharged to the receiving water was up to 20% for both approaches. The total ammonia load reduction was between 6% for the bypass and 11% for inflow increase. A combination of both approaches minimises the adverse effects and the overall emission to the receiving water.
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Cihlář, Radim, Martin Nožička und Jakub Aubrecht. „The Bridge over the Chomutovka River Valley“. Solid State Phenomena 259 (Mai 2017): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.259.130.
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The purpose of this article is to describe the construction of the bridge spanning the Chomutovka river valley as a part of the road I/27 bypassing the village of Velemyšleves. The investor of this project is Ředitelství silnic a dálnic ČR, správa Chomutov (Directorate for Roads and Motorways of the Czech Republic, division Chomutov). The general constructor of the entire project is the association of companies Silnice Group a.s. and AZ sanace a.s., the constructor of the foundations and the pile foundation is AZ Sanace a.s. and the constructor of the bridge is SMP CZ, a.s. The project execution documentation was carried out by the planning agency NOVÁK & PARTNER s.r.o. The designer and lead construction engineer of the project is Doc. Ing. Lukáš Vráblík, Ph.D.The structure is a seven-span bridge with a total length of 537 m. The load bearing structure, constructed using cantilever casting and supporting construction, consists of a seven-span continuous box girder with two frame connections. The whole structure is to be opened for public use by the end of this year.
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Irfan, Furqan B., Sameer A. Pathan, Zain A. Bhutta, Mohamed E. Abbasy, Amr Elmoheen, Abdallah M. Elsaeidy, Tooba Tariq et al. „Health System Response and Adaptation to the Largest Sandstorm in the Middle East“. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, Nr. 2 (19.08.2016): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.111.
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AbstractThe State of Qatar experienced a sandstorm on the night of April 1, 2015, lasting approximately 12 hours, with winds of more than 100 km/h and average particulate matter of approximately 10 μm in diameter. The emergency department (ED) of the main tertiary hospital in Qatar managed 62% of the total emergency calls and those of higher triage order. The peak load of patients during the event manifested approximately 6 hours after the onset. The Major Emergency Command Centre of the hospital ensured the department was maximally organized in terms of disaster management, and established protocols were brought into action. Multiple timely meetings were convened in efforts to effectively execute plans that included rapid emergency medical services handover time, resourcing staff, maximizing bed space, preventing dust entry in the ED, bypassing certain administrative processes, canceling day-surgeries that did not affect inpatient morbidity, and procuring additional respiratory equipment. Patients arrived mainly with exacerbations of asthma and respiratory distress, ophthalmic emergencies, and vehicular trauma; surprisingly, the incidence of pedestrian injuries did not vary. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:227–238)
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Al-Salloum, Yousef A., und Ghulam Husain Siddiqi. „Optimum design of frames under alternate loading condition“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, Nr. 5 (01.10.1993): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-103.
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A generalized formulation of a procedure for optimum design of linear elastic plane frames under alternate loading condition is presented. The condition of alternate loading is employed to ensure that the optimum design, under individual application of envisaged load events, does not violate the limit state requirements on strength. The behavioral constraints both on strength and on displacement, including those of the axial load – moment interaction prescribed in code specifications, and the side constraints on member sizes are incorporated in the formulation. The method permits grouping of members to effect repetition and uniformity of member sizes, to a desired extent, throughout the structure. A predictor–corrector scheme is employed to arrive at the optimum design. The predicted design vector is expressed in terms of true member forces by an implicit scheme. In the correction phase, dynamic scaling and a unique process of step-size reduction are employed on the predicted design vector in the fully stressed design iteration to avoid bypassing an optimum during the search procedure. An algorithm for implementation of the proposed optimal design procedure is presented. The limit state design procedure of the Canadian Standard S16.1-M89, for members subjected to combined axial and bending action, is embedded in the algorithm. The algorithm is illustrated with an example problem and verified with results available in the literature. Key words: frames, optimum design, alternate loading, fully stressed, optimization, limit state.
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Schwarte, Lothar A., Artur Fournell, Jasper van Bommel und Can Ince. „Redistribution of intestinal microcirculatory oxygenation during acute hemodilution in pigs“. Journal of Applied Physiology 98, Nr. 3 (März 2005): 1070–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00861.2004.
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Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) compromizes intestinal microcirculatory oxygenation; however, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that contributors herein include redistribution of oxygen away from the intestines and shunting of oxygen within the intestines. The latter may be due to the impaired ability of erythrocytes to off-load oxygen within the microcirculation, thus yielding low tissue/plasma Po2 but elevated microcirculatory hemoglobin oxygen (HbO2) saturations. Alternatively, oxygen shunting may also be due to reduced erythrocyte deformability, hindering the ability of erythrocytes to enter capillaries. Anesthetized pigs underwent ANH (20, 40, 60, and 90 ml/kg hydroxyethyl starch; ANH group: n = 10; controls: n = 5). We measured systemic and mesenteric perfusion. Microvascular intestinal oxygenation was measured independently by remission spectrophotometry [microcirculatory HbO2 saturation (μHbO2)] and palladium-porphyrin phosphorescence quenching [microcirculatory oxygen pressure in plasma/tissue (μPo2)]. Microcirculatory oxygen shunting was assessed as the disparity between mucosal and mesenteric venous HbO2 saturation (HbO2-gap). Erythrocyte deformability was measured as shear stress-induced cell elongation (LORCA difractometer). ANH reduced hemoglobin concentration from 8.1 to 2.2 g/dl. Relative mesenteric perfusion decreased (decreased mesenteric/systemic perfusion fraction). A paralleled reduction occurred in mucosal μHbO2 (68 ± 2 to 41 ± 3%) and μPo2 (28 ± 1 to 17 ± 1 Torr). Thus the proposed constellation indicative for oxygen off-load deficits (sustained μHbO2 at decreased μPo2) did not develop. A twofold increase in the HbO2-gap indicated increasing intestinal microcirculatory oxygen shunting. Significant impairment in erythrocyte deformability developed during ANH. We conclude that reduced intestinal oxygenation during ANH is, in addition to redistribution of oxygen delivery away from the intestines, associated with oxygen shunting within the intestines. This shunting appears to be not primarily caused by oxygen off-load deficit but rather by oxygen/erythrocytes bypassing capillaries, wherein a potential contributor is impaired erythrocyte deformability.
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Wang, Fujen, Yishun Huang und BowoYuli Prasetyo. „Energy-Efficient Improvement Approaches through Numerical Simulation and Field Measurement for a Data Center“. Energies 12, Nr. 14 (18.07.2019): 2757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142757.
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The power density of electronic equipment increased dramatically recently. Data center and data processing and telecommunication facilities are facing the exceptionally high sensible heat loads which result in a large amount of energy consumption. In this study, a numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was conducted to investigate the influence of alternative approaches to avoid bypassing and recirculation for air distribution in a full-scale data center. Field measurements were extensively conducted to validate the simulation results. Various performance indexes were adopted to enhance the evaluation of the thermal performance of the data center. The simulation results revealed that the practice with hot aisle enclosure and the installation of blocking panels for the unoccupied racks can provide satisfactory airflow distribution and thermal management under low load conditions. The return temperature index (RTI) can be improved by 3% through CFD simulation through installation of the blank panels, which reveals the reduction of recirculation airflow. The return heat index (RHI) increases by 8%, which presents a reduction of bypass airflow. A practical experiment using physical air curtains was conducted to enclose the hot aisle in the data center, which also reveals an 8% improvement for bypass airflow. Higher cooling performance can be achieved via reduction of recirculation and bypass airflow in the data center. Through the simulation of different improvement approaches in the data center, the optimum practice for cooling airflow arrangement can be identified accordingly.
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Sabre, A. H., Wan Zuha Wan Hasan, Farah Hani Nordin und Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab-Kadir. „Stand-alone backup power system for electrical appliances with solar PV and grid options“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, Nr. 2 (01.02.2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i2.pp689-699.
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">For a portable backup power system, there is an essential need to contribute to increasing the energy conversion efficiency between the source and the electrical household appliances to overcome the recent issues of global warming. This paper proposes a Backup power system (BPS) compatible with the capability to match with two primary power sources; Grid-Connected power as an AC and solar-PV as a DC power source. This system composes of a rechargeable battery bank of about 300V, while the voltage matching concept keeps maintaining the battery fully charged as long as the source power is available. Matlab-based simulation has performed to prove the concept of the adopted voltage-matching. A relay switch circuit controlled by the main power source is used to change-over the load/appliances between direct link through bypassing the main power and the storage battery power when both options of main power are unavailable. The result shows the excellent utilization of the traditional BPS losses, the proposed topology can achieve about 99% power efficiency as compared with the traditional one.</span>
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Mayer, M., W. Smeets, R. Braun und W. Fuchs. „Enhanced ammonium removal from liquid anaerobic digestion residuals in an advanced sequencing batch reactor system“. Water Science and Technology 60, Nr. 7 (01.10.2009): 1649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.546.
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When treating effluents from anaerobic processing of organic wastes, the challenge lies in the large quantity of recalcitrant COD and in the high nitrogen content. The data presented in this study illustrate an advanced SBR concept that is able to significantly reduce the organic load. It was found that undigested mashed bio-waste bypassing the anaerobic digestion is highly suitable as an external carbon source to compensate deficiencies of readily biodegradable BOD required for denitrification. In order to utilize the carbon source as efficiently as possible, the SBR was operated in a mode by which nitrification/denitrification is achieved by a shortcut process using nitrite. This procedure reduced the requirement of an external carbon source to only 5% (v/v). Moreover, through an optimized SBR sequence for an influent concentration of 14,000 mg COD/l and 3,800 mg TN/l, nearly complete removal of nitrogen (>95%) was achieved. The average removal rates for COD and BOD were 83% and 86%, respectively. The applied hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the SBR was 6.8 days. The elevated temperature of 30–41°C in the reactor as a result of the high biological activity was advantageous in terms of enhanced reaction kinetics and also provided better process stability.
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Duan, Xintao, Mengxiao Gou, Nao Liu, Wenxin Wang und Chuan Qin. „High-Capacity Image Steganography Based on Improved Xception“. Sensors 20, Nr. 24 (17.12.2020): 7253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247253.
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The traditional cover modification steganography method only has low steganography ability. We propose a steganography method based on the convolutional neural network architecture (Xception) of deep separable convolutional layers in order to solve this problem. The Xception architecture is used for image steganography for the first time, which not only increases the width of the network, but also improves the adaptability of network expansion, and adds different receiving fields to carry out multi-scale information in it. By introducing jump connections, we solved the problems of gradient dissipation and gradient descent in the Xception architecture. After cascading the secret image and the mask image, high-quality images can be reconstructed through the network, which greatly improves the speed of steganography. When hiding, only the secret image and the cover image are cascaded, and then the secret image can be embedded in the cover image through the hidden network in order to obtain the secret image. After extraction, the secret image can be reconstructed by bypassing the secret image through the extraction network. The results show that the results that are obtained by our model have high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM), and the average high load capacity is 23.96 bpp (bit per pixel), thus realizing large-capacity image steganography surgery.
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Bryan, Emily R., Avinash Kollipara, Logan K. Trim, Charles W. Armitage, Alison J. Carey, Bettina Mihalas, Kate A. Redgrove, Eileen A. McLaughlin und Kenneth W. Beagley. „Hematogenous dissemination of Chlamydia muridarum from the urethra in macrophages causes testicular infection and sperm DNA damage†“. Biology of Reproduction 101, Nr. 4 (02.08.2019): 748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz146.
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Abstract The incidence of Chlamydia infection, in both females and males, is increasing worldwide. Male infections have been associated clinically with urethritis, epididymitis, and orchitis, believed to be caused by ascending infection, although the impact of infection on male fertility remains controversial. Using a mouse model of male chlamydial infection, we show that all the major testicular cell populations, germ cells, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and testicular macrophages can be productively infected. Furthermore, sperm isolated from vas deferens of infected mice also had increased levels of DNA damage as early as 4 weeks post-infection. Bilateral vasectomy, prior to infection, did not affect the chlamydial load recovered from testes at 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-infection, and Chlamydia-infected macrophages were detectable in blood and the testes as soon as 3 days post-infection. Partial depletion of macrophages with clodronate liposomes significantly reduced the testicular chlamydial burden, consistent with a hematogenous route of infection, with Chlamydia transported to the testes in infected macrophages. These data suggest that macrophages serve as Trojan horses, transporting Chlamydia from the penile urethra to the testes within 3 days of infection, bypassing the entire male reproductive tract. In the testes, infected macrophages likely transfer infection to Leydig, Sertoli, and germ cells, causing sperm DNA damage and impaired spermatogenesis.
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McArthur, Adam D., Julien Bailleul, Geoffroy Mahieux, Barbara Claussmann, Alex Wunderlich und William D. McCaffrey. „Deformation–sedimentation feedback and the development of anomalously thick aggradational turbidite lobes: Outcrop and subsurface examples from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand“. Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, Nr. 4 (09.04.2021): 362–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.013.
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ABSTRACT Concepts of the interaction between autogenic (e.g., flow process) and allogenic (e.g., tectonics) controls on sedimentation have advanced to a state that allows the controlling forces to be distinguished. Here we examine outcropping and subsurface Neogene deep-marine clastic systems that traversed the Hikurangi subduction margin via thrust-bounded trench-slope basins, providing an opportunity to examine the interplay of structural deformation and deep-marine sedimentation. Sedimentary logging and mapping of Miocene outcrops from the exhumed portion of the subduction wedge record heavily amalgamated, sand-rich lobe complexes, up to 200 m thick, which accumulated behind NE–SW-oriented growth structures. There was no significant deposition from low-density parts of the gravity flows in the basin center, although lateral fringes demonstrate fining and thinning indicative of deposits from low-density flows. Seismic data from the offshore portion of the margin show analogous lobate reflector geometries. These deposits accumulate into complexes up to 5 km wide, 8 km long, and 300 m thick, comparable in scale with the outcropping lobes on this margin. Mapping reveals lobe complexes that are vertically stacked behind thrusts. These results illustrate repeated trapping of the sandier parts of turbidity currents to form aggradational lobe complexes, with the finer-grained suspended load bypassing to areas downstream. However, the repeated development of lobes characterized by partial bypass implies that a feedback mechanism operates to perpetuate a partial confinement condition, via rejuvenation of accommodation. The mechanism proposed is a coupling of sediment loading and deformation rate, such that load-driven subsidence focuses stress on basin-bounding faults and perpetuates generation of accommodation in the basin, hence modulating tectonic forcing. Recognition of such a mechanism has implications for understanding the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of deep-marine fold and thrust belts and the distribution of resources within them.
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Stecco, Carla, Carmelo Pirri, Caterina Fede, Can A. Yucesoy, Raffaele De Caro und Antonio Stecco. „Fascial or Muscle Stretching? A Narrative Review“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 1 (30.12.2020): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010307.
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Stretching exercises are integral part of the rehabilitation and sport. Despite this, the mechanism behind its proposed effect remains ambiguous. It is assumed that flexibility increases, e.g., action on muscle and tendon, respectively, but this is not always present in the stretching protocol of the exercises used. Recently, the fasciae have increased popularity and seems that they can have a role to define the flexibility and the perception of the limitation of the maximal range of motion (ROM). Deep fascia is also considered a key element to transmit load in parallel bypassing the joints, transmitting around 30% of the force generated during a muscular contraction. So, it seems impossible dividing the action of the muscles from the fasciae, but they have to be considered as a “myofascial unit”. The purpose of this manuscript is to evaluate the mechanical behavior of muscles, tendons, and fasciae to better understand how they can interact during passive stretching. Stress-strain values of muscle, tendon and fascia demonstrate that during passive stretching, the fascia is the first tissue that limit the elongation, suggesting that fascial tissue is probably the major target of static stretching. A better understanding of myofascial force transmission, and the study of the biomechanical behavior of fasciae, with also the thixotropic effect, can help to design a correct plan of stretching.
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Vouzara, Triantafyllia, Maryam el Chares und Kleoniki Lyroudia. „Separated Instrument in Endodontics: Frequency, Treatment and Prognosis“. Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 22, Nr. 3 (01.09.2018): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjdm-2018-0022.
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SummaryInstrument separation during endodontic therapy is a frequent accident with rotary instruments being more likely to separate than manual ones. The treatment of cases with a separated instrument can be either conservative or surgical. A conservative approach involves the following treatment choices: a) bypass of the fragment, b) removal of the fragment, c) instrumentation and obturation coronally to the fragment. Concerning the removal of a separated instrument, a variety of techniques and systems have been developed. Ultrasonics, in combination with the operative microscope constitute the most effective and reliable tools for removing a separated endodontic instrument from a root canal. The likelihood of successful removal depends on: the level of separation (coronal, middle or apical third); location in relation to the root canal curvature; the type of separated instrument; its length; the degree of canal curvature and the tooth type. Several complications may occur during the management of a separated instrument: separation of the ultrasonic tip or file used for bypassing or removing the instrument; further separation of the fragment; perforation; ledge; extrusion of the file into periapical tissues; tooth weakening due to dentin removal, as well as excessive temperature rise in periodontal tissues. Prognosis for a tooth retaining a separated instrument depends on the presence of a periapical lesion, the microbial load of the root canal during the time of separation and the quality of the obturation.
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Weitz, Andrew C., Matthew R. Behrend, Nan Sook Lee, Ronald L. Klein, Vince A. Chiodo, William W. Hauswirth, Mark S. Humayun, James D. Weiland und Robert H. Chow. „Imaging the response of the retina to electrical stimulation with genetically encoded calcium indicators“. Journal of Neurophysiology 109, Nr. 7 (01.04.2013): 1979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00852.2012.
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Epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to stimulate surviving retinal neurons, thus bypassing the diseased photoreceptor layer. Single-unit or multielectrode recordings from isolated animal retina are commonly used to inform the design of these implants. However, such electrical recordings provide limited information about the spatial patterns of retinal activation. Calcium imaging overcomes this limitation, as imaging enables high spatial resolution mapping of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activity as well as simultaneous recording from hundreds of RGCs. Prior experiments in amphibian retina have demonstrated proof of principle, yet experiments in mammalian retina have been hindered by the inability to load calcium indicators into mature mammalian RGCs. Here, we report a method for labeling the majority of ganglion cells in adult rat retina with genetically encoded calcium indicators, specifically GCaMP3 and GCaMP5G. Intravitreal injection of an adeno-associated viral vector targets ∼85% of ganglion cells with high specificity. Because of the large fluorescence signals provided by the GCaMP sensors, we can now for the first time visualize the response of the retina to electrical stimulation in real-time. Imaging transduced retinas mounted on multielectrode arrays reveals how stimulus pulse shape can dramatically affect the spatial extent of RGC activation, which has clear implications in prosthetic applications. Our method can be easily adapted to work with other fluorescent indicator proteins in both wild-type and transgenic mammals.
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Tsandev, I., C. Rabouille, C. P. Slomp und P. Van Cappellen. „Shelf erosion and submarine river canyons: implications for deep-sea oxygenation and ocean productivity during glaciation“. Biogeosciences Discussions 7, Nr. 1 (02.02.2010): 879–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-879-2010.
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Abstract. The areal exposure of continental shelves during glacial sea level lowering enhanced the transfer of erodible reactive organic matter to the open ocean. Sea level fall also activated submarine canyons thereby allowing large rivers to deposit their particulate load, via gravity flows, directly in the deep-sea. Here, we analyze the effects of shelf erosion and particulate matter re-routing to the open ocean during interglacial to glacial transitions, using a coupled model of the marine phosphorus, organic carbon and oxygen cycles. The results indicate that shelf erosion and submarine canyon formation may significantly lower deep sea oxygen levels, by up to 25%, during sea level low stands, mainly due to the supply of new material from the shelves, and to a lesser extent due to particulate organic matter bypassing the coastal zone. Our simulations imply that deep-sea oxygen levels can drop significantly if eroded shelf material is deposited to the seafloor. Thus the glacial ocean's oxygen content could have been significantly lower than during interglacial stages. Primary production, organic carbon burial and dissolved phosphorus inventories are all affected by the erosion and rerouting mechanisms. However, re-routing of the continental and eroded shelf material to the deep sea-sea has the effect of decoupling deep-sea oxygen demand from primary productivity in the open ocean. P burial is also not affected showing a disconnection between the biogeochemical cycles in the water column and the P burial record.
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Tsandev, I., C. Rabouille, C. P. Slomp und P. Van Cappellen. „Shelf erosion and submarine river canyons: implications for deep-sea oxygenation and ocean productivity during glaciation“. Biogeosciences 7, Nr. 6 (22.06.2010): 1973–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1973-2010.
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Abstract. The areal exposure of continental shelves during glacial sea level lowering enhanced the transfer of erodible reactive organic matter to the open ocean. Sea level fall also activated submarine canyons thereby allowing large rivers to deposit their particulate load, via gravity flows, directly in the deep-sea. Here, we analyze the effects of shelf erosion and particulate matter re-routing to the open ocean during interglacial to glacial transitions, using a coupled model of the marine phosphorus, organic carbon and oxygen cycles. The results indicate that shelf erosion and submarine canyon formation may significantly lower deep-sea oxygen levels, by up to 25%, during sea level low stands, mainly due to the supply of new material from the shelves, and to a lesser extent due to particulate organic matter bypassing the coastal zone. Our simulations imply that deep-sea oxygen levels can drop significantly if eroded shelf material is deposited to the seafloor. Thus the glacial ocean's oxygen content could have been significantly lower than during interglacial stages. Primary production, organic carbon burial and dissolved phosphorus inventories are all affected by the erosion and rerouting mechanisms. However, re-routing of the continental and eroded shelf material to the deep-sea has the effect of decoupling deep-sea oxygen demand from primary productivity in the open ocean. P burial is also not affected showing a disconnection between the biogeochemical cycles in the water column and the P burial record.
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Musumeci, Teresa, Angela Bonaccorso und Giovanni Puglisi. „Epilepsy Disease and Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Polymeric Nanoparticles: An Overview“. Pharmaceutics 11, Nr. 3 (13.03.2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030118.
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Epilepsy is the fourth most common global neurological problem, which can be considered a spectrum disorder because of its various causes, seizure types, its ability to vary in severity and the impact from person to person, as well as its range of co-existing conditions. The approaches to drug therapy of epilepsy are directed at the control of symptoms by chronic administration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These AEDs are administered orally or intravenously but alternative routes of administration are needed to overcome some important limits. Intranasal (IN) administration represents an attractive route because it is possible to reach the brain bypassing the blood brain barrier while the drug avoids first-pass metabolism. It is possible to obtain an increase in patient compliance for the easy and non-invasive route of administration. This route, however, has some drawbacks such as mucociliary clearance and the small volume that can be administered, in fact, only drugs that are efficacious at low doses can be considered. The drug also needs excellent aqueous solubility or must be able to be formulated using solubilizing agents. The use of nanomedicine formulations able to encapsulate active molecules represents a good strategy to overcome several limitations of this route and of conventional drugs. The aim of this review is to discuss the innovative application of nanomedicine for epilepsy treatment using nose-to-brain delivery with particular attention focused on polymeric nanoparticles to load drugs.
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Böhm, V., S. Kühnert, H. Rohm und G. Scholze. „Improving the Nutritional Quality of Microwave-vacuum Dried Strawberries: A Preliminary Study“. Food Science and Technology International 12, Nr. 1 (Februar 2006): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013206062136.
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Microwave-vacuum drying is an up-to-date technique for the conservation of fruits and vegetables, resulting in products with improved texture and colour. In order to evaluate the effects on the content of ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity, three strawberry varieties were subjected to microwave-vacuum (MV) drying combined with convective pre- and post-drying, convective drying, and freeze-drying. The MV drying procedure comprised immersion in a pretreatment bath, pre-drying in a belt dryer to a moisture load of approx 45 g/100 g dry matter, and microwave treatment at 4 kPa for 8 min, leading to products with 5 g/100 g moisture. During post-drying, the moisture content was further reduced to approx 2 g/100 g. Convective drying and MV drying decreased the content of ascorbic acid to approx 40% of the initial value, phenolic compounds to approx 35%, and the antioxidative capacity to approx 60%. No reduction was observed in freeze-dried strawberries. Bypassing the pre-treatment bath, extending residence time in the pre-dryer to reduce temperature peaks, and reducing MV treatment time increased the recovery of ascorbic acid to approx 65%. Phenolic compounds remained stable, and the reduction of the antioxidative capacity was limited to 10% – 25%. Except ascorbic acid, the residual concentration of nutritionally relevant compounds after improving the processing conditions was close to the values as observed for freeze-dried products.
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Vanni, Simo, und Kimmo Uutela. „Foveal Attention Modulates Responses to Peripheral Stimuli“. Journal of Neurophysiology 83, Nr. 4 (01.04.2000): 2443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.2443.
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When attending to a visual object, peripheral stimuli must be monitored for appropriate redirection of attention and gaze. Earlier work has revealed precentral and posterior parietal activation when attention has been directed to peripheral vision. We wanted to find out whether similar cortical areas are active when stimuli are presented in nonattended regions of the visual field. The timing and distribution of neuromagnetic responses to a peripheral luminance stimulus were studied in human subjects with and without attention to fixation. Cortical current distribution was analyzed with a minimum L1-norm estimate. Attention enhanced responses 100–160 ms after the stimulus onset in the right precentral cortex, close to the known location of the right frontal eye field. In subjects whose right precentral region was not distinctly active before 160 ms, focused attention commonly enhanced right inferior parietal responses between 180 and 240 ms, whereas in the subjects with clear earlier precentral response no parietal enhancement was detected. In control studies both attended and nonattended stimuli in the peripheral visual field evoked the right precentral response, whereas during auditory attention the visual stimuli failed to evoke such response. These results show that during focused visual attention the right precentral cortex is sensitive to stimuli in all parts of the visual field. A rapid response suggests bypassing of elaborate analysis of stimulus features, possibly to encode target location for a saccade or redirection of attention. In addition, load for frontal and parietal nodi of the attentional network seem to vary between individuals.
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Al-Khateeb, H., A. Meir und G. C. Singer. „Bilateral Periprosthetic Stress Fractures in a Juvenile Chronic Arthritis Patient Secondary to Bilateral Genu Valgum“. HIP International 17, Nr. 3 (Juli 2007): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112070000701700310.
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Lateral insufficiency fractures following total hip replacement have been reported with the femoral stems positioned in varus, together with osteopenia of the lateral femoral cortex. Any abnormal alignment of the lower limbs, such as genu valgum, will alter the load distribution across the femoral cortices, and repetitive loading during walking will predispose the bones to stress fractures at any stress riser point, such as the tip of a femoral component. Bilateral femoral stress fractures post total hip replacements have not been previously described. We present a 55-year-old woman, diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, who had undergone bilateral total hip replacements and bilateral knee replacements. The knees 15 years postoperatively were in valgus and the left knee was extremely stiff, flexing to just 5°. The patient presented with bilateral thigh pain, with plain radiographs confirming bilateral periprosthetic fractures of the femur at the tip of well-fixed femoral components. There was no history of injury and her hips were functioning well up to this time. The patient required revision of both hips to long-stem uncemented components, bypassing the fractures, and revision of both knees to stemmed semi-constrained implants, thereby correcting the alignment of both lower limbs. Both fractures healed and the patient is currently pain-free and mobile with walking aids. Surgeons must remain aware that when implants are in situ, abnormal alignments will lead to abnormal forces, and stress fractures are likely to occur at any stress riser around the implant. Avoiding malalignment will avoid this complication.
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Heirman, Wim, Stijn Eyerman, Kristof Du Bois und Ibrahim Hur. „Automatic Sublining for Efficient Sparse Memory Accesses“. ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 18, Nr. 3 (Juni 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3452141.
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Sparse memory accesses, which are scattered accesses to single elements of a large data structure, are a challenge for current processor architectures. Their lack of spatial and temporal locality and their irregularity makes caches and traditional stream prefetchers useless. Furthermore, performing standard caching and prefetching on sparse accesses wastes precious memory bandwidth and thrashes caches, deteriorating performance for regular accesses. Bypassing prefetchers and caches for sparse accesses, and fetching only a single element (e.g., 8 B) from main memory (subline access), can solve these issues. Deciding which accesses to handle as sparse accesses and which as regular cached accesses, is a challenging task, with a large potential impact on performance. Not only is performance reduced by treating sparse accesses as regular accesses, not caching accesses that do have locality also negatively impacts performance by significantly increasing their latency and bandwidth consumption. Furthermore, this decision depends on the dynamic environment, such as input set characteristics and system load, making a static decision by the programmer or compiler suboptimal. We propose the Instruction Spatial Locality Estimator ( ISLE ), a hardware detector that finds instructions that access isolated words in a sea of unused data. These sparse accesses are dynamically converted into uncached subline accesses, while keeping regular accesses cached. ISLE does not require modifying source code or binaries, and adapts automatically to a changing environment (input data, available bandwidth, etc.). We apply ISLE to a graph analytics processor running sparse graph workloads, and show that ISLE outperforms the performance of no subline accesses, manual sublining, and prior work on detecting sparse accesses.
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Agrawal, Mridul, Philipp Erben, Benjamin Hanfstein, Hannah Daikeler, Juliana Popa, Thomas Schenk, Armin Leitner, Richard C. Woodman, Andreas Hochhaus und Martin C. Müller. „MDR1 Expression and Pre-Treatment Tumor Load Predict Molecular Response in CML Patients On Nilotinib Therapy After Imatinib Failure.“ Blood 114, Nr. 22 (20.11.2009): 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.2615.2615.
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Abstract Abstract 2615 Poster Board II-591 Introduction: The majority of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase achieve and maintain complete cytogenetic remission after frontline therapy with imatinib mesylate. In case of resistance or intolerance to imatinib, a switch to second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as nilotinib or dasatinib, is recommended. Mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase domain and various BCR-ABL independent mechanisms, e.g. clonal evolution and pathways bypassing BCR-ABL are considered as leading causes of resistance. Efficacy of imatinib and nilotinib depends on intracellular drug levels, which are influenced by the activity of the efflux transporter protein multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1, ABCB1 or P-gp). MDR1 involvement in the pathogenesis of resistance to nilotinib was postulated (Mahon et al., Cancer Res 2008). Aim: Hence, we evaluated the predictive impact of MDR1 expression levels as well as pre-treatment BCR-ABL load from imatinib resistant CML patients on molecular responses during second line therapy with nilotinib. Patients and Methods: Imatinib resistant patients in chronic phase CML treated with nilotinib (n=94) were investigated. Baseline BCR-ABL mutations were detected by D-HPLC and direct sequencing. MDR1 and BCR-ABL mRNA expression levels were determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) using LightCycler™ technology, normalized against beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression and standardized according to the international scale (IS). Log-rank tests were performed to analyze and compare the time to achieve major (MMR, BCR-ABL IS ≤0.1%) or good molecular response (BCR-ABL IS ≤1%). Results: Within 12 or 24 months of nilotinib therapy, 22% and 27% of patients achieved MMR, and 37% and 41% of patients attained good molecular response, respectively. After 12 or 24 months, patients with MDR1/GUS ratios ≥2.5 (60%) achieved MMR in an estimated rate of 45% and 53%, whereas those with initial MDR1/GUS ratios <2.5 (40%) showed MMR in 14% and 14%, respectively (p=0.034). Good molecular response was attained in 52% vs 49% and 63% vs 66% after 12 and 24 months (ns). Further, BCR-ABL load prior to nilotinib revealed a significant impact on consecutive molecular response. BCR-ABL IS <28% separated best concerning prediction of MMR after 12 and 24 months (53% vs 25% and 53% vs 34%, p=0.002) and good molecular response (62% vs 44% and 85% vs 51%, p=0.004). Combining the two methods implied the definition of a low risk group (20%; pre-treatment BCR-ABL IS <28% and MDR1/GUS ratios ≥2.5) in contrast to a high risk group (27%; pre-treatment BCR-ABL IS ≥28% and MDR1/GUS <2.5) achieving MMR in 67% vs 6% of the patients after 24 months (p=0.0004). No relevant differences were found looking at subgroups of patients bearing BCR-ABL mutations. Conclusions: Pre-treatment expression levels of MDR1 and BCR-ABL tumor load predicts molecular responses of imatinib resistant chronic phase CML patients within the first two years of treatment with nilotinib. Disclosures: Woodman: Novartis Oncology: Employment. Hochhaus:Novartis : Research Funding.
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Rumyantsev, D. V., L. V. Krupnov, R. V. Starykh, R. A. Marchuk und V. B. Fomichev. „Using shell-type tuyeres at Pierce–Smith horizontal converters of the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant“. Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy) 1, Nr. 1 (11.02.2021): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2021-1-16-27.
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Since 2015 the processing capacity reconfiguration at the Polar Branch of MMC Norilsk Nickel (hereinafter PB) sets new goals for conventional pyrometallurgical processes of smelting and converting. The design flowsheet of Kolesnikov Nadezhda Metallurgical Abstract: Plant (hereinafter NMP) provided for «cross-converting» when copper matte was first processed in one converter to produce blister copper followed by nickel matte processing to yield copper-nickel converter matte bypassing the discharge of dry coagulated slag. This flowsheet allowed for converter heat balance optimization, decreasing the formation of refractory reverts and significant extension of the converter campaign. PB Nickel Plant shutdown resulted in copper processing elimination at NMP and switching the converters to the conventional nickel converting flowsheet. In turn, it gave rise to the need for solutions to extend converter campaign while maintaining the possibility to process large amounts of nickel slag from the second converting stage at the PB Copper Plant. For this purpose the series of lab experiments were carried out to develop the technology and design documentation for the system to supply oxygen-enriched air (up to 45 %) to horizontal converters using shell-type tuyeres. In addition, literature data were analyzed on this topic along with the experience of smelters in this area. Process design calculations were done. The efforts were taken in cooperation with the PB engineering personnel and Laboratory of Pyrometallurgy of LLC «Gipronickel Institute». The use of reduced diameter shell-type tuyeres to inject the oxygen-air mixture was found to decrease the converter blowing and off-gas volumes. The decline in off-gas quantity leads to reduced heat load on the converter mouth and flue duct system, as well as to lowered converter dust entrainment. The use of oxygen-enriched blowing implies the higher smelt heating rate. Excess heat compensation requires timely charging of cold reverts and flux. In emergencies (if cold reverts are not available) the oxygen content of the blowing has to be reduced until switching over to air blowing. The series of the above efforts will offer a possibility to use the shell-type tuyeres keeping the converter off-gas temperature at the current level. Thus continuous monitoring and efficient control will ensure the off-gas temperature and volume at the inlets of gas cooling and cleaning systems not exceeding the limiting values. The introduction of the reduced diameter shell-type tuyeres for air-oxygen mixture injection does not require any upgrade of the existing gas cooling and cleaning systems. Moreover, switching to these tuyeres will reduce gas load on the flue duct system and heat load on the water-cooled dust cap, lower dust entrainment and non-recoverable dust losses after the gas cleaning system.
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Van Der Velden, Daphne Liselotte, Lisanne C. Hamming, Henk M. W. Verheul, Haiko Bloemendal, Katrien Grunberg, Alwin Huitema, Pieternella J. Lugtenburg, Filip Yves Francine Leon De Vos, Hans Gelderblom und Emile E. Voest. „The Drug Rediscovery Protocol (DRUP).“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2017): 2547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.2547.
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2547 Background: Bringing precision medicine to cancer patients remains a challenge. For many cancers, the relative contribution of tumor type, mutations or CNV to drug sensitivity remains unknown. In addition, drug access is generally limited to the labeled indication, bypassing rarer disease subgroups for which large trials are not feasible. An innovative trial that facilitates drug access, whilst systematically analyzing treatment outcomes and biomarkers, could help overcome these challenges. Methods: We designed a prospective, non randomized clinical trial in which patients with advanced cancer are treated with targeted or immunotherapy matched to their tumor profile, defined by genetic aberration, microsatellite instability (MSI) or high mutational load (HML). Upon a mandatory pre-treatment tumor biopsy for biomarker research, patients are enrolled in multiple parallel cohorts, each defined by study drug, histologic tumor type and molecular tumor profile. Efficacy is analyzed per cohort, enrolling 8 patients in stage I and 16 more in stage II if ≥1 response is observed in stage I. Study endpoints include objective tumor response (CR or PR), stable disease (SD) at 16 weeks and grade≥3 adverse events. The DRUP is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02925234). Results: Since start of recruitment in Sep 2016, 76 patients have been submitted for review (mean per month 15, range 8-17) and 16 (21%) have started treatment in 10 different cohorts, directed at either ATM (n = 1; breast cancer), BRAF (n = 2; salivary duct carcinoma and ACUP), BRCA (n = 1; breast cancer), ERBB2 (n = 2; CRC), HML (n = 2; prostate and CRC), MSI (n = 5; CRC, GBM and urothelial carcinoma), RET (n = 1; NSCLC) or RAS-RAFwt (n = 2; SCC and sarcoma). Out of the 7 patients for whom response evaluation is available, PR (n = 2) or SD at 16 weeks (n = 1) was observed in 3 (43%). Thirteen study drugs (supplied by 6 pharmaceutical companies) are currently available, 6 more are expected soon. Conclusions: Execution of a nationwide multidrug precision oncology trial is feasible. It contributes to oncologists’ education on molecularly targeted therapies and to identification of early signs of activity in rare cancer subsets. Data sharing with similar studies such as TAPUR and CAPTUR will help to enlarge cohorts and affirm conclusions. Clinical trial information: NCT02925234.
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Molyakov, V. D., B. A. Kunikeev und N. I. Troitskiy. „The Efficiency of Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines Controlled by Different Methods and Programs“. Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, Nr. 03 (720) (März 2020): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2020-3-51-63.
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Closed-cycle gas turbine units can be used as power plants for advanced nuclear power stations, spacecraft, ground, surface and underwater vehicles. The purpose and power capacity of closed gas turbine units (CGTU) determine their specific design schemes, taking into account efficient operation of the units both in the nominal (design) mode and in partial power modes. Control methods of both closed and open gas turbine units depend on the scheme and design of the installation but the former differ from the latter mainly in their ability to change gas pressure at the entrance to the low-pressure compressor. This pressure can be changed by controlling the mass circulating in the CGTU circuit, adding or releasing part of the working fluid from the closed system as well as by internal bypassing of the working fluid. At a constant circulating mass in the single-shaft CGTU, the temperature of the gas before the turbines and the shaft speed can be adjusted depending on the type of load. The rotational speed of the turbine shaft, blocked with the compressor, can be adjusted in specific ways, such as changing the cross sections of the flow of the impellers. At a constant mass of the working fluid, the pressure at the entrance to the low-pressure compressor varies depending on the control program. The efficiency of the CGTU in partial power modes depends on the installation scheme, control method and program. The most economical control method is changing the pressure in the circuit. Extraction of the working fluid into special receivers while maintaining the same temperature in all sections of the unit leads to a proportional decrease in the density of the working fluid in all sections and the preservation of gas-dynamic similarity in the nodes (compressors, turbines and pipelines). Specific heat flux rates, and therefore, temperatures change slightly in heat exchangers. As the density decreases, heat fluxes change, as the heat transfer coefficient decreases more slowly than the density of the working fluid. With a decrease in power, this leads to a slight increase in the degree of regeneration and cooling in the heat exchangers. The underestimation of these phenomena in the calculations can be compensated by the underestimation of the growth of losses in partial power modes.
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Niemann, K., und H. Orth. „Control measures for wastewater treatment plants during storm flow“. Water Science and Technology 43, Nr. 11 (01.06.2001): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0696.
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In the context of the development of treatrnent plant control techniques, three measures for maintaining a high efficiency of treatment plants during rainfall events were tested. The three measures are increasing the nitrification volume by operating a facultative aeration, bypassing the primary sedimentation and adding flocculants before secondary sedimentation. Ammonia concentrations and ammonia loads were used in combination with rainfall forecasts as the criteria for putting the measures into operation. A simulation based on the Activated Sludge Model No.1 and a pilot scale plant were used for testing the measures. The results show that all three measures may be suitable to cope with peak loads of treatment plants during rainfall events.
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Irons, F. E. „Why the cavity-mode method for deriving Planck's law is flawed“. Canadian Journal of Physics 83, Nr. 6 (01.06.2005): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-030.
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The cavity-mode method for deriving Planck's law (the method pioneered by Lord Rayleigh in 1900 for the regime hv << kT) is known to lack internal consistency. Past attempts at bypassing the inconsistency have proceeded by postulating a novel type of interaction between radiation and matter, one which contrasts with the type of interaction to be found in the widely accepted, detailed balancing method for deriving Planck's law (the method pioneered by Planck and Einstein). The paper examines this issue and finds that the novel interaction is an invention without supportive evidence, being just the type of interaction needed to bypass the inconsistency. The conclusion is that the inconsistency remains real and the cavity-mode method for deriving Planck's law remains flawed.PACS Nos.: 01.55.+b, 42.50.p
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Lichner, Ľubomír, Jaromír Dušek, Louis W. Dekker, Natalia Zhukova, Pavol Faško, Ladislav Holko und Miloslav Šír. „Comparison of two methods to assess heterogeneity of water flow in soils“. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 61, Nr. 4 (01.12.2013): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2013-0038.
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Abstract The heterogeneity of water flow and solute transport was assessed during radioactive tracer infiltration experiment in a black clay loam soil using modified methods to estimate the effective cross section (ECS) and the degree of preferential flow (DPF). The results of field and numerical experiments showed that these parameters characterized the heterogeneity of water flow in the soils unequivocally. The ECS decreases non-linearly and the DPF increases linearly with an increase of the bypassing ratio (ratio of macropore flow rate to total flow rate). The ECS decreased and the DPF increased with depth, which suggests an increase in the heterogeneity of water flow with depth. The plot of the DPF against ECS values calculated from the tracer experiment data was consistent with the relationship obtained by the numerical simulation assuming preferential flow in the neighbourhood of three probes.
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Agrawal, Mridul, Philipp Erben, Benjamin Hanfstein, Armin Leitner, John Reynolds, Richard C. Woodman, Laura Robin, Wolf-Karsten Hofmann, Andreas Hochhaus und Martin C. Müller. „Molecular Predictors for the Response to Nilotinib Treatment After Acquired Imatinib Failure In Ph+ Chronic Myeloid Leukemia“. Blood 116, Nr. 21 (19.11.2010): 2283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.2283.2283.
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Abstract Abstract 2283 Introduction: A switch to the 2nd generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib has been proven to be effective in case of resistance or intolerance to imatinib for the majority of patients with Ph+ chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase (CP). Besides mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase domain and various BCR-ABL-independent mechanisms, e.g. clonal evolution and activation of pathways bypassing BCR-ABL, efficacy of imatinib and nilotinib are dependent on intracellular drug levels, which are influenced by the activity of the efflux transporter protein multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1). Cell culture data suggest overexpression of MDR1 as a cause of resistance to nilotinib (Mahon et al., Cancer Res 2008). Moreover, Dulucq et al. (Blood 2008) report the association of MDR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the chance to achieve major molecular response (MMR) on first-line imatinib therapy. Aim: In order to allow risk stratification, we sought to elucidate molecular markers, e.g. MDR1 gene expression, BCR-ABL transcript burden, BCR-ABL mutation status and common SNPs in the MDR1 gene regarding their potency to predict therapy-related endpoints, such as MMR, complete cytogenetic response (CCyR), and progression-free survival (PFS) during second line therapy with nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML-CP patients. Patients and Methods: A cohort of 83 imatinib-resistant patients in chronic phase CML treated with nilotinib was investigated within the AMN107A2101 phase I/II trial. Baseline BCR-ABL mutations were detected by D-HPLC and direct sequencing. MDR1 and BCR-ABL mRNA expression levels were determined by qRT-PCR using LightCycler™ technology, normalized against beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression. BCR-ABL levels were standardized according to the international scale (IS). MDR1 SNPs (1236C>T, 2677G>T) were investigated using conventional sequencing. Log-rank tests were performed to compare the time to MMR (BCR-ABL IS ≤0.1%), CCyR, and PFS. Results: By 12 or 24 months, patients with MDR1/GUS ratios ≥2 achieved MMR in an estimated rate of 34%, CCyR was attained in rates of 53% and 58%, and PFS rates were 88% and 75%, whereas those with initial MDR1/GUS ratios <2 showed MMR in 13% (p=0.026), CCyR in 25% and 35% (p=0.028), and PFS in 71% and 50% (p=0.027), respectively (Table). Further, combining BCR-ABL load and MDR1 expression prior to nilotinib produced a significant association with subsequent molecular and cytogenetic response and PFS. By 12 or 24 months, patients presenting with BCR-ABL IS <13% and MDR1/GUS ≥2 showed MMR in 56%, CCyR in 75% and 81% and longer PFS in 93% and 85% compared to those with BCR-ABL IS ≥13% and MDR1/GUS <2 achieving MMR rates of 5% (p<0.001), CCyR rates of 26% and 38% (p=0.002) and PFS rates of 72% and 41%, respectively (p=0.013). Also, BCR-ABL kinase domain mutation status prior to the onset of nilotinib was significantly associated with PFS under nilotinib therapy: Patients without any mutation showed PFS rates of 90% and 71% at 12 or 24 months, respectively; whereas those harboring less sensitive or resistant mutations (Hughes et al., JCO 2009) attained only 26% PFS (p=0.028). Except for patients harboring less sensitive or resistant mutations there was no significant difference between unmutated and mutated patients. 31 of 39 patients revealed SNPs at the 1236 position and 33 of the 39 showed SNPs at the 2677 position. Nilotinib efficacy was not affected by MDR1 SNPs. Neither an association with the molecular outcome nor MDR1 gene expression under nilotinib therapy was found. Conclusions: The rates of MMR, CCyR, and PFS on nilotinib 2nd line therapy are significantly associated with baseline levels of MDR1 gene expression and tumor burden of imatinib-resistant CML-CP patients. Further, baseline BCR-ABL mutations predict the probability of PFS rates but do not seem to do so for MMR and CCyR. These findings might deliver new molecular tools for the clinical risk stratification for treatment with nilotinib in case of resistance under imatinib front line therapy and suggest the need for prospective validation. Disclosures: Reynolds: Novartis Oncology: Employment, Equity Ownership. Woodman: Novartis Oncology: Employment. Robin: Novartis Oncology: Employment. Hofmann: Novartis Oncology: Honoraria, Research Funding. Hochhaus: Novartis Oncology: Honoraria, Research Funding. Müller: Novartis Oncology: Honoraria, Research Funding.
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Carroll, Steven S., Kenneth Koeplinger, Marissa Vavrek, Nanyan Rena Zhang, Laurence Handt, Malcolm MacCoss, David B. Olsen et al. „Antiviral Efficacy upon Administration of a HepDirect Prodrug of 2′-C-Methylcytidine to Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Chimpanzees“. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, Nr. 8 (31.05.2011): 3854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01152-10.
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ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) infects an estimated 170 million individuals worldwide, and the current standard of care, a combination of pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin, is efficacious in achieving sustained viral response in ∼50% of treated patients. Novel therapies under investigation include the use of nucleoside analog inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. NM283, a 3′-valyl ester prodrug of 2′-C-methylcytidine, has demonstrated antiviral efficacy in HCV-infected patients (N. Afdhal et al., J. Hepatol.46[Suppl. 1]:S5, 2007; N. Afdhal et al., J. Hepatol.44[Suppl. 2]:S19, 2006). One approach to increase the antiviral efficacy of 2′-C-methylcytidine is to increase the concentration of the active inhibitory species, the 5′-triphosphate, in infected hepatocytes. HepDirect prodrug technology can increase intracellular concentrations of a nucleoside triphosphate in hepatocytes by introducing the nucleoside monophosphate into the cell, bypassing the initial kinase step that is often rate limiting. Screening for 2′-C-methylcytidine triphosphate levels in rat liver after oral dosing identified 1-[3,5-difluorophenyl]-1,3-propandiol as an efficient prodrug modification. To determine antiviral efficacyin vivo, the prodrug was administered separately via oral and intravenous dosing to two HCV-infected chimpanzees. Circulating viral loads declined by ∼1.4 log10IU/ml and by >3.6 log10IU/ml after oral and intravenous dosing, respectively. The viral loads rebounded after the end of dosing to predose levels. The results indicate that a robust antiviral response can be achieved upon administration of the prodrug.
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Drandi, Daniela, Lenka Kubiczkovà, Nadia Dani, Simone Ferrero, Luigia Monitillo, Barbara Mantoan, Elisa Genuardi et al. „Improved Igh-Based MRD Detection By Using Droplet Digital PCR: a Comparison With Real Time Quantitative PCR In MCL and MM“. Blood 122, Nr. 21 (15.11.2013): 4290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.4290.4290.
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Abstract Background In mature lymphoid disorders, minimal residual disease (MRD) detection based on real time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement (IgH) has a well-established role in prognostic assessment, particularly in Mantle cell Lymphoma (MCL) and Multiple Myeloma (MM). RQ-PCR has excellent sensitivity and specificity but has a major limitation in its relative quantification nature, as it requires a reference standard curve usually built with dilutions of diagnostic tumor DNA or on plasmids containing the target rearrangement. Droplet Digital PCR (DD-PCR), applying the principle of limiting dilution of DNA and single molecule detection allows a reliable absolute quantification of target. In this study we compared IgH-based MRD detection by RQ-PCR and DD-PCR, to assess whether DD-PCR could achieve the same performances of RQ-PCR in the absence of the limitation mentioned above. Methods Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) samples were collected from patients affected by MCL and MM in which RQ-PCR based MRD analysis was already performed in the context of prospective clinical trials. In all trials patients gave the informed consent for MRD determination. IgH-based MRD detection by RQ-PCR was carried out as previously described [Ladetto et al. BBMT 2000] and results were interpreted according to the Euro-MRD guidelines [van der Velden et al. Leukemia 2007]. DD-PCR was performed by the QX100 Droplet Digital PCR system (Bio-RAD Inc.) on 500 ng of genomic DNA combined with the same Allele Specific Oligonucleotides (ASO)-primers and TaqMan-probes used in the RQ-PCR. Droplets were generated by QX100 droplet generator. End-point PCR (40 cycles) was performed on a T100 Thermal cycler (Bio-RAD Inc). The PCR product was loaded in the QX100 droplet reader and analyzed by QuantaSoft 1.2 (Bio-Rad Inc). For data interpretation RQ-PCR and DD-PCR results were expressed as amount of target copies per 1E+05 cells. Comparability of MRD results by DD-PCR and RQ-PCR was assessed by means of bivariate correlations between methods analysis (R2.15.1 package irr). Discordances were classified as follows: a positive/negative discordance was defined as major when the positive result was >1E-04 and minor when ≤1E-04; a quantitative discordance was defined as the presence of two positive results with a quantitative discrepancy >1 log. Results Overall, 161 samples belonging to 35 patients (18 MCL and 17 MM), 66 MCL and 95 MM were analyzed. 35 samples were taken at diagnosis and 126 at follow-up. 118 were BM while 43 were PB. A significant correlation was found between DD-PCR and RQ-PCR (R2=0.89, p<0.0001) (fig). DD-PCR and RQ-PCR showed superimposable sensitivity (10-5). Specificity in terms of appearance of non-specific amplifications signals in no-template samples (tested for all patients) and reproducibility on 30 replicates (4 samples) were superimposable. 128 out of 161 samples were fully concordant (Choen's K=0.80). MRD detection was concordantly positive in 106/161 (65.8%) samples and concordantly negative in 22/161 samples (13.7%). Only 5/161 (3.1%) samples showed major qualitative discordance. 28/161 (17.4%) samples showed minor qualitative discordance (which might be related to Poisson's statistics). Quantitative discordances were observed in 5/161 (3.1%) of cases (positive non quantifiable (PNQ) cases were conventionally placed to a value intermediate between sensitivity and quantitative range). Interestingly, 17 samples negative by RQ-PCR were scored positive by DD-PCR (median 6 copies, range 2-74) while 16 samples positive by RQ-PCR (median 5 copies, range 2-44) were negative by DD-PCR. Conclusions Here we report for the first time the use of DD-PCR in the context of IgH-based MRD evaluation in lymphoproliferative disorders. DD-PCR is a feasible tool for IGH-based MRD monitoring in MCL and MM, reaching similar sensitivities compared to standardized RQ-PCR. Moreover DD-PCR allows bypassing the need of building a standard curve thus considerably reducing the complexity of IgH-based RQ-PCR (need of purified diagnostic tissue or Flow Cytometry-based quantification of tumor load or diagnosis, or building of a plasmid-derived standard curve). Finally DD-PCR might potentially overcome the problem of positive non-quantifiable samples. These features make DD-PCR a feasible and attractive alternative method for IgH-based MRD assessment. Disclosures: Kubiczkovà: GAP304/10/1395 : Research Funding; MUNI/11/InGA17/2012: Research Funding.
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Siciliani, Paolo. „The Disruption of the Prudential Regulatory Framework“. Journal of Financial Regulation 5, Nr. 2 (September 2019): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jfr/fjz009.
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ABSTRACT This article first explores how the prudential regulatory framework may be drastically changed as a result of the adoption of regtech and suptech innovations. The adoption of a shared data architecture, whereby the regulator is provided with seamless access to the accounts of regulated firms, may result in the development of a centralized approach to regulatory modelling, thus bypassing the existing partition between internal models and standardized approaches. Secondly, this article discusses how, thanks to the adoption of advanced predictive analytics, non-bank fintech lenders can gain insights into borrowers’ creditworthiness irrespective of banks’ control over traditional sources of information for credit scoring. This, though, may give rise to a new type of strategic gaming, this time by borrowers keen to maximize their chances of being granted a loan. In any case, preventing banks from adopting these new methods for the purpose of regulatory modelling might weaken their competitiveness. Thirdly, this article explores whether the transition to a centralized approach for credit risk management would conflate the distinction between microprudential and macroprudential interventions, in particular with respect to the countercyclical macroprudential policy. Finally, the article argues that non-bank (fintech) firms could be persuaded to coalesce behind endorsement of the new regulatory shared data platform in return for the support from the central bank. In this way, the regulatory perimeter could be extended in order to steer the adoption of financial innovations in a manner that benefits society overall.
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Bortoff, A., und L. F. Sillin. „Changes in intercellular electrical coupling of smooth muscle accompanying atrophy and hypertrophy“. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 250, Nr. 2 (01.02.1986): C292—C298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1986.250.2.c292.
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Longitudinal tissue impedance was determined for cat circular intestinal muscle that was either hypertrophied due to volume overloading or atrophied due to defunctionalization. These conditions were produced by bypassing 50 cm of jejuno-ileum in six cats and, 2-6 mo later, removing segments from the proximal jejunum of the hypertrophied functional gut and from the atrophied proximal end of the bypassed loop. Impedances were compared with those of jejunal circular muscle from 15 normal cats. Specific tissue impedance was determined by a modification of the method of Tomita (J. Physiol. Lond. 201: 145-159, 1969), which employs Krebs and Krebs-sucrose solutions; a tissue shrinkage of 5%, empirically found to occur in Krebs-sucrose solution, was corrected for. Impedance values were determined at 20 frequencies between 30 Hz and 30 kHz. The value at 30 kHz was taken to represent the specific myoplasmic resistance (Rmyo) of each tissue, while the difference between the value of 30 Hz and 30 kHz was taken to represent the specific junctional resistance (Rj). Values (in omega X cm) for Rmyo were control 134 +/- 2, functional 128 +/- 5, bypassed 151 +/- 6 (mean of means +/- SE). Corresponding values for Rj were control 173 +/- 15, functional 96 +/- 27, bypassed 340 +/- 75. Calculated values (in microF/cm) for junctional capacitance were control 2.66, functional 6.10, bypassed 1.97. Acid uncoupling by saturating the bathing solutions with 100% CO2 revealed a pH-sensitive resistive component of Rj, assumed to be attributable to gap junctions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ribeiro-Gomes, Flavia L., Eric Henrique Roma, Matheus B. H. Carneiro, Nicole A. Doria, David L. Sacks und Nathan C. Peters. „Site-Dependent Recruitment of Inflammatory Cells Determines the Effective Dose of Leishmania major“. Infection and Immunity 82, Nr. 7 (14.04.2014): 2713–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01600-13.
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ABSTRACTThe route of pathogen inoculation by needle has been shown to influence the outcome of infection. Employing needle inoculation of the obligately intracellular parasiteLeishmania major, which is transmitted in nature following intradermal (i.d.) deposition of parasites by the bite of an infected sand fly, we identified differences in the preexisting and acute cellular responses in mice following i.d. inoculation of the ear, subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation of the footpad, or inoculation of the peritoneal cavity (intraperitoneal [i.p.] inoculation). Initiation of infection at different sites was associated with different phagocytic populations. Neutrophils were the dominant infected cells following i.d., but not s.c. or i.p., inoculation. Inoculation of the ear dermis resulted in higher frequencies of total and infected neutrophils than inoculation of the footpad, and these higher frequencies were associated with a 10-fold increase in early parasite loads. Following inoculation of the ear in the absence of neutrophils, parasite phagocytosis by other cell types did not increase, and fewer parasites were able to establish infection. The frequency of infected neutrophils within the total infected CD11b+population was higher than the frequency of total neutrophils within the total CD11b+population, demonstrating that neutrophils are overrepresented as a proportion of infected cells. Employing i.d. inoculation to model sand fly transmission of parasites has significant consequences for infection outcome relative to that of s.c. or i.p. inoculation, including the phenotype of infected cells and the number of parasites that establish infection. Vector-borne infections initiated in the dermis likely involve adaptations to this unique microenvironment. Bypassing or altering this initial step has significant consequences for infection.
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Cunagin, Wiley, W. A. Mickler und Charles Wright. „Evasion of Weight-Enforcement Stations by Trucks“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1570, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1570-21.
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Highway engineers have become increasingly concerned about the deterioration of the nation’s highway pavements. They suspect that overweight trucks are a primary cause of the problem. Before 1979, the data needed to assess the magnitude of the overweight-truck problem did not exist. Consequently, several studies were conducted to address the magnitude and location of overweight trucking. These studies included efforts to improve truck weight-enforcement programs and to assess the feasibility of using weigh-in-motion (WIM) equipment for weight enforcement. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) undertook the study documented in this paper. The objective of the study was to assess the magnitude, expressed in equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs), of the problem of avoidance of weight-enforcement stations by overweight trucks. The study also considered whether bypassing traffic was local or interstate. FDOT selected the I-95 corridor in the northeast corner of Florida. Two permanent weight-enforcement stations and four bypass route locations were used as traffic monitoring sites. The results of the study indicate that the numbers of overweight vehicles decrease with increasing enforcement activity, but that vehicles attempt to bypass permanent truck weight-enforcement stations. In general, the violations at the permanent weight-enforcement stations were minor, whereas those on the bypass routes were much more severe. These results, when considered with the WIM data and the experience of truck weight-enforcement officers, suggest that only intensive enforcement activity can reduce violations to low levels. Information for enforcement, especially in the definition and quantification of the scale avoidance problem, is provided. Recommendations are made concerning corridor areas and extended and random enforcement operations.
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Krugly, Edvinas, Viktoras Račys und Inga Urniežaitė. „Prediction of Oil Removal Efficeiency in Coalescing Modules of Oil-Water Separators“. Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 15.03.2017, 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/eco-tech.2010.018.
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Oil pollution is coming to the open waters and wastewater treatment plants mainly with runoff from the streets, filling-stations and other dispersed sources. With the aim to avoid negative impact on the environment, sufficient wastewater treatment technologies and methods have to be used. The main objective of this research - to enable prediction of oil/water separator's efficiency, while changing it’s technological factors (hydraulic load, separator’s nominal size, coalescing modules configuration and number, etc.). The oil/water separator’s efficiency was tested using the test apparatus, in accordance with the standard EN 858-1. Statistical methods for data evaluation and oil/water separator's efficiency prediction were used; as the result, the efficiency was improved 1.5 - 10 times. The main outcome of this research – instrument, enabling to design the efficient oil/water separator for specific conditions, bypassing experimental testing.
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Tănasă, Constantin, Romeo Susan-Resiga, Sebastian Muntean und Alin Ilie Bosioc. „Flow-Feedback Method for Mitigating the Vortex Rope in Decelerated Swirling Flows“. Journal of Fluids Engineering 135, Nr. 6 (12.04.2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4023946.
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When reaction hydraulic turbines are operated far from the design operating regime, particularly at partial discharge, swirling flow instability is developed downstream of the runner, in the discharge cone, with a precessing helical vortex and its associated severe pressure fluctuations. Bosioc et al. (2012, “Unsteady Pressure Analysis of a Swirling Flow With Vortex Rope and Axial Water Injection in a Discharge Cone,” ASME J. Fluids Eng., 134(8), p. 081104) showed that this instability can be successfully mitigated by injecting a water jet along the axis. However, the jet discharge is too large to be supplied with high pressure water bypassing the runner, since this discharge is associated with the volumetric loss. In the present paper we demonstrate that the control jet injected at the inlet of the conical diffuser can actually be supplied with water collected from the discharge cone outlet, thus introducing a new concept of flow feedback. In this case, the jet is driven by the pressure difference between the cone wall, where the feedback spiral case is located, and the pressure at the jet nozzle outlet. In order to reach the required threshold value of the jet discharge, we also introduce ejector pumps to partially compensate for the hydraulic losses in the return pipes. Extensive experimental investigations show that the wall pressure fluctuations are successfully mitigated when the jet reaches 12% of the main flow discharge for a typical part load turbine operating regime. About 10% of the jet discharge is supplied by the plain flow feedback, and only 2% boost is insured by the ejector pumps. As a result, this new approach paves the way towards practical applications in real hydraulic turbines.
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Gammon, Rupert, und Momodou Sallah. „Preliminary Findings From a Pilot Study of Electric Vehicle Recharging From a Stand-Alone Solar Minigrid“. Frontiers in Energy Research 8 (25.01.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.563498.
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The symbiosis between smart minigrids and electric mobility has the potential to improve the cost and reliability of energy access for off-grid communities while providing low-carbon transport services. This study explores the commercial viability of using electric vehicles (EVs), recharged by solar minigrids, to provide transport services in off-grid communities. Preliminary findings are presented from a field trial in The Gambia that aims to assess the techno-economic feasibility of integrating sustainable energy and transport infrastructures in sun-rich regions of the Global South. As a dispatchable anchor load, an EV can improve the technical and economic performance of a minigrid by providing demand-side response services. In the developing world, rural communities are often among the poorest, and inadequate transport services remain a major barrier to wealth-creation. Some solutions to this situation may be transferrable to island communities, which share similar challenges in terms of access to energy and fuel. The first of its kind in Africa, this field trial uses an electric minivan, operating from an off-grid village where it has access to a minigrid whose 4.5 kWp of photovoltaic modules form the roof of a parking shelter for the vehicle. While there, the taxi can recharge, ideally during sunny periods when the photovoltaic array produces surplus power, thus allowing the EV’s battery to recharge while bypassing the minigrid’s own accumulator. This improves system reliability and cost effectiveness, while providing pollution-free energy for the taxi. Ultimately, the intention is to test different vehicles in a variety of circumstances, but this paper outlines only the preliminary findings of the first of these trials. Early results provide convincing new evidence that commercial viability of such a concept is possible in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some promising scenarios for commercial viability are identified, which warrant further investigation, since they suggest that a taxi driver’s earnings could be increased between 250 and 1,300% in local operations, and even 20-fold in tourist markets, depending on vehicle type, minigrid configuration and target market. It is hoped that these may encourage the rollout of solar-recharged EVs where the nexus of sustainable energy and transport systems are likely to make the greatest contribution to addressing the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, by helping to solve the trilemma of providing energy security, social benefit and environmental sustainability in low-income countries.
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Aslam, Mohammed, Md Noushad Javed, Hala Hasan Deeb, Michel Kaisar Nicola, Ayisha Md Sabir, Md Saquib Hasnain, Md Sabir Alam und Aafreen Waziri. „Lipid carriers mediated targeted delivery of nutraceuticals: Challenges, role of blood brain barrier and promises of nanotechnology based ap-proaches in neuronal disorders.“ Current Drug Metabolism 21 (28.07.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200221999200728143511.
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: Despite all significant research in discovering new therapeuticals, there has been an alarming rate of reported neurological disorders. However, the delivery of these neurotherapeuticals within the brain region is still a significant chal-lenge in the clinical management of neuronal disorders. Here, characteristic of the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier serves the purpose of a physiological barrier to restrict the passage of systemic bioavailable neu-rotherapeuticals inside the brain, owing to low permeability and drug localization issues. The major advantage of such lipid-based delivery systems is that these are effective non–invasive techniques-based approaches that enable targeting of neuro-therapeuticals into the central nervous system. In the case of poorly water-soluble drugs, these lipid-based carriers not onlyfavor to increase bioavailability by enabling better solubility characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract but such encapsulat-ed neurotherapeuticals loads within the systems; may also favor stability. While owing to their small size and lipid-based composition, they offer enhanced permeability across the blood-brain barrier. These lipid-based nanocarriers effectively transport the encapsulated loads such as synthetic drugs, nutraceuticals, phytoconstituents, herbal extracts, or therapeuticalpeptides; across of these impermeable barriers to reduce the incidence of off-target mediated adverse impacts and toxicity. : In this review, we discussed, in brief, the potential of nanotechnology processed and lipid-based carriers, which are not onlyto enable higher penetration through the blood-brain barrier but also to maintain drug plasma levels in the desired range, ow-ing to control release profile. Apart from an increase in the extent of bioavailable fraction of drugs within the brain region, other attributes such as modulation in drug release, better penetration, the incidence of bypassing the first-pass metabolism to elevate half-lives; are further favoring the potential application of these carriers. Hence in this introductory review paper, a brief account of general introduction on limitation of neurotherapeuticals loaded conventional dosage forms, the blood-brain barriers as pharmacological barriers, challenges in brain targeted drug delivery, as well as potentials of different lipid-based nanoparticles and their patents, as emerging delivery solutions for neurotherapeuticals delivery; in the clinical man-agement of neuronal disorders; were thoroughly discussed.