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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „LMWG“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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1

Cuello, Verónica, Gonzalo Zarza, Maria Corradini und Michael Rogers. „Data Science & Engineering into Food Science: A novel Big Data Platform for Low Molecular Weight Gelators’ Behavioral Analysis“. Journal of Computer Science and Technology 20, Nr. 2 (29.10.2020): e08. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/16666038.20.e08.

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The objective of this article is to introduce a comprehensiveend-to-end solution aimed at enabling the applicationof state-of-the-art Data Science and Analyticmethodologies to a food science related problem. Theproblem refers to the automation of load, homogenization,complex processing and real-time accessibility tolow molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) data to gaininsights into their assembly behavior, i.e. whether agel can be mixed with an appropriate solvent or not.Most of the work within the field of Colloidal andFood Science in relation to LMWGs have centered onidentifying adequate solvents that can generate stablegels and evaluating how the LMWG characteristics canaffect gelation. As a result, extensive databases havebeen methodically and manually registered, storingresults from different laboratory experiments. Thecomplexity of those databases, and the errors causedby manual data entry, can interfere with the analysisand visualization of relations and patterns, limiting theutility of the experimental work.Due to the above mentioned, we have proposed ascalable and flexible Big Data solution to enable theunification, homogenization and availability of the datathrough the application of tools and methodologies.This approach contributes to optimize data acquisitionduring LMWG research and reduce redundant data processingand analysis, while also enabling researchersto explore a wider range of testing conditions and pushforward the frontier in Food Science research.

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Schlichter, Lisa, Carmen C. Piras und David K. Smith. „Spatial and temporal diffusion-control of dynamic multi-domain self-assembled gels“. Chemical Science 12, Nr. 11 (2021): 4162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc06862d.

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The assembly of a pH-sensitive LMWG within a pre-formed network of a second LMWG can be achieved by diffusing acids from pre-cut reservoirs, giving rise to patterned gels in which the rheological properties evolve with spatial and temporal control.

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3

Wagner, A. C., und J. A. Williams. „Low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins: molecular switches regulating diverse cellular functions“. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 266, Nr. 1 (01.01.1994): G1—G14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.1.g1.

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Low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins (LMWG proteins) form a family of proteins that shows homology with Ras, are 18-30 kDa in mass, and bind and hydrolyze GTP. They act as molecular switches, being active when binding GTP. Their activity is regulated by other proteins that influence the dissociation of GDP and the rate of GTP hydrolysis. Roles are emerging for these proteins in regulation of membrane fusion and cytoskeletal organization and growth. In the gastrointestinal tract, the best studied physiological processes that may be regulated by LMWG proteins are digestive enzyme and gastric acid secretion

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4

Croitoriu, Alexandra, Loredana Elena Nita, Alina Gabriela Rusu, Alina Ghilan, Maria Bercea und Aurica P. Chiriac. „New Fmoc-Amino Acids/Peptides-Based Supramolecular Gels Obtained through Co-Assembly Process: Preparation and Characterization“. Polymers 14, Nr. 16 (17.08.2022): 3354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163354.

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One of the methods of obtaining supramolecular gels consists of the possibility of self-assembly of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs). However, LMWG-based gels are often difficult to handle, easy to destroy and have poor rheological performance. In order to improve the gels’ properties, the LMWGs molecules are co-assembled, which induces more cross-links with more stable structures. Starting from these aspects, the present study refers to the preparation of a bionic hydrogel stabilized with a physiologically occurring, bifunctional biomolecule, L-lysine, co-assembled with other amino acids or peptides (such as a modified amino acid (Fmoc-serine or Fmoc-glutamic acid) or a tripeptide (Fmoc-Gly-Gly-Gly)) with the potential to support the repair of injuries or the age-related impaired structures or functions of living tissues. The introduction of a copartner aims to improve hydrogel characteristics from a morphological, rheological and structural point of view. On the other hand, the process will allow the understanding of the phenomenon of specific self-association and molecular recognition. Various characterization techniques were used to assess the ability to co-assemble: DLS, FT-IR, SEM and fluorescence microscopy, rheology and thermal analysis. Studies have confirmed that the supramolecular structure occurs through the formation of inter- and intramolecular physical bonds that ensure the formation of fibrils organized into 3D networks. The rheological data, namely the G′ > G″ and tan δ approximately 0.1–0.2 gel-like behavior observed for all studied samples, demonstrate and sustain the appearance of the co-assembly processes and the ability of the samples to act as LMWG. From the studied systems, the Fmoc–Lys–Fmoc_ Fmoc–Glu sample presented the best rheological characteristics that are consistent with the observations that resulted from the dichroism, fluorescence and SEM investigations.

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5

Maity, Arunava, Ananta Dey, Mrinal Kanti Si, Bishwajit Ganguly und Amitava Das. „Impact of “half-crown/two carbonyl”–Ca2+ metal ion interactions of a low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) on its fiber to nanosphere morphology transformation with a gel-to-sol phase transition“. Soft Matter 14, Nr. 28 (2018): 5821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01071d.

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6

Patterson, Anna K., Lamisse H. El-Qarra und David K. Smith. „Chirality-directed hydrogel assembly and interactions with enantiomers of an active pharmaceutical ingredient“. Chemical Communications 58, Nr. 24 (2022): 3941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc06942j.

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Enantiomers of the low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) DBS-CONHNH2, based on d- or l- 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidenesorbitol (DBS), form weaker gels when mixed, and encapsulate enantiomers of naproxen with a chiral preference.

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7

van Bommel, Kjeld J. C., Marc C. A. Stuart, Ben L. Feringa und Jan van Esch. „Two-stage enzyme mediated drug release from LMWG hydrogels“. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 3, Nr. 16 (2005): 2917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b507157g.

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8

Sutar, Papri, und Tapas Kumar Maji. „Bimodal self-assembly of an amphiphilic gelator into a hydrogel-nanocatalyst and an organogel with different morphologies and photophysical properties“. Chemical Communications 52, Nr. 89 (2016): 13136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc06971a.

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Solvent-dependent, bimodal self-assembly of a flexible, amphiphilic LMWG results in a charge-transfer hydrogel and an organogel with different nano-morphologies and the hydrogel is used as a nanocatalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction.

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Gu, Shangyan, Yu Lu, Yuji Wang, Wensheng Lu und Wei Wang. „Low Molecular Weight Hydrogel for Wound Healing“. Pharmaceutics 15, Nr. 4 (31.03.2023): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041119.

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Octadecylazanediyl dipropionic acid (C18ADPA) is a zwitterionic amphiphile with a dendritic headgroup. C18ADPA self-assembles to lamellar networks, which encompasses water and forms a low-molecular-weight hydrogel (LMWG). In this study, we use the C18ADPA hydrogel as a drug carrier for the in vivo delivery of a copper salt for wound healing in a mouse model. A structural transition was observed based on cryo-scanning electron microscope (cryo-SEM) images after drug loading. The C18ADPA hydrogel, which had a layered structure, transformed into a self-assembled fibrillar network (SAFiN). The mechanical strength of the LMWG has always been an important issue in its applications. However, due to the structural transition, both the storage and loss moduli increased. In vivo tests showed that wound closure was faster after applying the hydrogel formulation compared with the Vaseline formulation. For the first time, we have also provided histological evidence of these effects on skin tissue. The hydrogel formulation exhibited clear advantages in regenerating tissue structure over traditional delivery formulations.

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Sahoo, P., D. K. Kumar, S. R. Raghavan und P. Dastidar. „The crystal engineering approach to design the pheromone releasing LMWG“. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 67, a1 (22.08.2011): C231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767311094220.

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11

Panja, Atanu, und Kumaresh Ghosh. „Diaminomalenonitrile-decorated cholesterol-based supramolecular gelator: aggregation, multiple analyte (hydrazine, Hg2+ and Cu2+) detection and dye adsorption“. New Journal of Chemistry 42, Nr. 16 (2018): 13718–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj02426j.

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A low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) containing a diaminomalenonitrile functional group 1 forms supramolecular gels from DMF–H₂O and 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The DMF/H₂O gel is multi-analyte responsive (Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺ and hydrazine) with practical applications in dye adsorption from water.

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Suresh, Venkata M., Anangsha De und Tapas Kumar Maji. „High aspect ratio, processable coordination polymer gel nanotubes based on an AIE-active LMWG with tunable emission“. Chemical Communications 51, Nr. 78 (2015): 14678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc05453b.

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Self-assembly of a rationally designed AIE active LMWG, driven by intermolecular H-bonding, forms 1D nanofibers with strong cyan emission due to AIE properties of the TPE core. On the other hand, addition of metal ions results in the formation of nanotubular structures with strong blue emission in the gel state due to AIE and MCIE.

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13

Rocha, Claudia L., Jenifer Coburn, Elizabeth A. Rucks und Joan C. Olson. „Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exoenzyme S as a Bifunctional Enzyme in J774A.1 Macrophages“. Infection and Immunity 71, Nr. 9 (September 2003): 5296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.9.5296-5305.2003.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S (ExoS) is a type III secretion (TTS) effector, which includes both a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward the Rho family of low-molecular-weight G (LMWG) proteins and an ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT) activity that targets LMWG proteins in the Ras, Rab, and Rho families. The coordinate function of both activities of ExoS in J774A.1 macrophages was assessed by using P. aeruginosa strains expressing and translocating wild-type ExoS or ExoS defective in GAP and/or ADPRT activity. Distinct and coordinated functions were identified for both domains. The GAP activity was required for the antiphagocytic effect of ExoS and was linked to interference of lamellopodium and membrane ruffle formation. Alternatively, the ADPRT activity of ExoS altered cellular adherence and morphology and was linked to effects on filopodium formation. The cellular mechanism of ExoS GAP activity included an inactivation of Rac1 function, as determined in p21-activated kinase 1-glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. The ADPRT activity of ExoS targeted Ras and RalA but not Rab or Rho proteins, and Ral binding protein 1-GST pull-down assays identified an effect of ExoS ADPRT activity on RalA activation. The results from these studies confirm the bifunctional nature of ExoS activity within macrophages when translocated by TTS.

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Dombrowski, Max, Michael Herbst, Natalie Preisig, Frank Giesselmann und Cosima Stubenrauch. „Time Dependence of Gel Formation in Lyotropic Nematic Liquid Crystals: From Hours to Weeks“. Gels 10, Nr. 4 (13.04.2024): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10040261.

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The combination of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) and low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) for the formation of lyotropic liquid crystal gels (LLC gels) leads to a versatile and complex material combining properties of both parent systems. We gelled the calamitic nematic NC phases of a binary and ternary system using the LMWG 3,5-bis-(5-hexylcarbamoyl-pentoxy)-benzoic acid hexyl ester (BHPB-6). This binary system consists of the surfactant N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyl-1-hexadecylammonium bromide (CDEAB) and water, whereas the ternary system consists of the surfactant N,N,N-trimethyl-N-tetradecylammonium bromide (C14TAB), the cosurfactant n-decanol, and water. Though containing similar surfactants, the gelled NC phases of the binary and ternary systems show differences in their visual and gel properties. The gelled NC phase of the binary system remains clear for several days after preparation, whereas the gelled NC phase of the ternary system turns turbid within 24 h. We investigated the time evolution of the gel strength with oscillation rheology measurements (a) within the first 24 h and (b) up to two weeks after gel formation. The shape of the fibers was investigated over different time scales with freeze fracture electron microscopy (FFEM). We demonstrate that despite their similarities, the two LLC gels also have distinct differences.

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15

Tian, Guang, und Chuanguang Qin. „Synthesis and gelation character of photothermal responsive methylcoumarinotripeptidospiropyran“. Materials Express 13, Nr. 10 (01.10.2023): 1782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2023.2522.

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Hydrogel of methylcoumarino-tripeptidospiropyran (MC-TPSP) with a conformational transition at the C-terminus of the peptide was synthesised in this study. This LMWG can be shifted between gel and solution due to the isomerization of spiropyran- and merocyanine-typed MC-TPSP and MC-TPMC, respectively. UV was used to investigate the isomerisation process, and SEM was used to characterise the morphology of the MC-TPMC. The transition temperature was determined to be 75 °C, and the minimum gel concentration was 14.5 mM. On account of its structural biocompatibility and responsive regulatory mechanism, it is anticipated that it will develop into an outstanding bio-functional material.

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16

Tang, Yi-Tian, Xiao-Qiu Dou, Zhi-Ang Ji, Ping Li, Shen-Min Zhu, Jia-Jun Gu, Chuan-Liang Feng und Di Zhang. „C2-symmetric cyclohexane-based hydrogels: A rational designed LMWG and its application in dye scavenging“. Journal of Molecular Liquids 177 (Januar 2013): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2012.09.008.

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17

Bielejewski, M. „Effect of self-assembly aggregation on physical properties of non-aqueous ionogels based on LMWG“. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 88, Nr. 3 (03.10.2018): 671–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4831-7.

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18

Hammond-Kosack, M. C., M. J. Holdsworth und M. W. Bevan. „In vivo footprinting of a low molecular weight glutenin gene (LMWG-1D1) in wheat endosperm.“ EMBO Journal 12, Nr. 2 (Februar 1993): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05686.x.

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19

Quinn, MT, ML Mullen, AJ Jesaitis und JG Linner. „Subcellular distribution of the Rap1A protein in human neutrophils: colocalization and cotranslocation with cytochrome b559“. Blood 79, Nr. 6 (15.03.1992): 1563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v79.6.1563.bloodjournal7961563.

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Rap1A, a low molecular weight guanosine triphosphate-binding protein (LMWG), has been shown previously by us to be associated with purified cytochrome b from stimulated human neutrophils. In the present studies, we show that Rap1A is also associated with affinity-purified cytochrome b from unstimulated neutrophils and use specific anti-Rap1 peptide antibodies to biochemically and immunocytochemically determine the subcellular distribution of Rap1A in resting and activated human neutrophils. Analysis of the subcellular fractionation of unstimulated cells by Western blotting of isopycnic sucrose density gradient fractions with anti-Rap1 peptide antibodies indicated that Rap1A colocalized with cytochrome b in the plasma membrane as well as in the specific granule membranes and that it was translocated, along with cytochrome b, to the plasma membrane when the cells were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). No evidence for a cytosolic localization of Rap1A was found in our studies; however, if the cells were disrupted by sonication, rather than N2 cavitation, a fraction of the Rap1A was released from the membrane. Electron microscopy of thin sections of cryofixed, molecular-distillation dried neutrophils labeled with anti-Rap1 antibody alone or double-labeled with anti-Rap1 and anti- cytochrome b peptide antibodies confirmed our biochemical localization, and quantitation showed that more than half of the specific granule- associated Rap1A was translocated to the plasma membrane in PMA- stimulated cells. Ultrastructural analysis of neutrophils phagocytosing Staphylococcus aureus also demonstrated the translocation of Rap1A with cytochrome b. Approximately 70% of the total Rap1A labeling was associated with the phagolysosomal membrane, the site of assembly of the superoxide-generating system. The colocalization and cotranslocation of Rap1A with cytochrome b in resting and activated neutrophils is consistent with a functional association of these two molecules in the intact cell and provides further evidence for a role of this LMWG in the structure or function of the neutrophil superoxide- generating system.

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Quinn, MT, ML Mullen, AJ Jesaitis und JG Linner. „Subcellular distribution of the Rap1A protein in human neutrophils: colocalization and cotranslocation with cytochrome b559“. Blood 79, Nr. 6 (15.03.1992): 1563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v79.6.1563.1563.

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Abstract Rap1A, a low molecular weight guanosine triphosphate-binding protein (LMWG), has been shown previously by us to be associated with purified cytochrome b from stimulated human neutrophils. In the present studies, we show that Rap1A is also associated with affinity-purified cytochrome b from unstimulated neutrophils and use specific anti-Rap1 peptide antibodies to biochemically and immunocytochemically determine the subcellular distribution of Rap1A in resting and activated human neutrophils. Analysis of the subcellular fractionation of unstimulated cells by Western blotting of isopycnic sucrose density gradient fractions with anti-Rap1 peptide antibodies indicated that Rap1A colocalized with cytochrome b in the plasma membrane as well as in the specific granule membranes and that it was translocated, along with cytochrome b, to the plasma membrane when the cells were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). No evidence for a cytosolic localization of Rap1A was found in our studies; however, if the cells were disrupted by sonication, rather than N2 cavitation, a fraction of the Rap1A was released from the membrane. Electron microscopy of thin sections of cryofixed, molecular-distillation dried neutrophils labeled with anti-Rap1 antibody alone or double-labeled with anti-Rap1 and anti- cytochrome b peptide antibodies confirmed our biochemical localization, and quantitation showed that more than half of the specific granule- associated Rap1A was translocated to the plasma membrane in PMA- stimulated cells. Ultrastructural analysis of neutrophils phagocytosing Staphylococcus aureus also demonstrated the translocation of Rap1A with cytochrome b. Approximately 70% of the total Rap1A labeling was associated with the phagolysosomal membrane, the site of assembly of the superoxide-generating system. The colocalization and cotranslocation of Rap1A with cytochrome b in resting and activated neutrophils is consistent with a functional association of these two molecules in the intact cell and provides further evidence for a role of this LMWG in the structure or function of the neutrophil superoxide- generating system.

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Vyas, Swati, Mihir Khambete, Ronak Gudhka, Shail Panchamia, Mariam Degani und Vandana Patravale. „Network topology of LMWG cross-linked xyloglucan hydrogels for embedding hydrophobic nanodroplets: mechanistic insight and molecular dynamics“. Drug Delivery and Translational Research 10, Nr. 4 (05.04.2020): 1076–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-020-00748-x.

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22

Bielejewski, M., A. Rachocki, J. Kaszyńska und J. Tritt-Goc. „The gelation influence on diffusion and conductivity enhancement effect in renewable ionic gels based on a LMWG“. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, Nr. 8 (2018): 5803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07740h.

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23

Pasc, Andreea, Firmin Obounou Akong, Sedat Cosgun und Christine Gérardin. „Differences between β-Ala and Gly-Gly in the design of amino acids-based hydrogels“. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6 (11.10.2010): 973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.109.

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Despite the continuous interest in organogels and hydrogels of low molecular weight gelators (LMWG), establishing the relationship between the molecular structure and the gelation mechanism is still a challenge. In this paper our interest focuses on the consequences of slight molecular modifications on the self-assembling behaviour of β-Ala vs Gly-Gly-based hydrogelators. Previously, in our group, amino acid based amphiphiles i.e. Gly-Gly-His-EO2-Alk, a trimodular amphiphile (containing three domains: H-bond donor and acceptor/hydrophilic/hydrophobic domain, respectively) were reported to act as hydrogelators and that the gelation properties were related to hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and π-π stacking. Herein, β-Ala-His-EO2-Alk was fully characterised by FT-IR, NMR, SAXS and SEM and the gelation mechanism is discussed. It appears that the number of amide groups determines the self-assembling behaviour into 1D or 2D/3D networks as a result of intimate interactions between gelator molecules.

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Si, Pan, Yuan, Lu und Zhang. „Assessing the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Livestock Manure Waste Recycling: Empirical Evidence from Households in China“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 20 (16.10.2019): 5737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205737.

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Livestock manure waste (LMW) has turned into an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock manure waste recycling (LMWR) has great significance for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the LMW management process. For a long time, the government has mainly adopted environmental regulation to accelerate LMWR, but the recycling degree is still low. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of environmental regulation on LMWR. Empirical evidence was obtained through methods of in-depth measures and questionnaire investigation from 465 households engaged in breeding pigs in Hebei, Henan, and Hubei, China. The double hurdle model was employed to empirically assess the impact of environmental regulation on household LMWR behavior, and the moderating effects of guiding regulation were further verified. The results were that (1) 62.30% of the households in the sample were willing to implement LMWR behavior, but the recycling degree was only 42.50% of the LMW emission amount. (2) Environmental regulation was found to positively impact household LMWR behavior, while the effects were mainly contributed by imperative and guiding regulation. (3) Guiding regulation was shown to positively moderate the influences of imperative and incentive regulation on household LMWR behavior. (4) The impact of environmental regulation on different scales of household LMWR behavior was found to be heterogeneous. Finally, some recommendations, such as improving subsidy standards, classifying to promote LMWR technology, as well as increasing the matched proportions of planting and breeding, were proposed.

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Shaikh, Afroj A., Sachin J. Anbhule, Sampat S. Banagr, Meghana H. Raykar und Jaydeep B. Pawar. „A retrospective review on importance and various preparation of low molecular weight heparin for cardio vascular diseases“. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis 9, Nr. 4 (15.02.2023): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpca.2022.034.

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Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) are most importantly used in the clinical practice for cardio vascular diseases from 1990. The LMWH was a sulfated polysaccharide obtained from animal sources and some in natural especially from marine sources. The actual anticoagulant has the molecular weight about 25000 Daltons which have bleeding as side effect in the cardiovascular diseases. The LMWH are prepared by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis the length of the heparin chain is reduced and also in same manner the molecular weight also reduced below 10000 Daltons. So, it has main advantage to reduce the bleeding in the cardiovascular diseases. The LMWH eliminated through the renal and it was not given to the patients with renal dysfunction. The LMWH of some product are still in clinical trials in order to reduce its side effects. The commercial LMWH preparation has concentrated in animal sources by killing them and lungs, intestine etc are used to prepare heparin. Here the alternate sources are discussed in order from killing the animal. This review summarizes the importance, difference between commercial heparin and LMWH, mechanism, preparation, LMWH products, clinical trials and LMWH from marine sources, Enzymatic degradation in shrimp species, Preparation of LMW heparin by chemically modified Fractions, Chromatography separation of LMW Heparin are discussed in this review.

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Guo, Wei, und Yao Feng. „Assessment on the Health Risk of Low-Molecular-Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Water of Lake Baiyangdian“. Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (Dezember 2013): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.840.

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Low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs in surface water of Lake Baiyangdian were determined to assess the potential health risk when using as drinking water for children and adults. The concentration of LMW PAHs in surface water were in the range of 77.26-760.16 ng L-1. Compared with similar results reported around the world, the level of LMW PAHs in this study was in the mid-range. The analysis of health risk indicated that risks from LMW PAHs in most part of the lake would not be risky to human health according to the acceptable risk level, while carcinogenic effects caused by LMW PAHs might occur if drinking water from Nanliuzhuang (NLZ), Shaochedian (SCD) and Laowangdian (LWD). Risks of LMW PAHs for children were apparently much higher than those caused by LMWs PAHs for adults.

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Duy, Nguyễn Ngọc. „NGHIÊN CỨU HIỆU ỨNG KÍCH KHÁNG BỆNH CỦA β-GLUCAN CẮT MẠCH BẰNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP CHIẾU XẠ ĐỐI VỚI CÁ RÔ PHI“. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 51, Nr. 6 (06.03.2018): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/51/6/11640.

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β-glucan khối lượng phân tử thấp (LMWβG) và dung dịch oligoβ-glucan đã được chế tạo bằng phương pháp hấp thủy nhiệt kết hợp với phương pháp chiếu xạ tia gamma Co-60. Ảnh hưởng quá trình cắt mạch đến sự thay đổi khối lượng phân tử (KLPT) đã được xác định bằng sắc kí gel thấm qua (GPC). Kết quả thu được cho thấy KLPT giảm khi tăng thời gian hấp, nồng độ H2O2 và liều xạ. Đối với LMWβG KLPT giảm từ 296.600 Da xuống 44.400 Da khi nồng độ H2O2 tăng từ 0 lên tới 10 % và đối với oligoβ-glucan KLPT giảm từ 56.700 xuống còn 7.100 Da khi chiếu xạ dung dịch β-glucan/1 % H2O2 tại liều xạ 16 kGy. Cá rô phi được cho ăn thức ăn có bổ sung LMWβ và oligoβ-glucan ở hàm lượng 100 mg/kg thức ăn trong vòng 45 ngày và sau đó được gây nhiễm bệnh với vi khuẩn Streptococcus agalactiae để khảo sát hiệu ứng kích kháng bệnh. Kết quả cho thấy oligoβ-glucan có hiệu ứng kích kháng bệnh cao hơn LMWβ và tại hàm lượng 150 mg/kg thức ăn, tỉ lệ cá sống sót sau khi gây nhiễm bệnh đạt cao nhất (76,75 %) đối với oligoβ-glucan

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Barrowcliffe, T. W., und Yvonne Le Shirley. „The Effect of Calcium Chloride on Anti-Xa Activity of Heparin and Its Molecular Weight Fractions“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 62, Nr. 03 (1989): 950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1651034.

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SummaryThe anti-Xa activities of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and nine low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) have been measured in the presence and absence of 3 mM CaCl2, using bovine Factor Xa, purified human AT III and an amidolytic assay. The addition of CaCl2 increased the activity of UFH by 93%, but the effect on LMWH was less, ranging from −20% to +55%. Studies of gel filtration fractions of UFH showed marked Mr dependence of the CaCl2 effect in the range 4,000-12,000. The differences among the various LMW heparins with respect to the effect of CaCl2 were closely correlated with the amount of polysaccharide above an Mr of 6,500. Kinetic studies confirmed the potentiation of the activity of UFH with bovine Xa and showed an even more marked effect using human Xa.

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Melissari, Euthemia, Christopher J. Parker, Noel V. Wilson, Giovanni Monte, Chryso Kanthou, Kieran D. Pemberton, Kypros H. Nicolaides, John J. Barrett und Vijay V. Kakkar. „Use of Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Pregnancy“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 68, Nr. 06 (1992): 652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1646338.

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SummaryIn a controlled study of 15 pregnant patients undergoing therapeutic termination of pregnancy, seven received subcutaneously 5,000 anti-FXa units of low molecular weight (LMW) heparin 15 and 3 h prior to the termination, and eight patients acted as controls. Paired maternal and fetal blood samples were taken (before or immediately after the termination) for assay of heparin activity by a chromogenic anti-FXa method sensitive to levels of 0.02 anti-FXa U/ml. LMW heparin was detected in all maternal samples of the test patients but was not detected in any of the fetal samples.The use of LMW heparin as a thromboprophylactic agent was then evaluated in 11 patients who were known to have a severe thromboembolic tendency, had suffered recurrent miscarriages and had responded poorly to conventional anticoagulation (oral anticoagulant, conventional heparin). All patients receiving LMW heparin in thromboprophylactic doses completed uneventful pregnancies and gave birth to healthy babies (three for the first time) without complication. Bone density scans performed in all patients shortly after the delivery showed normal mineral mass. We conclude that LMW heparin does not cross the placental barrier, and in addition offers satisfactory antithrombotic protection for both maternal and placental circulation. In addition, this study provides preliminary data from 11 patients suggesting LMWH may not give rise to maternal osteoporosis, a finding that now needs further investigation.

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Nagase, Hideki, Keiko T. Kitazato, Eiji Sasaki, Masahiko Hattori, Kenji Kitazato und Hidehiko Saito. „Antithrombin III-Independent Effect of Depolymerized Holothurian Glycosaminoglycan (DHG) on Acute Thromboembolism in Mice“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 77, Nr. 02 (1997): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1655975.

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SummaryA previous study in this laboratory showed that depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG) has two different antithrombin III (ATIII)-independent inhibitory effects on the in vitro blood coagulation system: heparin cofactor II (HCII)-dependent inhibition of thrombin, and ATIII- and HCII-independent inhibition of factor X activation by factor IXa-factor Villa complex (Nagase et al. Blood 85, 1527-1534, 1995). In the present study, we compared the antithrombotic effects of DHG in normal and in ATIII-deficient mice with those of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). DHG, unlike UFH and LMWH, exerted an in vivo antithrombotic effect even in mice with decreased plasma ATIII activity (about 30% of normal). We then compared the anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects of DHG in mice with those of high molecular weight (HMW)-DHG, low molecular weight (LMW)-DHG, and dermatan sulfate (DS). In terms of in vitro anticoagulant activity assessed by use of purified human components, DHGs (DHG, HMW-DHG, and LMW-DHG) had different anti-thrombin activity in the presence of HCII and anti-factor Xase activities, which differences were dependent on the molecular weight. With respect to in vivo antithrombotic activity, DHG, HMW-DHG, and LMW-DHG showed almost the same inhibitory effect on acute thromboembolism in mice (minimum effective dose [MED]: >0.3 mg/kg). Since the antithrombotic activities of DHGs were not correlated with the anticoagulant-specific activities, the contribution of the two anticoagulant activities to the in vivo antithrombotic effect of DHGs remains unknown. However, DHG was more effective against acute thromboembolism in mice than DS (MED >1 or >3 mg/kg), which showed no inhibitory activity toward factor Xase. Therefore, it seems that factor Xase inhibition contributes greatly to the antithrombotic effect of DHG and that DHG exerts this effect in mice mainly by inhibiting factor Xase.

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Bounameaux, H., und A. Perrier. „LMWH contra LMWH: superior, equivalent or non-inferior?“ Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1, Nr. 3 (26.02.2003): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00164.x.

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Jouault, S. Colliec, S. Mauray, J. Theveniaux, C. Sternberg, Boisson Vidal, A. M. Fischer und J. Millet. „Antithrombotic and Anticoagulant Activities of a Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan by the Subcutaneous Route“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 81, Nr. 03 (1999): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1614484.

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SummaryFucoidans (high-molecular-weight sulfated polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds) have anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects. They inhibit thrombin by catalyzing both serpins (antithrombin and heparin cofactor II) according to their chemical structures and origins. In this study, a low-molecular-weight (LMW) fucoidan of 8 kDa was obtained by chemical degradation of a high-molecular-weight fraction. The antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities of this new compound were compared to those of a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), dalteparin, following subcutaneous administration to rabbits. This LMW fucoidan exhibited dose-related venous antithrombotic activity, with an ED80 of about 20 mg/kg, 2 h after a single subcutaneous injection. Its activity was comparable to that of dalteparin (close to 200 anti-Xa IU/kg) and was maximal 30 min after a single subcutaneous injection. The activity remained stable (about 70%) from 1 to 4 h after injection, but disappeared by 8 h. The antithrombotic activity was not associated with either a prolongation of the thrombin clotting time (TCT) or an increase in anti-Xa activity, contrary to dalteparin. A slight prolongation of APTT occurred with both compounds. This venous antithrombotic activity was associated with a decrease in ex vivo thrombin generation and with a significant increase in the lag phase in a thrombin generation test. LMW fucoidan thus has potent antithrombotic activity and a potentially weaker haemorrhagic effect (i.e. a smaller effect on coagulation tests and a smaller prolongation of the bleeding time) than dalteparin.

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Tassinari, D., E. Scarpi, S. Rupoli und P. Leoni. „Role of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in central venous catheter antithrombotic prophylaxis“. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, Nr. 18_suppl (20.06.2007): 9010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.9010.

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9010 Background: To assess the role of LMWH in antithrombotic prophylaxis in cancer patients with a central venous catheter. Methods: A systematic review of literature in the MEDLINE and EMBASE data bases from 1966 to October 2006, using “anticoagulants/*administration & dosage” [MeSH term], “cancer patient” [MeSH term], “catheterization, central venous/*adverse effect” [MeSH term], “catheters, indwelling/adverse effects” “central venous catheter” [MeSH term], “dalteparin/*administration and dosage” [MeSH term], “enoxaparin/*administration and dosage” [MeSH term], “low molecular weight heparin/*administration and dosage” [MeSH term], “nadroparin/*administration and dosage” [MeSH term], “neoplasm/drug therapy” [MeSH term], “reviparin/*administration and dosage” [MeSH term], “venous thrombosis/*etiology/*prevention & control/radiography” [MeSH term], a search was performed independently by two authors (DT and ES). All the randomized phase III trials comparing LMWH and placebo were considered eligible and included into the analysis. The risk reduction (RR) of upper limb venous thrombosis (ULVT) was the primary outcome of the analysis. Heterogeneity between the trials was analysed using the Mantel-Haenszel test, and the outcome analysis was performed using a random effects model and an alpha error lower than 5%. Results: 5 trials met the selection criteria and were included into the analysis. The outcome of 1,367 patients (793 treated with LMWE and 574 treated with placebo) was compared in the pooled analysis. A significant heterogeneity was documented between the trials (p=0.005), while no heterogeneity was observed when a trial with a low quality in the presented data was excluded from the analysis (p=0.777). No significant differences in RR were observed both when all the trials were included into the analysis (RR=−2.4%, p=0.456) and when we excluded a trial for the low quality of presented data (RR=0.2%, p=0.896). Conclusion: Antithrombotic prophylaxis with LMWH does not reduce the risk of ULVT in oncologic patients with central venous catheter, and its routine use seems to be not-recommended in clinical practice. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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&NA;. „LMWH warning given“. Inpharma Weekly &NA;, Nr. 910 (Oktober 1993): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199309100-00035.

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Rocha, E., und A. Planes. „Rebuttal to: LMWH vs. LMWH: superior, equivalent or non-inferior?“ Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2003): 2256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00405.x.

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Maurin, Nadine, Christian Amblard und Gilles Bourdier. „Diel Pattern of Photosynthate Partitioning in Phytoplankton Population in an Oligomesotrophic Lake“. International Review of Hydrobiology 84, Nr. 6 (Januar 1999): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.199900048.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to measure the short‐term changes in inorganic carbon allocation into various macromolecular compounds (proteins, polysaccharides and lipids) throughout a diurnal cycle in the oligomesotrophic Lake Pavin (Massif Central of France) at the depths of 5, 15 and 30 m. Biochemical fractionation was done by consecutive differential extractions in order to separate proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and low molecular weight compounds (LMW) by virtue of their relative solubilities in different extraction solvents. Over the entire diurnal cycle inorganic carbon was preferentially incorporated into proteins (M = 30%), then into polysaccharides (M = 28%), LMWs (M = 27%) and lipids (M = 15%). However, at 5 m, diurnal variations were reflected by the high percentage of the inorganic carbon incorporated into polysaccharides during periods of high light intensity and decreased at dawn and dusk. The reverse pattern was observed for the allocation of inorganic carbon to proteins.

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&NA;. „Preventing thrombosis with LMWH“. Inpharma Weekly &NA;, Nr. 1032 (April 1996): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199610320-00027.

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&NA;. „LMWH thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy?“ Inpharma Weekly &NA;, Nr. 929 (März 1994): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199409290-00004.

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Mikhailidis, D. P., und M. A. Barradas. „LMWH in vein grafts“. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 9, Nr. 3 (April 1995): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1078-5884(05)80156-x.

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Breyton, Cécile, Waqas Javed, Annelise Vermot, Charles-Adrien Arnaud, Christine Hajjar, Jérôme Dupuy, Isabelle Petit-Hartlein et al. „Assemblies of lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol (LMNG) and LMNG-solubilized membrane proteins“. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1861, Nr. 5 (Mai 2019): 939–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.003.

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Bounameaux, H., und A. Perrier. „LMWH contra LMWH: superior, equivalent or non-inferior? Reply to a rebuttal“. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2003): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.t01-1-00408.x.

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42

Madakadze, R. M., J. E. Krochko und T. Senaratna. „Identification and Characterization of Storage Proteins in Zygotic and Somatic Embryos of Geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum)“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, Nr. 4 (Juli 2000): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.4.525.

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Storage proteins in zygotic and somatic embryos of `Scarlet Orbit Improved', zonal geranium (Pelargonium hortorum L.H. Bail.) were identified and characterized using gel electrophoresis. The major seed storage proteins in zygotic embryos were an 11S globulin and two low molecular weight (LMW1-2) proteins. The 11S globulin consisted of four distinct subunits (53-74 ku), with each subunit being composed of an acidic polypeptide (A1-A4; 28-44 ku) linked via disulphide bonds to a basic polypeptide (B1-B4; 20-25 ku) and was named pelargin. The LMW (15.5 and 12,5 ku) albumins were not linked with disulphide bonds. Mature somatic embryos contained 80% of the proteins in zygotic embryos. Although protein profiles were more distinct in mature somatic embryos compared to nonmature, none of the zygotic embryo storage protein was present in the somatic embryos, indicating lack of complete maturity of somatic embryos. This study identified zygotic embryo proteins and demonstrated that maturation of somatic embryos improves protein content and types of proteins.

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Mitic, Gorana, Ljubica Povazan und Aleksandar Lucic. „Treatment of pregnancy related venous thromboembolism“. Medical review 62, Nr. 7-8 (2009): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0908346m.

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Introduction. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy are complicated since the use of antithrombotic drugs carries a certain risk to the mother, the fetus or both. Coumarins cross the placental barrier and may be responsible for bleeding, teratogenicity and central nervous system abnormalities. The risk of embriopathy is particularly high between 6 and 12 weeks of gestation. Treatement. Heparin is the treatment of choice for thrombosis during pregnancy because it is entirely safe for the fetus, unlike oral anticoagulants. The frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and osteoporosis is significantly lower if LMWH is applied, so this heparin type is preferable to UFH during pregnancy. Treatment of women with VTE during pregnancy, especially those with thrombophilia, requires individualized dosing and duration of antithrombotic thrapy. Peripartal management. In order to avoid the peripartum anticoagulant heparin effect and possible bleeding, heparin should be discontinued prior to the delivery and reintroduced after the parturition. PROPHYLACTIC REGIMEn. Prophylactic antithrombotic regimen during subsequent pregnancies should also be individualized. The use of low molecular weight heparins is becoming more widespread. They have reliable pharmacokinetics, require less frequent injections than unfractionated heparin and carry a lower risk of treatment complications. LMW heparins are safe and effective and they are replacing UFH as the anticoagulant of choice during pregnancy. Both UFH and LMWH are not secreted into breast milk and can be safely given to nursing mothers. Warfarin does not induce an anticoagulant effect in the breast-fed infant, so it can be safely used in women who require postpartum anticoagulant therapy.

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Yanqing, Wang, Sun Nina, Cheng Zhaozhong, Tong Li und Wang Mouyue. „Optimal time to use low molecular weight heparin on prethrombotic state of rat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model“. Chinese Medical Journal 127, Nr. 3 (05.02.2014): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131670.

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Background Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), as one of anticoagulant drugs, has been used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with prethrombotic state, but the specific use time is unclear. The aim of the study is to observe the effect of LMWH at two different periods of prethrombotic state in COPD in rats and to find the optimal time to use LMWH. Methods Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control, raised for 55 days without any treatment; COPD control without LMWH, cigarette inhalation plus intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide and hypodermic injection of normal saline once a day for 10 days; COPD control given LMWH 150 U/kg subcutaneous injection, once a day for 10 days starting day 15 (LMWH-d15); COPD control given LMWH 150 U/kg subcutaneous injection, once a day for 10 days starting day 29 (LMWH-d29). Results Comparing LMWH-d15 with LMWH-d29, plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, von Willebrand factor, serum fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrin D-dimer were each significantly reduced; but thrombin plasminogen activator increased significantly whilst arterial PO2 and PCO2 improved significantly. Conclusion The better time to use LMWH is the time when coagulation and fibrinolytic indices begin to change in COPD.

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Shan, Dan, Tao Li, Xi Tan und Ya-Yi Hu. „Low-molecular-weight heparin and preeclampsia — does the sword cut both ways? Three case reports and review of literature“. World Journal of Clinical Cases 12, Nr. 9 (26.03.2024): 1634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v12.i9.1634.

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BACKGROUND Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are the most commonly used anticoagulants during pregnancy. It is considered to be the drug of choice due to its safety in not crossing placenta. Considering the beneficial effect in the improvement of microcirculation, prophylactic application of LMWH in patients with preeclampsia became a trend. However, the bleeding risk related with LMWH in preeclampsia patients has seldomly been evaluated. This current study aimed to identify the potential risks regarding LMWH application in patients with preeclampsia. CASE SUMMARY Herein we present a case series of three pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia on LMWH therapy during pregnancy. All the cases experienced catastrophic hemorrhagic events. After reviewing the twenty-one meta-analyses, the bleeding risk related with LMWH seems ignorable. Only one study analyzed the bleeding risk of LMWH and found a significantly higher risk of developing PPH in women receiving LMWH. Other studies reported minor bleeding risks, none of these were serious enough to stop LMWH treatment. Possibilities of bleeding either from uterus or from intrabdominal organs in preeclampsia patients on LMWH therapy should not be ignored. Intensive management of blood pressure even after delivery and homeostasis suture in surgery are crucial. CONCLUSION Consideration should be given to the balance between benefits and risks of LMWH in patients with preeclampsia.

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Klil-Drori, Adi J., Janie Coulombe, Sharon J. Nessim und Vicky Tagalakis. „The Risk of Major Bleeding with Low-Molecular-Weight-Heparins for Venous Thromboembolism in Dialysis Patients: The Q-VTE Study“. Blood 128, Nr. 22 (02.12.2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.89.89.

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Abstract Background: Low-molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are not traditionally used to treat venous thromboembolism (VTE) among dialysis patients because their renal clearance may lead to less predictability in the degree of anticoagulation for a given dose. We determined the risk of major bleeding with LMWH compared with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) use in dialysis patients diagnosed with VTE in a real world setting. Methods: Using the linked administrative healthcare databases of the province of Quebec, Canada, we identified all patients with incident VTE between 2000 and 2009 and pre-existing dialysis status (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis). We included patients dispensed VKA or LMWH for the first time within 30 days of their VTE. Monotherapy was successive dispensation of LMWH in the absence of VKA, or vice versa. Combination therapy was LMWH and VKA on the same day. For each patient, we determined average daily dose and duration of continuous use. Patients were followed from VKA or LMWH initiation until a switch or discontinuation of anticoagulation, or major bleeding (emergency room visit or hospital admission for gastrointestinal bleeding or bleeding into a critical organ). Using a Cox proportional hazards model, we determined the incidence of major bleeding associated with LMWH monotherapy, compared with VKA monotherapy. The risk estimate was adjusted for deciles of a propensity score for LMWH use, which included comorbidities-, dialysis-, and VTE-related covariates, as well as calendar year. Results: In all, 647 dialysis patients with VTE were identified: 467 started VKA, 82 started LMWH, and 96 started both. Initiators of LMWH were 35 dalteparin, 26 tinzaparin, 19 enoxaparin, and 2 nadroparin. Median (interquartile range, IQR) daily doses were 12,500 (7,500-17,570) IU dalteparin, 16,080 (13,540-20,000) IU tinzaparin, 100 (70-120) mg enoxaparin, and 15,910 (15,200-16,625) IU nadroparin. Median (IQR) duration of LMWH monotherapy was 37 (22-87) days, and 132 (65-235) for VKA monotherapy. More than 90% of LMWH monotherapy was from 2004 and onwards, and 80% of LMWH users had cancer (Table). There were 22 major bleeding events (86% gastrointestinal), 20 in VKA and 2 in LMWH users. No fatal bleeding occurred. Compared with VKA monotherapy, LMWH monotherapy was not associated with major bleeding (adjusted HR, 1.21; 95% CI: 0.20-7.37). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first population-based cohort reporting LMWH use in dialysis patients with VTE. We observed LMWH monotherapy mostly in cancer patients and from 2004 and onwards. This may reflect the evidence supporting improved effectiveness of LMWH compared with VKA for cancer-associated VTE. Further, daily doses of LMWH were generally halved. Overall, LMWH alone in dialysis patients was not associated with an increased major bleeding risk. If replicated, these findings indicate LMWH use is feasible in this clinical setting. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Sanoja, R. Rodriguez, J. Morlon-Guyot und J. P. Guyot. „Electrotransformation of Lactobacillus manihotivorans LMG 18010T and LMG 18011“. Journal of Applied Microbiology 87, Nr. 1 (Juli 1999): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00800.x.

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&NA;. „Prolonged LMWH therapy: debatable benefits“. Inpharma Weekly &NA;, Nr. 1221 (Januar 2000): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200012210-00005.

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&NA;. „LMWH or thrombolysis for PE“. Inpharma Weekly &NA;, Nr. 890 (Juni 1993): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199308900-00007.

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Harenberg, J. „LMWH – New mechanisms of action“. Thrombosis Research 123 (Januar 2009): S1—S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0049-3848(09)70125-2.

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