Zeitschriftenartikel: „Litcrit“

1

Levenstein, Harvey A. „Travels Into the Land of Litcrit“. Reviews in American History 24, Nr. 2 (1996): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.1996.0048.

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2

Tomaselli, Keyan G. „Cultural Studies as ‘Psycho-babble’. Post-LitCrit, methodology and dynamic justice“. Communicatio 27, Nr. 1 (Januar 2001): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02500160108537924.

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3

Ann, P. J., J. N. Tsai und H. R. Yang. „First Report of Leaf and Stem Downy Blight of Longan Seedlings Caused by Peronophythora litchii in Taiwan“. Plant Disease 96, Nr. 8 (August 2012): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0009-pdn.

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Fruit downy blight caused by Peronophythora litchii Chen ex Ko et al. is an important disease of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Taiwan, especially in rainy seasons. Previous records indicate litchi as the only natural host of P. litchii, but this pathogen was found on seedlings of longan (Euphoria longana Lamarck) in 2000. Young seedlings of longan that had emerged in a litchi orchard near Caotun, Nantou County, showed symptoms of droopy leaves and leaf blight. Water-soaked lesions appeared on young leaves, which turned into brown, round or irregular lesions (about 3 to 5 cm long). Diseased leaves withered and collapsed eventually. Dark brown lesions were found on stems of some infected seedlings but none of the infected seedlings were killed. Also, no symptoms were found on mature leaves. The pathogen produced numerous sporangia on sporangiophores on diseased leaves under humid conditions. The disease on young seedlings was observed again in another litchi orchard at Caotun, Nantou County, in 2003. P. litchii was consistently isolated from diseased leaves. Two isolates from colonized longan seedlings, Tari 20250 collected in 2000 and Tari 23301 collected in 2003, were used for further studies. Both isolates produced large numbers of sporangia on long sporangiophores when cultured on 5% V8 agar (5% V8 juice, 0.02% CaCO3, and 1.5% agar). Sporangia produced on the same sporangiophores matured almost simultaneously. Sporangiophores 240 to 1,600 μm (mean 623 μm) branched dichotomously two to eight times. Sporangia were oval or lemon-shaped with semispherical papilla and deciduous with very short pedicels (2 to 5 μm). The dimension was 25 to 55 (35.25) × 15 to 27.5 (21.2) μm for sporangia and 0.5 to 1 (0.55) μm for pedicels. The length/breadth (L/B) ratio of sporangia was 1.3 to 2.14 (1.67). Both isolates produced numerous oospores on 5% V8 agar cultures in darkness. Artificial inoculation tests were done by spraying 5 mL of sporangial suspension (1,000 sporangia/mL) on each longan seedling without wounding. Results showed that both longan isolates of P. litchii were pathogenic on young longan seedlings, causing symptoms similar to those observed on leaves and stems of naturally infected longan seedlings in litchi orchards. Also, both longan isolates of P. litchii caused downy blight on fruits of litchi (L. chinensis var black leaf) by artificial inoculation tests. Moreover, a P. litchi isolate from litchi caused symptoms of leaf blight on young longan seedlings. P. litchii was reisolated from the infected longan tissues. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence confirmed that the longan isolate Tari 20250 (GenBank Accession No. JQ814693) was 100% identical to other P. litchii isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. Gu111613 to Gu111615). To our knowledge, this is the first report of longan as a natural host of P. litchii. The study also suggests that P. litchii on volunteer longan seedlings in litchi orchards may be a potential source of inoculum for fruit downy blight of litchi. References: (1) C. C. Chen. Special Publ. Coll. Agric., Natl. Taiwan Univ. 10:1, 1961. (2) W. H. Ko et al. Mycologia 70:380, 1978.

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Li, Yuanhong, Jing Wang, Ming Liang, Haoyu Song, Jianhong Liao und Yubin Lan. „A Novel Two-Stage Approach for Automatic Extraction and Multi-View Generation of Litchis“. Agriculture 14, Nr. 7 (29.06.2024): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071046.

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Obtaining consistent multi-view images of litchis is crucial for various litchi-related studies, such as data augmentation and 3D reconstruction. This paper proposes a two-stage model that integrates the Mask2Former semantic segmentation network with the Wonder3D multi-view generation network. This integration aims to accurately segment and extract litchis from complex backgrounds and generate consistent multi-view images of previously unseen litchis. In the first stage, the Mask2Former model is utilized to predict litchi masks, enabling the extraction of litchis from complex backgrounds. To further enhance the accuracy of litchi branch extraction, we propose a novel method that combines the predicted masks with morphological operations and the HSV color space. This approach ensures accurate extraction of litchi branches even when the semantic segmentation model’s prediction accuracy is not high. In the second stage, the segmented and extracted litchi images are passed as input into the Wonder3D network to generate multi-view of the litchis. After comparing different semantic segmentation and multi-view synthesis networks, the Mask2Former and Wonder3D networks demonstrated the best performance. The Mask2Former network achieved a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 79.79% and a mean pixel accuracy (mPA) of 85.82%. The Wonder3D network achieved a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 18.89 dB, a structural similarity index (SSIM) of 0.8199, and a learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) of 0.114. Combining the Mask2Former model with the Wonder3D network resulted in an increase in PSNR and SSIM scores by 0.21 dB and 0.0121, respectively, and a decrease in LPIPS by 0.064 compared to using the Wonder3D model alone. Therefore, the proposed two-stage model effectively achieves automatic extraction and multi-view generation of litchis with high accuracy.

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Xing, Mengyu, Dandan Xu, Yinggu Wu, Tong Liu, Pinggen Xi, Rui Wang, Jing Zhao und Zide Jiang. „Biocontrol of Litchi Downy Blight Dependent on Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 Fermentation Filtrate Antagonism Competition with Peronophythora litchii“. Fermentation 9, Nr. 12 (08.12.2023): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9121011.

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The cultivation and overall quality of Litchi, a fruit of significant commercial value in China, are hindered by the presence of the oomycetes pathogen Peronophythora litchii. This pathogen is responsible for the occurrence of litchi downy blight, resulting in substantial economic losses during the storage and transportation of the fruit, and affects nutritional growth. Effective and environmentally safe methods to control litchi downy blight are urgently needed. The application of biocontrol agents such as Streptomyces bacteria has proven effective for controlling plant diseases. Our present study isolated the Streptomyces strain TJGA-19, identified as S. abikoensis, with potent inhibitory activity against P. litchii. The antifungal active substances are mainly in the aqueous phase of TJGA-19 fermentation filtrate extraction. The fermentation filtrate of TJGA-19 not only suppressed the pathogen growth, sporulation, and sporangia germination, but also delayed the disease development of litchi downy blight. In addition, the stability of the TJGA-19 fermentation filtrate was not sensitive to the proteinase K, temperature, white-flourescence light, or ultraviolet treatment. Furthermore, the morphology and ultrastructure of P. litchii treated with fermentation filtrate was characterized by marked shrinking and deformation, with serious disruption of plasma membrane permeabilization and the organelles. Hence, S. abikoensis TJGA-19 and its metabolites demonstrated marked efficiency against the phytopathogenic pathogen P. litchii and provide a potential candidate for controlling litchi downy blight.

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Xu, Sai, Huazhong Lu und Xiuxiu Sun. „Quality Detection of Postharvest Litchi Based on Electronic Nose: A Feasible Way for Litchi Fruit Supervision during Circulation Process“. HortScience 55, Nr. 4 (April 2020): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14750-19.

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Susceptibility to mechanical injury and fast decay rates are currently two main problems of litchi fruit after harvesting. To achieve better postharvest management of litchi fruit, this study aimed to find an effective method of litchi fruit supervision during the circulation process that included mechanical injury detection and storage quality detection. For mechanical injury detection, injury-free litchis without any treatment and litchis with mild and severe mechanical injuries were dropped from 80 and 110 cm high, respectively. The electronic nose (E-nose) response, total soluble solid (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) of samples were tested on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 after injury at room temperature. For storage quality detection, normal litchis were stored in a cold environment. The E-nose response, TSS, and TA of samples were tested on storage days 0, 3, 6, 10, 15, 19, and 24. The experimental results showed that mechanical injury not only accelerated pericarp browning but also accelerated flavor (TA and TSS) loss. The browning index quickly increased during storage, and the TSS and TA of defect-free litchis changed only barely at room temperature and during cold environment storage. After feature extraction, mechanical injury of litchi can be well-detected by E-nose from day 1 to day 4 after injury. The best mechanical injury detection time of litchi fruit is at day 4 after injury under room temperature storage conditions. After singular sensor elimination and comprehensive feature extraction, the storage time and browning degree, but not TSS and TA, of litchi fruit can be detected by E-nose. E-nose data preprocessing should differ according to the litchi variety and detection target.

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Wu, Yinggu, Xinyu Li, Li Dong, Tong Liu, Zhengbin Tang, Runmao Lin, Justice Norvienyeku und Mengyu Xing. „A New Insight into 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one against Peronophythora litchii via TOR Pathway“. Journal of Fungi 9, Nr. 8 (21.08.2023): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9080863.

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The litchi downy blight disease of litchi caused by Peronophythora litchii accounts for severe losses in the field and during storage. While ample quantitative studies have shown that 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6PP) possesses antifungal activities against multiple plant pathogenic fungi, the regulatory mechanisms of 6PP-mediated inhibition of fungal pathogenesis and growth are still unknown. Here, we investigated the potential molecular targets of 6PP in the phytopathogenic oomycetes P. litchii through integrated deployment of RNA-sequencing, functional genetics, and biochemical techniques to investigate the regulatory effects of 6PP against P. litchii. Previously we demonstrated that 6PP exerted significant oomyticidal activities. Also, comparative transcriptomic evaluation of P. litchii strains treated with 6PP Revealed significant up-regulations in the expression profile of TOR pathway-related genes, including PlCytochrome C and the transcription factors PlYY1. We also noticed that 6PP treatment down-regulated putative negative regulatory genes of the TOR pathway, including PlSpm1 and PlrhoH12 in P. litchii. Protein-ligand binding analyses revealed stable affinities between PlYY1, PlCytochrome C, PlSpm1, PlrhoH12 proteins, and the 6PP ligand. Phenotypic characterization of PlYY1 targeted gene deletion strains generated in this study using CRISPR/Cas9 and homologous recombination strategies significantly reduced the vegetative growth, sporangium, encystment, zoospore release, and pathogenicity of P. litchii. These findings suggest that 6PP-mediated activation of PlYY1 expression positively regulates TOR-related responses and significantly influences vegetative growth and the virulence of P. litchii. The current investigations revealed novel targets for 6PP and underscored the potential of deploying 6PP in developing management strategies for controlling the litchi downy blight pathogen.

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Xing, Mengyu, Tao Sun, Tong Liu, Zide Jiang und Pinggen Xi. „Effectiveness of Volatiles Emitted by Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 for Managing Litchi Downy Blight Disease“. Microorganisms 12, Nr. 1 (17.01.2024): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010184.

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Litchi is a fruit of significant commercial value; however, its quality and yield are hindered by downy blight disease caused by Peronophythora litchii. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 were investigated for their antifungal effects and studied in vitro and in planta for the suppression of litchi downy blight disease in litchi leaves and fruits. The growth of P. litchii was inhibited by VOCs produced by TJGA-19 cultivated on autoclaved wheat seeds for durations of 10, 20, or 30 days. Volatiles from 20-day-old cultures were more active in inhibition effect against P. litchii than those from 10- or 30-day-old cultures. These volatiles inhibit the growth of mycelia, sporulation, and oospore production, without any significant effect on sporangia germination. Additionally, the VOCs were effective in suppressing disease severity in detached litchi leaf and fruit infection assays. With the increase in the weight of the wheat seed culture of S.abikoensis TJGA-19, the diameters of disease spots on leaves, as well as the incidence rate and disease indices on fruits, decreased significantly. Microscopic results from SEM and TEM investigations showed abnormal morphology of sporangia, mycelia, and sporangiophores, as well as organelle damage in P. litchii caused by VOCs of TJGA-19. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the identification of 22 VOCs produced by TJGA-19, among which the most dominant compound was 2-Methyliborneol. These findings indicated the significant role of TJGA-19 compounds in the control of litchi downy blight disease and in improving fruit quality.

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Monteiro de Castro e Castro, Bárbara, Angelica Plata-Rueda, Wiane Meloni Silva, Claubert Wagner Guimarães de Menezes, Carlos Frederico Wilcken und José Cola Zanuncio. „Manejo del ácaro Aceria litchii (Acari: Eriophyidae) en Litchi chinensis“. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 44, Nr. 1 (05.08.2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v44i1.6528.

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El cultivo del litchi, Litchi chinensis, tiene gran popularidad en el mercado internacional. El ácaro del litchi, Aceria litchii (Eriophyidae), es una de las principales plagas de este cultivo, se alimenta de hojas, sobre todo en la parte inferior de las plantas que forman eríneos. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar los principales métodos de control y proponer técnicas de manejo en el sistema de producción integrado del cultivo de L. chinensis. Se detectaron infestaciones de A. litchii en los huertos de Brasil en 2008 y el uso de insecticidas químicos es el principal método de control de esta plaga. La combinación de métodos de cultivo biológico y químico hace que el sistema sea más satisfactorio en el largo plazo. El control y la prevención del ácaro del litchi son clave para reducir su propagación y establecimiento.

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Huang, Hao, Enli Lv, Huazhong Lu und Jiaming Guo. „Experimental Analysis of a Spray Hydrocooler with Cold Energy Storage for Litchi“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 14 (14.07.2023): 8195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148195.

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The shortage of precooling equipment in litchi-producing regions could lead to a high loss rate and poor quality of litchis. It is urgent to develop a portable precooling device for litchi-producing regions. In this study, a novel spray hydrocooler with thermal energy storage (TES) was designed, fabricated, and tested. A simple mathematical model of TES capacity, the ice-on-coil thermal resistance, and refrigeration system was employed to determine the hydrocooler parameters. Then, the structure of the spray hydrocooler was designed. The maximum charging test was implemented with full TES capacity, and the litchi spray hydrocooling experiments were carried out at different charging times (3–6 h), spray flow rates (30–60 L min−1), and litchi loads (8–28 kg) with one-third TES capacity. Results showed that: (1) the spray hydrocooler allows for the rapid and effective precooling of litchis within 15 min after harvest; (2) the hydrocooler can precool 299 kg litchis with one-third TES storage, meeting the precooling requirements; (3) the effective TES capacity achieved 1.25 × 108 J at the maximum TES capacity of the hydrocooler, while the energy efficiency ratio (EER) is 2; (4) the precooling capacity was maximum and the average power consumption was minimum when the litchi load was 23 kg and the spray flow rate was 30 L min−1. Longer charging time is the most important factor in increasing the precooling capacity and reducing the average power consumption. It provides feasible precooling equipment for rapid precooling in litchi-production regions.

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Li, Jun, Junpeng Wu, Jiaquan Lin, Can Li, Huazhong Lu und Caixia Lin. „Nondestructive Identification of Litchi Downy Blight at Different Stages Based on Spectroscopy Analysis“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 3 (14.03.2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030402.

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Litchi downy blight caused by Peronophythora litchii is the most serious disease in litchi production, storage and transportation. Existing disease identification technology has difficulty identifying litchi downy blight sufficiently early, resulting in economic losses. Thus, the use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to identify litchi downy blight at different stages of disease, particularly to achieve the early identification of downy blight, is very important. The diffuse reflectance spectral data of litchi fruits inoculated with P. litchii were collected in the wavelength range of 350–1350 nm. According to the duration of inoculation and expert evaluation, they were divided into four categories: healthy, latent, mild and severe. First, the SG smoothing method and derivation method were used to denoise the spectral curves. Then, the wavelength screening methods competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were compared to verify that the SPA method was more effective. Eleven characteristic wavelengths were selected, accounting for only 1.1% of the original data. Finally, the characteristic wavelengths were tested by six different classification models, and their accuracy was calculated. Among them, the ANN model performed best, with an accuracy of 90.7%. The results showed that diffuse reflectance spectroscopic technology has potential for identifying litchi downy blight at different stages, providing technical support for the subsequent development of related automatic detection devices.

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Zhu, Honghui, Junjian Situ, Tianfang Guan, Ziyuan Dou, Guanghui Kong, Zide Jiang und Pinggen Xi. „A C2H2 Zinc Finger Protein PlCZF1 Is Necessary for Oospore Development and Virulence in Peronophythora litchii“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, Nr. 5 (01.03.2022): 2733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052733.

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C2H2 zinc finger is one of the most common motifs found in the transcription factors (TFs) in eukaryotes organisms, which have a broad range of functions, such as regulation of growth and development, stress tolerance and pathogenicity. Here, PlCZF1 was identified to encode a C2H2 zinc finger in the litchi downy blight pathogen Peronophythora litchii. PlCZF1 is conserved in P. litchii and Phytophthora species. In P. litchii, PlCZF1 is highly expressed in sexual developmental and early infection stages. We generated Δplczf1 mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Compared with the wild type, the Δplczf1 mutants showed no significant difference in vegetative growth and asexual reproduction, but were defective in oospore development and virulence. Further experiments revealed that the transcription of PlM90, PlLLP and three laccase encoding genes were down-regulated in the Δplczf1 mutant. Our results demonstrated that PlCZF1 is a vital regulator for sexual development and pathogenesis in P. litchii.

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DE GIOSA, MARCELLO, LIVIA M. S. ATAIDE, RONALD OCHOA, ENRICO DE LILLO, DANIEL CARRILLO und ALEXANDRA M. REVYNTHI. „Spit it out: extraction of saliva from the lychee erinose mite (Aceria litchi (Keifer) Acari: Eriophyidae)“. Zoosymposia 22 (30.11.2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.47.

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The Lychee Erinose Mite (LEM) (Aceria litchii (Keifer)) is a gall-making eriophyid that feeds exclusively on lychee trees (Litchi chinensis Sonnerat), inducing the development of open leaf galls called erinea. Erinea are structures formed of hypertrophic leaf trichomes where LEM seeks refuge, feeds and reproduces.

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Ye, Wenwu, Yang Wang, Danyu Shen, Delong Li, Tianhuizi Pu, Zide Jiang, Zhengguang Zhang, Xiaobo Zheng, Brett M. Tyler und Yuanchao Wang. „Sequencing of the Litchi Downy Blight Pathogen Reveals It Is a Phytophthora Species With Downy Mildew-Like Characteristics“. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, Nr. 7 (Juli 2016): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-16-0056-r.

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On the basis of its downy mildew–like morphology, the litchi downy blight pathogen was previously named Peronophythora litchii. Recently, however, it was proposed to transfer this pathogen to Phytophthora clade 4. To better characterize this unusual oomycete species and important fruit pathogen, we obtained the genome sequence of Phytophthora litchii and compared it to those from other oomycete species. P. litchii has a small genome with tightly spaced genes. On the basis of a multilocus phylogenetic analysis, the placement of P. litchii in the genus Phytophthora is strongly supported. Effector proteins predicted included 245 RxLR, 30 necrosis-and-ethylene-inducing protein-like, and 14 crinkler proteins. The typical motifs, phylogenies, and activities of these effectors were typical for a Phytophthora species. However, like the genome features of the analyzed downy mildews, P. litchii exhibited a streamlined genome with a relatively small number of genes in both core and species-specific protein families. The low GC content and slight codon preferences of P. litchii sequences were similar to those of the analyzed downy mildews and a subset of Phytophthora species. Taken together, these observations suggest that P. litchii is a Phytophthora pathogen that is in the process of acquiring downy mildew–like genomic and morphological features. Thus P. litchii may provide a novel model for investigating morphological development and genomic adaptation in oomycete pathogens.

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Wang, Jingrui, Gangqiang Zhou, Weixiong Huang, Wen Li, Dinan Feng, Liuchen Liu, Pinggen Xi, Zide Jiang und Guanghui Kong. „Autophagy-Related Gene PlATG6a Is Involved in Mycelial Growth, Asexual Reproduction and Tolerance to Salt and Oxidative Stresses in Peronophythora litchii“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, Nr. 3 (06.02.2022): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031839.

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Autophagy is ubiquitously present in eukaryotes. During this process, intracellular proteins and some waste organelles are transported into lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation, which can be reused by the cell to guarantee normal cellular metabolism. However, the function of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in oomycetes is rarely known. In this study, we identified an autophagy-related gene, PlATG6a, encoding a 514-amino-acid protein in Peronophythora litchii, which is the most destructive pathogen of litchi. The transcriptional level of PlATG6a was relatively higher in mycelium, sporangia, zoospores and cysts. We generated PlATG6a knockout mutants using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The P. litchii Δplatg6a mutants were significantly impaired in autophagy and vegetative growth. We further found that the Δplatg6a mutants displayed decreased branches of sporangiophore, leading to impaired sporangium production. PlATG6a is also involved in resistance to oxidative and salt stresses, but not in sexual reproduction. The transcription of peroxidase-encoding genes was down-regulated in Δplatg6a mutants, which is likely responsible for hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Compared with the wild-type strain, the Δplatg6a mutants showed reduced virulence when inoculated on the litchi leaves using mycelia plugs. Overall, these results suggest a critical role for PlATG6a in autophagy, vegetative growth, sporangium production, sporangiophore development, zoospore release, pathogenesis and tolerance to salt and oxidative stresses in P. litchii.

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Xie, Jiaxing, Jiajun Peng, Jiaxin Wang, Binhan Chen, Tingwei Jing, Daozong Sun, Peng Gao et al. „Litchi Detection in a Complex Natural Environment Using the YOLOv5-Litchi Model“. Agronomy 12, Nr. 12 (02.12.2022): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123054.

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Detecting litchis in a complex natural environment is important for yield estimation and provides reliable support to litchi-picking robots. This paper proposes an improved litchi detection model named YOLOv5-litchi for litchi detection in complex natural environments. First, we add a convolutional block attention module to each C3 module in the backbone of the network to enhance the ability of the network to extract important feature information. Second, we add a small-object detection layer to enable the model to locate smaller targets and enhance the detection performance of small targets. Third, the Mosaic-9 data augmentation in the network increases the diversity of datasets. Then, we accelerate the regression convergence process of the prediction box by replacing the target detection regression loss function with CIoU. Finally, we add weighted-boxes fusion to bring the prediction boxes closer to the target and reduce the missed detection. An experiment is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the improvement. The results of the study show that the mAP and recall of the YOLOv5-litchi model were improved by 12.9% and 15%, respectively, in comparison with those of the unimproved YOLOv5 network. The inference speed of the YOLOv5-litchi model to detect each picture is 25 ms, which is much better than that of Faster-RCNN and YOLOv4. Compared with the unimproved YOLOv5 network, the mAP of the YOLOv5-litchi model increased by 17.4% in the large visual scenes. The performance of the YOLOv5-litchi model for litchi detection is the best in five models. Therefore, YOLOv5-litchi achieved a good balance between speed, model size, and accuracy, which can meet the needs of litchi detection in agriculture and provides technical support for the yield estimation and litchi-picking robots.

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Yang, Baomei, Guoliang Li, Shaohai Yang, Zhaohuan He, Changmin Zhou und Lixian Yao. „Effect of Application Ratio of Potassium over Nitrogen on Litchi Fruit Yield, Quality, and Storability“. HortScience 50, Nr. 6 (Juni 2015): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.6.916.

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Soils of litchi orchards in China are commonly deficient in nitrogen and potassium. The cultivar Feizixiao litchis planted in a typical acidic upland orchard, which is low in nitrogen and potassium, were used as a subject in field experiments with different ratios of potassium to nitrogen (K2O:N = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4). Field experiments were conducted from 2009 to 2012. The effects of K2O:N ratio on the yield, quality, and storability of litchi were investigated and discussed. Results indicated that with the increase of K2O:N ratio, fruit yield initially increased and then decreased, and litchi had the highest yield when K2O:N was 1.2. When K and N fertilizers were applied at the ratio of 1.2, litchi had a better fruit quality with higher vitamin C content, soluble sugar, and soluble solid. With the increase of K2O:N ratio, healthy fruit rate initially increased and then decreased. This rate reached the maximum value when K2O:N was 1.2. Meanwhile, fruit-rotting rate, peel-browning index, cell membrane permeability, and peroxidase (POD) activity decreased at first and then increased and reached the minimum value when the K2O:N ratio was 1.2. Therefore, litchi fruit had the highest yield, better quality, and best storage property when K2O:N was 1.2. Thus, this ratio is recommended for the main litchi production areas in China.

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Amaral, I., L. G. Matta und D. J. Andrade. „Population dynamics of Aceria litchii (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) reveals differential responses of lychee varieties“. Systematic and Applied Acarology 25, Nr. 2 (12.02.2020): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.25.2.4.

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Lychee productivity (Litchi chinensis) has been decreasing since the appearance of the erinose mite Aceria litchii (Keifer) in the main producing regions. This mite causes erinose formation in leaflets, branches, and fruits, which affects fruit productivity and quality. This study referred to an assessment of the population dynamics of this mite associated with abiotic factors in different lychee varieties during 25 months. For the assessments, the germplasm bank of the Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP–Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, with lychees in full production was used. The assessed varieties were Bengal, Americana, Brewster, Groff, and WB4. Aceria litchii occurred in lychee plants over the years, reaching the highest levels in October and November. These results are considered important for the establishment of a more adequate management program for A. litchii. In this study, we verified that the Bengal variety (widely commercialized) is one of the varieties more susceptible to the mite attack. The variety Americana showed resistance to the mite. Despite the occurrence records for the pest in this variety, the number of individuals and, consequently, the erinose was reduced. Information reported here on the relationships between lychee varieties and the main crop pest is essential to implement plant-breeding programs or even select resistant or tolerant varieties to the erinose mite.

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RABENJARSON, Hantasoa, Achille RAVONINJATOVO und Jean Luc RASOANAIVO. „Performance De La Conservation De Fruits De Litchis Décortiqués Et Dénoyautés Sous - Forme De Sirop Par Rapport A La Conservation A L’Anhydride Sulfureux“. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 38, Nr. 1 (10.04.2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v38.1.5206.

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La filière litchi est la principale source de conception pour Madagascar, les marchés Européens sont les principales destinations de leur exportation ; les réglementations de l'Union Européenne en matière phytosanitaire et sanitaire ont été élaborées pour l'exportation à l'anhydride sulfureux ; l'exportation de litchis à Madagascar présente 30 % de fruits non conformes aux exigences des marchés européens comme de petits calibres, de couleur jaunâtre ou présentant des fissures et autres ; ils sont alors jetés et réfléchis comme déchets ; la valorisation de ces fruits de litchis est incontournable du fait de ses possibilités d'exploitation ; même si son mûrissement est de deux mois dans l'année, ses transformations apportent une valeur ajoutée à l'exportation ; ce qui a conduit à mener une étude sur la conservation de ces déchets sous forme de fruits dénoyautés et conservés au sirop ; leur exploitation représente une perspective d'avenir non seulement pour les exportateurs du dit fruit mais aussi pour tous les acteurs de la filière et consommateurs, aboutissant ainsi à de nouvelles dispositions du marché extérieur ; C'est une méthode naturelle et durable de conservation.

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Xu, Dandan, Yizhen Deng, Pinggen Xi, Ziqin Zhu, Xiangyu Kong, Lang Wan, Junjian Situ, Minhui Li, Lingwang Gao und Zide Jiang. „Biological activity of pterostilbene against Peronophythora litchii, the litchi downy blight pathogen“. Postharvest Biology and Technology 144 (Oktober 2018): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2018.05.011.

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Fornazier, Maurício José, David Dos Santos Martins, Débora Lorenção Fornazier, Letícia Henrique Azevedo, José Salazar Zanuncio Jr und José Cola Zanuncio. „Range Expansion of the Litchi Erinose MiteAceria litchii(Acari: Eriophyidae) in Brazil“. Florida Entomologist 97, Nr. 2 (Juni 2014): 846–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.097.0276.

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Yao, Qiong, Linfa Quan, Haiming Xu, Tao Jia, Wenjing Li und Bingxu Chen. „Biological Studies of the Oligonychus litchii (Trombidiformes:Tetranychidae) on Four Commercial Litchi Cultivars“. Florida Entomologist 102, Nr. 2 (14.06.2019): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.102.0220.

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Liu, Haocheng, Yuqian Tang, Zhaowen Deng, Jiguo Yang und Dan Gan. „Boosting the Antioxidant Potential of Polymeric Proanthocyanidins in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Pericarp via Biotransformation of Utilizing Lactobacillus Plantarum“. Foods 12, Nr. 12 (15.06.2023): 2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12122384.

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In order to enhance the efficient utilization of polymeric proanthocyanidins from litchi pericarp, a process for transforming litchis’ polymeric proanthocyanidins (LPPCs) by using Lactobacilli has been established for products with highly antioxidative properties. Lactobacillus plantarum was selected to enhance the transformation effect. The transformation rate of LPPCs reached 78.36%. The content of litchis’ oligomeric proanthocyanidins (LOPCs) in the products achieved 302.84 μg grape seed proanthocyanidins (GPS)/mg DW, while that of total phenols was 1077.93 gallic acid equivalents (GAE) μg/mg DW. Seven kinds of substances have been identified in the products by using the HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method, among which 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-cinnamic acid, and proanthocyanidin A2 were major components. The in vitro antioxidative activity of the products after transformation was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of LOPCs and LPPCs. The scavenging activity of the transformed products for DPPH free radicals was 1.71 times that of LOPCs. The rate of inhibiting conjugated diene hydroperoxides (CD-POV) was 2.0 times that of LPPCs. The scavenging activity of the products for ABTS free radicals was 11.5 times that of LPPCs. The ORAC value of the products was 4.13 times that of LPPCs. In general, this study realizes the transformation of polymeric proanthocyanidins into high-activity small-molecule substances.

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Raharimihaja, Tatamo E. A., Jo L. M. Rakotoarison, Paul A. Racey und Radosoa A. Andrianaivoarivelo. „A comparison of the effectiveness of methods of deterring pteropodid bats from feeding on commercial fruit in Madagascar“. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, Nr. 13 (26.11.2016): 9512. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2688.8.13.9512-9524.

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We compared the effectiveness of methods of deterring Pteropus rufus from feeding on commercial fruit in east central and southeastern Madagascar in 2012–2013 during the Litchi chinensis harvest. Two of the three methods used, installing plastic flags and ringing bells in the trees, were derived from those used by litchi growers in the southeast. We improved and standardized these methods and compared their effectiveness with an organic product made from dried blood and vegetable oil (Plantskydd®) with a taste and odour aimed at deterring mammal feeding. The bats damaged from 440–7,040 g of litchi fruits per tree and two of the three methods reduced the fruit lost to bats: the plastic flags and the organic deterrent. There were significant differences in the damage levels between the study sites and between our three methods of deterrence. The plastic flags and bell ringing methods were significantly less effective in reducing the fruit bat damage compared to the taste deterrent. The latter was most effective when it had enough time to dry and adhere to the fruits after spraying and before rain. Its effectiveness was further demonstrated in flight cage experiments during which Rousettus madagascariensis avoided litchis treated with Plantskydd®. Analysis of bat faecal samples revealed no feeding preference but the collected samples contained large numbers of Ficus seeds, suggesting that the bats feed extensively on Ficus fruits rather than on fruit of economic importance. Apart from fruit ripeness, tree productivity or other phenological factors did not affect the amount of fruit eaten by the bats. More fruits were damaged by birds than bats at both study sites.

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Zhang, R., Z. X. Su, H. B. Chen und H. Q. Lv. „EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LITCHI DOWNY BLIGHT (PERONOPHYTHORA LITCHII)“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 1029 (April 2014): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1029.57.

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Ye, Shiming, Dong Zhang, Brenal Singh, Jaishree Bankoti, Diane Cohen, Siusze Tan, Donghee Choi et al. „Abstract 741: Distinct functional effects of ILT family members in mediating the activity of an ILT2/ILT4/ILT5 cross-reactive monoclonal antibody in releasing the suppression on innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity“. Cancer Research 84, Nr. 6_Supplement (22.03.2024): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-741.

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Abstract The expression of ILT (LILRB) family members and their major ligand HLA-G within solid tumors are associated with immune suppression and poor patient survival. Blocking multiple ILT family members might be more potent than targeting individual members by overcoming compensatory resistances within tumor microenvironment. Based on this hypothesis, we developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) LITCHI 7 which reacts to three major ILT family members, ILT2, ILT4 and ILT5, and blocks ligand binding to these receptors. LITCHI 7 exhibits a broad binding capability to a wide range of human myeloid and T cell subsets that express ILT2, ILT4, and/or ILT5. Binding to monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC), LITCHI 7 released the inhibition on activating Fcγ receptor. On LPS-treated macrophages, LITCHI 7 enhanced inflammatory macrophage differentiation. The effect is primarily mediated by blocking ILT4 since ILT4 mono-specific mAb is as potent as cross-reactive LITHI 7 in modulating myeloid differentiation although both ILT2 and ILT5 are highly expressed by different myeloid subsets. The result was further confirmed by CRISPR Cas9 knock down of ILT2 or ILT5. In the absence of either ILT2 or ILT5, the accumulation of CD14+ monocytes and inflammatory macrophages were not changed during differentiation. While different ILT family members are generally enriched on myeloid cells, ILT2 is also expressed on NK cells and effector memory CD45RA+ T cells (Temra). Blocking ILT2 by LITCHI 7 enhanced TCR signaling when co-culturing the MART-1 specific T cell reporter line with MART-1/HLA-G positive melanoma cells. The effect of LITCHI 7 is mediated by ILT2 blockade since knocking out ILT2, but not ILT4 and ILT5, reduced accumulation of Temra in activated PBMC. To assess whether immune modulation of LITCHI 7 can be translated into anti-tumor activity by blocking different ILT family members, tumor killing assays were performed using innate and adaptive immune effector cells. LITCHI7 enhanced NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity on HLA-G+ tumor cells by blocking ILT2. Both ILT2 and ILT4 blockade play a role in macrophage phagocytosis on lymphoma cells since LITCHI 7 as well as individual anti-ILT2 or ILT-4 mAbs increased macrophage phagocytosis to a similar level. Finally, LITCHI 7 could boost in vitro T cell-mediated killing of CD19+ lymphoma by CD19 specific CAR-T cells in the presence of CD33+ myeloid cells. In summary, LITCHI 7 can enhance both innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity through ILT2 or ILT4 blockade directly on effector cells or indirectly through myeloid cell reprogramming. As clinical trials are ongoing by targeting ILT2 and ILT4, blocking multiple ILT family members through a single cross-reactive mAb may provide broad anti-tumor effects and advantages when combining with additional oncology treatments. Citation Format: Shiming Ye, Dong Zhang, Brenal Singh, Jaishree Bankoti, Diane Cohen, Siusze Tan, Donghee Choi, Jonathan Hickson, Min-Zu Wu, Urvi Kolhatkar, Mikhail Binnewies, Wei Jin, Jason Hall, John Engelhardt, Alexander Shoemaker. Distinct functional effects of ILT family members in mediating the activity of an ILT2/ILT4/ILT5 cross-reactive monoclonal antibody in releasing the suppression on innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 741.

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Jamal Uddin, A. F. M., Farah Ahmed, Raisa Islam, Dina Akther und Most Asmaul Husna. „EFFECTS OF NITROGEN GAS AND CLYBIO APPLICATION ON SHELF-LIFE EXTENSION AND SKIN COLOR RETENTION OF RIPE LITCHI“. International Journal of Business, Social and Scientific Research 11, Nr. 1 (15.02.2023): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55706/ijbssr11105.

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The experiment was conducted at Horticulture Innovation Lab.BD., Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka. The experiment consisted of ten treatments where litchi fruits were kept in storage, namely Control (no treatments), Clybio spray, Plastic box, Ziploc pack, Plastic box with Clybio spray, Ziploc pack with Clybio spray, Plastic box with N2 gas, Ziploc pack with N2 gas, Plastic box + Clybio+ N2 gas and Ziploc pack + Clybio+ N2 gas. The study evaluated the effect of these treatments at post-harvest on the percentage of weight loss, Total Soluble Solid (Brix percentage), skin color (L*, a*, b*, C* and h values) and percentage of weight loss and brix (%). It was observed that the lowest percentage of weight loss (20.7%) occurred in the litchis treated with Clybio and stored inside a Ziploc bag at 7 days in storage. The lowest brix percentage was measured (16.5%) when treated with clybio spray and stored in a plastic box. After 7 days in storage, the percentage of weight loss increased along with the increase in brix (%) indicating a significant relationship. The color of the fruit also changed significantly in storage from initial day until the 7th day. After 7 days in storage, the plastic box + Clybio + N2 gas treatment produced the best color retention results, with the L* value of 39.8, a* value of 27.1, b* value of 21.6, C* value of 34.7, and h value of 38.6, indicating that the litchi stored under this treatment retained a redder and brighter color. The goal of the study was to extend the shelf-life of litchi while preserving its natural red color during post-harvest storage to command a higher market price and increase profitability.

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Schulte, M. J., K. Martin und J. Sauerborn. „Efficacy of spiromesifen on Aceria litchii (Keifer) in relation to Cephaleuros virescens Kunze colonization on leaves of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)“. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 114, Nr. 3 (Juni 2007): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03356721.

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Xing, Mengyu, Li Zheng, Yizhen Deng, Dandan Xu, Pinggen Xi, Minhui Li, Guanghui Kong und Zide Jiang. „Antifungal Activity of Natural Volatile Organic Compounds against Litchi Downy Blight Pathogen Peronophythora litchii“. Molecules 23, Nr. 2 (08.02.2018): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020358.

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Situ, Junjian, Li Zheng, Dandan Xu, Chun Gu, Pinggen Xi, Yizhen Deng, Tom Hsiang und Zide Jiang. „Screening of effective biocontrol agents against postharvest litchi downy blight caused by Peronophythora litchii“. Postharvest Biology and Technology 198 (April 2023): 112249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2023.112249.

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HUANG, KUN-WEI. „Aceria (Acarina: Eriophyoidea) in Taiwan: five new species and plant abnormalities caused by sixteen species“. Zootaxa 1829, Nr. 1 (25.07.2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1829.1.1.

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In this study, 16 species of Aceria Keifer, 1944, including 5 new species and 4 new records, causing visible damage to plants in Taiwan, are described. They are: Aceria litchii (Keifer, 1943) infesting Litchi chinensis and Dimocarpus longana; Aceria sacchari Wang, 1964 infesting Saccharum officinarum; Aceria spicati (Stebbins, 1909) infesting Aceria morrisonense and Acer kawakamii; Aceria kuko (Kishida, 1927) infesting Lycium chinense; Aceria pipturi Keifer, 1966 infesting Pipturus arborescens; Aceria eriobotryae (Keifer, 1938) infesting Eriobotrya japonica; Aceria litseae (Keifer, 1972) infesting Litsea hypophaea; Aceria gallae T. Huang, 1996 infesting Cordia dichotoma; Aceria pobuzii Huang, 1996 infesting Cordia dichotoma; Aceria shepherdiae Keifer, 1966 infesting Elaeagnus thunbergii; Aceria roxburghianae sp. nov. infesting Rhus chinensis roxburghiana; Aceria mikaniae (Nalepa, 1918) infesting Mikania cordata; Aceria virosae sp. nov. infesting Flueggea virosa; Aceria serratifoliae sp. nov. infesting Premna serratifolia; Aceria sylvestrae sp. nov. infesting Elaeocarpus sylvestris and Aceria taiwanensis sp. nov. infesting Vitex trifolia. A key to the 20 species of Aceria in Taiwan is provided.

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Zheng, Li, Jun-jian Situ, Qing-feng Zhu, Ping-gen Xi, Yin Zheng, Hong-xia Liu, Xiaofan Zhou und Zi-de Jiang. „Identification of volatile organic compounds for the biocontrol of postharvest litchi fruit pathogen Peronophythora litchii“. Postharvest Biology and Technology 155 (September 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.05.009.

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Song, Chun Fang, ZhengWei Cui, Guang Yuan Jin, Arun S. Mujumdar und Jian Feng Yu. „Effects of Four Different Drying Methods on the Quality Characteristics of Peeled Litchis (Litchi chinensisSonn.)“. Drying Technology 33, Nr. 5 (17.09.2014): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2014.963203.

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Zhang, Jing, Fadi Zhu, Mengxuan Gu, Huochun Ye, Liushuang Gu, Ligang Zhan, Changling Liu, Chao Yan und Gang Feng. „Inhibitory activity and action mechanism of coumoxystrobin against Phytophthora litchii, which causes litchi fruit downy blight“. Postharvest Biology and Technology 181 (November 2021): 111675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111675.

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Xiang, Yue, Zihan Su, Taotao Li, Dandan Xu, Meijiao Hu, Jinhua Sun, Yueming Jiang und Zhengke Zhang. „Inhibitory activity and action mode of apple polyphenols against Peronophythora litchii that causes litchi downy blight“. Postharvest Biology and Technology 194 (Dezember 2022): 112095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2022.112095.

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Ataide, Livia M. S., Nurhayat Tabanca, Maria A. Canon, Elena Q. Schnell, Teresa I. Narvaez, Kevin R. Cloonan, Paul E. Kendra, Daniel Carrillo und Alexandra M. Revynthi. „Volatile Characterization of Lychee Plant Tissues (Litchi chinensis) and the Effect of Key Compounds on the Behavior of the Lychee Erinose Mite (Aceria litchii)“. Biomolecules 13, Nr. 6 (02.06.2023): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13060933.

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Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles (HIPVs) are volatile signals emitted by plants to deter herbivores and attract their natural enemies. To date, it is unknown how lychee plants, Litchi chinensis, respond to the induction of leaf galls (erinea) caused by the lychee erinose mite (LEM), Aceria litchii. Aiming to reveal the role of HIPVs in this plant-mite interaction, we investigated changes in the volatile profile of lychee plants infested by LEM and their role on LEM preferences. The volatile profile of uninfested (flower buds, fruit, leaves and new leaf shoots) and infested plant tissue were characterized under different levels of LEM infestation. Volatiles were collected using head-space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Fifty-eight volatiles, including terpenoids, alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, esters, and ketones classes were identified. Using dual-choice bioassays, we investigated the preference of LEM to uninfested plant tissues and to the six most abundant plant volatiles identified. Uninfested new leaf shoots were the most attractive plant tissues to LEM and LEM attraction or repellence to volatiles were mostly influenced by compound concentration. We discuss possible applications of our findings in agricultural settings.

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Yi, Chun, Yueming Jiang, John Shi, Hongxia Qu, Xuewu Duan, Bao Yang, Nagendra K. Prasad und Ting Liu. „Effect of adenosine triphosphate on changes of fatty acids in harvested litchi fruit infected by Peronophythora litchii“. Postharvest Biology and Technology 54, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2009): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2009.06.008.

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Wang, Rongbo, Benjin Li, Mingyue Shi, Yumei Zhao, Jinlong Lin, Qinghe Chen und Peiqing Liu. „Rapid Visual Detection of Peronophythora litchii on Lychees Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Assay Based on the Unique Target Gene Pl_101565“. Plants 13, Nr. 4 (18.02.2024): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13040555.

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Downy blight, caused by Peronophythora litchii, is a destructive disease that impacts lychee fruit throughout the pre-harvest, post-harvest, and transportation phases. Therefore, the prompt and precise identification of P. litchii is crucial for the effective management of the disease. A novel gene encoding a Rh-type ammonium transporter, Pl_101565, was identified in P. litchii through bioinformatic analysis in this study. Based on this gene, a coupled recombinase polymerase amplification–lateral flow (RPA-LF) assay for the rapid visual detection of P. litchii was developed. The assay has been shown to detect P. litchii accurately, without cross-reactivity to related pathogenic oomycetes or fungi. Moreover, it can be performed effectively within 15 to 25 min at temperatures ranging from 28 to 46 °C. Under optimized conditions, the RPA-LF assay could detect as low as 1 pg of P. litchii genomic DNA in a 25 μL reaction system. Furthermore, the RPA-LF assay successfully detected P. litchii in infected lychee samples within a 30 min timeframe. These attributes establish the RPA-LF assay as a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for diagnosing P. litchii early; it is particularly suitable for applications in resource-limited settings.

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Li, Hui, Diejun Huang, Qiuzhuo Ma, Wene Qi und Hua Li. „Factors Influencing the Technology Adoption Behaviours of Litchi Farmers in China“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 1 (29.12.2019): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010271.

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Litchi is a traditional tree crop grown in Southern China. Sustainable development of the litchi industry is reliant on technology adoption by farmers. The top grafting technique allows for the introduction of new, quality litchi varieties. The fact that these new varieties ripen earlier or later than the traditional ones helps stabilize litchi prices. Selling new litchi varieties can increase farmers’ incomes through higher prices of quality varieties and stabilizing prices by staggering the harvest periods. However, the rate of adoption of top grafting among farmers is low, and up till now, more than half of the litchi trees in China are still traditional litchi varieties. This study explores the factors that influence top grafting adoption by litchi farmers. Using primary data gathered by the China Agriculture Research System of Litchi and Longan (CARSLL) from 567 litchi farming households, a binary logit choice model is employed to determine the factors that influence adoption of litchi top grafting among litchi farmers. The results show that farmers owning larger litchi orchards are more likely to adopt top grafting compared to ones owning smaller orchards. Litchi information accumulation, including experience and training, significantly influences farmers’ technology adoption levels. Moreover, a positive attitude toward technology also significantly influences technology adoption behaviours.

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Lin, Xiaojie, Yongsheng Lin, Zhengping Liao, Xianqian Niu, Yingxiang Wu, Dandan Shao, Bingrong Shen et al. „Preservation of Litchi Fruit with Nanosilver Composite Particles (Ag-NP) and Resistance against Peronophythora litchi“. Foods 11, Nr. 19 (20.09.2022): 2934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11192934.

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Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is susceptible to infection by Peronophythora litchi post storage, which rapidly decreases the sensory and nutritional quality of the fruit. In this study, the effects of nanosilver (Ag-NP) solution treatment on the shelf life of litchi fruit and the inhibition of P. litchi were examined, and the underlying mechanisms were discussed. For investigations, we used one variety of litchi (‘Feizixiao’), dipping it in different concentrations of Ag-NP solution after harvesting. Meanwhile, we treated P. litchi with different concentrations of Ag-NP solution. According to the data analysis, litchi treated with 400 μg/mL Ag-NPs and stored at 4 °C had the highest health rate and the lowest browning index among all the samples. In the same trend, treatment with 400 μg/mL Ag-NPs produced the best results for anthocyanin content, total soluble solids content, and titratable acidity content. Additionally, according to the results of the inhibition test, 800 μg/mL Ag-NP solution had a 94.97% inhibition rate against P. litchi. Within 2–10 h following exposure to 400 μg/mL Ag-NP solution, the contents of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in P. litchi gradually increased and peaked, followed by a gradual decline. At this time, the integrity of the cell membrane of P. litchi could be broken by Ag-NP solution, and the sporangia showed deformed germ tubes and abnormal shapes. Taken together, these results suggested that Ag-NP treatment inhibited respiration and P. litchi activity, which might attenuate litchi pericarp browning and prolong the shelf life of litchi. Accordingly, Ag-NPs could be used as an effective antistaling agent in litchi fruit and as an ecofriendly fungicide for the post-harvest control of litchi downy blight. This study provides new insights into the application of Ag-NP as an antistaling agent for fruit storage and as an ecofriendly fungicide.

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Tang, Liwen, Jiali Xue, Xingyu Ren, Yue Zhang, Liqing Du, Feng Ding, Kaibing Zhou und Wuqiang Ma. „Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of m6A Writers, Erasers, and Readers in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)“. Genes 13, Nr. 12 (04.12.2022): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122284.

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N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is the most prevalent type of RNA methylation and plays a pivotal role in the development of plants. However, knowledge of the m6A modification in litchi remains limited. In this study, a complete analysis of m6A writers, erasers, and readers in litchi was performed and 31 litchi m6A regulatory genes were identified in total, including 7 m6A writers, 12 m6A erases, and 12 readers. Phylogeny analysis showed that all three of the kinds of litchi m6A regulatory proteins could be divided into three groups; domains and motifs exhibited similar patterns in the same group. MiRNA target site prediction showed that 77 miRNA target sites were located in 25 (80.6%) litchi m6A regulatory genes. Cis-elements analysis exhibited that litchi m6A regulatory genes were mainly responsive to light and plant hormones, followed by environmental stress and plant development. Expression analysis revealed litchi m6A regulatory genes might play an important role during the peel coloration and fruit abscission of litchi. This study provided valuable and expectable information of litchi m6A regulatory genes and their potential epigenetic regulation mechanism in litchi.

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Suman, Swati, Manendra Kumar und Braj Kishore Prasad Singh. „Field Efficacy of Insecticides against Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): A Major Pest of Litchi and its Management in Bihar, India“. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, Nr. 4 (04.03.2024): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i44470.

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Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a subtropical fruit; family Sapindaceae. Litchi offers a good potentiality for its cultivation in Bihar both nutritionally and economically. India is the second largest global producer of litchi, next only to China. Litchi fruit borer (Conopomorpha sinensis Bradely, 1986 Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae), litchi mite, leaf cutting weevils, litchi looper, and leaf roller are major pests which attack litchi plant, during different seasons. They cause damage to the litchi plant throughout the year but their seasonal abundance not only damage the plant, but also the fruits. Among these pests, C. sinensis is the prominent one remaining active throughout the year but it’s the peak period was from July to November (as shoot borer) and from March to May (as fruit borer). 30-70% of the dropped. The results revealed that the lowest number of fruits infestation was recorded with Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 0.003% followed by the treatment with Spinosad which gave better result 25 % infestation was. Therefore, an attempt has been made to study management options for litchi fruit and shoot borer C. sinensis by using new control measures.

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Xie, Jiaxing, Xiaowei Zhang, Zeqian Liu, Fei Liao, Weixing Wang und Jun Li. „Detection of Litchi Leaf Diseases and Insect Pests Based on Improved FCOS“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 5 (07.05.2023): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051314.

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Litchi leaf diseases and pests can lead to issues such as a decreased Litchi yield, reduced fruit quality, and decreased farmer income. In this study, we aimed to explore a real-time and accurate method for identifying Litchi leaf diseases and pests. We selected three different orchards for field investigation and identified five common Litchi leaf diseases and pests (Litchi leaf mite, Litchi sooty mold, Litchi anthracnose, Mayetiola sp., and Litchi algal spot) as our research objects. Finally, we proposed an improved fully convolutional one-stage object detection (FCOS) network for Litchi leaf disease and pest detection, called FCOS for Litch (FCOS-FL). The proposed method employs G-GhostNet-3.2 as the backbone network to achieve a model that is lightweight. The central moment pooling attention (CMPA) mechanism is introduced to enhance the features of Litchi leaf diseases and pests. In addition, the center sampling and center loss of the model are improved by utilizing the width and height information of the real target, which effectively improves the model’s generalization performance. We propose an improved localization loss function to enhance the localization accuracy of the model in object detection. According to the characteristics of Litchi small target diseases and pests, the network structure was redesigned to improve the detection effect of small targets. FCOS-FL has a detection accuracy of 91.3% (intersection over union (IoU) = 0.5) in the images of five types of Litchi leaf diseases and pests, a detection rate of 62.0/ms, and a model parameter size of 17.65 M. Among them, the detection accuracy of Mayetiola sp. and Litchi algal spot, which are difficult to detect, reached 93.2% and 92%, respectively. The FCOS-FL model can rapidly and accurately detect five common diseases and pests in Litchi leaf. The research outcome is suitable for deployment on embedded devices with limited resources such as mobile terminals, and can contribute to achieving real-time and precise identification of Litchi leaf diseases and pests, providing technical support for Litchi leaf diseases’ and pests’ prevention and control.

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Tang, Zheng-He, Han-Cheng Wang, Yi-Ping Hou, Si-Ping Zhang, Jian-Xin Wang und Ming-guo Zhou. „Baseline and differential sensitivity to mandipropamid among isolates of Peronophythora litchii, the causal agent of downy blight on litchi“. Crop Protection 30, Nr. 3 (März 2011): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.11.001.

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Agarwal, N., und Nirankar Nath. „Effect of pretreatments on quality characteristics and water activity of air-dried litchis (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Rose Scented“. Food / Nahrung 34, Nr. 3 (1990): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19900340312.

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Chen, Dandan, Yuxin Zhou, Dan Yang, Wei Zhou, Xiaoyang Chen und Qing Zhang. „Exploring Lactobacillus plantarum on Fermentation Quality, Gas Emissions, and In Vitro Digestibility of Different Varieties of Litchi Leaves Silage“. Fermentation 9, Nr. 7 (11.07.2023): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070651.

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To investigate the feasibility of developing litchi leaves as silage, we determined the fermentation quality of four varieties of litchi leaves (including “Wanpu”, “Wuyejiu”, “Tongzai” and “Zhuangyuanhong”) ensiled with or without Lactobacillus plantarum on day 3, 7, 14 and 30. The in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production of litchi leaves silages were also determined after 30 days of ensiling. The results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum significantly reduced pH value (p < 0.01), inhibited coliform bacteria, and reduced the production of ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.01) in all the four kinds of litchi leaves silage. Moreover, Lactobacillus plantarum treated litchi leaves (“Wanpu” and “Zhuangyuanhong”) had lower yeasts than the untreated litchi leaves during ensiling. The number of molds in Lactobacillus plantarum treated groups (“Tongzai” and “Zhuangyuanhong”) was below the detected level after 30 days ensiling, which was lower than that of the untreated groups. The addition of Lactobacillus plantarum also contributed to improving IVDMD and markedly reduced (p < 0.01) gas production of all litchi leaves silages. Conclusions: Lactobacillus plantarum can improve the fermentation quality and in vitro digestion characteristics of litchi leaves silage. Developing litchi leaves as silage material is a feasible way to recycle litchi leaves.

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Ibnat, Anika, Mohammad Bashir Ahmed, Suruj Jaman und Md Ruhul Amin. „Present Scenario and Problems of Litchi Cultivation in Meherpur District of Bangladesh“. South Asian Journal of Agriculture 8, Nr. 1-2 (23.04.2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/saja.v8i1-2.59264.

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Litchi is a popular summer fruit in Bangladesh and the production of litchi is increasing day by day. However, the production procedure of litchi is not a problem free venture. The Meherpur district of Bangladesh is a suitable place for commercial cultivation of litchi. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the status of litchi cultivation and to identify the problems confronted by the litchi growers of Meherpur Sadar and Mujibnagar upazila of Meherpur district, Bangladesh. Data were collected through a pre-tested interview schedule from 60 respondents selected by accidental sampling during May to June, 2019. Majority of the respondents (58.3%) belong to early initiation category of litchi cultivation (during 1996 to 2012) with early (3-5 years) fruit collection (51.7%). Most of the respondents (80.0%) allotted small area (up to 0.5 ha) of land for litchi cultivation; and 41.7% used low extent for litchi cultivation i.e., 40% of the potential area; and all the respondents belonged to continuous adoption category. Most of the respondents (80.0%) cultivate Bombai variety and 73.3% had moderate number (86-135) of plants in their orchard; and about one-third of the respondents (30.0%) maintain a spacing of 4.65m×6.20m in their litchi orchard. Two-fifth (40.0%) of the respondents harvested a moderate yield (1,00,001-2,00,000 fruits ha-1), however, most of the respondents (81.67%) argued that they get low price (up to 1,25,000 BDT ha-1) from their litchi orchards . Majority of the respondents (68.33%) reported that litchi fruit and shoot borer infest their orchard while the orchards of 45% respondents were infested by fruit rot disease. Majority of the respondents (68.3%) confronted medium extent of problems followed by low (18.3%) and high (13.4%) extent of problems. The most severe problems were lack of training on litchi cultivation and low shelf life of litchi as reported by all (100%) of the respondents. Among eleven selected socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents’ only farm size, annual income, cosmopolitanism and knowledge on litchi cultivation showed significant negative relationship with their problem confrontation. It might be concluded that proper, adequate and timely extension activities would minimize the extent of problems in litchi cultivation to ensure sustained higher yield in Bangladesh. South Asian J. Agric., 8(1&2): 20-28

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Akter, Rumana, M. Serajul Islam und Golam Rabbani. „Financial Analysis of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Production in Dinajpur District of Bangladesh“. Agriculturists 14, Nr. 2 (01.02.2017): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v14i2.31344.

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The present study was conducted in 2015 to examine the profitability of litchi orchard production at Dinajpur sadar upzila in Dinajpur district where litchi orchards are generally leases out for 1 to 6 years by the owners known as Deed. In total 312 litchi orchard trees of which 254 were Bombai, 40 Madrazi, 20 China-3, 2 China-2 and 3 were Bedana, were selected to estimate the BCR, NVP and IRR of litchi production. The litchi trees were 18 to 22 years old. Project appraisal techniques and sensitivity analysis was done by using primary data to determine cost and benefits from litchi production. The study revealed that individuals investment on litchi production is profitable. The study also found that in producing litchi Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were 1.93, Tk. 1643896 and Tk. 1230, respectively. Sensitivity analysis suggested that the investment in litchi production is profitable even for 10% increase in operating and maintenance cost or 10% decrease in gross benefit.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(2) 32-37

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Li, Yingtang. „Collaborative decision-making on preservation cost control of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou“. Value, Function, Cost 1, Nr. 1 (20.12.2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54517/vfc.v1i1.1605.

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<p>Litchi is a kind of fruit with high demand for freshness, and the freshness of litchi is lost very quickly. There is no cooperative decision -making mechanism for litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,</span> and the members of the supply chain make decisions independently in most cases. The members of the supply chain make decisions based on their own interests, so that the freshness of litchi cannot be well controlled, and the overall benefit of litchi supply chain cannot be maximized. On the basis of analyzing the supply chain structure and the preservation cost of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou, this paper demonstrates the necessity of collaborative decision-making on preservation cost control of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou through an example, and put forward to implement the collaborative decision-making on preservation cost control of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou by constructing the collaborative decision-making platform of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou.</p>

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Xiang, He Ping, Yan Chen, Wei Liang Cai und Xiang Jun Zou. „Research on Stem Characteristics of Litchi and End-Effector of Litchi Picking Robot“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (Dezember 2011): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.422.

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In order to design a robot end-effector for picking the litchi, at first, the clamping and cutting characteristics of the litchi stem were measured. Based on the biological characteristics and cultivation growth pattern of litchi, the characteristic of litchi picking mechanism was analyzed, and the relationship between the moving mechanism and cutting mechanism was established. At last, a new type of end-effector for picking the litchi, which consisted of clamping mechanism, moving mechanism and cutting mechanism, was developed. The experimental results showed that the end-effector can satisfy the clamping, moving and cutting requirements when picking the litchi.

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