Dissertationen: „Litcrit“

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Reichel, Mareike [Verfasser]. „Improved shelf life and colour retention of fresh litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit / Mareike Reichel“. Düren : Shaker, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1198600802/34.

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2

Le, Roux Erwan. „Etude des composés phénoliques et des systèmes enzymatiques impliqués dans le brunissement du péricarpede litchi (litchi chinensis sonn. )“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30010.

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Les principaux composes phenoliques du pericarpe de litchi, var. Kwai mi, ont ete identifies. La couleur rouge du pericarpe est due a la presence de deux anthocyanes : le 3-rutinoside de cyanidol (80% des anthocyanes totales) et le 3-glucoside de cyanidol (identification du substituant glycosidique non formelle). Deux flavonols sont presents : les 3-rutinoside et 3-glucoside de quercetol. La majeure partie des composes phenoliques du pericarpe est constituee de flavanols, l'epicatechine etant le monomere principal et l'unite de base des procyanidols qui possedent des liaisons interflavaniques de type b et a. Le degre moyen de polymerisation des tanins, estime par thiolyse, est de 6,4. Le degre de polymerisation le plus eleve, detecte en spectrometrie de masse, est 22 avec 5 ou 6 liaisons de type a. Les systemes enzymatiques, susceptibles d'intervenir dans le brunissement du pericarpe, sont les polyphenoloxydase (ppo), peroxydase (pod) et -glucosidase. Il semble que le procede de conservation des fruits apres recolte le mieux adapte soit la conservation des fruits ensaches, a basse temperature. Ce traitement alternatif au sulfitage permet de maintenir les fruits a un niveau d'hydratation ralentissant le processus de senescence des fruits et par consequent leur brunissement.

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LOPES, Marisa de Oliveira. „Litchi chinensis Sonn.: estudos microbiológicos e fitoquímicos“. Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 2014. http://bdtd.unifal-mg.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/169.

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A espécie Litchi chinensis Sonn., popularmente conhecida como lichieira, é originária da China e tem aplicações medicinais em muitos países, em especial pela medicina tradicional chinesa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar química e biologicamente o extrato de folhas e frações desta espécie. Foi preparado o extrato hidroetanólico das folhas e, a partir da partição líquido-líquido, foram obtidas as frações hexânica, acetato de etila, butanólica e aquosa. Foi utilizada a técnica de espectrometria de massas ESI-IT-MSn para traçar o perfil do extrato e das frações. Procedeu-se à quantificação dos teores de fenóis totais, de flavonoides totais, do poder sequestrante do radical DPPH e do poder redutor do extrato de folhas e frações. Além disso, foram avaliadas também as seguintes atividades biológicas in vitro: antimicrobiana para bactérias e fungos (ensaio da difusão em ágar e concentração inibitória mínima), leishmanicida e citotoxicidade. O extrato de folhas e frações apresentaram compostos fenólicos como principais constituintes químicos, tais como flavonoides (agliconas e heterosídeos) e taninos condensados. Os resultados da determinação dos fenólicos totais e flavonoides demonstraram que existe uma maior concentração destes compostos na fração acetato de etila em relação ao extrato de folhas e às outras frações e a avaliação do poder sequestrante de radicais DPPH e do poder redutor demonstra que esta fração também apresentou maior atividade antioxidante in vitro em comparação ao extrato de folhas e às outras frações. Assim, evidencia-se a possível correlação entre estes compostos e a atividade antioxidante. O extrato de folhas de L. chinensis e frações testados neste trabalho apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra as seguintes bactérias gram-positivas: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus e frente à bactéria gram-negativa Proteus mirabilis. O extrato de folhas de L. chinensis e frações não apresentaram atividade contra L. amazonensis até a concentração testada de 40 µg/mL, nem tampouco apresentaram toxicidade aos macrófagos murinos até a concentração testada (160 µg/mL). A fração acetato de etila (FrAcOEt) do extrato de folhas apresentou os melhores resultados quanto ao teor de fenóis totais, flavonoides totais, a melhor atividade antioxidante e os menores valores de concentração inibitória mínima, evidenciando assim a viabilidade desta fração do extrato de folhas como fonte potencial de compostos bioativos.
The species Litchi chinensis Sonn., popularly known as litchi, originated in China and has medicinal applications in many countries, particularly in traditional chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate leaf extract and fractions of this species both chemically and biologically. The hydroethanolic leaf extract was prepared, and from the liquid-liquid partition, the fractions hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous acetate were obtained. The technique of mass spectrometry ESI -IT-MSn was used to determine the profile the extract and fractions. The quantification of total phenolic content, total flavonoid, the scavenging power of DPPH radical and the reducing power of leaf extracts and fractions was carried out. In addition, the following in vitro biological activities were also evaluated: antimicrobial for bacteria and fungi (agar diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration), leishmanicidal and cytotoxicity. The leaf extract and fractions showed phenolic compounds as major chemical constituents, such as flavonoids (aglycones and glycosides) and condensed tannins. The results of the determination of total phenolics and flavonoids have shown that there is a higher concentration of these compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction compared to the leaf extract and other fractions and evaluation of scavenging power of DPPH radical and reducing power demonstrates that this fraction also showed higher antioxidant activity in vitro compared to the leaf extract and other fractions. Thus, there is evidence of a possible correlation between these compounds and antioxidant activity. The leaf extract of L. chinensis and fractions tested in this work had the following antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus and against the gram-negative bacteria Proteus mirabilis. The leaf extract of L. chinensis and fractions showed no activity against L. amazonensis tested up to a concentration of 40 mg/mL, nor were toxic to murine macrophages in the concentration tested (160 mg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction (FrAcOEt) of leaf extracts showed the best results on the content of total phenolics, total flavonoids, the best antioxidant activity and the lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration, thus demonstrating the viability of this fraction of the leaf extract as a potential source of bioactive compounds.

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Grondin, Isabelle. „Valorisation de graines de quelques fruits tropicaux. Etude chimique des lipides de Litchi sinensis Sonn. Et Euphoria longana Lam“. Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT031G.

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Ce travail est consacré à l'étude chimique des principaux constituants des lipides des graines de deux plantes de la famille des sapindacées, le letchi et le longani. L'étude de la fraction glycéridique a permis de déterminer par chromatographie en phase gazeuse la composition en acides gras des deux huiles. Parmi les acides gras classiques recenses (acides palmitique, stéarique, oléique, linoléique, alpha-linoléique), deux acides gras cyclopropaniques, le cis-7,8-méthylènehexadécanoique et le cis-9,10-méthylèneoctadécanoique ou acide dihydrosterculique (majoritaire dans l'huile de letchi) ont été isoles après fractionnement par chromatographie liquide a haute performance et identifies par résonance magnétique nucléaire du proton, du carbone, bidimensionnelle proton/carbone. Les triacylglycerols ont été ensuite fractionnés par chromatographie liquide à haute performance et par chromatographie sur couche mince d'argentation. La répartition des acides gras sur les positions interne et externes du glycérol a été déterminée par hydrolyse enzymatique par la lipase pancréatique de porc, permettant de préciser les proportions des différentes espèces moléculaires de triacylglycerols. L'étude des composes triterpéniques de la fraction insaponifiable a conduit, grâce à la combinaison de plusieurs techniques chromatographiques (chromatographie liquide à haute performance, chromatographie sur couche mince d'argentation) à l'isolement de six alcools triterpéniques, quatre méthylsterols et six stérols qui ont été identifiés sans ambigüité par résonance magnétique nucléaire du proton. La filière biogénétique probable suivie par ces différents composés a été également proposée dans ce travail

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Zunker, Katy. „Untersuchungen zur Allergenität der Mango und der Litchi“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://www.sub.uni-hamburg.de/disse/563/Disse.pdf.

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Somboonkaew, Nettra. „Physiological and biochemical changes in imported litchi fruit“. Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4463.

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It is important to determine the appropriate conditions for maintaining postharvest quality of litchi fruit after arrival from overseas markets. The present study, therefore, aimed to detail the effects of different storage conditions on physiological and biochemical changes in aril and pericarp tissues of imported litchi fruit. Results from Chapter 4 were the first to fully detail the alterations of individual sugars, organic acids and total phenols in aril and individual anthocyanins in pericarp tissue as well as physiological changes under different storage temperatures in three cropping seasons. Results clearly demonstrated that higher concentrations of sucrose, malic, tartaric and total phenolic contents were maintained at 5°C in aril and higher anthocyanins and total phenolic concentrations in pericarp during 13 days as compared with 8, 10, 13 and 20°C storage. Fruit treated at 5°C also had lower weight loss, brighter red pericarp colour and higher total soluble solids as compared against those fruit stored in other temperatures. A temperature of 5°C was therefore proposed for litchi distribution and storage, and acted as the basis of this study. Relative humidity (RH) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in a storage environment are also important parameters affecting postharvest life. A new system using different glycerol solutions was employed to achieve defined RH levels in the present study. Although effects of RH on postharvest changes in litchi fruit have been described in previous works, the recent study is the first report detailing the effects of different and controlled VPD on litchi postharvest alterations. Low VPD was required to maintain quality of imported litchi during 9 days storage. In addition to reducing both weight loss and respiration rate, storage at 95-100 %RH and 5°C (VPD = 0.000-0.084 kPa) successfully remained high levels of sucrose and malic acid content in aril, and tartaric acid, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and mannose in pericarp tissue. It was therefore recommended that storage conditions for litchi should not only focus on maintenance of the cool chain, but should also consider controlling a VPD of ≤0.068 kPa to attain improved conservation of visual appearance. Appropriate use of packaging materials can prolong shelf-life of assorted fruit and vegetables including litchi fruit. Imported litchi fruit were wrapped with either micro-perforated polypropylene (PP), PropaFreshTM PFAM (PF), NatureFlexTM NVS, CellophaneTM WS or kept unwrapped prior to storage at 13°C for 9 days. Predictably, packed fruit retained better quality during storage as compared with unwrapped fruit. Each film tested resulted in an altered gas composition in the packages and thus affected postharvest quality. PF significantly decreased hydrolysis of sucrose in aril and retained higher cyanidin 3-rutinoside levels in pericarp. PF film also limited fruit weight loss and maintained sugar and organic acids concentration in both aril and pericarp. Exogenous application of certain chemicals after harvest has been commercially used to control browning in litchi for many years. However, off-flavours may results and could potentially impact on consumer safety. These possible effects have enhanced demand for non-adulterated fruit on the market. Postharvest changes in pericarp and aril of non-adulterated and commercially-treated fruit as influenced by packaging films under different temperatures were detailed. Although commercially-treated fruit had higher aril organic acids and pericarp anthocyanins, sucrose hydrolysis in aril tissue was accelerated. The use of PF film at 5°C maintained higher sucrose and malic contents in aril tissue of non-adulterated and commercial litchi during 11 days as compared with unwrapped or PP regimes or 13°C storage. Results suggested that PF could replace PP as a new active film for the litchi industry and be a substitute for chemical treatment to maintain quality of litchi fruit.

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Aguila, Juan Saavedra del. „Conservação pós-colheita de lichia (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-10032009-102132/.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar e avaliar as respostas físico-químicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas e sensoriais associadas às técnicas de conservação pós-colheita de lichia, sendo que para isso foram realizados seis experimentos. No primeiro experimento, foi estudado o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20ºC) em lichias Bengal por 15 dias. A taxa respiratória e a produção de etileno foram significativamente influenciadas pela temperatura de armazenamento, sendo que o aumento da temperatura ocasionou maiores perdas de sólidos solúveis totais (ºBrix), ácido ascórbico e aparência. Conclui-se que as temperaturas de 0ºC e 5ºC são as mais indicadas para a conservação de lichia durante 15 dias, nas condições do presente experimento. No segundo experimento, avaliaram-se embalagens de filme de policloreto de vinila (PVC) (12, 14 e 17 m de espessura); filmes plásticos de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 10 e 20 m; filmes plásticos de polipropileno (PP) de 0,06 e 10 m; e embalagens de tereftalato de polietileno (PET), em lichias Bengal armazenadas a 5ºC e 90% UR por 15 dias. Os filmes PP de 0,06 e 10 µm, assim como os filmes PEBD de 10 e 20 µm, apresentaram reduções drásticas dos teores de O2 e aumentos significativos de CO2. Para as condições deste trabalho conclui-se que os filmes de policloreto de vinila (PVC) de 12, 14 e 17 µm e a embalagem de tereftalato de polietileno (PET) são os melhores filmes ou embalagens para o armazenamento de lichias a 5ºC durante 15 dias. No terceiro experimento foi estudado o efeito da aplicação de diferentes antioxidantes na conservação de lichias Bengal armazenadas a 5ºC e 90% UR por 15 dias. Verificou-se que o tratamento com ácido cítrico reduz a taxa respiratória de lichia durante o armazenamento a 5oC. Entretanto, nenhum dos antioxidantes testados foi eficiente para minimizar o escurecimento do pericarpo das lichias durante o armazenamento refrigerado. O quarto experimento avaliou o efeito da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) sobre lichias Bengal armazenadas a 5ºC e 90% UR por 15 dias. Conclui-se que o cloreto de cálcio reduz a taxa respiratória de lichias armazenadas a 5oC, mas não é eficiente para minimizar a perda da coloração vermelha do pericarpo destes frutos durante o armazenamento refrigerado. No quinto experimento foi estudado o efeito da aplicação de diferentes recobrimentos na qualidade de lichias Bengal armazenadas a 5ºC e 90% UR por 15 dias. Conclui-se que nenhum dos recobrimentos ou ceras testados minimizou a perda de qualidade de lichias armazenadas a 5ºC por 15 dias. O sexto experimento avaliou diferentes tempos e temperaturas de resfriamento rápido com água em lichias B3 por 10 dias. Nas condições deste experimento, conclui-se que o pré-resfriamento da lichia com água auxilia na minimização da perda de qualidade destes frutos, mas favorece o surgimento de altos índices de podridões.
The purpose of the present work was carried out with the objective to determine and to evaluate the physicochemical, physiological, biochemical and sensorial answers associated to the techniques of postharvest lychee conservation, and for that six experiments were evaluated. In the first experiment, the effect of the storage temperature (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20ºC) was evaluated in lychees \'Bengal\' for 15 days. The respiratory rate and ethylene production were influenced significantly by the storage temperature, and the increase of the storage temperature caused more losses of soluble solids (ºBrix), ascorbic acid and appearance. Temperatures of 0 and 5ºC are recommended for lychee conservation for 15 days, in the conditions of the present experiment. In a second experiment, packages of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films (12, 14 and 17 m thickness) were evaluated; low density polyethylene (LDPE) films of 10 and 20 m; polypropylene (PP) plastics films of 0,06 and 10 m; and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packages, in lychee \'Bengal\' stored at 5ºC and 90% RH during 15 days. The films PP 0,06 and 10 µm, as well as the films PEBD 10 and 20 µm, presented drastic reductions of the tenors of O2 and significant increases of CO2. For the conditions of this work it was concluded that the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films of 12, 14 and 17 µm and the packing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are the best films or packages for the lychee \'Bengal\' storage at 5ºC for 15 days. The third experiment studied the effect of the application of different antioxidants in the conservation of lychees \'Bengal\' stored at 5ºC and 90% HR during 15 days. It was verified that the treatment with citric acid reduces the respiratory rate of lychee during the storage at 5ºC. However, none of the tested antioxidants was efficient to minimize the pericarp browning of the lychees during the cold stored. The fourth experiment evaluated the effect of the application of different concentrations of chloride of calcium (CaCl2) on lychees \'Bengal\' stored at 5ºC and 90% HR during 15 days. It was concluded that the chloride of calcium reduces the respiratory rate of lychees stored at 5ºC, but it is not efficient to minimize the red coloration pericarp loss of these fruits during the cold stored. In the fifth experiment it was studied the effect of the application of different coatings in the lychees \'Bengal\' quality stored at 5ºC and 90% HR during 15 days. It was concluded that none of the coatings or waxes tested minimized the of lychess quality loss stored at 5ºC during 15 days. The sixth experiment evaluated different times and temperatures of hydrocooling in lychees \'B3\' for 10 days. In the conditions of this experiment, it was concluded that the hydrocooling of the lychee aids in the minimization of the loss of fruit quality, but it favors the appearance of high indexes of rottenness.

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Bryant, Philippa. „Optimising the Postharvest Management Of Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) - A Study of Mechanical Injury and Desiccation“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/629.

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The major objective of the research was to improve lychee postharvest management, through a greater understanding of mechanical injury and moisture loss. Mechanical injury is a known cause of postharvest loss in lychee, but previously published information has been limited to broad observations. In this study, the symptoms of mechanical damage in lychee were defined, including quantitative measurement of colour changes. Impact injury caused protuberance tip darkening, cracking of the pericarp and significant changes in skin colour. Compression also typically caused tip darkening, and severe loads were capable of puncture, shape distortion and skin cracking. Abrasion and vibration injuries were characterised by strong yellowing of pericarp colour, possibly due to the leakage of cell contents onto the fruit surface. Vibration also caused significant darkening and loss of colour saturation. Vibration has not previously been mentioned as an issue in lychee postharvest management, but appeared to be as important a problem as desiccation browning at the wholesale level, both in incidence and severity. Mechanically damaged fruit consistently showed increased ethylene and carbon dioxide synthesis, and moisture loss was increased by up to 30%. Some significant changes in skin biochemistry and cuticle properties were also detected. The study of damaged tissue by SEM revealed distinctive patterns of surface tissue disruption. Open pericarp cracking was a particularly detrimental injury, causing significantly increased electrolyte leakage and rapid pathogen development. The effects of load characteristics, such as magnitude, method of application, site, repetition and cushioning, on the extent of damage were defined. Fruit characteristics such as cultivar, gross morphology, temperature, hydration and surface wetness were shown to significantly affect damage levels. Small seed size was correlated with increased cracking susceptibility. Fruit surface wetness exacerbated vibration or abrasion damage. Turgid fruit were less susceptible to vibration and abrasion damage, but showed increased susceptibility to impact cracking. Previously neglected aspects of desiccation browning research were studied, including cultivar and maturity effects, sites of moisture loss and the role of air currents. Cultivar effects on moisture loss were obscured by pre-harvest factors, but consistent cultivar differences were detected in desiccation browning, possibly related to skin thickness. In contrast, maturity levels over a marketable range had little effect on weight loss or browning. Moisture was lost fairly evenly over the fruit surface, but poor postharvest handling appeared to massively increase loss from the protuberance tips. Moisture loss was shown to substantially increase ethylene synthesis. The crucial role of air currents in exacerbating lychee moisture loss was emphasised, and the relationship between air speed and weight loss was defined. The research contributed to a greater understanding of the processes of mechanical damage and moisture loss in lychee, leading to improved protocols for the postharvest management of the fruit. Improved management of mechanical damage and moisture loss will ultimately improve fruit quality and reduce postharvest losses, hence increasing returns to industry.

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Bryant, Philippa. „Optimising the Postharvest Management Of Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) � A Study of Mechanical Injury and Desiccation“. University of Sydney. Crop Science, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/629.

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The major objective of the research was to improve lychee postharvest management, through a greater understanding of mechanical injury and moisture loss. Mechanical injury is a known cause of postharvest loss in lychee, but previously published information has been limited to broad observations. In this study, the symptoms of mechanical damage in lychee were defined, including quantitative measurement of colour changes. Impact injury caused protuberance tip darkening, cracking of the pericarp and significant changes in skin colour. Compression also typically caused tip darkening, and severe loads were capable of puncture, shape distortion and skin cracking. Abrasion and vibration injuries were characterised by strong yellowing of pericarp colour, possibly due to the leakage of cell contents onto the fruit surface. Vibration also caused significant darkening and loss of colour saturation. Vibration has not previously been mentioned as an issue in lychee postharvest management, but appeared to be as important a problem as desiccation browning at the wholesale level, both in incidence and severity. Mechanically damaged fruit consistently showed increased ethylene and carbon dioxide synthesis, and moisture loss was increased by up to 30%. Some significant changes in skin biochemistry and cuticle properties were also detected. The study of damaged tissue by SEM revealed distinctive patterns of surface tissue disruption. Open pericarp cracking was a particularly detrimental injury, causing significantly increased electrolyte leakage and rapid pathogen development. The effects of load characteristics, such as magnitude, method of application, site, repetition and cushioning, on the extent of damage were defined. Fruit characteristics such as cultivar, gross morphology, temperature, hydration and surface wetness were shown to significantly affect damage levels. Small seed size was correlated with increased cracking susceptibility. Fruit surface wetness exacerbated vibration or abrasion damage. Turgid fruit were less susceptible to vibration and abrasion damage, but showed increased susceptibility to impact cracking. Previously neglected aspects of desiccation browning research were studied, including cultivar and maturity effects, sites of moisture loss and the role of air currents. Cultivar effects on moisture loss were obscured by pre-harvest factors, but consistent cultivar differences were detected in desiccation browning, possibly related to skin thickness. In contrast, maturity levels over a marketable range had little effect on weight loss or browning. Moisture was lost fairly evenly over the fruit surface, but poor postharvest handling appeared to massively increase loss from the protuberance tips. Moisture loss was shown to substantially increase ethylene synthesis. The crucial role of air currents in exacerbating lychee moisture loss was emphasised, and the relationship between air speed and weight loss was defined. The research contributed to a greater understanding of the processes of mechanical damage and moisture loss in lychee, leading to improved protocols for the postharvest management of the fruit. Improved management of mechanical damage and moisture loss will ultimately improve fruit quality and reduce postharvest losses, hence increasing returns to industry.

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Costes, Evelyne. „Analyse architecturale et modélisation du litchi, Litchi chinensis Sonn. contribution à l'étude de son irrégularité de production à l'île de La Réunion /“. Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612759n.

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Lins, Leila Cristina Rosa de. „Propagação da lichieira por alporquia em diferentes substratos e épocas do ano“. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4593.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2229897 bytes, checksum: 70eb16f12cce914df8ee78e6c6f6ea23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-11
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different times of the year and substrates on the rooting of air layers of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) for the production of seedlings to ensure the formation of uniform and productive orchards. Air layers were done in plants of the Bengal cultivar using leafy and healthy woody branches, with about 1.0 to 1.5 cm in diameter, in which complete girdling were performed with 2.0 cm wide at a distance of 30 to 40 cm below the apex. Then the branches were wrapped in moistened substrate. Air layering was made at six times of the year (January, March, May, July, September and November) and two substrates were used (coconut fiber and sphagnum) in a 6 x 2 factorial design in a randomized block with ten replicates, each block represented by a matrix plant. After 90 days, layers were separated from the matrix plant and evaluated for rooting and callus formation; root number, considering only the primary roots; length, area, volume and diameter of the roots; dry mass of roots and calluses, in addition to the dry mass of shoots (leaves and stems). The months of January, March, September and November showed the best results for allanalyzed variables related to rooting. With respect to the substrates, the only difference was in the months of January and March regarding root number and dry mass of roots, where the sphagnum showed the best results. The month of July was more favorable to the formation of calluses. The period between September and March was more suitable to the propagation of lychee, when there were rooting percentages above 90%, in addition to the formation of large amounts of roots.
Neste estudo, objetivou-se verificar a influência da época do ano e de diferentes substratos no enraizamento de alporques de lichieira (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), visando à produção de mudas que assegurem a formação de pomares uniformes e produtivos. Foram feitos alporques em plantas da cultivar Bengal, utilizando ramos lenhosos bem enfolhados e sadios, com cerca de 1,0 a 1,5 cm de diâmetro, nos quais foram realizados anelamentos completos de 2,0 cm de largura, à distância de 30 a 40 cm abaixo do seu ápice. Em seguida, os ramos foram envoltos por substrato umedecido. Foram avaliadas seis épocas de realização dos alporques (janeiro, março, maio, julho, setembro e novembro) e dois substratos (esfagno e fibra de coco), em um esquema fatorial 6 x 2, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com dez repetições, sendo cada bloco representado por uma planta-matriz. Passados 90 dias, os alporques foram separados da planta-matriz e avaliados quanto à porcentagem de enraizamento e de calejamento; ao número de raízes, considerando apenas as raízes primárias; ao comprimento, à área, ao volume e ao diâmetro das raízes; à massa seca de raízes e calos, além da massa seca da parte aérea (folhas e caule). Os melhores resultados para todas as variáveis relacionadas ao enraizamento analisadas foram verificados nos meses de janeiro, março, setembro e novembro. Com relação aos substratos, houve diferença apenas nos meses de janeiro e março para número de raízes e massa seca de raízes, tendo o esfagno apresentado os melhores resultados. O mês de julho foi mais propício à formação de calos. O período compreendido entre os meses de setembro e março foi o mais propício à propagação da lichieira, quando foram obtidas porcentagens de enraizamento superiores a 90%, além da formação de grande quantidade de raízes.

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Johnston, Candice Leigh. „Identification of Penicillium species in the South African litchi export chain“. Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04302009-144436.

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Azevedo, Letícia Henrique de [UNESP]. „Dinâmica populacional e controle do ácaro Aceria litchii Keifer (Prostigmata: Eriophyidae) em plantas de lichia“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91305.

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A cultura da lichia (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pode ser severamente danificada pelo ácaro Aceria litchii (Keifer), a principal praga desta cultura no Brasil. Produtores brasileiros de lichia estão preocupados com o severo dano causado por esse ácaro, dadas as poucas opções disponíveis para o seu controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar aspectos que poderiam levar ao controle efetivo de A. litchii no Brasil, causando o menor impacto ambiental possível. O trabalho compreendeu atividades de campo e de laboratório. O primeiro estudo se referiu a uma avaliação da dinâmica populacional do ácaro. Este foi realizado durante um ano. Aceria litchii permaneceu em plantas de lichia ao longo do ano, atingindo os níveis mais elevados em novembro de 2011 e junho de 2012. O principal predador a este associado foi Phytoseius intermedius. Este predador e outros da mesma família não foram capazes de evitar os danos causados pela praga, o que não significa que os danos não pudessem ser ainda maiores na ausência destes predadores. O segundo estudo correspondeu à determinação de parâmetros biológicos do predador quando alimentado com A. litchii. Phytoseius intermedius foi capaz de completar seu desenvolvimento e se reproduzir com sucesso alimentando-se desta presa. O terceiro estudo correspondeu a uma avaliação de laboratório do efeito de 11 pesticidas sobre A. litchii e P. intermedius, usando uma torre de Potter. O quarto estudo foi uma continuação do terceiro, avaliando em condição de campo os pesticidas que produziram os melhores resultados no estudo anterior. Enxofre, fenpiroximato e hexitiazoxi mostraram-se os mais eficientes contra A. litchii, enquanto azadiractina, seguida por fenpiroximato e hexitiazoxi, foram os mais seletivos para o predador. Os resultados obtidos são considerados importantes para o estabelecimento de um programa de manejo de A. litchii no Estado de São Paulo.
Litchi crop (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) can be severely damaged by the mite Aceria litchii (Keifer), the major pest of this crop in Brazil. Brazilian litchi growers are currently worried with the high damage caused by this mite, given the limitations of options available for its control. The objective of this work was to determine aspects that could lead to the effective control A. litchii in Brazil, causing as little environmental impact as possible. The work comprised of field and laboratory observations. The first study referred to an evaluation of the mite population dynamics. It was conducted during one year. Aceria litchii remained on litchi plants throughout the year, reaching the highest levels in November 2011 and June 2012. The main predator associated with it was Phytoseius intermedius. This predator and other predators of the same family were not able to prevent damage by the pest, what does not mean that the damage could have been still higher in the absent of those predators. The second study corresponded to the determination of biological parameters of this predator when feeding on A. litchii. It was able to complete its development and reproduce successfully on that prey. The third study corresponded to a laboratory evaluation on the effect of 11 pesticides on A. litchii and P. intermedius, using a Potter tower. The fourth study was a continuation of the third, trying under field condition the pesticides that produced the best results in the previous study . Sulfur, fenpyroximate and hexythiazox were shown as most effective against A. litchii, whereas azadirachtin, followed by fenpyroximate and hexythiazox were the most selective for the predator. The results obtained are considered important for the establishment of a management program of A. litchii in São Paulo state.

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Azevedo, Letícia Henrique de. „Dinâmica populacional e controle do ácaro Aceria litchii Keifer (Prostigmata: Eriophyidae) em plantas de lichia /“. Jaboticabal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91305.

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Orientador: Gilberto Joséde Moraes
Coorientador: Pedro Takao Yamamoto
Banca: Antonio Carlos Lofego
Banca: Daniel Júnior de Andrade
Resumo: A cultura da lichia (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pode ser severamente danificada pelo ácaro Aceria litchii (Keifer), a principal praga desta cultura no Brasil. Produtores brasileiros de lichia estão preocupados com o severo dano causado por esse ácaro, dadas as poucas opções disponíveis para o seu controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar aspectos que poderiam levar ao controle efetivo de A. litchii no Brasil, causando o menor impacto ambiental possível. O trabalho compreendeu atividades de campo e de laboratório. O primeiro estudo se referiu a uma avaliação da dinâmica populacional do ácaro. Este foi realizado durante um ano. Aceria litchii permaneceu em plantas de lichia ao longo do ano, atingindo os níveis mais elevados em novembro de 2011 e junho de 2012. O principal predador a este associado foi Phytoseius intermedius. Este predador e outros da mesma família não foram capazes de evitar os danos causados pela praga, o que não significa que os danos não pudessem ser ainda maiores na ausência destes predadores. O segundo estudo correspondeu à determinação de parâmetros biológicos do predador quando alimentado com A. litchii. Phytoseius intermedius foi capaz de completar seu desenvolvimento e se reproduzir com sucesso alimentando-se desta presa. O terceiro estudo correspondeu a uma avaliação de laboratório do efeito de 11 pesticidas sobre A. litchii e P. intermedius, usando uma torre de Potter. O quarto estudo foi uma continuação do terceiro, avaliando em condição de campo os pesticidas que produziram os melhores resultados no estudo anterior. Enxofre, fenpiroximato e hexitiazoxi mostraram-se os mais eficientes contra A. litchii, enquanto azadiractina, seguida por fenpiroximato e hexitiazoxi, foram os mais seletivos para o predador. Os resultados obtidos são considerados importantes para o estabelecimento de um programa de manejo de A. litchii no Estado de São Paulo.
Abstract: Litchi crop (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) can be severely damaged by the mite Aceria litchii (Keifer), the major pest of this crop in Brazil. Brazilian litchi growers are currently worried with the high damage caused by this mite, given the limitations of options available for its control. The objective of this work was to determine aspects that could lead to the effective control A. litchii in Brazil, causing as little environmental impact as possible. The work comprised of field and laboratory observations. The first study referred to an evaluation of the mite population dynamics. It was conducted during one year. Aceria litchii remained on litchi plants throughout the year, reaching the highest levels in November 2011 and June 2012. The main predator associated with it was Phytoseius intermedius. This predator and other predators of the same family were not able to prevent damage by the pest, what does not mean that the damage could have been still higher in the absent of those predators. The second study corresponded to the determination of biological parameters of this predator when feeding on A. litchii. It was able to complete its development and reproduce successfully on that prey. The third study corresponded to a laboratory evaluation on the effect of 11 pesticides on A. litchii and P. intermedius, using a Potter tower. The fourth study was a continuation of the third, trying under field condition the pesticides that produced the best results in the previous study . Sulfur, fenpyroximate and hexythiazox were shown as most effective against A. litchii, whereas azadirachtin, followed by fenpyroximate and hexythiazox were the most selective for the predator. The results obtained are considered important for the establishment of a management program of A. litchii in São Paulo state.
Mestre

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Hojo, Ellen Toews Doll [UNESP]. „Aplicação de métodos combinados na conservação da qualidade de lichias ‘Bengal’“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105208.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Visando prolongar a vida útil da lichia, principalmente quanto à manutenção da cor e da qualidade, executaram-se experimentos para avaliar a eficiência dos tratamentos hidrotérmico e com solução de ácido clorídrico (HCl); do armazenamento sob refrigeração, em atmosfera controlada e em diferentes embalagens plásticas e de coberturas com quitosana. No Experimento I, testou-se a imersão em HCl a 0,087M por 6 minutos; o tratamento hidrotérmico por imersão a 52ºC por 1 minuto, seguido de resfriamento em água a 10ºC por 6 minutos; e o tratamento hidrotérmico com resfriamento em HCl a 0,087M a 10ºC por 6 minutos. O tratamento hidrotérmico seguido de resfriamento em HCl conservou a coloração dos frutos até o 3º dia, e a polpa com qualidade adequada até o 12º dia. No Experimento II, utilizou-se o melhor tratamento do experimento anterior (hidrotérmico com resfriamento em HCl) e testaramse diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento: 2ºC (91% UR); 5ºC (98% UR); 10ºC (80% UR); e 20ºC (70% UR). Os frutos foram analisados após 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 e 25 dias. O armazenamento de lichia a 5 ºC manteve a boa aparência por até 13 dias e a qualidade da polpa até o final do período, 25 dias. O armazenamento a 2 ºC levou a maiores prejuízos na aparência. As temperaturas, de 10 ºC e 20 ºC, não foram efetivas para a manutenção da cor vermelha da casca. No Experimento III, foi testado o efeito da atmosfera controlada, associado aos melhores tratamentos dos experimentos anteriores. Os frutos foram armazenados a 5ºC e 94% UR, em atmosfera controlada contendo 5%, 10%, 20% e 80% de O2, com avaliações após 0 (inicial), 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 dias. As lichias de todos os tratamentos mantiveram a boa qualidade da polpa por até 21 dias, com os frutos sob atmosfera com 5% de O2, apresentando menor escurecimento da casca. As lichias apresentaram escurecimento da casca...
Aiming to extend litchi life, especially regarding to color and quality maintenance, experiments were performed to evaluate the treatment efficiency under heat and using hydrochloric acid solution (HCl), refrigerated storage, controlled atmosphere, different plastic containers, and chitosan coatings. In Experiment I, it was tested immersion in 0,087M HCl for 6 minutes; hydrothermal treatment by immersion at 52ºC for 1 minute, followed by water cooling at 10ºC for 6 minutes; and hydrothermal treatment with 0,087M HCl cooling at 10 ºC for 6 minutes. Hydrothermal treatment followed by HCl cooling preserved fruit color until the 3rd day and adequate pulp quality until the 12th day. In Experiment II, it was used the best treatment in the previous experiment (hydrothermal with HCl cooling) and different storage temperatures were tested: 2ºC (91% RH), 5ºC (98% RH), 10ºC (80% RH), and 20ºC (70% RH). Fruits were analyzed after 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25 days. Storage at 5ºC kept the good fruit appearance for up to 13 days, and pulp quality until the 25th day. The 2ºC led to to ligher losses in appearance. The temperatures of 10ºC and 20ºC, were not effective for maintaining the red color of the skin. In Experiment III, the effects of controlled atmosphere combined with improved treatments of previous experiments were tested. Fruits were stored at 5ºC and 94% RH in a controlled atmosphere containing 5%, 10%, 20% and 80% O2, with evaluations after 0 (initial), 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days. Litchis in all treatments maintained good pulp quality for up to 21 days, with the fruits under a 5% O2 atmosphere showing a lower skin browning. Litchis showed over 50% skin browning after 7 days. In Experiment IV, different concentrations of CO2 (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) combined with the best concentration in the previous experiment, 5% O2, were tested... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Gonçalves, Valdeir Dias. „Condições nutricionais e aplicações de auxina e ureia via foliar na fixação e tamanho de frutos de lichieira (Litchi chinenses Sonn) cv. Bengal“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/21647.

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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2016.
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O baixo percentual no vingamento de frutos é um dos principais problemas nos cultivos de Lichia no Brasil. Portanto, foram desenvolvidos trabalhos com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta da lichieira ao uso da aplicação de auxina e ureia via foliar na fixação e tamanho de frutos, visando melhoras tanto na fixação quanto no calibre de frutos. Os experimentos foram implantados em um pomar comercial, localizado na fazenda Paraíso, município do Rio Paranaíba-MG. Foi utilizado um delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), dividido em 3 ensaios com 12 plantas, um total de 36 plantas, em cada teste uma massa de frutos de 2g, 4g e 6g, em cada massa quatro doses 0, 20, 40 e 60 mg.dm-3 de auxina sintética (3,5,6 TPA) e 3 repetições. Foram selecionadas plantas de lichieira cultivar “Bengal”, uniformes de acordo com porte, potencial produtivo, estádio de florescimento, condição fitossanitária e nutricional, clones, oriundas da técnica de alporquia, com idade aproximada de 12 anos, plantadas em espaçamento 8 X 6m totalizando (208 plantas/ha). As aplicações foram feitas na forma de pulverização, com o auxílio de uma bomba costal e o volume de calda aplicado foi de 5 litros / plantas. Foram avaliados: diâmetro (mm) e número de frutos por panícula. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente no período compreendido entre a 4ª semana após a antese e se estendeu até o ponto de colheita comercial. No segundo experimento o delineamento experimental adotado foi (DBC) em arranjo fatorial 12x4, dividido em 12 avaliações, quatro quadrantes (Oeste, Norte, Leste e Sul) com três repetições. Foram selecionadas 9 plantas de lichieira, levando em consideração todos os fatores anteriormente citados. No terceiro experimento utilizou-se o DBC, com10 plantas por bloco e seis repetições. Cada bloco recebeu cinco doses de ureia, 00 (testemunha); 60; 120; 180 e 240 gramas por plantas (g de ureia.plantas-1). Foram selecionadas 60 plantas de lichieira cultivar Bengal, respeitando a uniformidade de acordo com porte, potencial produtivo, estádio de florescimento, condição fitossanitária e nutricional. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância para avaliação da significância do efeito dos tratamentos por meio do teste de F. As medidas encontradas foram comparadas entre si, pelo teste de Scott-Knott ou Tukey, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e regressão para doses de nitrogênio, através do software SISVAR. As aplicações com auxina sintética (3,5,6 TPA), de maneira geral resultaram no aumento significativo do diâmetro de frutos em 17,5% e 144,6% para o número de frutos, quando comparado com as testemunhas. Em relação a interferência solar para crescimento do fruto o melhor quadrante é oeste com diâmetro médio 13,30; 8,67 e 5,13% superior aos quadrantes norte, sul e leste respectivamente. Para fixação dos frutos o quadrante leste com 128,46; 42,62 e 40,16% superior aos quadrantes norte, oeste e sul respectivamente. Para o uso de ureia com aplicação via foliar a dose de 120g de ureia.planta-1 mostrou significativamente superior em todas as variáveis analisadas. Foi observado para fixação de frutos na colheita incremento superior a 100% comparado à testemunha, além de aumentar o número de frutos de maior calibre. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Low percentage in fruit set is a major trouble in litchi cultivation in Brazil. Therefore, we have carried out studies in order to evaluate the response of litchi to foliar applications of exogenous auxin and urea in fruit set and size, aiming for improvements in both aspects. Three experiments were implemented in a commercial orchard located at Paraíso farm, in Rio Paranaíba - MG municipality. Randomized block design (RBD) divided into 3 trials with 12 plants with a total of 36 plants, in each trial a fruit mass of 2g, 4g and 6g, and in each mass four doses 0, 20 , 40 and 60 mg.dm-³ of synthetic auxin (3,5,6 TPA) with 3 repetitions were used. Litchi plants of ‘Bengal’ cultivar were selected according to similarities in their size, productive potential, flowering stage, plant health and nutritional status. They were clones from the air layering technique with approximately 12 years old, planted in a spacing of 8 x 6 m, totaling 208 plants per hectare. Applications were made with the aid of a backpack sprayer and a spray volume of 5 liters per plant was used. We evaluated the diameter (mm) and number of fruit per panicle. Evaluations were performed weekly starting from the 4th week after anthesis until the commercial harvest point. The second experiment also had a randomized block design (RBD) in a factorial arrangement (12x4), divided into 12 evaluations: four quadrants (West, North, East and South) with three replications. We selected 9 plants of litchi, taking into account all of the aforementioned factors. In the third experiment we also used RBD, with 10 plants per block and six replications. Each block received five doses of urea: 00 (control); 60; 120; 180 and 240 grams of urea per plant. We selected 60 litchi plants of cultivar 'Bengal', also in accordance to their uniformity of size, productive potential, flowering stage, plant health and nutritional condition. Data was subjected to analysis of variance to assess the significance of the effect of treatments by means of an F test. Measures were compared by either the Scott-Knott or Tukey test at 5% probability, with a regression for nitrogen by means of SISVAR software. In general, applications of synthetic auxin (3,5,6 TPA) resulted in significant increase in fruit diameter by 17.5% and 144.6% in the number of fruit compared to control. Concerning the solar interference in fruit growth, the best quadrant is the West one, with an average diameter of 13.30%, 8.67% and 5.13% higher than the North, South and East quadrants, respectively. For fruit set, however, the East quadrant was superior, being 128.46%, 42.62% and 40.16% higher than the North, West and South quadrants, respectively. For foliar application of urea, the dose of 120 g ureia.plant-1 was significantly better for all the variables analyzed. Thus, during harvest it was observed that fruit set had increased by more than 100% compared to the control group, besides having increased the number of fruit of greater caliber.

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Souza, Angela Vacaro de [UNESP]. „Tratamento térmico na manutenção da qualidade de lichias armazenadas sob refrigeração“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86479.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo prolongar a vida útil de lichias cv. ‘Bengal’ sob refrigeração provenientes de Carlópolis - PR, com o emprego do tratamento térmico em frutos refrigerados. Os frutos foram submetidos aos tratamentos: Imersão dos frutos em água a 45°C por: T – 1: controle; T – 2: 5 minutos; T – 3: 10 minutos; T – 4: 15 minutos; T – 5: 20 minutos e T – 6: 25 minutos. Depois de higienizados com 150ppm de cloro e secos, os frutos foram acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno expandido e embalados com filme de policloreto de vinila 0,020mm, com 10 frutos cada uma (cerca de 200 gramas) e armazenados em B.O.D. a 5ºC e 90±5% de UR por 15 dias. Os frutos foram analisados quanto à avaliação visual, perda de massa fresca, firmeza, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), relação SS/AT (“Ratio”), ácido ascórbico, açúcares redutores, respiração, coloração, atividade específica da polifenol oxidase - PPO (EC. 1.14.18.1) e da peroxidase – POD (EC. 1.11.1.7) logo após a colheita e na retirada da B.O.D. aos 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias. O delineamento estatístico empregado foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições por tratamento para cada um dos seis tempos de avaliação, utilizando-se o Teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Nas condições experimentais, pode-se concluir que o tratamento térmico aos 5 ou a 10 minutos/45ºC mostraram-se mais eficazes na manutenção da coloração dos frutos que é o fator mais importante na qualidade dos frutos de lichia e não causou modificações na qualidade da sua polpa.
This research was realized aiming to prolong the shelf life of the ‘Bengal’ lychees under refrigeration, from the Carlópolis city, PR State, Brazil, with the use of thermal treatments in refrigerated fruits. The fruits were subjected to the treatments: immersion in water to 45°C by: T - 1: control; T – 2: 5 minutes; T – 3: 10 minutes; T – 4: 15 minutes; T – 5: 20 minutes and T – 6: 25 minutes. After cleaned with 150 ppm of chlorine and dried, the fruits were packed in polystyrene trays and wrapped with polyvinyl chloride film 0,020 mm, with 10 fruits in each one (about 200 grams) and stored in B.O.D. to 5°C and 90±5% of RU by 15 days. The fruits were analyzed concerning the visual evaluation, loss of weight mass, firmness, hydrogenionic potential (pH), titulable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), SS/TA relation (“Ratio”), ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, respiration, color, specific activity of the polyphenol oxidase – PPO (EC. 1.14.18.1) and peroxidase – POD (EC. 1.11.1.7) soon after the harvest and in the removal of the B.O.D. (in 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days).The statistical delineation used was completely randomized, with three replications by treatment for each one in the six times of evaluation, using the Tukey test to 5% of probability. In experimental conditions, can be conclude that the thermical treatments with 5 or 10 minutes/45°C showed more effective in maintaining the coloration of fruits, which is the most important factor in quality of the lychee fruits and did not cause changes in the quality of the pulp.

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Picoli, Pedro Renan Ferreira [UNESP]. „Aceria litchii (Keifer) em lichia: ocorrência sazonal, danos provocados e identificação de possíveis agentes de controle biológico“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98820.

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A lichia é uma fruta de grande valor econômico. A cultura da lichia pode ser muito danificada pela infestação do ácaro Aceria litchii (Keifer), sua principal praga. Pouco se conhece sobre os padrões de ocorrência e de diversidade de comunidades de ácaros associados a essa cultura no Brasil, sendo que esse conhecimento é básico e imprescindível na elaboração de propostas de manejo dessa praga. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos acompanhar a ocorrência de A. litchii em plantas de lichia no município de Casa Branca, estado de São Paulo, caracterizar os sintomas de danos decorrentes do seu desenvolvimento e identificar possíveis agentes de controle biológico dessa praga. A ocorrência de A. litchii e os danos provocados foram acompanhados em quatro árvores adultas, de 12 anos de idade, da variedade Bengal. Para isso, mensalmente, de cada planta, foram coletadas quatro extremidades de ramo com aproximadamente 0,5 m de comprimento, no período de agosto de 2008 a agosto de 2009. Os ácaros predadores foram avaliados em dois ramos de 0,30 m de comprimento. As variáveis consideradas para A. litchii foram: porcentagem de folhas atacadas, número de galhas nas folhas, número de ácaros em galhas presentes em folhas e gemas. Os predadores foram montados em lâmina de microscopia, identificados e contados. Nas galhas foram observadas formas brancas e vermelhas, ambas identificadas como A. litchii. A maior quantidade das duas formas foi registrada em outubro de 2008, com o número de formas vermelhas superando o de brancas. Ambas foram registradas em maior quantidade em folhas novas. Formas brancas em folhas novas apresentaram correlação negativa com o aumento da temperatura e da evapotranspiração. A infestação de A. litchii resultou em intensa erinose. Inicialmente surgiram eríneos claros na página inferior das folhas novas, que...
The lychee is a fruit of great economic value. The culture of litchi can be very damaged by the infestation of the Aceria litchii (Keifer) mite, their main pest. Little is known about the patterns of occurrence and diversity of communities of mites associated with this crop in Brazil, and this knowledge is basic and essential in preparing proposals for the management of this pest. The work objectives were study the occurrence of A. litchii on litchi plants in the municipality of Casa Branca, state of Sao Paulo, to characterize the symptoms of damage resulting from its development and identify possible biological control agents of this pest. The occurrence of A. litchii and the damage caused were observed in four adult 12-year-old trees of the Bengal variety. For this four branch extremities, approximately 0.5 m long, were collected every month from each plant from August 2008 to August 2009. The predators mites were evaluate on two branches, 0.3 m long. The variables considered for A. litchii were: percentage of attacked leaves, number of galls on the leaves, number of mites present in galls on leaves and buds. Predators were mounted on microscope slide, identified and counted. In the galls were observed red and white forms, both identified as A. litchii. The greatest amount of both forms was recorded in October 2008, with the number of the red forms overcoming of the white forms. Both were recorded in larger amounts in young leaves. White forms in young leaves were negatively correlated with increasing temperature and evapotranspiration. The infestation of A. litchii resulted in intense erinose. Initially erineos were clear on the underside of young leaves, and were gradually darkening and taking the leaf surface. Galls with erineos clear were positively correlated with the number of white forms in young leaves, indicating that these... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Picoli, Pedro Renan Ferreira. „Aceria litchii (Keifer) em lichia : ocorrência sazonal, danos provocados e identificação de possíveis agentes de controle biológico /“. Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98820.

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Orientador: Marineide Rosa Vieira
Banca: Luiz de Souza Corrêa
Banca: Reinaldo José Fazzio Feres
Resumo: A lichia é uma fruta de grande valor econômico. A cultura da lichia pode ser muito danificada pela infestação do ácaro Aceria litchii (Keifer), sua principal praga. Pouco se conhece sobre os padrões de ocorrência e de diversidade de comunidades de ácaros associados a essa cultura no Brasil, sendo que esse conhecimento é básico e imprescindível na elaboração de propostas de manejo dessa praga. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos acompanhar a ocorrência de A. litchii em plantas de lichia no município de Casa Branca, estado de São Paulo, caracterizar os sintomas de danos decorrentes do seu desenvolvimento e identificar possíveis agentes de controle biológico dessa praga. A ocorrência de A. litchii e os danos provocados foram acompanhados em quatro árvores adultas, de 12 anos de idade, da variedade Bengal. Para isso, mensalmente, de cada planta, foram coletadas quatro extremidades de ramo com aproximadamente 0,5 m de comprimento, no período de agosto de 2008 a agosto de 2009. Os ácaros predadores foram avaliados em dois ramos de 0,30 m de comprimento. As variáveis consideradas para A. litchii foram: porcentagem de folhas atacadas, número de galhas nas folhas, número de ácaros em galhas presentes em folhas e gemas. Os predadores foram montados em lâmina de microscopia, identificados e contados. Nas galhas foram observadas formas brancas e vermelhas, ambas identificadas como A. litchii. A maior quantidade das duas formas foi registrada em outubro de 2008, com o número de formas vermelhas superando o de brancas. Ambas foram registradas em maior quantidade em folhas novas. Formas brancas em folhas novas apresentaram correlação negativa com o aumento da temperatura e da evapotranspiração. A infestação de A. litchii resultou em intensa erinose. Inicialmente surgiram eríneos claros na página inferior das folhas novas, que... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The lychee is a fruit of great economic value. The culture of litchi can be very damaged by the infestation of the Aceria litchii (Keifer) mite, their main pest. Little is known about the patterns of occurrence and diversity of communities of mites associated with this crop in Brazil, and this knowledge is basic and essential in preparing proposals for the management of this pest. The work objectives were study the occurrence of A. litchii on litchi plants in the municipality of Casa Branca, state of Sao Paulo, to characterize the symptoms of damage resulting from its development and identify possible biological control agents of this pest. The occurrence of A. litchii and the damage caused were observed in four adult 12-year-old trees of the Bengal variety. For this four branch extremities, approximately 0.5 m long, were collected every month from each plant from August 2008 to August 2009. The predators mites were evaluate on two branches, 0.3 m long. The variables considered for A. litchii were: percentage of attacked leaves, number of galls on the leaves, number of mites present in galls on leaves and buds. Predators were mounted on microscope slide, identified and counted. In the galls were observed red and white forms, both identified as A. litchii. The greatest amount of both forms was recorded in October 2008, with the number of the red forms overcoming of the white forms. Both were recorded in larger amounts in young leaves. White forms in young leaves were negatively correlated with increasing temperature and evapotranspiration. The infestation of A. litchii resulted in intense erinose. Initially erineos were clear on the underside of young leaves, and were gradually darkening and taking the leaf surface. Galls with erineos clear were positively correlated with the number of white forms in young leaves, indicating that these... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Hojo, Ellen Toews Doll. „Aplicação de métodos combinados na conservação da qualidade de lichias 'Bengal' /“. Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105208.

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Orientador: José Fernando Durigan
Banca: Ben-Hur Mattiuz
Banca: Ricardo Alfredo Kluge
Banca: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta
Banca: Marcos David Ferreira
Resumo: Visando prolongar a vida útil da lichia, principalmente quanto à manutenção da cor e da qualidade, executaram-se experimentos para avaliar a eficiência dos tratamentos hidrotérmico e com solução de ácido clorídrico (HCl); do armazenamento sob refrigeração, em atmosfera controlada e em diferentes embalagens plásticas e de coberturas com quitosana. No Experimento I, testou-se a imersão em HCl a 0,087M por 6 minutos; o tratamento hidrotérmico por imersão a 52ºC por 1 minuto, seguido de resfriamento em água a 10ºC por 6 minutos; e o tratamento hidrotérmico com resfriamento em HCl a 0,087M a 10ºC por 6 minutos. O tratamento hidrotérmico seguido de resfriamento em HCl conservou a coloração dos frutos até o 3º dia, e a polpa com qualidade adequada até o 12º dia. No Experimento II, utilizou-se o melhor tratamento do experimento anterior (hidrotérmico com resfriamento em HCl) e testaramse diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento: 2ºC (91% UR); 5ºC (98% UR); 10ºC (80% UR); e 20ºC (70% UR). Os frutos foram analisados após 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 e 25 dias. O armazenamento de lichia a 5 ºC manteve a boa aparência por até 13 dias e a qualidade da polpa até o final do período, 25 dias. O armazenamento a 2 ºC levou a maiores prejuízos na aparência. As temperaturas, de 10 ºC e 20 ºC, não foram efetivas para a manutenção da cor vermelha da casca. No Experimento III, foi testado o efeito da atmosfera controlada, associado aos melhores tratamentos dos experimentos anteriores. Os frutos foram armazenados a 5ºC e 94% UR, em atmosfera controlada contendo 5%, 10%, 20% e 80% de O2, com avaliações após 0 (inicial), 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 dias. As lichias de todos os tratamentos mantiveram a boa qualidade da polpa por até 21 dias, com os frutos sob atmosfera com 5% de O2, apresentando menor escurecimento da casca. As lichias apresentaram escurecimento da casca... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Aiming to extend litchi life, especially regarding to color and quality maintenance, experiments were performed to evaluate the treatment efficiency under heat and using hydrochloric acid solution (HCl), refrigerated storage, controlled atmosphere, different plastic containers, and chitosan coatings. In Experiment I, it was tested immersion in 0,087M HCl for 6 minutes; hydrothermal treatment by immersion at 52ºC for 1 minute, followed by water cooling at 10ºC for 6 minutes; and hydrothermal treatment with 0,087M HCl cooling at 10 ºC for 6 minutes. Hydrothermal treatment followed by HCl cooling preserved fruit color until the 3rd day and adequate pulp quality until the 12th day. In Experiment II, it was used the best treatment in the previous experiment (hydrothermal with HCl cooling) and different storage temperatures were tested: 2ºC (91% RH), 5ºC (98% RH), 10ºC (80% RH), and 20ºC (70% RH). Fruits were analyzed after 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25 days. Storage at 5ºC kept the good fruit appearance for up to 13 days, and pulp quality until the 25th day. The 2ºC led to to ligher losses in appearance. The temperatures of 10ºC and 20ºC, were not effective for maintaining the red color of the skin. In Experiment III, the effects of controlled atmosphere combined with improved treatments of previous experiments were tested. Fruits were stored at 5ºC and 94% RH in a controlled atmosphere containing 5%, 10%, 20% and 80% O2, with evaluations after 0 (initial), 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days. Litchis in all treatments maintained good pulp quality for up to 21 days, with the fruits under a 5% O2 atmosphere showing a lower skin browning. Litchis showed over 50% skin browning after 7 days. In Experiment IV, different concentrations of CO2 (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) combined with the best concentration in the previous experiment, 5% O2, were tested... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Marques, Diogo. „Efeitos da radiação gama na conservação e características físico-químicas de lichia (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-27012016-150948/.

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A lichia é uma fruta exótica de origem chinesa que cada vez mais tem ganhado espaço no mercado interno brasileiro, contudo problemas de pós-colheita existentes prejudicam a comercialização e a exportação de forma significativa. Diversos métodos são utilizados na tentativa de controlar estes problemas, um destes sendo a irradiação ionizante. Desta forma este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de radiação e de diferentes temperaturas nas características físico-químicas de frutos de lichia. Os frutos foram obtidos com produtores da região de Piracicaba e irradiados no Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura em uma fonte de 60Co em um irradiador GammaCell 220 nas doses de 0 (testemunha), 0,5kGy, 1,0kGy e 2,0kGy com uma taxa de 0,259 kGy/h. Foram realizadas análises de pH, de cor da casca e da polpa, de teor aparente de sólidos solúveis, de acidez total e de teor de ácido ascórbico. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância através de teste F a 95% de confiança e posteriormente a teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. As doses de irradiação apresentaram resultados variados dependendo da característica analisada, porém a dose de 1,0kGy apresentou os resultados mais favoráveis no geral. A redução da temperatura causou alterações desejáveis nos parâmetros estudados. Concluiu-se que os frutos de lichia armazenados a 8°C e irradiados a 1,0 kGy apresentaram melhoria significativa.
The lychee is a Chinese exotic fruit that has increasingly gained ground in the Brazilian domestic market, however existing post-harvest problems hinder the marketing and export significantly. Various methods are used in attempts to control these problems, one of these being ionizing irradiation. Thus this work aims to evaluate the effects of different radiation doses and different temperature on the physicochemical characteristics of litchi fruit. The fruits were obtained with producers of Piracicaba region and irradiated in the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture into a source of 60Co in Gammacell 220 radiator at doses of 0 (control), 0.5kGy, 1.0kGy and 2.0kGy at a rate of 0,259kGy / hr. Were performed pH analyzes, color ratings, apparent soluble solids content measurement, total acidity and ascorbic acid content measurement. The obtained results were submitted to variance analysis by F test at 95% confidence and later to Tukey test at 5% significance. The irradiation doses showed varied results depending on the characteristic analyzed, but the dose of 1.0kGy presented the most favorable results in general. The temperature reduction caused desirable changes in the studied parameters. It was concluded that fruits stored at 8°C and irradiated at 1.0 KGy exhibited significant improvement in the physicochemical characteristics of the litchi fruits

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García, Pérez Eliseo. „Influência de temperatura, anelamento e reguladores de crescimento, sobre a floração e frutificação de lichieiras /“. Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105175.

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Orientador: Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins
Banca: José Antônio Alberto da Silva
Banca: Carlos Ruggiero
Banca: Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira
Banca: João Alexio Scarpare Filho
Resumo: O trabalho foi realizado nas Fazendas Santo Antônio e Jurupema, localizadas no Município de Taquaritinga -SP, Brasil, de abril de 2003 a dezembro de 2005, com o objetivo de estudar a influência da temperatura, anelamento e alguns reguladores de crescimento sobre a floração e a produção de lichieiras cultivar Bengal. Foram registrados dados de produção e temperaturas, precipitação e horas acumuladas com temperaturas inferiores a 15,5° C, e correlacionados para entender o grau de interação. Foi realizado anelamento de ramos de diferentes diâmetros, para conhecer o seu efeito sobre a floração e a frutificação. O anelamento não teve efeito sobre a brotação vegetativa após a colheita, mas as maiores concentrações de PBZ reduziram significativamente a brotação vegetativa e o comprimento dos ramos. O uso de ANA provocou queimaduras nas inflorescências e queda de frutos, mas os que permaneceram, não apresentaram alterações nas características físicas e nos sólidos solúveis. Não foi observado efeito significativo da aplicação de GA3, sobre a fixação de frutos. A queda de frutos, a partir de uma massa de 2 g até a colheita, é de 50%.
Abstract: The work was carried through on Santo Antonio and Jurupema farms, located in Taquaritinga, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the period from April 2003 to December 2005, with the objective to study the influence of temperature, girdling and some growth regulators on the flowering, fruiting and production of lychee trees cultivar Bengal. It was registered production data and temperatures, precipitation and accumulated hours with inferior temperatures to 15.5°C, and correlated to understand the interaction degree. Girdling of branches of different diameters was carried through, to know its effect on the flowering and fruiting. The girdling didn't have effect on the vegetative flushes after the harvest, but the biggest concentrations of PBZ reduce the vegetative flushes and the length of shoots significantly. Spray with NAA provoked burns in the panicles and drop of fruits, but the ones that had remained did not have present alterations in the characteristics and in the soluble solids. Beneficial effect of the application of GA3 on the fruit set was not observed. The drop of fruits, starting from a weight of 2 g to the harvest, is of 50%.
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Guimarães, João Emmanuel Ribeiro [UNESP]. „Ácido cítrico e quitosana na conservação pós-colheita de lichias ‘Bengal’“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96866.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo foi avaliar a aplicação de ácido cítrico em duas concentrações, associadas ou não à quitosana de baixo e médio peso molecular, na manutenção da qualidade de lichias ‘Bengal’. Foram utilizadas lichias, no estádio de maturação maduro. Após a seleção, os frutos foram imersos por um minuto nas seguintes soluções de ácido cítrico e de quitosana, sendo o experimento I quitosana de baixo peso molecular e experimento II quitosana de médio peso molecular: [1] Testemunha - sem imersão; [2] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1, [3] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana, [4] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana, [5] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1, [6] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana, [7] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana. A quitosana utilizada possui grau de desacetilização de 75,58% (Sigma – Aldrich®). Após a imersão, os frutos foram colocados em gôndolas para escorrer o excesso de solução. Em seguida, foram armazenados em câmara fria, previamente higienizada, a 5 °C, durante 20 dias. O experimento foi conduzido seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial composto por sete soluções de recobrimento e cinco datas de amostragem. A cada cinco dias foi avaliada a perda de massa fresca dos frutos; a coloração (luminosidade, cromaticidade, ângulo Hue e aparência), os teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico, antocianinas, “ratio” e a atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase da casca. Todos os tratamentos foram eficientes em manter os teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, antocianinas, ácido ascórbico, “ratio”, e atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase, peroxidase. O tratamento com 300 g L-1 de ácido cítrico e 0,3% de quitosana, independente do peso molecular, apresentou as menores perdas de massa fresca durante os 20 dias de armazenamento a 5 °C
This study aimed to evaluate the use of citric acid applied at two concentrations, associated or not with chitosan of low and medium molecular weight, in maintaining the quality of litchi 'Bengal'. It was used litchi on mature maturation stage. After selection, the fruits were immersed for one minute in following solutions of citric acid and chitosan, and the first experiment of low molecular weight chitosan and chitosan, the second experiment of medium molecular weight: [1]Control – without immersion; [2] citric acid 300 g L-1, [3] citric acid 300 g L-1 + chitosan 0,3%, [4]citric acid 300 g L-1 + chitosan 0,6%, [5] citric acid 600 g L-1, [6] citric acid 600 g L-1 + chitosan 0,3%, [7] citric acid 600 g L-1 + chitosan 0,6%. Chitosan deacetylation degree of 75,58% (Sigma - Aldrich®) was used. After immersion, fruits were put to drain the excess of solution. Then, they were stored in cool chamber at 5 °C, previously sanitized, for 20 days. The experiment was conducted following a completely randomized design, with a factorial scheme composed by seven coating solutions and five sampling dates. Every five days we evaluated the weight loss of fruits, the color (luminosity, chroma, Hue angle and appearance), soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins content, ratio and enzyme activity of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase skin. Treatment with 300 g L-1 of citric acid and 0.3% of chitosan, independent molecular weight, showed the lowest loss of weight during the 20 days of storage at 5 °C

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Guimarães, João Emmanuel Ribeiro. „Ácido cítrico e quitosana na conservação pós-colheita de lichias 'Bengal' /“. Jaboticabal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96866.

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Orientador: Ben-Hur Mattiuz
Banca: Maria Luzenira de Souza
Banca: Teresinha de Jesus Deleo Rodrigues
Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar a aplicação de ácido cítrico em duas concentrações, associadas ou não à quitosana de baixo e médio peso molecular, na manutenção da qualidade de lichias 'Bengal'. Foram utilizadas lichias, no estádio de maturação maduro. Após a seleção, os frutos foram imersos por um minuto nas seguintes soluções de ácido cítrico e de quitosana, sendo o experimento I quitosana de baixo peso molecular e experimento II quitosana de médio peso molecular: [1] Testemunha - sem imersão; [2] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1, [3] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana, [4] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana, [5] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1, [6] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana, [7] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana. A quitosana utilizada possui grau de desacetilização de 75,58% (Sigma - Aldrich®). Após a imersão, os frutos foram colocados em gôndolas para escorrer o excesso de solução. Em seguida, foram armazenados em câmara fria, previamente higienizada, a 5 °C, durante 20 dias. O experimento foi conduzido seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial composto por sete soluções de recobrimento e cinco datas de amostragem. A cada cinco dias foi avaliada a perda de massa fresca dos frutos; a coloração (luminosidade, cromaticidade, ângulo Hue e aparência), os teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico, antocianinas, "ratio" e a atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase da casca. Todos os tratamentos foram eficientes em manter os teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, antocianinas, ácido ascórbico, "ratio", e atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase, peroxidase. O tratamento com 300 g L-1 de ácido cítrico e 0,3% de quitosana, independente do peso molecular, apresentou as menores perdas de massa fresca durante os 20 dias de armazenamento a 5 °C
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the use of citric acid applied at two concentrations, associated or not with chitosan of low and medium molecular weight, in maintaining the quality of litchi 'Bengal'. It was used litchi on mature maturation stage. After selection, the fruits were immersed for one minute in following solutions of citric acid and chitosan, and the first experiment of low molecular weight chitosan and chitosan, the second experiment of medium molecular weight: [1]Control - without immersion; [2] citric acid 300 g L-1, [3] citric acid 300 g L-1 + chitosan 0,3%, [4]citric acid 300 g L-1 + chitosan 0,6%, [5] citric acid 600 g L-1, [6] citric acid 600 g L-1 + chitosan 0,3%, [7] citric acid 600 g L-1 + chitosan 0,6%. Chitosan deacetylation degree of 75,58% (Sigma - Aldrich®) was used. After immersion, fruits were put to drain the excess of solution. Then, they were stored in cool chamber at 5 °C, previously sanitized, for 20 days. The experiment was conducted following a completely randomized design, with a factorial scheme composed by seven coating solutions and five sampling dates. Every five days we evaluated the weight loss of fruits, the color (luminosity, chroma, Hue angle and appearance), soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins content, ratio and enzyme activity of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase skin. Treatment with 300 g L-1 of citric acid and 0.3% of chitosan, independent molecular weight, showed the lowest loss of weight during the 20 days of storage at 5 °C
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Cavallari, Ludmilla de Lima. „Florescimento e frutificação em lichieiras /“. Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96938.

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Orientador: Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins
Banca: José Antonio Alberto da Silva
Banca: Simone Rodrigues da Silva
Resumo: Sendo baixo o florescimento e a alternância de produção um sério problema para os produtores de lichia do mundo todo, se instalou este experimento em plantas do banco de germoplasma da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Jaboticabal, estado de São Paulo. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito do anelamento de ramos sobre o florescimento, a influência dos quadrantes geográficos no florescimento e, com base nas medidas do fruto nos eixos longitudinal (L) e transversal (T), indicar o período da maturação de variedades de lichia Bengal, Brewster, Mauritius, WB4, Americana e Groff com 9 anos de idade. Foram registrados dados de temperatura, precipitação, o número de flores por ramos e o comprimento dos eixos L e T dos frutos. Efetuou-se o anelamento de ramos com 1 cm de espessura na primeira quinzena do mês de abril de 2007. Os ramos selecionados situavam-se na parte mediana da copa, os 4 ramos anelados foram alternados com as 4 testemunhas completando todo o diâmetro da árvore. As avaliações foram realizadas da primeira quinzena no mês de agosto de 2007 até a primeira semana no mês de outubro de 2008. Nota-se que, para o ano de 2007, as temperaturas foram mais elevadas e isso pode ter desfavorecido o florescimento da variedade Bengal. No entanto, no ano de 2008, em que as temperaturas máximas e mínimas foram mais amenas, foi observado o florescimento para a última variedade. Verificou-se que em 2007 a precipitação média mensal no mês de abril e maio foi mais próxima da recomendada que em 2008 no mesmo período. Houve maior florescimento em ramos anelados em 2007, sendo que a 'Brewster' diferiu significativamente com melhor florescimento neste ano, seguida da 'Mauritius' e 'WB4'. Em 2008 a 'Groff' diferiu significativamente com maior porcentagem de ramos anelados com flores. Foi ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Being the low growth and irregular production are problems encountered by producers in the world. This experiment was installed in plants from germplasm bank at Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP - Jaboticabal, São Paulo state. In order to study the effects of branches girdling was evaluated on flowering, the influence of geographical areas in the flowering and on the fruit basis the longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) axis indicate the best period to maturity varieties of litchi Bengal, Brewster, Mauritius, WB4, Americana and Groff with 9 years old. Data were recorded in temperature, precipitation, number of flowers per branch and the length of L and T axes of the fruit. The girdling with 1 cm of thickness was made in April of 2007. The branches selected were located in the median of the crown; the four girdled branches were alternated with four controls completing the entire tree diameter. The treatments were performed at the same season, the first half of August to first week in the month in October, in 2007 and 2008. Note that, for the 2007 year the temperatures were higher and this may have disadvantaged the flowering of the Bengal variety. However, in the 2008 year where the maximum and minimum temperatures were milder, the flowering was observed for the same variety. In 2007, the average monthly of precipitation in April and May was closer to recommended in 2008 in the same period. The girdled branches in 2007 was higher flowering and the 'Brewster' differed significantly with better flowering in this year, followed by 'Mauritius' and' WB4 '. In 2008 the 'groff' differed significantly with a greater percentage of girdled branches with flowers. The advance of flowering was observed in girdled branches. Brewster and Bengal varieties may be alternating, because the girdling these varieties induced the largest flowering of... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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DUARTE, Marco Tullio Lima. „Qualidade da polpa de lichia em pó, obtida pelo processo de liofilização“. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2018. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1513.

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A lichia (Litchi chinensis) é um fruto nativo da Ásia, sendo considerada a rainha das frutas. No Brasil, sua introdução se deu como planta ornamental e somente a partir da década de 70, teve seu consumo ampliado. Devido ao seu elevado valor comercial, curto período de safra e alta perecibilidade, uma das estratégias de ampliação da sua oferta é a sua desidratação e posterior uso do pó em bebidas lácteas probióticas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se no presente estudo a produção de lichia em pó através da liofilização, avaliando a estabilidade do pó durante o armazenamento e a elaboração de uma bebida láctea probiótica. Foram elaboradas três formulações de maltodextrina, nas concentrações de 15, 20 e 25%. Essas formulações foram previamente caracterizadas, juntamente com a polpa integral, foram avaliados seus comportamentos reológicos e em seguida, liofilizadas na temperatura de –40 °C durante 48 h. Após a caracterização dos pós, a melhor amostra foi submetida a análises de isotermas de adsorção de água, nas temperaturas de 30 e 40°C, analisada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e armazenada em embalagens laminadas por 60 dias, nas temperaturas de 20, 30 e 40°C, quando foram monitoradas a cada 10 dias suas características, físicas, químicas e físicoquímicas. Adicionalmente, foram processadas bebidas lácteas fermentadas isentas de pó de lichia e nas concentrações de 7, 9 e 11% do pó, que foram caracterizadas quanto aos parâmetros físicos, químicos e físico-químicos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as polpas formuladas e desidratadas sofreram alterações quanto aos parâmetros avaliados em todas as amostras, em função da concentração da maltodextrina. A polpa integral e as diferentes formulações exibiram comportamento reológico típico de polpas de frutas, classificando-se como fluido não-newtoniano, de caráter pseudoplástico, cujo melhor ajuste matemático foi com o modelo de Mizrahi-Berk. O processo de liofilização refletiu em alterações dos parâmetros analisados, tendo o pó adicionado de 25% de maltodextrina exibido as melhores características dentre amostras avaliadas. A análise das isotermas de adsorção de água foram determinadas como tipo III e o melhor modelo matemático para descrição dos dados experimentais foi o de GAB, por exibir maiores valores de R2 e menores índices de erros médios relativos. Quanto à análise da microscopia eletrônica, foi constatado que o pó da lichia exibiu estruturas amorfas e aglomerado de partículas, com rugosidades acentuadas e grande porosidade. Durante o período de armazenamento, a maioria dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e físicoquímicos foram alterados, principalmente em função da temperatura de exposição e as bebidas lácteas probióticas demonstraram diferenças significativas em função da elevação da concentração do pó de lichia adicionado como saborizante.
The lychee (Litchi chinensis) is a fruit native to Asia, being considered the queen of the fruit. In Brazil, its introduction was given as an ornamental plant and only from the decade of 70, had its consumption expanded. Due to its high commercial value, short harvest period and high perishability, one of the strategies to expand their offer is your dehydration and subsequent use of powder in probiotic dairy drinks. Thus, the objective of the present study verified the production of lychee powder by lyophilization, evaluating the stability of powder during storage and prepares a probiotic milk drink. In this way, were drawn up three formulations, added maltodextrin, at concentrations of 15, 20 and 25%. These formulations were previously characterized, along with the integral pulp, evaluated their rheological behavior and then freeze at a temperature of - 40 °C for 48 h. The powders obtained were subsequently characterized and the best sample, subjected to analyzes of adsorption isotherms of water at temperatures of 30 and 40 °C, analyzed in scanning electron microscopy and stored in laminated packaging by 60 days at temperatures of 20, 30 and 40 °C, when were monitored every 10 days, its characteristics, physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties. In addition, were processed fermented dairy drinks free of powder of lychee and at concentrations of 7, 9 and 11% of powder, which were characterized according to the physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties. The results obtained showed that the dehydrated pulps formulated and suffered changes regarding the parameters evaluated in all samples, depending on the concentration of maltodextrin. The integral pulp and the different formulations exhibited rheological behavior typical of fruit pulps, classifying it as non- Newtonian fluid, pseudoplastic character, whose best fit was with the mathematical model of Mizrahi-Berk. The lyophilization process reflected in changes of the parameters analyzed, taking the powder added to 25%maltodextrin displayed the best characteristics among samples. The analysis of adsorption isotherms of water were determined as type III and the best mathematical model for description of the experimental data was the GAB, to display larger values of R2 and lower rates of errors average. Regarding the analysis of electronic microscopy, it was noticed that the powder of the lychee exhibited amorphous structures and particleboard, with pronounced roughness and high porosity. During the storage period, most of the physical, chemical and physico-chemical parameters were altered, mainly in function of the temperature of exposure and the probiotic dairy drinks have demonstrated significant differences depending on the elevation of the concentration of powder of lychee added as flavor.

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Breedt, Vicky-Lohanzi. „A farm-level economic impact analysis of food safety and quality systems in the South African mango and litchi industry“. Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12172009-162950/.

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Damour, Gaëlle. „Bases théoriques et approches expérimentales de la modélisation des effets de la contrainte hydrique sur les échanges gazeux foliaires du manguier et du litchi“. Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00473059.

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L'amélioration de la production du litchi et du manguier nécessite de mieux comprendre et simuler l'effet du stress hydrique, fréquent en situations réelles en champ, sur les échanges gazeux. Un état des lieux des connaissances actuelles autour du déterminisme du fonctionnement des stomates et de la photosynthèse a été dressé. Expérimentalement, la stratégie adoptée par le manguier et le litchi face au stress, puis l'effet du stress à long terme sur la capacité photosynthétique, ont été étudiés. Le manguier, plus vulnérable à la cavitation que le litchi, ferme ses stomates plus précocement. La capacité photosynthétique a diminué en relation avec de la photoprotection et une réduction de l'activité puit. Le pool d'azote foliaire n'a pas été atteint, mais la concentration surfacique en azote a augmenté chez le litchi. La transpiration du manguier a été simulée, sur la base d'un modèle hydraulique. Des pistes de modélisation empiriques de la capacité photosynthétique ont été proposées.

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Cavallari, Ludmilla de Lima [UNESP]. „Florescimento e frutificação em lichieiras“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96938.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Sendo baixo o florescimento e a alternância de produção um sério problema para os produtores de lichia do mundo todo, se instalou este experimento em plantas do banco de germoplasma da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Jaboticabal, estado de São Paulo. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito do anelamento de ramos sobre o florescimento, a influência dos quadrantes geográficos no florescimento e, com base nas medidas do fruto nos eixos longitudinal (L) e transversal (T), indicar o período da maturação de variedades de lichia Bengal, Brewster, Mauritius, WB4, Americana e Groff com 9 anos de idade. Foram registrados dados de temperatura, precipitação, o número de flores por ramos e o comprimento dos eixos L e T dos frutos. Efetuou-se o anelamento de ramos com 1 cm de espessura na primeira quinzena do mês de abril de 2007. Os ramos selecionados situavam-se na parte mediana da copa, os 4 ramos anelados foram alternados com as 4 testemunhas completando todo o diâmetro da árvore. As avaliações foram realizadas da primeira quinzena no mês de agosto de 2007 até a primeira semana no mês de outubro de 2008. Nota-se que, para o ano de 2007, as temperaturas foram mais elevadas e isso pode ter desfavorecido o florescimento da variedade Bengal. No entanto, no ano de 2008, em que as temperaturas máximas e mínimas foram mais amenas, foi observado o florescimento para a última variedade. Verificou-se que em 2007 a precipitação média mensal no mês de abril e maio foi mais próxima da recomendada que em 2008 no mesmo período. Houve maior florescimento em ramos anelados em 2007, sendo que a ‘Brewster’ diferiu significativamente com melhor florescimento neste ano, seguida da ‘Mauritius’ e ‘WB4’. Em 2008 a ‘Groff’ diferiu significativamente com maior porcentagem de ramos anelados com flores. Foi...
Being the low growth and irregular production are problems encountered by producers in the world. This experiment was installed in plants from germplasm bank at Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP - Jaboticabal, São Paulo state. In order to study the effects of branches girdling was evaluated on flowering, the influence of geographical areas in the flowering and on the fruit basis the longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) axis indicate the best period to maturity varieties of litchi Bengal, Brewster, Mauritius, WB4, Americana and Groff with 9 years old. Data were recorded in temperature, precipitation, number of flowers per branch and the length of L and T axes of the fruit. The girdling with 1 cm of thickness was made in April of 2007. The branches selected were located in the median of the crown; the four girdled branches were alternated with four controls completing the entire tree diameter. The treatments were performed at the same season, the first half of August to first week in the month in October, in 2007 and 2008. Note that, for the 2007 year the temperatures were higher and this may have disadvantaged the flowering of the Bengal variety. However, in the 2008 year where the maximum and minimum temperatures were milder, the flowering was observed for the same variety. In 2007, the average monthly of precipitation in April and May was closer to recommended in 2008 in the same period. The girdled branches in 2007 was higher flowering and the 'Brewster' differed significantly with better flowering in this year, followed by 'Mauritius' and' WB4 '. In 2008 the 'groff' differed significantly with a greater percentage of girdled branches with flowers. The advance of flowering was observed in girdled branches. Brewster and Bengal varieties may be alternating, because the girdling these varieties induced the largest flowering of... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

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Schulte, Marie J. [Verfasser]. „Alternative Approaches in Pest Control: Studies on Major Pests of Litchi in the Mountainous Regions of Northern Thailand / Marie J Schulte“. Aachen : Shaker, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1166512495/34.

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García, Pérez Eliseo [UNESP]. „Influência de temperatura, anelamento e reguladores de crescimento, sobre a floração e frutificação de lichieiras“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105175.

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Colegio de Postgraduados de Mexico
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
O trabalho foi realizado nas Fazendas Santo Antônio e Jurupema, localizadas no Município de Taquaritinga -SP, Brasil, de abril de 2003 a dezembro de 2005, com o objetivo de estudar a influência da temperatura, anelamento e alguns reguladores de crescimento sobre a floração e a produção de lichieiras cultivar Bengal. Foram registrados dados de produção e temperaturas, precipitação e horas acumuladas com temperaturas inferiores a 15,5° C, e correlacionados para entender o grau de interação. Foi realizado anelamento de ramos de diferentes diâmetros, para conhecer o seu efeito sobre a floração e a frutificação. O anelamento não teve efeito sobre a brotação vegetativa após a colheita, mas as maiores concentrações de PBZ reduziram significativamente a brotação vegetativa e o comprimento dos ramos. O uso de ANA provocou queimaduras nas inflorescências e queda de frutos, mas os que permaneceram, não apresentaram alterações nas características físicas e nos sólidos solúveis. Não foi observado efeito significativo da aplicação de GA3, sobre a fixação de frutos. A queda de frutos, a partir de uma massa de 2 g até a colheita, é de 50%.
The work was carried through on Santo Antonio and Jurupema farms, located in Taquaritinga, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the period from April 2003 to December 2005, with the objective to study the influence of temperature, girdling and some growth regulators on the flowering, fruiting and production of lychee trees cultivar Bengal. It was registered production data and temperatures, precipitation and accumulated hours with inferior temperatures to 15.5°C, and correlated to understand the interaction degree. Girdling of branches of different diameters was carried through, to know its effect on the flowering and fruiting. The girdling didn't have effect on the vegetative flushes after the harvest, but the biggest concentrations of PBZ reduce the vegetative flushes and the length of shoots significantly. Spray with NAA provoked burns in the panicles and drop of fruits, but the ones that had remained did not have present alterations in the characteristics and in the soluble solids. Beneficial effect of the application of GA3 on the fruit set was not observed. The drop of fruits, starting from a weight of 2 g to the harvest, is of 50%.

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Souza, Angela Vacaro de 1984. „Tratamento térmico na manutenção da qualidade de lichias armazenadas sob refrigeração /“. Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86479.

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Orientador: Rogério Lopes Vieites
Banca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
Banca: José Maria Monteiro Sigrist
Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo prolongar a vida útil de lichias cv. 'Bengal' sob refrigeração provenientes de Carlópolis - PR, com o emprego do tratamento térmico em frutos refrigerados. Os frutos foram submetidos aos tratamentos: Imersão dos frutos em água a 45°C por: T - 1: controle; T - 2: 5 minutos; T - 3: 10 minutos; T - 4: 15 minutos; T - 5: 20 minutos e T - 6: 25 minutos. Depois de higienizados com 150ppm de cloro e secos, os frutos foram acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno expandido e embalados com filme de policloreto de vinila 0,020mm, com 10 frutos cada uma (cerca de 200 gramas) e armazenados em B.O.D. a 5ºC e 90±5% de UR por 15 dias. Os frutos foram analisados quanto à avaliação visual, perda de massa fresca, firmeza, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), relação SS/AT ("Ratio"), ácido ascórbico, açúcares redutores, respiração, coloração, atividade específica da polifenol oxidase - PPO (EC. 1.14.18.1) e da peroxidase - POD (EC. 1.11.1.7) logo após a colheita e na retirada da B.O.D. aos 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias. O delineamento estatístico empregado foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições por tratamento para cada um dos seis tempos de avaliação, utilizando-se o Teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Nas condições experimentais, pode-se concluir que o tratamento térmico aos 5 ou a 10 minutos/45ºC mostraram-se mais eficazes na manutenção da coloração dos frutos que é o fator mais importante na qualidade dos frutos de lichia e não causou modificações na qualidade da sua polpa.
Abstract: This research was realized aiming to prolong the shelf life of the 'Bengal' lychees under refrigeration, from the Carlópolis city, PR State, Brazil, with the use of thermal treatments in refrigerated fruits. The fruits were subjected to the treatments: immersion in water to 45°C by: T - 1: control; T - 2: 5 minutes; T - 3: 10 minutes; T - 4: 15 minutes; T - 5: 20 minutes and T - 6: 25 minutes. After cleaned with 150 ppm of chlorine and dried, the fruits were packed in polystyrene trays and wrapped with polyvinyl chloride film 0,020 mm, with 10 fruits in each one (about 200 grams) and stored in B.O.D. to 5°C and 90±5% of RU by 15 days. The fruits were analyzed concerning the visual evaluation, loss of weight mass, firmness, hydrogenionic potential (pH), titulable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), SS/TA relation ("Ratio"), ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, respiration, color, specific activity of the polyphenol oxidase - PPO (EC. 1.14.18.1) and peroxidase - POD (EC. 1.11.1.7) soon after the harvest and in the removal of the B.O.D. (in 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days).The statistical delineation used was completely randomized, with three replications by treatment for each one in the six times of evaluation, using the Tukey test to 5% of probability. In experimental conditions, can be conclude that the thermical treatments with 5 or 10 minutes/45°C showed more effective in maintaining the coloration of fruits, which is the most important factor in quality of the lychee fruits and did not cause changes in the quality of the pulp.
Mestre

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Tseng, Hsiao-Tzu, und 曾曉慈. „Application of Streptomyces sp. strain S1 as a bioagent for strengthening the effectiveness of fungicides for controlling Peronophythora litchii on Litchi“. Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58740599138053481892.

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碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系所
104
Downy blight disease caused by Peronophythora litchii has long been a major limiting factor severely impacting the yield and quality of litchi in Taiwan. The control measures currently practiced in litchi commercial production rely mainly on application of chemical pesticide mostly known with broad-spectrum activity rather than that specifically targeting only oomycetes. In recent monitoring study theses broad-spectrum fungicide have been reported lower effect on controlling of P. litchii. Development of effective disease control measure with improved environmental friendliness and reduced need of pesticide application is urgently needed for strengthening the international competitiveness of the litchi industry. The main objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of integration of an antagonistic Streptomyces sp. strain S1 as an additive to strengthen the effectiveness of chemical control thus to reduce the need of its application. Additional benefit includes reduction of chemical residues, environmental impact and risk of resistance. The Streptomyces sp. strain S1 was shown of great potential as a microbial bio-fungicide for the control of plant diseases-especially those caused by soil borne fungal or fungal-like pathogens. The effectiveness of disease control was known due greatly in part to the mycoparasitic effect rendered by the superior chitinase and glucanase activities of the bacteria. Screening of chemical resistance indicated that the growth of S1 was not affected by a total of 14 tested fungicides widely adapted for oomycetes at the concentration up to 1000 ppm. Among these 14 tested fungicides, the mixed application of metalaxyl at 80ppm, fluopicolide at 40 ppm, mandipropamide at 40ppm or dimethomorph at 1ppm, each respectively together with S1 showed additive inhibitory effect of the bacteria on the mycelial growth of P. litchii. As for inhibitory effect on sporangium germination, the mixed application of metalaxyl at 10 ppm, trifloxystrobin at 1 ppm, kresoxim-methyl at 1ppm or amisulbrom at 1ppm, each respectively together with S1 also showed remarkable additive effectiveness. And a pretreatment of metalaxyl, fluopicolide, cyazofamid, and dimethomorph each respectively together with S1 on detached leaves 24 hours before inoculation reduced the infection to nearly nil. An additive control effectiveness against P. litchii infection on litchi fruits was also demonstrated where that fluopicolide, cyazofamid and dimethomorph each respectively at 10X-dilution dose were sprayed with the addition of S1 broth culture. Futhermore, on a detached leaf system, spray treatment of S1 at 100X-dilution was shown to deter the disease development for 12hr. Scanning electron microscopy showed morphogenetic impact with S1 broth treatment caused substantial damages to the oomycete mycelium and sporangium. The mycoparastic effect was manifested by S1 penetrated in sporangium and caused twist mycelium. However, with the addition of AlamarBlue® as indicative molecular probe, the culture filtrate from S1 combined with cyazofamid treatment on the energy metabolism of P. litchii was demonstrated no strengthen effect. Taken together, the accumulated evidence indicated clearly the value of S1 as an aid for the integrated management of the downy mildew disease on litchi. Such combined use of biocontrol agent with fungicides can strengthen effect on disease control and reduce the dosage of fungicides, thereby reducing environmental risks.

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Hsueh, Wen-Chou, und 薛文鄹. „Fundamental Studies on Physiology of Litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)“. Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63610597062277030294.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
77
1.Changes of Nutrition of Leaves during Flushing Period 　　During litchi (cv. Hak Ip) flushing period, N.P. and K content in the leaves on current flush declined, whereas Ca and Mg increased with increasing leaf age. On the other hand, N, P and K content in the mature leaves on the last flush only declined slightly, whereas Ca and Mg increased during flushing period. 　　Starch and soluble-sugar content in the leaves of the last flush generally decreased during flushing period and increased when the leaves turned green. Among the different kinds of soluble sugars, fructose always maintained the highest content, glucose content almost had the same tendency between new and old leaves, sucrose content in the old leaves decreased fast during the flushing period. The stage when new leaves stepped into green-leaf stage was the critical point of nutrient change whether stable or not between new and old leaves during flushing period. 　　2.Effects of Temperature on Flowering 　　Day/night temperature treatment of 20/15℃ promoted inflorescence differentiation and flowering of three litchi cultivars, i.e., Sun Yueh Hong, Yu Her Pao and Hak Ip. However, those plants under higher temperature (30/25℃ and 25/20℃) remained vegetative. 　　There was not much difference for the flowering percentage among the cultivars under lasting low day/night temperature (20/15℃). In cultivars Yu Her Pao and Hak Ip, hermaphrodite functioned as female bloomed first from the first order of each dichasium, thought this position was mostly composed of male flowers. The number of female flower was the least in each inflorescence while the number of the other flowers depended on the cultivars. On the other hand, the inflorescence of Sun Yueh Hong appeared the earliest but it bloomed late and had few flowers with occasional abnormal ones. Furthermore, the flowers of different sexuality bloomed continuously under 20/15℃ temperature. 　　3.Morphology of Perticarp and Shoot Tissues 　　During the development of the litchi fruit (cv. Hak Ip) Subepidermal sclereids began to differentiate in each protuberance in the basipetal fashion. 　　The protuberance flattened due to the pressure exerted by the aril growth then radiant crack occurred on the surface of the protuberance. 　　Litchi was of diffuse porous wood and of collateral vascular bundles. Xylem and phloemhad many fibers. There were scalariform, pitted and helical types of vessel membersduring their development. Multiseriated rays were noted between phloemand xylem tissuse. 　　When shoots became mature, cork layer formed at the outer layer of the bark, the secondary xylem tissue increased in ratio, phloem fiber became lignified, the number of cambial layers decreased, and the secondary walls of the xylem cells became thick and closely arranged. The fragile characteristics of the shoots in litchi was discussed based on shoot anatomy.

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Archibald, Alison Joy. „Development of a sulphur free litchi storage protocol using sealed polypropylene bags“. Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3833.

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The use of sulphur as a method of postharvest disease control and colour retention in litchis is soon to be restricted by the European Union. It is therefore essential that new postharvest treatments and packaging techniques be developed in order to retain internal and external fruit qualities and thus allow for export. Good litchi quality is not only important for the export market but also for use on the local market. In this study, alternative methods for postharvest quality control were investigated with the aim of extending the litchi storage life to 40 days under modified storage. Packaging the fruit in polypropylene bags significantly decreased fruit water loss and resulted in an increase in shelf life, as determined by red colour and overall rind appearance. There was no distinct advantage of amodified atmosphere. The use of a punnet, lined with absorbent sheeting and placed within the sealed polypropylene bag, further improved the shelf life. The absorbent sheeting reduced the amount of free water and resulted in little pathogen infection, while the punnet was effective in protecting the fruit from damage. It was notable that most water loss occurred within the first 10 days of storage and that the majority would actually take place during the cooling phase. A hydrocooling technique was therefore investigated and was found to not significantly decrease water loss, possibly due to not hydrocooling the fruit for a long enough period of time. Temperature management was extremely important for both colour retention and pathogen control. It was found that treatments stored at 5.5QC showed better colour retention after the 40 days storage than the 1QC storage treatment. The higher storage temperature, however, enhances the potential for postharvest diseases. Three compounds, namely ISR 2000, 'Biosave' and F10, were tested for pathogen control. 'Biosave' showed the best results with the most effective concentration being 100 mill water and good pathogen control occurred when storage was at 10 C. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in the litchi rind was evaluated as it is thought to be closely related to browning of litchi fruit, probably due to the degradation of phenolics by PPO. Brown fruit had a high PPO activity whilst red fruit had much lower activity. It was also shown that PPO activity decrease over storage time, possibly due to product inhibition of the enzyme. The internal quality of the fruit was determined using the T88: acid ratio of the pulp, as it is well correlated to mean eating quality. For fruit to have excellent taste, it must have a T88: acid ratio of between 31:1 and 60:1. All the fruit had a ratio that met this criterion and would therefore ensure good eating quality.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

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DAI, TING-E., und 戴廷恩. „Fundamental studies on photosynthetic characteristics of litchi (Litchi chinensis sonn)“. Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82709738685919983937.

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LIAO, YU-WAN, und 廖玉琬. „Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn)“. Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31813309891164149427.

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林祐任. „The studies on somatic embryogenesis system of litchi (litchi chinensis sonn.)“. Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04786840010934302805.

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碩士
國立高雄師範大學
生物科學研究所
93
Litchi chinensis Sonn., one genus of Sapindaceaes, is the high economical fruit crop in subtropic area. Although peasants use asexual reproduction such as grafting and air-layerling to conserve fine breed and increase yield by plant growth regulators or other physical methods, the problems such as place and date of production concentrating over the top and fruit easy to brown still exist. This study approaches preliminarily to establish the litchi tissue culture system for breeding by genetic transformation. The result of this research indicates the effect of callus formation induced from immature zygotic embryos is better. Immature zygotic embryos which smaller than 0.5 cm are used as explants to induce pale yellow or yellow, friable, granular calli in MS medium supplemented with 1-2 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l BA and 3％ sucrose. Then subculture in MS with 1 mg/l 2,4-D or 1 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/l kinetin, 5 mg/l silver nitrate. Somatic embryos can be induced indirectly in MS with 0.1 mg/l NAA, 1 mg/l kinetin, 8％ sucrose,1.5％ agar and promoting embryo maturation in MS contained with 5％ coconut milk. Then transfer embryo to MS supplemented with 5 mg/l GA3 for embryo germination.

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曾玉霞. „Effect of girdling on flower differentiation of litchi (Litchi chinensis sonn)“. Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43643219026533219713.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
91
Abstract This is a two years observation. The bud differentiation was observed in first year. Before girdling , the terminal bud of litchi is under vegetative state. After girdling，the apex become longer and lateral bud initiated. The development of the bud were stop , before the temperature was drop down. It will developing again until the cold current come to Taiwan , then the lateral bud primordia developed very fast and inflorescence appeared. The second year , both treatment and non-girdling (CK) litchi trees were investigated the percentage of of the reproductive buds also observed. The reproductive bud of treated trees is about 70% while CK is about 45%. In the spring，investigate the percentage of leafless panicles，leaf panicles and vegetative shoots. The treated trees is 58.9%，31.4%，9.7% respectively and the CK is 28.4%，44.7%，26.9%. Four-years-old potted ’Yu Her Pau’ and ‘ Wai Lee’ litchi air layered plant were treated with two air temperatures ( mean temperatures 25℃ and 15℃), and three root temperature (25，20 and 15℃)，the result showed that embryo sacs development in high temperature were faster than these in low temperature. Under 25/15℃(air-root temperature), ’Yu Her Pau’ has fastest embryo sac development speed , while in 15/15℃(air-root temperature) is the slowest. The lowest root temperature cause the slower embryo sac development . In high root temperature condition，embryo sac development has no significant difference between air temperature treatments. Percentage of abnormal embryo sac is lowest in low root temperature . It should be due to the slow development of embryo sac. In ‘Wai Lee’, embryo sac development is the fastest in the highest temperature treatment (25/25℃, air/root) , and the slowest in 15/15℃(air/root temperature). Abnormal embryo sac rate in 15/15℃(air/root temperature ). It should be due to that the of cold of ‘Wai Lee’ .

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Froneman, Izak J. „Horticultural manipulation techniques to improve yield, fruit size and quality in 'Wai Chee' litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)“. Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/7891.

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In South Africa, a shortage of litchi cultivars to expand the very short harvesting period has seriously threatened the viability of the local export orientated Litchi Industry. Only two cultivars have dominated commercial plantings for more than a century, namely ‘HLH Mauritius’ and ‘McLean’s Red’. The marketing period of litchis from South Africa coincides with large export volumes from competitor countries such as Madagascar, resulting in lower returns for local growers. To address this situation, the late season cultivar ‘Wai Chee’ was imported amongst others from Australia. ‘Wai Chee’ is harvested at a time in South Africa when there is a gap in worldwide litchi production, making the cultivar potentially very profitable. However, its potential and subsequent use in the industry is affected by small fruit size and questionable internal quality. As the South African Litchi Industry is export orientated and the qualities of ‘HLH Mauritius’ fruit currently dictate export requirements, solutions need to be found to improve fruit size and fruit quality in ‘Wai Chee’ litchi. In this study, a number of horticultural manipulation techniques were investigated with the aim of enhancing yield, fruit size and quality in ‘Wai Chee’ litchi. The use of chemical applications of foliar nutrients and plant growth regulators were found to improve certain fruit characteristics in ‘Wai Chee’. Foliar nutrient applications of nitrogen, potassium and calcium during the early stages of fruit set and -development improved fruit set and subsequently yield, and also increased fruit mass, fruit size and flesh mass. Treatments with potassium nitrate (KNOз), calcium nitrate (CaNOз) and calcium metalosate proved to be the most enhancing nutrient applications. Applications of synthetic auxins and auxin-like substances during the 2-3g stage of fruit development improved fruit size, fruit mass and flesh mass in ‘Wai Chee’. The combination treatment of Tipimon® (2,4,5-TP), applied at the 2-3g stage, followed by Maxim® (3,5,6-TPA) a week later, yielded the best results in this regard. With biological practices, pollination was found to have an influence on litchi tree- and fruit characteristics. Pollen source proved to have an influence on fruit set and fruit retention at harvest in ‘Wai Chee’. Initial fruit set was lower when using cross-pollination compared to the use of self-pollination in female flowers of ‘Wai Chee’, whereas final fruit retention was higher with the use of cross-pollinators when compared to retention of fruit with self-pollination. Although some beneficial effects with different pollen donors on fruit characteristics were observed, these effects were not significant, and would therefore necessitate further investigation. Pollen donor effect on quality parameters such as Titratable acid (TA)- and Total Soluble Solid (TSS) content of fruit was not significant. Cultivar differences regarding fruit characteristics and maturation rate were detected with the use of cultural practices such as bunch covering materials in ‘HLH Mauritius’ and ‘Wai Chee’. Beneficial effects on fruit size were obtained with thicker covering materials with nominal mass of 70 and 80 g/m² respectively on ‘HLH Mauritius’, while with ‘Wai Chee’, thinner covering materials (60 and 65 g/m²) showed enhancing effects. Maturation rate was significantly delayed only on ‘Wai Chee’ with the use of thicker covering materials (70 and 80 g/m²). Differences in colour were detected amongst different covering materials, but these should be verified with chromameter technology. Covering of fruit bunches for better fruit size and a later harvest date would, especially for ‘Wai Chee’ as a late season cultivar, be beneficial, since better prices are realised towards the end of the season.
Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

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Chien, Chiu-Yen, und 簡秋燕. „Pericarp Browning and Improvement of Postharvest Technology of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Fruits“. Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83976977130827975470.

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碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系
92
The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the changes in enzyme activities with regard to litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pericarp browning, and to develop an alternative method to SO2 fumigation for color retention of litchi fruits. After harvest, the water loss of litchi fruits was very rapid and the pericarp began to brown at 25℃ within 12 hours. Water loss of fruits mainly occurred through pericarp. During pericarp browning of ‘Yuh Her Bau’, ‘Hei Yeh’, and ‘Nuoh Mii Tzy’ litchi fruits, peroxidase activity of the peel was higher than the polyphenol oxidase activity. Variations in the peroxidase activity were also higher at low relative humidity, and showed a tendency to increase during storage. However, variations of polyphenol oxidase activity were not coincidental among three cultivars. It seemed that changes in the peroxidase activity were more significant than the polyphenol oxidase activity in respect of litchi pericarp browning. Experiments were also conducted to prevent pericarp browning of litchi fruits with the treatments of 1% chitosan solution, 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, and the combination of chitosan and 1 N of hydrochloric acid solution. The temperature of the solution was raised to 40℃ in the experiments. Results showed that the ‘a’ values of peel decreased in fruits dipping in 1% chitosan and 1N HCl solution at 40℃ for 5 minutes; significantly less than samples immersed in 1N HCl solution for 6 minutes. The ions leakage of the peel of fruits dipping in 1% chitosan and 1N HCl solution at 40℃ for 5 minutes was higher than that of the control. This seemed to indicate that permeability of plasma membrane of the fruit was increased after the heated 1% chitosan treatment, and made it easier for the acid to permeate into vacuole. Thus pH of the vacuole decreased, the anthocyanin molecules stabilized, the red color of the peel retained. Moreover, the hot 1% chitosan treatment obviously depressed polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities of the fruits, and thus reduced enzymatic browning of the peel. Therefore, the fruits could retain the red color of the peel after fruits were returned to the room temperature. Although hot 1% chitosan treatment maintained the color of the peel, there were probabilities of dehiscence, decay and sinking of peel of fruits after they were returned to room temperature. Cold storage of the fruits in the perforated polyethylene bags (0.04mm) significantly improved the sinking of peels. Further investigations are needed to improve and control of fruit decay and dehiscence.

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Shen, Liang Yu, und 梁佑慎. „Studies on Aborted Seed Development and Postharvest Techniques in Litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39734886321053609479.

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博士
國立屏東科技大學
植物科學研究所
100
This study is divided into two main research topics. The first topic consists of investigations specific to litchi (Litchi chinensis) cultivars with aborted seeds (Nuomici 73-S-20, Wuheli No. 1, and Wuheli No. 2). We examine the developmental characteristics of fruit with aborted seeds and the possible causes. Properties such as the parthenocarpy, pollen morphology and activity, developmental conditions of pollen in the stigma, developmental morphology of the embryo and fruit, and the effects of various pollinating sources on fruit development are analyzed. The second research topic includes the development of technologies for preserving harvested litchi fruit. Investigations are conducted focusing on the pericarp browning phenomenon of litchis. Processes such as hydrocooling, dipping in sodium metabisulfite, and modified atmosphere packaging are investigated and analyzed for their biochemical effects, including the pericarp browning of the litchi fruit, during storage and quality characteristics. After scanning the pollen grains with an scanning electron microscope, there were no observable morphological differences between the two male pollen from and of the four cultivars. The optimal incubation temperature for in vitro germination was between 25 ℃ and 30 ℃ of the four cultivars investigated. The viability of the pollens showed significant differences from cultivars to cultivars. The pollen tube of self-pollination or cross-pollination grew successfully into ovary and the tube was into ovary in 6 to 8 hour after hand-pollination. For this study, the Dazao, Nuomici 73-S-20, Wuheli No. 1, and Wuheli No. 2 litchis were bagged after emasculation and before flowering. The results demonstrated that the four cultivars examined had no parthenocarpic abilities. The development of litchi fruit showed a trend for single-S shapes. In the early stages of fruit development (post-pollination to 56 days blooming of female flower), growth was primarily observed in the seeds and pericarp. In the late stages of development (more than 56 days blooming of female flower), growth was predominately observed in the aril. The aborted seeds observed in the Wuheli No. 1 and Wuheli No. 2 fruit resulted from aborted embryos. This seed morphology, which closely resembles non-developed ovules, did not result from parthenocarpy. Based on the aborted seed properties of Wuheli No. 1 and Wuheli No. 2 fruit, we can conclude that early-development embryo shriveling (no development before the formation of the globular embryo) has no augmenting effects on the aril weight percent. The pollination source of litchi fruit influences whether the seed of the fruit will develop aborted. In addition, the characteristics of the mother cultivar also influence the development of aborted-seeded fruit. Litchi fruit were stored at 20℃, with a relative humidity of 80 %. After 6 to 10 days of separated storage, over 25 % of the pericarp surface had browned. Different cultivars showed significant differences in their pericarp coloration. The weight decline, electrolyte leakage of the pericarp, and pH value of the litchi fruit progressively increased with longer storage times. The anthocyanin content, malondialdehyde, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activity exhibited a different change trend for various cultivars. Conducting a simple linear regression analysis, we found that the pericarp lightness and pericarp browning index or the pericarp b value and pericarp browning index were highly correlated (R > 0.8824 and above). Regarding the fruit physiology, the pericarp browning index and rate of weight loss, as well as the browning index and electrolyte leakage possessed R values greater than 0.8111. Therefore, the pericarp lightness, b value, electrolyte leakage, and fruit weight loss can be used as effective indicators of the litchi pericarp browning reaction. Hydrocooling for 30 minutes reduced the temperature of the pericarp by 6.2 ± 0.3 ℃ as well as the respiration rate and ethylene production in the litchi cv. Yu Her Pau fruit. It also delayed the increase in electrolyte leakage and polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity in the pericarp. A six hour delay in the hydrocooling treatment increased the incidence of decay, and distinctly shortened storage life, compared to other delay times in hydrocooling. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of hydrocooling treatment with a minimum delay after harvest to suppress decay and prolong the storage life of litchi fruit. Research of litchi processing that involves submerging or bathing harvested fruit in sodium metabisulfite combined with acidification showed that Yuhebao and Haak Yip fruit could be treated with 60 g L-1 sodium metabisulfite to significantly retard the browning and decaying of the pericarp. This effectively increases the storage life of the fruit. Submergence or bathing in sodium metabisulfite increases the anthocyanin content of the pericarp and appreciably represses the polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity. The immersion or bathing treatment had no distinguishable influence on the amount of soluble solids and titratable acids in the litchi aril. After treatment with sodium metabisulfite, residual amounts of sulfur dioxide may be detected on the pericarp, but no residual sulfur dioxide is detected on the aril. Post-harvest litchi cv. Haak Yip fruit were packaged in polyethylene bag, than sealed it, and finally stored at 5 ℃ with 92 % relative humidity. Over the storage period, the modified atmosphere packaging showed 13.0 ± 0.8 % O2, 4.0 ± 0.5 % CO2 and ~100 % RH, significantly reduced relative leakage rate and the activity of polyphenol oxidase and retained the anthocyanin content.

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Chang, Cheng-Wei, und 張証維. „Hepatoprotective Activity on Ethanol-induced Injury by Polyphenolic Extracts From Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonnerat)“. Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7g75xk.

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碩士
國立嘉義大學
生物醫藥科學研究所
97
Alcoholism (chronic ethanol consumption) is one of primary medical problems with significant socio-economic consequence worldwide. Currently, silymarin from the milk thistle herb is the first-line drug used clinically on the alcohol liver disease (ALD). However, it has plenty side effects and uncertainties in curing some of liver diseases. Finding novel drug is in need to improve the efficiency on ALD therapy. Litchi is a precious tropical fruit originating from southern China enriched with phenolic compounds and flavonoids in its pericarp. It is traditionally documented as herbal medicine with hepatoprotective property. However, lack of scientific data to fulfill the wisdom of ancestral practice. In this study, we extracted and purified polyphenolic compounds of litchi pericarp. Cytotoxicity assay was performed for each fractionation of extract on various cell lines including the murine embryonic liver cell line (BNL CL.2). The model of ethanol induced cell injury in BNL CL.2 cells was adapted and showed litchi extracts were effectively protecting cells from ethanol induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, regenerative capacity of injured liver cells was analyzed. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and NMR, two major compounds from litchi extracts, the epicatechin and proanthocyanidin A2, were identified, purification procedures were carried out subsequently. Flow cytometry analysis indicated the hepatoprotection of proanthocyanidin A2 was at least due to the strengthening mitochondria detoxification to ethanol induced excessive ROS. Moreover, there was a decrease percentage in the accumulated sub-G1 phase of ethanol treated liver cells and a faster regenerative proliferation with treatment of proanthocyanidin A2. To compare with silymarin, the litchi extracts had more protective effects on ethanol induced damages. In summary, we have discovered litchi pericarp extracts, possessing effective hepatoprotective properties on ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver cells BNL CL.2 injury. Two major compounds, epicatechin and proanthocyanidin A2 were identified in responsible for the results. Litchi pericarp may be promoted as complementary alternative medicines in ALD therapy.

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Chao, Ching-Hwang, und 趙景煌. „Effect of Bagging on the Production and Quality of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn. ) Fruits“. Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92572005952476621879.

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碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
98
The fruit quality and yield of litchi and pesticide residues are influenced by bagging at different growth stages. This research investigated the fruit harmful rate caused by litchi moth, fruit quality and pesticide residues on varieties. Tranditional cultivation which proceed with pesticides, the culture carries neither undoing pesticides nor bagging and 32 net-bagging without pesticide were included in this experiment. Bagging stages were divided into 50 days and 30 days before the harvest of variety ‘Yuh Her Bau； 65 days and 50 days before the harvest of variety‘Hei Yeh’； 60 days and 45 days before the harvest of variety ‘Nuoh Mii Tzy’. It is important to prevent and alleviate oriental fruit flies and litchi moths that bagging at variable stages before litchi harvested. It is significant at average fruit sizes and fruit weight when comparing traditional cultivation with bagging. The average fruit size and fruit weight are bigger and heavier but Brix is lower when bagging. In addition, pesticide residues are decreased to quality to export to the United States and Japan. To achieve good food quality economically and to produce safe and harmless food for human health and also for environmental protection, it is emphasized on psycially biological managements to prevent and alleviate the insect and fungi diseases.

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Wu, Cheng-Ying, und 吳政營. „Seasonal Variation of C/N Ratio in ‘Yu Her Pau’ Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97921620830770804615.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系所
97
The purpose of this study was to investigate the seasonal variation of carbon, nitrogen and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) in different parts including mature leave, young leave, shoot, twig and bark of field-grown ‘Yu Her Pau’ litchi trees. The carbon content of mature leave and shoot were undulant variation during vegetative growth stage and were decreased for panicle differentiation. The total soluble sugar and starch content of mature leave undulated during vegetative growth stage and were maximum in winter dormancy. The starch content of shoot increased rapidly in winter dormancy and the total soluble sugar content were no significantly changed. After girdling, the carbon, total soluble sugar and starch content accumulate in girdling above indicated that starch was major carbohydrate that accumulate in bark. The carbon, total soluble sugar and starch content of young leave were gradationaly increased and reached the maximum content in later development stage. The carbohydrate content was similar with young leave and was decreased in later development stage. The nitrogen content of mature leave and shoot were undulant variation during vegetative growth stage and reached minimum content before panicle differentiation. In winter, nitrogen was storaged in bark. The nitrogen content was decreased with the panicle differentiation. In young leave and shoot, nitrogen content was higher during primary development stage then decreased following development. During flush stage, C/N ratio was undulated because of the carbon and nitrogen consumed or storage. C/N ratio was gradually increased in winter dormancy and reached maximum content before 2-4 week of that panicle appear. Based on the result, there were high C/N ratio of mature leave, shoot and bark during floral initiation. The C/N ratio and total non-structural carbohydrate to nitrogen (TNC/N) ratio of young leave and twig were significantly increased from flush emergence to maturation. To compare the difference between the mature organs (mature leave and shoot) and young organs (young leave and twig), the carbon content of young leave was higher than mature leave during flush development. However, there were no significantly different between shoot and twig. About total soluble sugar, there was higher content of mature leave than young leave. The starch content of young leave was higher than mature leave and it was main carbohydrate that existed in young leave. In twig, there were main accumulated total soluble sugar and starch. During flush development, there was no difference in nitrogen content between young and mature leave while nitrogen content of twig was higher than shoot. Nitrogen content decreased gradually with flush development. The trend of C/N ratio and TNC/N ratio changes were similar between mature and young organs. The ratio of mature leave was higher than young leave and shoot was higher than twig. Hence, the results indicated vegetative growth and young organ (young leave and twig) was strong sink in ‘Yu Her Pu’ litchi tree and the assimilates provided mainly for their growth duration. The experiment compared the C/N ratio of tree between the organic farming and conventional farming. The result showed there were similar the undulant variation of mature leave, shoot and bark between the organic farming and conventional farming. However, there was high of TNC/N ratio by conventional farming, and wasn’t significant change in C/N ratio. In most experiments, total non-structural carbohydrate replaced with carbohydrate content. But, in the experiment carbon content was replaced with total carbon contents and there were similar trend between C/N ratio and TNC/N ratio.

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46

Chang, JerWay, und 張哲瑋. „Regulation of flowering in litchi“. Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22764347828159724293.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
87
Plants of cvs. Yu Her Pau and No Mi Tsz were given different periods of induction at 20/15℃ or 15/13℃ transferred to non-inductive conditions at 25/20℃ and/or 30/25℃ to investigate the role of temperature during litchi flower initiation and development. Bud macromorphogenic character and phenotype of panicle and floret were recorded during the experiment. Flowering in ‘Yu Her Pau’ occurred with “four weeks” at 20/15℃ and “six weeks” at 15/13℃ before transfer to 25/20℃ and was greatest with six weeks at 20/15℃. Flowering in ‘No Mi Tsz’ occurred with “six weeks” at 15/13℃ before transferred to 25/20℃ and was greatest with “seven weeks”. The results indicated that flowering in litchi will be best with low temperature for several weeks during the early stage of flower induction. The requirement of period of low temperature depended on cultivars, 4-6 weeks for ‘Yu Her Pau’ and 6-7 weeks for ‘No Mi Tsz’. All the buds of the trees failed to produce panicle at 25/20℃ treatment. However, parts of the vegetative growth cessation buds of the plants transferred from cool (20/15℃ or 15/13℃) to 25/20℃ produced panicle. But the buds of trees failed to produce panicle from cool transferred to 30/25℃ temperature until they formed elongated and branched inflorescence primordia or floret primordia . This result suggested that floral determination occurs prior to the initiation of the inflorescence primordia but the morphogenesis irreversible state should be after inflorescence primordia elongation and branching or floret primordia formed .The plants exposed to low temperature till their buds differentiated to the stage of 〝elongated and branched inflorescence primordia〞 transferred to high temperature had shorter panicle length, less florets and higher proportion of female flower compared with plants maintained continuously at 20/15℃ temperature. However, when the plants treated to low temperature till their panicles developed into the stage of rachis and pedicel full formed then transfer to 30/25℃, the characters of the panicle mentioned above would not be affected. Most of female flower anthesis in the early flowering stage at 20/15℃ temperature, while at 30/25℃ female flower anthesis through the flowering period. The combinations of temperature and severe cyclical water stress (－3.0 MPa, predawn) treatments were conducted on 2 years old ''No Mi Tsz'' litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) plants in order to define conditions needed to induce flowering.. The duration was 15 weeks for temperature treatments and 6-9 weeks for water stress treatments. At 25℃/20℃(day/night ) temperature, irrigation promoted vegetative growth, water stress treatments failed to flush and after rewatering no panicles were produced. At 20℃/15℃ (day/night) temperature both irrigation and water stress treatments prevented vegetative growth and panicle appearance. Both 15℃/13℃ (day/night) temperature treatments for 7 weeks induced the development of visible panicles from terminal buds. Field cyclical water stress treatments (irrigation when soil water tension attained －70∼－80 centibars) also conducted during October to early December on 2 years old ''No Mi Tsz'' litchi plants. Only very few branches developed panicles after rewatering and exposured to winter low temperature. Irrigation treatments promoted vegetative growth without any flowers. Water stress reduced vegetative growth but failed to induce ‘No Mi Tsz’ litchi flowering. Experiments were conducted with containerized ‘No Mi Tsz’ litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.) air-layers in order to investigate the effect of mild water stress on flowering. Two sets of plants were grown at outdoor and maintained in a growth cessation state at a constant pre-dawn leaf water potential of —1.2 ~ -1.4 MPa which was monitored by measuring leaf stomata resistance daily. The water stress was relieved after 31 days for one set of plants and 58 days for another. After treated with water stress, all the plants were transferred to growth chamber for 20/12℃ (day/night) treatment. A third set of plants was maintained at 20/12℃ and watered daily for the whole experiment. ‘58 days’ water stress promoted flowering but ‘31 days’ reduced. Water stress advanced floral budbreak by nearly 50 days. Leaf starch was highest at non-water stress treatment. Leaf starch did not relate to flowering. Litchi air layers of cv. Haak Yip were grown in hydroponic system with 0 (control), 14, 42 mg/l nitrogen treatments to study the effect of nitrogen supply on flowering and fruiting. At 14 mg/l N, the percentage of flowering shoots per tree was about twofold in comparison with the other two treatments and the average length of panicles was longest. The panicles of 14 mg/l and 42 mg/l N were leafy. At 0 mg/l N, however, the panicles, though, shorter then the usual length, were leafless, the result of normal flower initiation. Fruiting was best at 14 mg/l N treatment, also. No matter in young or mature fruit stage, the percentage of fruiting shoots was highest at 14 mg/l N treatment. Poor fruit setting occurred at 42 mg/l N. At 0 mg/l N, heavy fruit drop occurred during fruit development stage. The result of this study indicated that nitrogen per se did have direct influence on the processes of flowering and fruiting in litchi. The most suitable nitrogen concentration for flower initiation might be lower than 14 mg/l, however, for flower development and fruiting stage, 14 mg/l nitrogen supplied might be fit. As N concentrations increased, N Ca contents increased in leaves but TSS P Mg Zn were in the opposite direction. K Fe were highest in 0 mg/l N. Cu was highest in 42 mg/l N. No significant difference in Mn content among three treatments. Starch content was highest in 14 mg/l N treatment. Enough carbohydrate might be one of reasons why 14 mg/l N treatment got better fruit set and development. 7-year-old ‘Haak Yip’ litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.) trees were manually root pruned on two side of the tree at a distance of 100 cm and to a depth of 50 cm. The time of root pruning was leaf mature stage that produced after fruit harvest. Compared to unpruned controls, trees that were root-pruned inhibited vegetative growth but increased the proportion of flowering and fruiting branches, and yield. Fruit weight and fruit soluble solids were not influenced by root pruning. Root pruning had no influence on leaf carbohydrate content. The separate and combined effects of pruning and girdling branches on flower initiation and flower development were investigated in ‘Yu Her Pau’ and ‘No Mi Tsz’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Light pruning and girdling did not influence the flowering, but flowering in heavy pruning was very few in the absence of girdling in ‘Yu Her Pau’,；girdling increased flowering in ‘No Mi Tsz’. Light pruning did not delay the date of panicle emergence, but heavy pruning delay 15 days. Girdling pre se did not influence the date of panicle emergence no matter in ‘Yu Her Pau’ or ‘No Mi Tsz’. Pruning and girdling did influence the panicle development in ‘Yu Her Pau’. Pruning reduced panicle length and the response was stronger in heavy pruning. Combined treatments of pruning and girdling reduced panicle length strongly then separate treatment. Heavy pruning increased the proportion of female flowers, but not in light pruning. The proportion of female flowers increased by girdling but the response had no relation to pruning. In ‘No Mi Tsz’, girdling reduced panicle length and increased the proportion of female flowers. The results of this experiment indicated that the effects of pruning on flower initiation and flower development have relation to environmental factors, especially air temperature, during flower induction and early stage of flower development. However the effects of girdling on flower initiation and flower development relatively depend on the change of physiological mechanism in plant. The effects of pruning and girdling on fruit set were discussed in this report.

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47

沈素美. „Effect of temperature、leaves、ethylene and light on flower cluster formation of litchi (litchi chinensis sonn.)“. Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79099063773600502833.

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48

Chen, Chin-Yung, und 陳志永. „Effect of drying temperature – time condition on the composition of litchi（Litchi chinensis Sonn.）flower extract“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16495378058754331785.

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碩士
中山醫學大學
健康餐飲暨產業管理學系碩士班
101
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is the plant of the genus Litchi in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flowers blossom in spring. The color of litchi flowers is white-green to canary yellow. Litchi flowers are regarded as agricultural by-product, but in recent years it had been found that litchi flowers are rich in polyphenol content and good antioxidant effects, such as scavenging 1.1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical effect and inhibiting the copper ion (Cu2+)-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) effect. In this study, litchi flower were dried at 50℃, 24h; 50℃, 48h; 75℃, 24h; 100℃, 24h; and the freeze-dried flower as the control. These samples were extracted by different polar and non-polar solvents (i.e. cold water, 95% ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) to study the effect of drying temperature on quality of the processed litchi flowers, using various antioxidative assays, such as DPPH free radical scavenging effect, ABTS+ free radical scavenging effect, reducing power and Cu2+-induced oxidation of human LDL. The changes of compositions were determined by high performance liquid chromatographic assay. We hope to establish the data base and information of dried litchi flowers, which may further provide reference for research and new product development. The results were demonstrated as following: Antioxidative activities of litchi flower cold water extracts: the EC50 values of extracts determined by DPPH scavenging, ABTS+. scavenging and reducing power methods decreased as the drying temperature increasing. The EC50 values decreased percentage were more than 25%. However, the antioxidative activities of acetone, ethyl acetate and n-hexane litchi flower extracts decreased as drying temperature increased. The acetone, ethyl acetate and n-hexane litchi flower extracts can delay the oxidation of LDL. The oxidation lag time of cold water, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate litchi flower extracts by various drying treatments increased as drying temperature increased. However, the lag time of cold water extracts were shorter than the control. In analyzing the changes in phenolic acids and flavonoids of various solvents by various drying treatments, the rutin and gallic acid contents of cold water litchi flower extract increased as the drying temperature increased. It was found that positive correlation existed between the gallic acid, rutin and p-coumic acid contents of ethanol litchi flower extracts and the drying temperatures. The gallic acid and p-coumic acid contents of acetone and ethyl acetate litchi flower extracts increased as the drying temperature increased. In this study, the compositions of treated litchi flower may be affected by drying temperatures. For developing new functional food, we suggest that litchi flower can be dried at 75-100oC, and be extracted by cold water or ethanol to obtain more functional contents than the other solvents extracted.

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49

Tsai, Jyh-Nobg, und 蔡志濃. „Studies on sour rot of litchi“. Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01513107156276450427.

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50

Wu, Ching-Iuan, und 吳慶源. „Fundamental Studies on Litchi Mechanical Drying“. Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67781826944261647476.

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碩士
國立中興大學
農業機械工程學系
83
This work is to find an optimal drying process for afruit- Lichi. We first investigate the blanching and coolingprocesses for this fruit. The basic drying propertiesare obtained by using a single temperature hot air method. These results are then used to build a model for a mutiple temperature drying process. The best blanching and cooling conditions of hot water 100℃ ,30" immediately followed by 200" in icy water are demonstrated. These conditions can better maintain the shell color of the fruit. A better drying process sequence of 45℃, 5 hours +50℃, 5 hours + 55℃, 5 hours + 60℃, 10 hours+65℃, 75 hours is also obtained. This process can save about 20 hours in drying time when compared to the traditional method. It can also obtain almost 100％ yield and increase the quality of the product. The dried fruit has the wet basismoisture content between 17％ and 25％. From the mass-energy conservation equation, the calculated drying efficiency isabout 12％ for the on site stationary type drying machine. The single and multiple temperature drying processes per- formed in the laboratory are in consistence with the thin layer drying model derived from Newton's cooling law. The moisture content of the fruit during the drying process canbe precisely predicted fromthe equation derived from thissemi-theoretical model.When applying the deep layer drying model for the on site drying machine, we found it cannot accurately predict the moisture content in the deep layer of the fruit. The model gives 34hours longer time to reach the 25％ wet basis moisture content in the top layer compared tothe actual data.

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