Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Lipids in human nutrition“
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Lugonja, Nikoleta, Vesna Marinkovic, Biljana Milicic, Jelena Avdalovic, Miroslav Vrvic und Snezana Spasic. „Effect of storage process on nutritive properties of preterm human milk“. Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, Nr. 00 (2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq220117021l.
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Freeze storage and pasteurization of human milk are common treatments in milk banks. Thermal treatment changes the quality of milk for preterm infants? nutrition, and the aim of this paper was to examine the nutritional profile and antioxidant potential of preterm human milk after storage and pasteurization, and also after supplementation with fortifier. The effects of storage processes were estimated on mature preterm milk of 30 breastfeeding women. Total proteins, lipids and lactose were determined after thermal processing and supplementation of mature preterm milk with fortifier. The antioxidant capacity was determined using the ferric reducing antioxidant potential method and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. Protein concentration decreased after frozen storage and pasteurization (p<0.05). Pasteurization further reduced the lipid concentration after freezing. The ferric reducing antioxidant potential decreased after thermal treatments (p<0.05). Supplementation of mature milk with fortifier increased the concentration of proteins, lipids and lactose. Our findings demonstrated that storage and pasteurization processes affect the basic nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity of preterm human milk. In order to ensure adequate nutrition for preterm infants with preterm human milk, supplementation, especially with high concentrations of proteins and lipids, is necessary after thermal treatments.
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Innis, Sheila M. „Maternal Nutrition, Genetics, and Human Milk Lipids“. Current Nutrition Reports 2, Nr. 3 (12.06.2013): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13668-013-0048-0.
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Koletzko, Berthold. „Human Milk Lipids“. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 69, Suppl. 2 (2016): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452819.
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Human milk lipids provide the infant with energy and essential vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and bioactive components. Adding complex lipids and milk fat globule membranes to vegetable oil-based infant formula has the potential to enhance infant development and reduce infections. Cholesterol provision with breastfeeding modulates infant sterol metabolism and may induce long-term benefits. Some 98-99% of milk lipids are comprised by triacylglycerols, whose properties depend on incorporated fatty acids. Attention has been devoted to the roles of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids. Recent studies on gene-diet interaction (Mendelian randomization) show that breastfeeding providing DHA and ARA improves cognitive development and reduces asthma risk at school age particularly in those children with a genetically determined lower activity of DHA and ARA synthesis. It appears prudent to follow the biological model of human milk in the design of infant formula as far as feasible, unless conclusive evidence for the suitability and safety of other choices is available. The recent European Union legislative stipulation of a high formula DHA content without required ARA deviates from this concept, and such a novel formula composition has not been adequately evaluated. Great future opportunities arise with significant methodological progress for example in lipidomic analyses and their bioinformatic evaluation, which should enhance understanding of the biology of human milk lipids. Such knowledge might lead to improved dietary advice to lactating mothers as well as to further opportunities to enhance infant formula composition.
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Touliabah, Hussein El-Sayed, und Adel W. Almutairi. „Effect of Phytohormones Supplementation under Nitrogen Depletion on Biomass and Lipid Production of Nannochloropsis oceanica for Integrated Application in Nutrition and Biodiesel“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 2 (09.01.2021): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020592.
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Economic viability of biodiesel production relies mainly on the productivity of biomass and microalgal lipids. In addition, production of omega fatty acids is favorable for human nutrition. Thus, enhancement of lipid accumulation with high proportion of omega fatty acids could help the dual use of microalgal lipids in human nutrition and biodiesel production through biorefinery. In that context, phytohormones have been identified as a promising factor to increase biomass and lipids production. However, nitrogen limitation has been discussed as a potential tool for lipid accumulation in microalgae, which results in simultaneous growth retardation. The present study aims to investigate the combined effect of N-depletion and 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) supplementation on lipid accumulation of the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica as one of the promising microalgae for omega fatty acids production. The study confirmed that N-starvation stimulates the lipid content of N. oceanica. IAA enhanced both growth and lipid accumulation due to enhancement of pigments biosynthesis. Therefore, combination effect of IAA and nitrogen depletion showed gradual increase in the dry weight compared to the control. Lipid analysis showed lower quantity of saturated fatty acids (SFA, 26.25%) than the sum of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Under N-depletion, SFA decreased by 12.98% compared to the control, which recorded much reduction by increasing of IAA concentration. Reduction of SFA was in favor of PUFA, mainly omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids which increased significantly due to IAA combined with N-depletion. Thus, the present study suggests a biorefinery approach for lipids extracted from N. oceanica for dual application in nutrition followed by biodiesel production.
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Touliabah, Hussein El-Sayed, und Adel W. Almutairi. „Effect of Phytohormones Supplementation under Nitrogen Depletion on Biomass and Lipid Production of Nannochloropsis oceanica for Integrated Application in Nutrition and Biodiesel“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 2 (09.01.2021): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020592.
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Economic viability of biodiesel production relies mainly on the productivity of biomass and microalgal lipids. In addition, production of omega fatty acids is favorable for human nutrition. Thus, enhancement of lipid accumulation with high proportion of omega fatty acids could help the dual use of microalgal lipids in human nutrition and biodiesel production through biorefinery. In that context, phytohormones have been identified as a promising factor to increase biomass and lipids production. However, nitrogen limitation has been discussed as a potential tool for lipid accumulation in microalgae, which results in simultaneous growth retardation. The present study aims to investigate the combined effect of N-depletion and 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) supplementation on lipid accumulation of the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica as one of the promising microalgae for omega fatty acids production. The study confirmed that N-starvation stimulates the lipid content of N. oceanica. IAA enhanced both growth and lipid accumulation due to enhancement of pigments biosynthesis. Therefore, combination effect of IAA and nitrogen depletion showed gradual increase in the dry weight compared to the control. Lipid analysis showed lower quantity of saturated fatty acids (SFA, 26.25%) than the sum of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Under N-depletion, SFA decreased by 12.98% compared to the control, which recorded much reduction by increasing of IAA concentration. Reduction of SFA was in favor of PUFA, mainly omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids which increased significantly due to IAA combined with N-depletion. Thus, the present study suggests a biorefinery approach for lipids extracted from N. oceanica for dual application in nutrition followed by biodiesel production.
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Bordoni, Laura, Irene Petracci, Fanrui Zhao, Weihong Min, Elisa Pierella, Taís Silveira Assmann, J. Alfredo Martinez und Rosita Gabbianelli. „Nutrigenomics of Dietary Lipids“. Antioxidants 10, Nr. 7 (22.06.2021): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10070994.
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Dietary lipids have a major role in nutrition, not only for their fuel value, but also as essential and bioactive nutrients. This narrative review aims to describe the current evidence on nutrigenomic effects of dietary lipids. Firstly, the different chemical and biological properties of fatty acids contained both in plant- and animal-based food are illustrated. A description of lipid bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and lipotoxicity is provided, together with an overview of the modulatory role of lipids as pro- or anti-inflammatory agents. Current findings concerning the metabolic impact of lipids on gene expression, epigenome, and gut microbiome in animal and human studies are summarized. Finally, the effect of the individual’s genetic make-up on lipid metabolism is described. The main goal is to provide an overview about the interaction between dietary lipids and the genome, by identifying and discussing recent scientific evidence, recognizing strengths and weaknesses, to address future investigations and fill the gaps in the current knowledge on metabolic impact of dietary fats on health.
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Dong, Ping, Ying Zhang und Ying-chun Zhao. „Human Milk Comparative Lipidomic Study From Different Gestation Age and Lactation Stages“. Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (Juni 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_035.
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Abstract Objectives Human milk (HM) lipids constitute the primary constituents of HM. Studies are starting to emerge about the lipid components of HM and how they relate to outcomes. We assessed the lipid differences between preterm and term HM and predicted the prospective impacts of these lipids on the development of neonates, especially focused on their immune modulatory and anti-infective effects. Methods Using an LC-MS/MS metabolomics strategy, we studied HM samples collected from 113 mothers giving birth prematurely (<28 weeks, 12; ≥28 weeks and <32 weeks, 47; ≥32 weeks ∼ <37 weeks 54, respectively) and 55 mothers delivering at term (≥37 weeks) from colostrum to mature milk. Results We found that the lipid composition of preterm HM deviates significantly from the term HM lipid profile, in particular with the colostrum. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were significantly increased in preterm HM, while sphingomyelin, glycerophosphoethanoloamines analogues, TAG (14:0/18:2/18:3), PE (17:2/22:6) and Cer/NS (d22:3/18:1) were markedly decreased in preterm human milk (p < 0.05). Pathway analysis revealed that these dysregulated lipids are closely associated with Reelin signaling in neurons, glycerophospholipid metabolism and LXR/RXR activation. Conclusions Further studies should further elucidate the detailed biomechanism of these dysregulated lipids. Funding Sources This work was supported by the Young Clinical Scientist Program of Fudan Academy of Pediatrics (grant no. EK112520180307).
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Pigott, George M., und Barbee W. Tucker. „Science opens new horizons for marine lipids in human nutrition“. Food Reviews International 3, Nr. 1-2 (Januar 1987): 105–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559128709540809.
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Janusz, Prusinski. „White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) – nutritional and health values in human nutrition – a review“. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 35, No. 2 (29.04.2017): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/114/2016-cjfs.
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White lupin seeds have been used in human nutrition and treatment for several thousand years. Nowadays the use of white lupin seeds is limited by a small scale of their production. However, in the last 20 years quite new properties of white lupin have been discovered for the application in the production of different kinds of functional food. Unique traits of protein, fatty acids with a desirable ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 acids, and fibre as well as other specific components, for example oligosaccharides and antioxidants or non-starch carbohydrates, make white lupin an excellent component in many healthy diets. The effects of white lupin components concern the physiological condition of the human body, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, lipid concentration, glycaemia, appetite, insulin resistance, and colorectal cancer. Seeds are used among others for the production of gluten-free flour, bacterial and fungal fermented products, noodle and pasta products, as substitutes of meat, egg protein and sausages, also are cooked, roasted and ground and mixed with cereal flour in the production of bread, crisps and pasta, crisps and dietary dishes.
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Jensen, Robert G., Ann M. Ferris und Carol J. Lammi-Keefe. „Lipids in Human Milk and Infant Formulas“. Annual Review of Nutrition 12, Nr. 1 (Juli 1992): 417–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.12.070192.002221.
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Zheng, Lu, Mathilde Fleith, Francesca Giuffrida, Barry V. O'Neill und Nora Schneider. „Dietary Polar Lipids and Cognitive Development: A Narrative Review“. Advances in Nutrition 10, Nr. 6 (31.05.2019): 1163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz051.
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ABSTRACTPolar lipids are amphiphilic lipids with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Polar lipids mainly include phospholipids and sphingolipids. They are structural components of neural tissues, with the peak rate of accretion overlapping with neurodevelopmental milestones. The critical role of polar lipids in cognitive development is thought to be mediated through the regulation of signal transduction, myelination, and synaptic plasticity. Animal products (egg, meat, and dairy) are the major dietary sources of polar lipids for children and adults, whereas human milk and infant formula provide polar lipids to infants. Due to the differences observed in both concentration and proportion of polar lipids in human milk, the estimated daily intake in infants encompasses a wide range. In addition, health authorities define neither intake recommendations nor guidelines for polar lipid intake. However, adequate intake is defined for 2 nutrients that are elements of these polar lipids, namely choline and DHA. To date, limited studies exist on the brain bioavailability of dietary polar lipids via either placental transfer or the blood–brain barrier. Nevertheless, due to their role in pre- and postnatal development of the brain, there is a growing interest for the use of gangliosides, which are sphingolipids, as a dietary supplement for pregnant/lactating mothers or infants. In line with this, supplementing gangliosides and phospholipids in wild-type animals and healthy infants does suggest some positive effects on cognitive performance. Whether there is indeed added benefit of supplementing polar lipids in pregnant/lactating mothers or infants requires more clinical research. In this article, we report findings of a review of the state-of-the-art evidence on polar lipid supplementation and cognitive development. Dietary sources, recommended intake, and brain bioavailability of polar lipids are also discussed.
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Pluhator, Michelle M., Alan Br Thomson und Richard N. Fedorak. „Clinical Aspects of Trace Elements: Zinc in Human Nutrition – Zinc Deficiency and Toxicity“. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 10, Nr. 2 (1996): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/492792.
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Available evidence suggests that trace elements, such as zinc, once thought to have no nutritional relevance, are possibly deficient in large sections of the human population. Conditioned deficiencies have been reported to result from malabsorption syndromes, acrodermatitis enteropathica, alcoholism, gastrointestinal disease, thermal injury, chronic diseases (eg, diabetes, sickle cell anemia), and in total parenteral nutrition therapy. Awareness that patients with these problems are at risk has led health professionals to focus increasingly on the importance of zinc therapy in the prevention and treatment of deficiency. More recently zinc toxicity and its role in human nutrition and well-being have come under investigation. Reports have focused on the role of zinc toxicity in causes of copper deficiency, changes in the immune system and alterations in blood lipids. As the numerous challenges presented by the study of zinc in human nutrition are met, more appropriate recommendations for dietary and therapeutic zinc intake are being made.
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Innis, Sheila M. „Essential fatty acid requirements in human nutrition“. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, Nr. 9 (01.09.1993): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-104.
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Arachidonic acid (20:4ω−6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω−3) are major acyl components of cell membrane phospholipids, and are particularly enriched in the nonmyelin membranes of the central nervous system. Dietary deficiency of linoleic acid (18:2ω−6) and linolenic acid (18:3ω−3) during development has been shown to result in reduced levels of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 in the developing central nervous system, and this has been associated with altered learning behaviour and visual function. Synthesis of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 depends on the dietary intake of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3, respectively, and the activity of the fatty acid desaturase–elongase enzymes. Oxidation of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3 for energy, or direct acylation of 18:2ω−6 into triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids, could also influence the amount of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 formed. The tissue levels of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3, or other (ω − 6) and (ω − 3) fatty acids, compatible with optimum growth and development or health are not known. The amount of preformed 22:6ω−3 in the diet of adults, infants fed various milks or formulae, or animals is reflected in the circulating lipid levels of 22:6ω−3. Human milk levels of (ω − 6) and (ω − 3) fatty acids vary, depending in part on the mother's diet. A valid, scientific approach to extrapolate dietary essential fatty acid requirements from the composition of human milk or the circulating lipids of infants fed different diets has not been agreed on. Current data suggest that fatty acid requirements for development of term-gestation piglet brain and retina are met with 5.0% dietary kcal (1 cal = 4.1868 J) 18:2ω−6 and > 1.0% kcal 18:3ω−3, As in rodents and non-human primates, a diet source of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 does not seem essential for the developing piglet central nervous system. However, studies in very premature infants suggest these infants may benefit from a dietary source of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3. Whether the low 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 status is due to oxidation of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3 for energy, the effects of early intravenous feeding with lipid emulsions, rapid growth, or immaturity of physiological or metabolic pathways in very preterm infants is not yet known.Key words: linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, brain, retina.
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Roche, H. M. „Dietary lipids and gene expression“. Biochemical Society Transactions 32, Nr. 6 (26.10.2004): 999–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320999.
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Nutrition is a key environmental factor that is particularly involved in the pathogenesis and progression of several polygenic, diet-related diseases. Nutrigenomics refers to the interaction between nutrition and the human genome. Dietary fatty acids interact with multiple nutrient-sensitive transcription factors. This explains the molecular basis of some of the health effects associated with altered dietary fatty acid composition. The metabolic syndrome is a very common condition, characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. It often precedes Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that the interaction between nutrient-derived metabolic stressors and pro-inflammatory signals play an important role in the aetiology of insulin resistance and the development of the metabolic syndrome. This paper will address the interaction between several nutrient-sensitive transcription factors, including SREBP (sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein) and NFκB (nuclear factor κB), demonstrating how this interaction may be altered with dietary fatty acid interventions.
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Le Van, Tuyen, Samuel Bertrand, Linh Nguyen Ngoc, Diep Tran Van, Hoan Phung Van, Cong Vu Thanh, Yves Francois Pouchus und Olivier Grovel. „UNUSUALLY LIPID PRODUCTION BY THE MARINE-DERIVED FUNGI Penicillium restrictum“. Journal of Science Natural Science 66, Nr. 3 (Oktober 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2021-0050.
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Using marine-derived fungi as a source of lipid production holds promise as an alternative to industrial lipid production for health and nutrition in the future. In the present study, this strain showed a high production of lipid, about plus 80% of the total lipids in the host-derived medium. Gas chromatography analysis of fungal lipids revealed the presence of saturated (mainly palmitic acid C16: 0 and stearic acid C18: 0) and unsaturated fatty acid (mainly linoleic acid C18: 2, oleic acid C18: 1). These findings suggest this marine-derived fungus is a promising source for lipid production in various industrial applications. In particular, a fraction containing glycolipids of the crude extract exhibited potential cytotoxic activity on human oral epidermal carcinoma cell lines. This result is very interesting to further isolate and determine the molecular structure of bioactive glycolipids.
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Kabara, Jon J. „Lipids as Host-Resistance Factors of Human Milk“. Nutrition Reviews 38, Nr. 2 (27.04.2009): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1980.tb05843.x.
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Gurr, M. I. „Dietary lipids and evolution of the human brain“. British Journal of Nutrition 79, Nr. 4 (April 1998): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980064.
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Bhat, Sneha S. „Functional Lipids as Nutraceuticals: A Review“. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 6, Nr. 4 (12.11.2021): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20211018.
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Stephen L. Defelice, founder and chairman of the Foundation of Innovation Medicine, created the term "Nutraceuticals" in 1989 as a combination of the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical." Nutraceuticals are food-derived products that are claimed to give additional health advantages in addition to the fundamental nutritional content present in meals. Their kinds may be more significant than their quantity in terms of health and disease. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the research on the role of functional lipids namely: Omega -6 fatty acid, Omega -3 fatty acid, Conjugated linoleic acid, Medium chain triglycerides and Phytosterols as nutraceuticals in human health. Functional lipids have been related to the prevention and treatment of a variety of ailments, according to new study. With the use of supplementary and dietary forms of functional lipids, scientific data has demonstrated positive improvements in patients and favorable benefits in healthy people. Keywords: Nutraceuticals, Functional lipids, Conjugated linoleic acid, Medium chain triglycerides, Omega -6 fatty acid, Omega -3 fatty acid, Phytosterols,
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Shingfield, Kevin J. „Nutritional regulation of milk fatty acid composition“. Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, Nr. 23 (31.01.2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75850.
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There is increasing evidence that nutrition plays an important role in the development of chronic diseases in the human population including cancer, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and obesity. Developing foods that enhance human health is central to dietary approaches for preventing and reducing the economic and social impact of chronic disease. Numerous studies in human subjects have implicated a high consumption of medium-chain (12:0-16:0) saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) as risk factors for cardiovascular disease risk, with emerging evidence of a possible role in the development of insulin resistance and inflammation. Milk and dairy products are a major source of 12:0, 14:0, 16:0 and TFA in the human diet. However, developing public health policies promoting a decrease in milk, cheese and butter consumption ignores the value of these foods as a versatile source of nutrients and bioactive lipids, including 4:0, branch-chain fatty acids, cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), vitamins A and D, β-carotene and sphingomyelin. Therefore, altering milk fatty acid composition through sustainable, environmental and welfare acceptable means is an integral component of an overall strategy for preventing human chronic disease. Nutrition is the major environmental factor regulating milk fat composition. Strategies for enhancing the nutritional value of milk fat have been directed towards reducing the proportion of 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0, increasing cis monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and/or enhancing the concentration of bioactive lipids. Formulation of diets to alter milk fat composition to meet these targets typically involves 1) inclusion of plant oils and oilseeds, 2) supplements of marine lipids, 3) increasing the proportion of dietary energy derived from fresh grass, 4) replacing ensiled grass, maize or whole-crop cereal with forage legumes or 5) inclusion of rumen-protected lipids in the diet. Nutritional strategies for reducing 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0 and enhancing cis-MUFA in milk fat are dependent on increasing the supply of C18 or longer-chain fatty acids to inhibit mammary de novo fatty acid synthesis. Due to incomplete metabolism of dietary unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen, inclusion of oils or oilseeds in the diet also increases milk fat TFA content. Both the concentration and distribution of TFA isomers in milk is dependent on the amount and type of lipid supplement fed, composition of the basal diet and interactions between these factors. Altering the diet of lactating cows can be used as a means to significantly enrich milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA content. Increases in the concentration of CLA in milk are reliant, in the most part, on enhancing ruminal trans-11 18:1 outflow for endogenous cis-9, trans-11 CLA synthesis in the mammary gland. The potential to increase n-3 fatty acids in milk is relatively limited. Inclusion of fresh or ensiled red clover in the ruminant diet significantly increases 18:3 n-3 content, while increases in milk 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 concentrations to marine lipid supplements is relatively limited due to extensive ruminal metabolism of n-3 PUFA. Greater enrichment of 20:5 n-3, 22:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 in milk can be achieved using rumen-protected fish oil supplements. Overall, recent research has highlighted the important role of nutrition in attempts to modify milk fat composition for improved long-term human health.
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Jiang, Xuan, Xiaoqiang Zou, Zhonghao Chao und Xiuli Xu. „Preparation of Human Milk Fat Substitutes: A Review“. Life 12, Nr. 2 (27.01.2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020187.
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Human milk is generally regarded as the best choice for infant feeding. Human milk fat (HMF) is one of the most complex natural lipids, with a unique fatty acid composition and distribution and complex lipid composition. Lipid intake in infants not only affects their energy intake but also affects their metabolic mode and overall development. Infant formula is the best substitute for human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. As the main energy source in infant formula, human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) should have a composition similar to that of HMF in order to meet the nutritional needs of infant growth and development. At present, HMFS preparation mainly focuses on the simulation of fatty acid composition, the application of structured lipids and the addition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplements. This paper first reviews the composition and structure of HMF, and then the preparation development of structured lipids and MFGM supplements are summarized. Additionally, the evaluation and regulation of HMFSs in infant formula are also presented.
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Forsyth, J. S. „Lipids and infant formulas“. Nutrition Research Reviews 11, Nr. 2 (Dezember 1998): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr19980018.
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AbstractThe ultimate goal in the design of infant formula is to achieve the outcome seen in breast fed infants. This review of lipids in infant formulas for term infants begins by referring to the lipid composition of human milk, and relates that to differences in lipid digestion and metabolism which exist between breast fed and formula fed infants and which may significantly influence fatty acid bioavailability.Recommendations are made for the lipid content and fatty acid composition of term infant formulas (especially for lauric, linoleic, α-linolenic, long chain 20 and 22C n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and thetransfatty acids).Further research is required to define more clearly the long term nutritional, growth and developmental effects of structured lipids in formulas for term infants. More information is required on the differential handling of LCPUFA and other fatty acids at the organ and cellular level. There is a need for large (multi-centre) randomized studies to determine the short and long term functional effects of LCPUFA supplementation. Further research and development is required to determine a commercial source of LCPUFA which is safe, effective and economic. Further information is required on the short and long term effects of cholesterol intake during infancy, and in particular its relationship to LCPUFA metabolism. Long term studies should be initiated to determine the relationship of infant diet (especially saturated fatty acid and cholesterol intake) to the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Breij, Laura M., Marieke Abrahamse-Berkeveld, Yvan Vandenplas, Sabine N. J. Jespers, Amerik C. de Mol, Poh Choo Khoo, Masendu Kalenga et al. „An infant formula with large, milk phospholipid–coated lipid droplets containing a mixture of dairy and vegetable lipids supports adequate growth and is well tolerated in healthy, term infants“. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, Nr. 3 (22.02.2019): 586–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy322.
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ABSTRACT Background Lipid droplets in human milk have a mode diameter of ∼4 μm and are surrounded by a native phospholipid-rich membrane. Current infant milk formulas (IMFs) contain small lipid droplets (mode diameter ∼0.5 μm) primarily coated by proteins. A concept IMF was developed mimicking more closely the structure and composition of human milk lipid droplets. Objectives This randomized, controlled, double-blind equivalence trial evaluates the safety and tolerance of a concept IMF with large, milk phospholipid–coated lipid droplets (mode diameter 3–5 μm) containing vegetable and dairy lipids in healthy, term infants. Methods Fully formula-fed infants were enrolled up to 35 d of age and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 formulas until 17 wk of age: 1) Control IMF with small lipid droplets containing vegetable oils (n = 108); or 2) Concept IMF with large, milk phospholipid–coated lipid droplets comprised of 48% dairy lipids (n = 115). A group of 88 breastfed infants served as reference. Primary outcome was daily weight gain during intervention. Additionally, number and type of adverse events, growth, and tolerance parameters were monitored. Results Equivalence of daily weight gain was demonstrated (Concept compared with Control IMF: −1.37 g/d; 90% CI: −2.71, −0.02; equivalence margin ± 3 g/d). No relevant group differences were observed in growth, tolerance and number, severity, or relatedness of adverse events. We did observe a higher prevalence of watery stools in the Concept than in the Control IMF group between 5 and 12 wk of age (P < 0.001), closer to the stool characteristics observed in the breastfed group. Conclusions An infant formula with large, milk phospholipid–coated lipid droplets containing dairy lipids is safe, well tolerated, and supports an adequate growth in healthy infants. This trial was registered in the Dutch Trial Register (www.trialregister.nl) as NTR3683.
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Karonen, Maarit. „Insights into Polyphenol–Lipid Interactions: Chemical Methods, Molecular Aspects and Their Effects on Membrane Structures“. Plants 11, Nr. 14 (08.07.2022): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141809.
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Plant polyphenols have many potential applications, for example, in the fields of chemical ecology and human and animal health and nutrition. These biological benefits are related to their bioavailability, bioaccessibility and interactions with other biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, fibers and amino acids. Polyphenol–protein interactions are well-studied, but less is known about their interactions with lipids and cell membranes. However, the affinity of polyphenols for lipid bilayers partially determines their biological activity and is also important from the usability perspective. The polyphenol–lipid interactions can be studied with several chemical tools including, among others, partition coefficient measurements, calorimetric methods, spectroscopic techniques and molecular dynamics simulation. Polyphenols can variably interact with and penetrate lipid bilayers depending on the structures and concentrations of the polyphenols, the compositions of the lipids and the ambient conditions and factors. Polyphenol penetrating the lipid bilayer can perturb and cause changes in its structure and biophysical properties. The current studies have used structurally different polyphenols, diverse model lipids and various measuring techniques. This approach provides detailed information on polyphenol–lipid interactions, but there is much variability, and the results may even be contradictory, for example, in relation to the locations and orientations of the polyphenols in the lipid bilayers. Nevertheless, by using well-characterized model polyphenols and lipids systematically and combining the results obtained with several techniques within a study, it is possible to create a good overall picture of these fascinating interactions.
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Ramiro-Cortijo, David, Pratibha Singh, Yan Liu, Esli Medina-Morales, William Yakah, Steven D. Freedman und Camilia R. Martin. „Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury“. Nutrients 12, Nr. 2 (19.02.2020): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020534.
Annotation:
Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infant growth and development. Breast milk fats and their downstream derivatives of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived terminal mediators not only provide an energy source but also are important regulators of development, immune function, and metabolism. The composition of the lipids and fatty acids determines the nutritional and physicochemical properties of human milk fat. Essential fatty acids, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and specialized pro-resolving mediators, are critical for growth, organogenesis, and regulation of inflammation. Combined data including in vitro, in vivo, and human cohort studies support the beneficial effects of human breast milk in intestinal development and in reducing the risk of intestinal injury. Human milk has been shown to reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. Preterm infants fed human breast milk are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants receiving infant formula. Intestinal development and its physiological functions are highly adaptive to changes in nutritional status influencing the susceptibility towards intestinal injury in response to pathological challenges. In this review, we focus on lipids and fatty acids present in breast milk and their impact on neonatal gut development and the risk of disease.
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Sosa-Castillo, Elizabeth, Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz und Carolina Moltó-Puigmartí. „Genomics of lactation: role of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in the fatty acid composition of human milk“. British Journal of Nutrition 118, Nr. 3 (14.08.2017): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517001854.
Annotation:
AbstractHuman milk covers the infant’s nutrient requirements during the first 6 months of life. The composition of human milk progressively changes during lactation and it is influenced by maternal nutritional factors. Nowadays, it is well known that nutrients have the ability to interact with genes and modulate molecular mechanisms impacting physiological functions. This has led to a growing interest among researchers in exploring nutrition at a molecular level and to the development of two fields of study: nutrigenomics, which evaluates the influence of nutrients on gene expression, and nutrigenetics, which evaluates the heterogeneous individual response to nutrients due to genetic variation. Fatty acids are one of the nutrients most studied in relation to lactation given their biologically important roles during early postnatal life. Fatty acids modulate transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, which in turn causes a variation in the proportion of lipids in milk. This review focuses on understanding, on the one hand, the gene transcription mechanisms activated by maternal dietary fatty acids and, on the other hand, the interaction between dietary fatty acids and genetic variation in genes involved in lipid metabolism. Both of these mechanisms affect the fatty acid composition of human milk.
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Elkin, Robert, Kevin Harvatine und Amy Duke. „Surprising finding in Lipids has implications for omega-3 eggs and human nutrition“. INFORM International News on Fats, Oils, and Related Materials 29, Nr. 6 (01.06.2018): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/inform.06.2018.24.
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Pangkey, Henneke. „KEBUTUHAN ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL PADA IKAN LAUT“. JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 7, Nr. 2 (31.08.2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.7.2.2011.185.
Annotation:
ABSTRACTAquaculture has contributed one third of the world is supply of seafood. This contribution is expected to increase in the future. Based on this reason, aquaculture is potential to continually provide food for human needs. One of the key factors to the success of aquaculture is the supply of nutritious feed. Feeding with food of right nutrition value will produce healthy and high quality fish. One of the nutrient elements that plays an important role in aquatic organism growth is lipid. Lipids in the form of essential fatty acids are highly required not only for broodstock and larvae, but also for normal growth of marine fish.ABSTRAKAkuakultur telah memberikan kontribusi sebesar sepertiga kebutuhan dunia akan produk makanan laut, dan akan terus bertambah di masa depan. Dipandang dari sudut ini, akuakultur memiliki prospek untuk menjadi usaha berkelanjutan dalam menyediakan pangan bagi populasi manusia yang terus bertambah. Salah satu faktor yang menentukan keberhasilan dalam usaha akuakultur adalah penyediaan pakan dengan kandungan nutrisi yang optimal. Pemberian pakan dengan komponen nutrisi yang tepat dapat menghasilkan ikan yang sehat dan berkualitas tinggi. Salah satu komponen nutrisi yang sangat berperan dalam pertumbuhan biota akuakultur adalah lipida. Lipida berupa asam lemak esensial sangat dibutuhkan baik oleh induk dan larva, juga untuk pertumbuhan secara normal ikan laut.
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Innis, Sheila M. „Human milk: maternal dietary lipids and infant development“. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, Nr. 3 (16.07.2007): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005666.
Annotation:
Human milk provides all the dietary essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), as well as their longer-chain more-unsaturated metabolites, including arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and DHA (22:6n-3) to support the growth and development of the breast-fed infant. Human milk levels of LA have increased in Westernized nations from mean levels (g/100 g total fatty acids) of 6 to 12–16 over the last century, paralleling the increase in dietary intake of LA-rich vegetable oils. DHA levels (g/100 g total milk fatty acids) vary from <0·1 to >1% and are lowest in countries in which the intake of DHA from fish and other animal tissue lipids is low. The role of DHA in infant nutrition is of particular importance because DHA is accumulated specifically in the membrane lipids of the brain and retina, where it is important to visual and neural function. An important question is the extent to which many human diets that contain low amounts of n-3 fatty acids may compromise human development. The present paper reviews current knowledge on maternal diet and human milk fatty acids, the implications of maternal diet as the only source of essential fatty acids for infant development both before and after birth, and recent studies addressing the maternal intakes and milk DHA levels associated with risk of low infant neural system maturation.
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Farakh Munir und Urvah Asif. „A review on the classification, preparation of nutraceuticals and their application“. Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy 2, Nr. 1 (31.07.2018): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56770/jcp201805.
Annotation:
Nutritional health products are a powerful tool for maintaining and improving human health. They can fight against acute and chronic diseases caused by nutrition deficiency that promote quality effectiveness of human life. Nutritional therapeutic properties are needed to improve human health but due to their poor bioavailability and depending on their chemical instability to pH, oxygen, temperature and absorption of food ingredients, and also their low intake and low gastrointestinal absorption, the nutritional health benefits still lag behind their potential. Some of these limitations can be resolved by using micron and nanocapsulation technologies that can provide new delivery systems to many food industry, enriching foods and beverages with nutraceuticals. Micron and nanoencapsules of nutritional products provide large variety of advantages related to their stability like thermal, pH, in vitro performance, improved bioavailability and biological activity. Nanocarriers like liposomes, Nanoemulsion, lipids and polymer nanoparticles, micelles and cyclodextrins complex used for the administration of nutritional products.
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BARTKOWICZ, JOANNA. „EDIBLE INSECTS AS A SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS THE HUMAN NUTRITION“. sj-economics scientific journal 30, Nr. 3 (30.09.2018): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v30i3.83.
Annotation:
The aim of the study is to analyze the state of knowledge about the nutrient content of edible insects and utilization for human consumption of the West. The article uses the latest reports published in scientific journals in the world. The paper presents the content of nutrients (proteins, lipids, vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals, fiber) in the analyzed edible insects. The results show a huge potential of edible insects. For many population of the world edible insects ate the primary source of nutrients and is not due to a lack of other food but because of the special taste and are treated almost as delights. Entomophagy (eating insects) is practiced mainly in the subtropical climate zone. In terms of protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, edible insects surpass previously known to us foods and may become an unconventional and alternative source of food for Europe.
31
de Roos, Baukje, Janet K. Sawyer, Martijn B. Katan und Lawrence L. Rudel. „Validity of animal models for the cholesterol-raising effects of coffee diterpenes in human subjects“. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, Nr. 3 (August 1999): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000725.
Annotation:
Cafestol and kahweol, coffee lipids present in unfiltered coffee brews, potently increase LDL-cholesterol concentration in human subjects. We searched for an animal species in which cafestol similarly increases LDL-cholesterol. Such an animal model could be used subsequently as a model to study the mechanism of action of cafestol and kahweol. Cafestol and kahweol increased serum lipids in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), cebus (Cebus apella) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys, hamsters, rats and gerbils differently from the increase in human subjects. In African green monkeys, the rise in total cholesterol was less pronounced than that in human subjects. In addition, the increase in total cholesterol was predominantly due to a rise in HDL-cholesterol rather than LDL-cholesterol. Thus, the rise in plasma lipids might illustrate the mechanism in these monkeys rather than the mechanism in human subjects. In other animal species, cafestol and kahweol did not raise cholesterol consistently. The variability in effects on serum lipids could not be explained by the mode of administration or dose of diterpenes, nor by the amount of cholesterol in the diet. In conclusion, we did not find an animal model in which cafestol and kahweol elevate plasma lipoproteins to the same extent as in human subjects. For the time being, therefore, studies on the mechanism of action should be done preferably in human subjects.
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Silva, Roberta Claro da, Heather L. Colleran und Salam A. Ibrahim. „Milk fat globule membrane in infant nutrition: a dairy industry perspective“. Journal of Dairy Research 88, Nr. 1 (Februar 2021): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029921000224.
Annotation:
AbstractThis review provides an overview of the composition, structure, and biological activities of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) compounds with focus on the future application of this compound as a food ingredient. MFGM is a particular component of mammalian milks and is comprised of a tri-layer of polar lipids, glycolipids and proteins. In recent years, MFGM has been extensively studied for the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of infant nutrition formula. For example, infant formulas supplemented with bovine MFGM have shown promising results with regard to neurodevelopment and defense against infections. Components of MFGM have been shown to present several health benefits as the proteins of the membrane have shown antiviral activity and a reduction in the incidence of diarrhea. Moreover, the presence of sphingomyelin, a phospholipid, implies beneficial effects on human health such as enhanced neuronal development in infants and the protection of neonates from bacterial infections. The development of a lipid that is similar to human milk fat would represent a significant advance for the infant formula industry and would offer high technology formulas for those infants that depend on infant formula. The complexity of the structure of MFGM and its nutritional and technological properties is critically examined in this review with a focus on issues relevant to the dairy industry.
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Ahmed, Talat Bashir, Merete Eggesbø, Rachel Criswell, Olaf Uhl, Hans Demmelmair und Berthold Koletzko. „Total Fatty Acid and Polar Lipid Species Composition of Human Milk“. Nutrients 14, Nr. 1 (29.12.2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010158.
Annotation:
Human milk lipids are essential for infant health. However, little is known about the relationship between total milk fatty acid (FA) composition and polar lipid species composition. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the relationship between the FA and polar lipid species composition in human milk, with a focus on differences between milk with higher or lower milk fat content. From the Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS, 2002–2009), a subset of 664 milk samples were analyzed for FA and polar lipid composition. Milk samples did not differ in major FA, phosphatidylcholine, or sphingomyelin species percentages between the highest and lowest quartiles of total FA concentration. However, milk in the highest FA quartile had a lower phospholipid-to-total-FA ratio and a lower sphingomyelin-to-phosphatidylcholine ratio than the lowest quartile. The only FAs associated with total phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin were behenic and tridecanoic acids, respectively. Milk FA and phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin species containing these FAs showed modest correlations. Associations of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids with percentages of phosphatidylcholine species carrying these FAs support the conclusion that the availability of these FAs limits the synthesis of phospholipid species containing them.
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Souza, Maria Luiza Rodrigues de, Grazyella Massako Yoshida, Daniel Abreu Vasconcelos Campelo, Lorena Batista Moura, Tadeu Orlandi Xavier und Elenice Souza dos Reis Goes. „Formulation of fish waste meal for human nutrition“. Acta Scientiarum. Technology 39, Nr. 5 (15.12.2017): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v39i5.29723.
Annotation:
This study aimed to elaborate and characterize meals containing waste from processing of tilapia, tuna, salmon and sardine for human consumption. Carcasses of tilapia and salmon, tuna torsos without fins and sardine tails were cooked, pressed, milled and dehydrated, resulting in waste meal. Greater protein (83.28%) and lower mineral matter (5.31%) were observed in tuna meal. Salmon meal presented greater content of lipids (18.81%) and sardine meal, lower content (3.98%). Tilapia meal presented greater mineral matter (37.66%), calcium (9.37%) and phosphorus (6.08%). Higher content of iron was observed in sardine and tuna meals. Higher amounts of fatty acids from n-3 series were found in salmon (53.71 g kg-1), sardine (47.46 g kg-1) and tuna (36.98 g kg-1). Concerning amino acids, glutamic acid showed greater proportion in all meals, followed by lysine, leucine, glycine and aspartic acid. All meals presented high biological and nutritional values and are regarded as important sources of calcium, phosphorus and iron.
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Sedláková, Kateřina, Eva Straková, Pavel Suchý, Jana Krejcarová und Ivan Herzig. „Lupin as a perspective protein plant for animal and human nutrition – a review“. Acta Veterinaria Brno 85, Nr. 2 (2016): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201685020165.
Annotation:
The development of new varieties of lupin, so-called “sweet lupinsˮ with low alkaloid (bitter substances) and high protein content has resulted in a renewed interest in utilization of lupin as source of proteins in human and animal nutrition. The nutraceutical potential of lupin can be applied in the prevention from various pathological states in humans; by suppressing appetite and affecting energy balance, by its positive effect on glycaemia and indicators of blood lipids, by its positive influence on hypertension and by improving defecation. In the field of animal nutrition, lupin seeds can positively affect both production indicators and the biological value of food of animal origin.
36
Bloomer, Richard J., Lesley C. Tschume und Webb A. Smith. „Glycine Propionyl-L-carnitine Modulates Lipid Peroxidation and Nitric Oxide in Human Subjects“. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 79, Nr. 3 (01.05.2009): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.79.3.131.
Annotation:
Objective: To determine the efficacy of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC) to decrease lipid peroxidation, elevate nitric oxide, and improve blood lipid profiles in human subjects. Methods: Thirty untrained, normolipidemic subjects performed eight weeks of supervised aerobic exercise while supplementing GPLC at one of two doses (1 or 3 grams daily of PLC + glycine) or placebo, following random assignment in a double-blind manner. Fasting blood samples were analyzed at rest for malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and lipids before and after the intervention. Results: Malondialdehyde was decreased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 1 g GPLC (1.08±0.24 vs. 0.69±0.25 µmol·L -1) and 3 g GPLC (0.94±0.18 vs. 0.66±0.17 µmol·L -1), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with placebo (1.12±0.21 vs. 1.03±0.23 µmol·L -1). Nitric oxide was increased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 3 g GPLC (21.34±2.27 vs. 29.46±3.61 µmol·L -1), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with 1 g GPLC (23.22±4.13 vs. 26.24±4.32 µmol·L -1) or placebo (24.31±3.90 vs. 26.14±4.11 µmol·L -1). No main effects or interaction effects were noted for blood lipids (p>0.05). Conclusion: GPLC supplementation combined with eight weeks of aerobic exercise decreases lipid peroxidation and elevates nitric oxide, but does not further improve blood lipid profiles in normolipidemic subjects.
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Creedon, Alice C., Estella S. Hung, Eirini Dimidi, Terri Grassby, Sarah E. Berry und Kevin Whelan. „Particle Size Distribution and Predicted Lipid Bioaccessibility of Almonds and the Effect of Almond Processing: A Randomised Mastication Study in Healthy Adults“. Nutrients 15, Nr. 3 (17.01.2023): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030489.
Annotation:
Almonds are rich in unsaturated lipids, which play a role in some of the reported benefits of almond consumption for human health. Almond lipids are poorly bioaccessible due to almonds’ unique physicochemical properties that influence particle size distribution (PSD) following mastication, allowing much intracellular lipid to escape digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. To investigate the impact of commercial processing (grinding almonds into flour), on PSD and predicted lipid bioaccessibility following mastication, a randomised cross-over design mastication study was conducted in healthy adults. The PSDs of masticated whole and ground almonds was assessed using two laboratory methods (mechanical sieving and laser diffraction). PSD from mechanical sieving was used to calculate lipid bioaccessibility using a theoretical mathematical model. Thirty-one healthy adults (18–45 years) completed both mastication sessions. Following mastication, ground almonds had a PSD with significantly fewer larger particles and more smaller particles, compared with whole almonds. Predicted lipid bioaccessibility of masticated ground almonds (10.4%, SD 1.8) was marginally but significantly greater than the predicted lipid bioaccessibility of masticated whole almonds (9.3%, SD 2.0; p = 0.017). Commercial grinding of almonds significantly influences the PSD of almonds following mastication, which results in a modest but significant increase in predicted lipid bioaccessibility.
38
Aveiro, Susana S., Tânia Melo, Ana Figueiredo, Pedro Domingues, Hugo Pereira, Inês B. Maia, Joana Silva, M. Rosário Domingues, Cláudia Nunes und Ana S. P. Moreira. „The Polar Lipidome of Cultured Emiliania huxleyi: A Source of Bioactive Lipids with Relevance for Biotechnological Applications“. Biomolecules 10, Nr. 10 (12.10.2020): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10101434.
Annotation:
Polar lipids from microalgae have aroused greater interest as a natural source of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), an alternative to fish, but also as bioactive compounds with multiple applications. The present study aims to characterize the polar lipid profile of cultured microalga Emiliania huxleyi using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HILIC–MS) and fatty acids (FA) analysis by gas chromatography (GC–MS). The lipidome of E. huxleyi revealed the presence of distinct n-3 PUFA (40% of total FA), namely docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and stearidonic acid (18:4n-3), which give this microalga an increased commercial value as a source of n-3 PUFA present in the form of polar lipids. A total of 134 species of polar lipids were identified and some of these species, particularly glycolipids, have already been reported for their bioactive properties. Among betaine lipids, the diacylglyceryl carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC) class is the least reported in microalgae. For the first time, monomethylphosphatidylethanolamine (MMPE) has been found in the lipidome of E. huxleyi. Overall, this study highlights the potential of E. huxleyi as a sustainable source of high-value polar lipids that can be exploited for different applications, namely human and animal nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
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Alvarez, M. J., C. J. Lopez-Bote, A. Diez, G. Corraze, J. Arzel, J. Dias, S. J. Kaushik und J. M. Bautista. „Dietary fish oil and digestible protein modify susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in the muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)“. British Journal of Nutrition 80, Nr. 3 (September 1998): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114598001330.
Annotation:
The effects of dietary fish oil and digestible protein (DP) levels on muscle fatty acid composition and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation were studied in two representative fish species for human nutrition, from fresh and seawater, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). In rainbow trout, higher concentrations of dietary fat and DP led to higher weight gain (g/d) (P = 0.001 and P = 0.043 respectively). Additionally, an interaction effect was observed in this species, since the effect of DP was only evident when the dietary fat concentration was low (P = 0.043). A similar tendency was also observed in European sea bass, although with less marked differences among nutritional treatments. Trout fed on diets with a higher concentration of dietary fat had higher concentrations of intramuscular total and neutral lipids in the dorsal muscle (P = 0.005). Increased levels of dietary DP led to significantly lower concentrations of polar lipids in the dorsal muscle of both rainbow trout (P = 0.005) and European sea bass (P = 0.006). In the neutral fraction of intramuscular lipids of dorsal muscle the concentration of n-3 fatty acids was positively affected by the dietary fat concentration in both rainbow trout (P = 0.04) and sea bass (P = 0.001). Muscle homogenates from trout and sea bass fed on diets rich in fish oil showed a significantly higher susceptibility to oxidation than muscle homogenates from fish fed on low-fat diets (P = 0.001). The higher DP concentration also increased susceptibility to oxidation. Moreover, in rainbow trout an interaction effect was observed where the pro-oxidant effect was of higher magnitude when the dietary concentration of both nutrients, fat and protein, was high (P = 0.004).
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Găman, Mihnea-Alexandru, Elena-Codruța Dobrică, Matei-Alexandru Cozma, Ninel-Iacobus Antonie, Ana Maria Alexandra Stănescu, Amelia Maria Găman und Camelia Cristina Diaconu. „Crosstalk of Magnesium and Serum Lipids in Dyslipidemia and Associated Disorders: A Systematic Review“. Nutrients 13, Nr. 5 (22.04.2021): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051411.
Annotation:
Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to public health worldwide and the identification of its pathogenic mechanisms, as well as novel lipid-lowering agents, are warranted. Magnesium (Mg) is a key element to human health and its deficiency has been linked to the development of lipid abnormalities and related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease. In this review, we explored the associations of Mg (dietary intake, Mg concentrations in the body) and the lipid profile, as well as the impact of Mg supplementation on serum lipids. A systematic search was computed in PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library and 3649 potentially relevant papers were detected and screened (n = 3364 following the removal of duplicates). After the removal of irrelevant manuscripts based on the screening of their titles and abstracts (n = 3037), we examined the full-texts of 327 original papers. Finally, after we applied the exclusion and inclusion criteria, a number of 124 original articles were included in this review. Overall, the data analyzed in this review point out an association of Mg concentrations in the body with serum lipids in dyslipidemia and related disorders. However, further research is warranted to clarify whether a higher intake of Mg from the diet or via supplements can influence the lipid profile and exert lipid-lowering actions.
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Torres, Manuel, Sebastià Parets, Javier Fernández-Díaz, Roberto Beteta-Göbel, Raquel Rodríguez-Lorca, Ramón Román, Victoria Lladó, Catalina A. Rosselló, Paula Fernández-García und Pablo V. Escribá. „Lipids in Pathophysiology and Development of the Membrane Lipid Therapy: New Bioactive Lipids“. Membranes 11, Nr. 12 (24.11.2021): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120919.
Annotation:
Membranes are mainly composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins, constituting a checkpoint for the entry and passage of signals and other molecules. Their composition can be modulated by diet, pathophysiological processes, and nutritional/pharmaceutical interventions. In addition to their use as an energy source, lipids have important structural and functional roles, e.g., fatty acyl moieties in phospholipids have distinct impacts on human health depending on their saturation, carbon length, and isometry. These and other membrane lipids have quite specific effects on the lipid bilayer structure, which regulates the interaction with signaling proteins. Alterations to lipids have been associated with important diseases, and, consequently, normalization of these alterations or regulatory interventions that control membrane lipid composition have therapeutic potential. This approach, termed membrane lipid therapy or membrane lipid replacement, has emerged as a novel technology platform for nutraceutical interventions and drug discovery. Several clinical trials and therapeutic products have validated this technology based on the understanding of membrane structure and function. The present review analyzes the molecular basis of this innovative approach, describing how membrane lipid composition and structure affects protein-lipid interactions, cell signaling, disease, and therapy (e.g., fatigue and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, tumor, infectious diseases).
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Tsehay, Sewalem, Rodomiro Ortiz, Mulatu Geleta, Endashaw Bekele, Kassahun Tesfaye und Eva Johansson. „Nutritional Profile of the Ethiopian Oilseed Crop Noug (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.): Opportunities for Its Improvement as a Source for Human Nutrition“. Foods 10, Nr. 8 (31.07.2021): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081778.
Annotation:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of noug as a source for human nutrition. Diverse noug genotypes were evaluated for their content and/or composition of total lipids, fatty acids, proteins, and minerals using standard methods. The total lipid content (32.5–45.7%) and the proportion of an essential fatty acid, linoleic acid (72.2–77.8%), were high in noug, compared to other oilseed crops. The proportion of oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, was low in noug (5.2–9.2%). The breeding objective of increasing the oleic acid level in the highland, where noug is mainly cultivated, was limited, as the content of this acid was low in this environment. The seed protein concentration (25.4–27.5%) and mineral content were mainly affected by the cultivation environment, as the high temperature increased the amount of protein, whereas the soil condition was a major factor in the variation of the mineral content. Thus, noug is a unique crop with a high seed oil content, of which a high proportion is linoleic acid. With the exception of the seed oleic acid content, when grown in low-altitude areas, the genotypic variation contributes less than the cultivation environment to the nutritional attributes of noug. Hence, high-oleic-acid noug for lowland production can be targeted as a breeding goal.
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Chupikova, Elena, Konstantin Pavel und Svetlana Tkachenko. „STUDY OF IWASHI SARDINE LIPIDS IN THE SCOPE OF POPULATION NUTRITION OPTIMIZATION“. Fisheries 2020, Nr. 5 (09.10.2020): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2020-5-101-106.
Annotation:
The article analyzes the fatty acid composition of the frozen iwashi lipids
of different shelf lives. It is established that the total amount of essential
fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 in iwashi’s fat reaches almost 90% of all
polyunsaturated fatty acids and remains practically unchanged for 12 months
of fish cold storage. It is shown that products from iwashi contain a significant
amount of essential fatty acids, indispensable for the human body, which can
be used to optimize the population nutrition and satisfy the physiological
needs in eicosopentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids.
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Kris-Etherton, P. M., und S. Yu. „Individual fatty acid effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins: human studies“. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, Nr. 5 (01.05.1997): 1628S—1644S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1628s.
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Wang, Xiao, Yuanyuan Li, Suxia Shen, Zhaotian Yang, Haifeng Zhang und Yan Zhang. „Chlorophyll Inhibits the Digestion of Soybean Oil in Simulated Human Gastrointestinal System“. Nutrients 14, Nr. 9 (22.04.2022): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091749.
Annotation:
Nowadays, much available processed and highly palatable food such as cream products and fried and convenient food, which usually showed a high energy density, had caused an increase in the intake of dietary lipids, further leading to significant growth in the prevalence of obesity. Chlorophyll, widespread in fruits and vegetables, was proven to have beneficial effects on alleviating obesity. This study investigated the effects of chlorophyll on the digestive characteristics of lipids under in vitro simulated adult and infant gastrointestinal systems. Chlorophyll decreased the release rate of free fatty acid (FFA) during in vitro adult and infant intestinal digestion by 69.2% and 60.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, after gastrointestinal digestion, chlorophyll changed the FFA composition of soybean oil emulsion and increased the particle size of oil droplets. Interestingly, with the addition of chlorophyll, the activity of pancreatic lipase was inhibited during digestion, which may be related to pheophytin (a derivative of chlorophyll after gastric digestion). Therefore, the results obtained from isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking further elucidated that pheophytin could bind to pancreatic lipase with a strong affinity of (4.38 ± 0.76) × 107 M−1 (Ka), while the binding site was amino acid residue Trp253. The investigation not only explained why chlorophyll inhibited digestive enzyme activity to reduce lipids digestion but also provided exciting opportunities for developing novel chlorophyll-based healthy products for dietary application in preventing obesity.
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Harbige, Laurence S. „Nutrition and Immunity with Emphasis on Infection and Autoimmune Disease“. Nutrition and Health 10, Nr. 4 (Januar 1996): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609601000401.
Annotation:
Nutrition and nutritional status can have profound effects on immune functions, resistance to infection and autoimmunity in man and other animals. Nutrients enhance or depress immune function depending on the nutrient and level of its intake. Protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency are strongly associated with impaired immunity and infectious disease. The essential role vitamin A plays in infection and maintenance of mucosal surfaces has long been known. Recent evidence shows that T-cell subpopulations, cytokines and antibody subclasses are all affected by vitamin A. In animal studies supplementation with vitamin E protects against infection and is linked to stimulatory effects on the immune system. In man vitamin E and other anti-oxidants increase the number of CD4+ cells. Dietary lipids and zinc have a substantial impact on autoimmunity from protective to potentiation of immunopathological processes in animals. There is considerable potential to modify human autoimmune disease by manipulation of lipid nutrition. Deficiency of pyridoxine induces atrophy of lymphoid organs, marked reduction in lymphocyte numbers, impairs antibody responses and IL-2 production. Dietary copper is important in the prevention of infection in some animal species and T-cell function is defective under deficiency states due to an inability to produce IL-2. Selenium has been linked to viral infection, enhanced T-cell functions and TNFß induced increase in natural killer cell activity. Understanding the molecular and cellular immunological mechanisms involved in nutrient-immune interactions will increase our applications for nutrition of the immune system in health and in disease.
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Sushchik, Nadezhda N., Olesia N. Makhutova, Anastasia E. Rudchenko, Larisa A. Glushchenko, Svetlana P. Shulepina, Anzhelika A. Kolmakova und Michail I. Gladyshev. „Comparison of Fatty Acid Contents in Major Lipid Classes of Seven Salmonid Species from Siberian Arctic Lakes“. Biomolecules 10, Nr. 3 (08.03.2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10030419.
Annotation:
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) essential for human nutrition are mostly obtained from wild-caught fish. To sustain the LC-PUFA supply from natural populations, one needs to know how environmental and intrinsic factors affect fish fatty acid (FA) profiles and contents. We studied seven Salmoniformes species from two arctic lakes. We aimed to estimate differences in the FA composition of total lipids and two major lipid classes, polar lipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG), among the species and to evaluate LC-PUFA contents corresponding to PL and TAG in muscles. Fatty acid profiles of PL and TAG in all species were characterized by the prevalence of omega-3 LC-PUFA and C16-C18 monoenoic FA, respectively. Fish with similar feeding spectra were identified similarly in multivariate analyses of total lipids, TAG and PL, due to differences in levels of mostly the same FA. Thus, the suitability of both TAG and total lipids for the identification of the feeding spectra of fish was confirmed. All species had similar content of LC-PUFA esterified as PL, 1.9–3.5 mg g−1, while the content of the TAG form strongly varied, from 0.9 to 9.8 mg g−1. The LC-PUFA-rich fish species accumulated these valuable compounds predominately in the TAG form.
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Evseev, A. „Vegetarianism and Its Influence on Human Body“. Bulletin of Science and Practice, Nr. 9 (15.09.2022): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82/43.
Annotation:
The article discusses various points of view on the use of vegetarianism as a nutrition system that involves different types of diets. The paper considers their specifics and looks into the results. The author attempts to evaluate the part of vegetarianism in preventing the development of various chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and adult-onset diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A positive effect of a vegetarian diet on blood lipids has been noted. At the same time, the paper emphasizes the possible drawbacks of vegetarianism which deal with a proven deficiency of vital micronutrients, in particular, calcium, zinc, vitamins B and D.
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Devereux-Graminski, Brenda, und Joseph Sampugna. „Variability in lipids isolated from human cheek cells“. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 4, Nr. 5 (Mai 1993): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(93)90095-e.
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Calder, Philip C. „Dietary modification of inflammation with lipids“. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, Nr. 3 (August 2002): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002166.
Annotation:
Then-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoicacid (DHA) are found in high proportions in oily fish and fish oils. Then-3 PUFA are structurally and functionally distinct from then-6 PUFA. Typically, human inflammatory cells contain high proportions of then-6 PUFA arachidonic acid and low proportions ofn-3 PUFA. The significance of this difference is that arachidonic acid is the precursor of 2-series prostaglandins and 4-series leukotrienes, which are highly-active mediators of inflammation. Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of arachidonic acid in inflammatory cell membranes by EPA. This change leads to decreased production of arachidonic acid-derived mediators. This response alone is a potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 PUFA. However,n-3 PUFA have a number of other effects which might occur downstream of altered eicosanoid production or might be independent of this activity. For example, animal and human studies have shown that dietary fish oil results in suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and can decrease adhesion molecule expression. These effects occur at the level of altered gene expression. This action might come about through antagonism of the effects of arachidonic acid-derived mediators or through more direct actions on the intracellular signalling pathways which lead to activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFêB). Recent studies have shown thatn-3 PUFA can down regulate the activity of the nuclear transcription factor NFêB. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms in some animal models of chronic inflammatory disease and to protect against the effects of endotoxin and similar inflammatory challenges. Clinical studies have reported that oral fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis and among some patients with asthma, supporting the idea that then-3 PUFA in fish oil are antiinflammatory. There are indications that inclusion ofn-3 PUFA in enteral and parenteral formulas might be beneficial to patients in intensive care or post-surgery.