Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Lindströms modell“

Bates' theory of mimicry (Bates 1862) postulates that vertebrate predators avoid attacks on chemically defended butterflies, and a profitable species, usually referred to as the mimic, can obtain protection by resembling one or more unpalatable models. The evolution of Batesian mimicry requires that predators meet, taste and learn to avoid the models before meeting the mimics. For this reason, some authors have adopted the assumption that mimic population sizes must be smaller than the models' populations (Fisher 1930, Huheey 1980, Lindström et al. 1997).

AbstractThis is our second paper in a series to study gravitational instantons, i.e. complete hyperkähler 4-manifolds with faster than quadratic curvature decay. We prove two main theorems: (i) The asymptotic rate of gravitational instantons to the standard models can be improved automatically. (ii) Any ALF-D_{k} gravitational instanton must be the Cherkis–Hitchin–Ivanov–Kapustin–Lindström–Roček metric.

Abstract Quotative be like has been described as “one of the most striking developments [in English]” (Tagliamonte and D’Arcy 2004: 493). Despite the vast research on quotatives and the upsurge of be like, the potential impact of discourse type on the grammar of quotation has rarely been assessed. Yet, discourse type has proved a relevant factor in linguistic variation (see Travis 2007; Buchstaller 2011; Travis and Lindstrom 2016). Drawing on vernacular spoken data from our multigenerational corpus of Australian English, we include discourse type as a predictor in our recursive partitioning and logistic regression models. Our results show that similar linguistic constraints operate on be like across discourse types. However, significant differences emerge regarding its social conditioning in narrative as opposed to non-narrative discourse, pointing to a strong association between be like and female storytelling.

I sistemi partitico-elettorali di Svezia, Danimarca e Norvegia sono stati tradizionalmente caratterizzati da un’alta stabilità e prevedibilità, ma nel corso degli ultimi decenni hanno conosciuto signifcative trasformazioni, con un aumento dell’incertezza, della volatilità e della frammentazione: tendenze comuni a molti paesi europei, ma sviluppate in Scandinavia con caratteristiche peculiari. Se le tradizionali fratture sociali si riflettevano fino agli anni Sessanta in un sistema partitico «congelato», secondo la celebre definizione di Lipset e Rokkan (1967), e in un assetto democratico «consensuale» (Lijphart 1984), dai primi anni Settanta emergono nuovi conflitti che destabilizzano l’arena elettorale. Il vecchio «sistema scandinavo a cinque partiti» (Berglund e Lindström 1978) con un partito socialdemocratico dominante si trova a fronteggiare vere e proprie valanghe, negli anni Settanta prima e negli anni Novanta poi, causate da fenomeni contingenti inseriti in un processo di mutamento di lungo periodo. Il declino della classe operaia e contadina, il dibattito sull’integrazione europea, la nascita di movimenti «post-materialisti» (Inglehart 1977), la crisi del welfare state e il tema dell’immigrazione producono profonde trasformazioni nel sistema politico, attraverso una serie di terremoti elettorali. Le vecchie alleanze politico-sociali sono scardinate e si fanno strada nuovi partiti, tra cui una forte destra populista, mentre la competizione elettorale, fattasi più uida ed incerta, tende oggi verso un assetto sostanzialmente bipolare e «maggioritario», più simile a quello degli altri paesi europei. Se un «modello scandinavo» ancora esiste, esso rappresenta oggi non più una singolare eccezione, bensì un caso esemplare di un processo di mutamento comune al più ampio contesto europeo.

In this paper we analyze some aspects of the question of using methods from model theory to study structures of functional analysis.By a well known result of P. Lindström, one cannot extend the expressive power of first order logic and yet preserve its most outstanding model theoretic characteristics (e.g., compactness and the Löwenheim-Skolem theorem). However, one may consider extending the scope of first order in a different sense, specifically, by expanding the class of structures that are regarded as models (e.g., including Banach algebras or other structures of functional analysis), and ask whether the resulting extensions of first order model theory preserve some of its desirable characteristics.A formal framework for the study of structures based on Banach spaces from the perspective of model theory was first introduced by C. W. Henson in [8] and [6]. Notions of syntax and semantics for these structures were defined, and it was shown that using them one obtains a model theoretic apparatus that satisfies many of the fundamental properties of first order model theory. For instance, one has compactness, Löwenheim-Skolem, and omitting types theorems. Further aspects of the theory, namely, the fundamentals of stability and forking, were first introduced in [10] and [9].The classes of mathematical structures formally encompassed by this framework are normed linear spaces, possibly expanded with additional structure, e.g., operations, real-valued relations, and constants. This notion subsumes wide classes of structures from functional analysis. However, the restriction that the universe of a structure be a normed space is not necessary. (This restriction has a historical, rather than technical origin; specifically, the development of the theory was originally motivated by questions in Banach space geometry.) Analogous techniques can be applied if the universe is a metric space. Now, when the underlying metric topology is discrete, the resulting model theory coincides with first order model theory, so this logic extends first order in the sense described above. Furthermore, without any cost in the mathematical complexity, one can also work in multi-sorted contexts, so, for instance, one sort could be an operator algebra while another is. say, a metric space.

Background:Studies from COVID-19 case-repositories among patients with rheumatic diseases have assessed associations (relative risks) between characteristics of the disease and adverse COVID-19 outcomes. Such designs are susceptible to bias from selection of cases reported. Few studies have assessed absolute and relative risks for COVID-19 outcomes in population-based cohorts of patients with inflammatory joint diseases, nor compared these risks to those in the general population.Objectives:To estimate all-cause mortality, absolute and relative risks for severe COVID-19 in patients with chronic inflammatory joint diseases, compared over time and to the general population.Methods:We updated a multi-register nationwide linkage (“ARTIS”) on adults with RA, PsA, AS, SpA or JIA and population referents (matched on sex, age, and region), with data on hospitalizations, admission to intensive care (ICU), and deaths due to COVID-19. We calculated all-cause mortality March-September 2015-2020, and absolute and relative risks for COVID-19 outcomes March-September 2020. Patients were compared to population referents using hazard ratios (HR) from Cox models adjusted for comorbidities and socio-economy.Results:We identified 110567 individuals with inflammatory joint disease (53455 with RA) in Sweden on March 1st 2020, and 484277 matched general population subjects. In all cohorts, the absolute risk of death from any cause in 2020 was higher than 2015-2019 (Figure 1), with a peak in mid-April, but the relative risks of death (vs. the general population) 2020 remained similar to HRs for 2015-2019 (HR for 2020 in Table 1).Among all individuals with inflammatory joint disease in 2020, the risk for hospitalization, admission to ICU, and death due to COVID-19 was 0.5%, 0.04% and 0.1%, respectively (Table 1). HRs (vs. the general population) were elevated for almost all outcomes. HRs for COVID-19 related outcomes (Table 1) were higher than for non-COVID-19 outcomes; adjustment for co-morbidities and socio-economy explained much of these increases, somewhat less so for the former.Figure 1.All-cause mortality in Swedish individuals with inflammatory joint disease and general population, March-September 2020 and the average 2015-2019Table 1.Absolute and relative risks for COVID-19 outcomes in Swedish individuals with inflammatory joint disease compared to general population comparators March-September 2020OutcomeEvents(risk, %)Events (risk, %), general populationHR1*HR2**AllHospitalization, all causes8971 (8.1%)24273 (5.0%)1.65(1.61, 1.69)1.18 (1.15, 1.21)Hospitalization, COVID-19581 (0.5%)1443 (0.3%)1.77 (1.61, 1.95)1.32 (1.19, 1.46)ICU, COVID-1945 (0.04%)162 (0.03%)1.22 (0.88, 1.70)1.17 (0.82, 1.66)Death, all causes1310 (1.2%)3036 (0.6%)1.90 (1.78, 2.02)1.13 (1.05, 1.21)Death, COVID-19161 (0.1%)338 (0.07%)2.09 (1.73, 2.52)1.18 (0.97, 1.44)RAHospitalization, all causes5275 (9.9%)13072 (5.9%)1.71 (1.66, 1.77)1.21 (1.17, 1.25)Hospitalization, COVID-19379 (0.7%)784 (0.4%)2.02 (1.78, 2.28)1.40 (1.23, 1.60)ICU, COVID-1931 (0.06%)79 (0.04%)1.63 (1.08, 2.48)1.53 (0.98, 2.40)Death, all causes968 (1.8%)2026 (0.9%)1.99 (1.85, 2.15)1.18 (1.09, 1.28)Death, COVID-19134 (0.3%)245 (0.11%)2.28 (1.85, 2.81)1.27 (1.02, 1.59)PsA AS SpA JIAHospitalization, all causes3696 (6.5%)11201 (4.3%)1.54 (1.48, 1.59)1.16 (1.11, 1.20)Hospitalization, COVID-19202 (0.4%)659 (0.3%)1.41 (1.20, 1.65)1.20 (1.02, 1.41)ICU, COVID-1914 (0.02%)83 (0.03%)0.78 (0.44, 1.37)0.76 (0.43, 1.37)Death, all causes342 (0.6%)1010 (0.4%)1.56 (1.38, 1.76)0.98 (0.86, 1.12)Death, COVID-1927 (0.05%)93 (0.04%)1.34 (0.87, 2.05)0.83 (0.54, 1.28)*HR1 unadjusted, matched (age, sex, and region)**HR2, as HR1 but adjusted for comorbidities and socio-economyConclusion:Risks of severe COVID-19 were increased among patients with inflammatory joint diseases, but similar increases were seen for non-COVID-19 morbidity. Co-morbidities and socio-economy explain much of this increase.Disclosure of Interests:Hannah Bower: None declared, Thomas Frisell: None declared, Daniela Di Giuseppe: None declared, Bénédicte Delcoigne: None declared, Gerd-Marie Alenius: None declared, Eva Baecklund: None declared, Katerina Chatzidionysiou Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly, AbbVie and Pfizer, Consultant of: Eli Lilly, AbbVie and Pfizer, Nils Feltelius Employee of: Nils Feltelius is employed by the Medical Products Agency (MPA), which is a governmental body. The views in this abstract may not represent the views of the MPA, Helena Forsblad-d’Elia: None declared, Alf Kastbom Employee of: Former employee of Sanofi, Lars Klareskog: None declared, Elisabet Lindqvist: None declared, Ulf Lindström: None declared, Carl Turesson Speakers bureau: Roche, AbbVie and Pfizer, Consultant of: Roche, Grant/research support from: Research grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Christopher Sjowall: None declared, Johan Askling Grant/research support from: PI for agreements between Karolinska Institutet and Abbvie, BMS, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, and Sanofi for safety monitoring of anti-rheumatic therapies (ARTIS).

Background:Axial spondylarthritis (axSpA) patients treated with a tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) may receive a concomitant conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD), although the value of combination therapy remains unclear.Objectives:Describe the proportion and phenotype of patients with axSpA initiating their first TNFi as monotherapy compared to TNFi+csDMARD combination therapy, and to compare the 1-year TNFi retention between the two groups.Methods:Data from 13 European registries was collected. Two exposure treatment groups were defined: TNFi monotherapy at baseline (=TNFi start date) and TNFi+csDMARD combination therapy. TNFi retention rates were assessed with Kaplan-Meier curves for each country and combined. Hazard ratios (HR, 95% CI) for discontinuing the TNFi were obtained with Cox models: (i) crude; adjusted for (ii) country, and (iii) country, sex, age, calendar year, disease duration and BASDAI. Participating countries were dichotomized into two strata, depending on their 1-year retention rate being above (stratum A) or below (stratum B) the average retention rate across all countries.Results:22,196 axSpA patients were included with 34% on TNFi+csDMARD combination therapy. Baseline characteristics are presented in table 1. Overall, the crude TNFi retention rate was marginally longer in the combination therapy group (80% (79-81%)) compared to the monotherapy group (78% (77-79%)) and was primarily driven by differences in stratum B (fig. 1). TNFi retention rates varied significantly across countries (range:-11.0% to +11.3%), with a clear distinction between the 2 strata. The HRs for discontinuation over 1-year (reference=TNFi monotherapy) in the 3 models were: (i) 0.88 (0.82-0.93), (ii) 0.87 (0.82-0.92), (iii) 0.88 (0.82-0.93).Table 1Baseline characteristicsAll patients(n=22196)Country stratum ACountry stratum BTNFi mono(n=4940)csDMARD + TNFi(n=2547)TNFi mono(n=9693)csDMARD + TNFi(n=5016)Age (years), mean (SD)42.6 (12.5)43.4 (12.0)42.8 (12.2)41.6 (12.7)43.7 (12.7)Females, %41.137.738.242.044.2Disease duration (yrs), mean (SD)5.7 (8.0)6.2 (7.7)6.7 (7.4)4.9 (8.2)6.1 (8.2)Enthesitis, %50.316.733.957.859.7SJC-28, median (IQR)0 (0-1)0 (0-0)0 (0-2)0 (0-0)0 (0-2)VAS pain (0-100), mean (SD)60.9 (24.5)63.3 (26.5)67.8 (23.3)60.2 (23.4)57.2 (24.3)CRP (mg/L), median (IQR)8 (3-20)7.8 (2-20)18 (6.7-32.6)6.0 (2.7-15)8.0 (3-22)BASDAI (0-10), mean (SD)5.7 (2.1)5.7 (2.2)6.2 (2.1)5.6 (2.0)5.4 (2.2)BASFI (0-10), mean (SD)4.4 (2.5)4.4 (2.6)4.9 (2.5)4.3 (2.4)4.2 (2.9)ASDAS, mean (SD)3.5 (1.1)3.7 (1.0)4.0 (1.0)3.3 (1.0)3.3 (1.1)On Infliximab, %25.721222436Baseline csDMARD use, %-Methotrexate045063-Sulfasalazine068033-Leflunomide0801Conclusion:Considerable differences were observed across countries in the use of combination therapy and TNFi retention in axSpA patients. The overall 1-year TNFi retention was higher with csDMARD co-therapy compared to TNFi monotherapy. TNFi monotherapy had a 12-13% higher risk of treatment discontinuation.Acknowledgments:Novartis Pharma AG and IQVIAMN and BD participated equallyDisclosure of Interests:Michael Nissen Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Consultant of: Novartis, Lilly, Abbvie, Celgene and Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Novartis, Lilly, Abbvie, Celgene and Pfizer, Bénédicte Delcoigne: None declared, Daniela Di Giuseppe: None declared, Lennart T.H. Jacobsson Consultant of: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis and Pfizer, Karen Fagerli: None declared, Anne Gitte Loft Grant/research support from: Novartis, Consultant of: AbbVie, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, Adrian Ciurea Consultant of: Consulting and/or speaking fees from AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis and Pfizer., Dan Nordström Consultant of: Abbvie, Celgene, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and UCB., Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Celgene, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and UCB., Ziga Rotar Consultant of: Speaker and consulting fees from Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, Eli Lilly, Medis, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi., Speakers bureau: Speaker and consulting fees from Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, Eli Lilly, Medis, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi., Florenzo Iannone Consultant of: Speaker and consulting fees from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, UCB, MSD, Speakers bureau: Speaker and consulting fees from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, UCB, MSD, Maria Jose Santos Speakers bureau: Novartis and Pfizer, Manuel Pombo-Suarez Consultant of: Janssen, Lilly, MSD and Sanofi., Speakers bureau: Janssen, Lilly, MSD and Sanofi., Björn Gudbjornsson Speakers bureau: Novartis and Amgen, Heřman Mann: None declared, Nurullah Akkoc: None declared, Catalin Codreanu Consultant of: Speaker and consulting fees from AbbVie, Accord Healthcare, Alfasigma, Egis, Eli Lilly, Ewopharma, Genesis, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, UCB, Speakers bureau: Speaker and consulting fees from AbbVie, Accord Healthcare, Alfasigma, Egis, Eli Lilly, Ewopharma, Genesis, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, UCB, Irene van der Horst-Bruinsma Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Pfizer, UCB Pharma, Consultant of: AbbVie, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Pfizer, UCB Pharma, Brigitte Michelsen: None declared, Gary Macfarlane: None declared, Merete L. Hetland Grant/research support from: BMS, MSD, AbbVie, Roche, Novartis, Biogen and Pfizer, Consultant of: Eli Lilly, Speakers bureau: Orion Pharma, Biogen, Pfizer, CellTrion, Merck and Samsung Bioepis, Matija Tomsic: None declared, Burkhard Moeller: None declared, Pedro Ávila-Ribeiro Grant/research support from: Novartis, Carlos Sánchez-Piedra: None declared, Heikki Relas Grant/research support from: Abbvie., Consultant of: Abbvie, Celgene, and Pfizer., Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Celgene, and Pfizer., Arni Jon Geirsson: None declared, Lucie Nekvindova: None declared, Gozde Yildirim Cetin Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, MSD, Ruxandra Ionescu Consultant of: Consulting fees from Abbvie, Eli-Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Speakers bureau: Consulting and speaker fees from Abbvie, Eli-Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Niels Steen Krogh: None declared, Johan Askling Grant/research support from: JA acts or has acted as PI for agreements between Karolinska Institutet and the following entities, mainly in the context of the ARTIS national safety monitoring programme of immunomodulators in rheumatology: Abbvie, BMS, Eli Lilly, Merck, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma, Bente Glintborg Grant/research support from: Grants from Pfizer, Biogen and Abbvie, Ulf Lindström: None declared

Abstract We construct an integrable colored six-vertex model whose partition function is a double Grothendieck polynomial. This gives an integrable systems interpretation of bumpless pipe dreams and recent results of Weigandt relating double Grothendieck polynomias with bumpless pipe dreams. For vexillary permutations, we then construct a new model that we call the semidual version model. We use our semidual model and the five-vertex model of Motegi and Sakai to give a new proof that double Grothendieck polynomials for vexillary permutations are equal to flagged factorial Grothendieck polynomials. Taking the stable limit of double Grothendieck polynomials, we obtain a new proof that the stable limit is a factorial Grothendieck polynomial as defined by McNamara. The states of our semidual model naturally correspond to families of nonintersecting lattice paths, where we can then use the Lindström–Gessel–Viennot lemma to give a determinant formula for double Schubert polynomials corresponding to vexillary permutations.

Abstract This paper provides some model-theoretic analysis for probability (modal) logic ($PL$). It is known that this logic does not enjoy the compactness property. However, by passing into the sublogic of $PL$, namely basic probability logic ($BPL$), it is shown that this logic satisfies the compactness property. Furthermore, by drawing some special attention to some essential model-theoretic properties of $PL$, a version of Lindström characterization theorem is investigated. In fact, it is verified that probability logic has the maximal expressive power among those abstract logics extending $PL$ and satisfying both the filtration and disjoint unions properties. Finally, by alternating the semantics to the finitely additive probability models ($\mathcal{F}\mathcal{P}\mathcal{M}$) and introducing positive sublogic of $PL$ including $BPL$, it is proved that this sublogic possesses the compactness property with respect to $\mathcal{F}\mathcal{P}\mathcal{M}$.

Inledning Barn har genom såväl Barnkonventionen som förskolans läroplan rätt att delta i estetiska lärprocesser som dans. Det kan diskuteras om alla barn lär genom estetiken, men tidigare forskning pekar på att dans ger chans till andra språk än det verbala. Syfte Studien är genomförd med syfte att ta del av förskollärares resonemang kring dansundervisning i förskolan. Metod För att samla in den data vi behövde användes den kvalitativa metoden self-reports som skickades ut till fyra förskolerektorer, som i sin tur skickade ut till 24 förskollärare, varav tio self-reports var ifyllda och samlades in. Resultat Resultatet presenterades och analyserades med hjälp av Lindströms modell som behandlar estetiska lärprocesser. Resultatet visar på att dans i förskolan enligt de deltagande förskollärarna främst används som medel för lärande i andra ämnen. Resultatet tyder också på att det finns en osäkerhet i att undervisa i dans i de verksamheter som deltagit i studien. Samtidigt som osäkerheten verkar grunda sig i brist på ämneskunskaper som i sin tur problematiserar förskollärarutbildningens bidrag inom ämnet.

Orientador: Itala Maria Loffredo D'Ottaviano
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Esta Dissertação apresenta uma definição de lógica abstrata e caracteriza alguns sistemas lógicos bastante conhecidos na literatura como casos particulares desta. Em especial, mostramos que a lógica de primeira ordem, lógica de segunda ordem, lógica com o operador Q1 de Mostowski e a lógica infinitária L!1! são casos particulares de lógicas abstratas. Mais que isso, mostramos que tais lógicas são regulares. Na análise de cada uma das lógicas acima citadas, mostramos o comportamento das mesmas com relação às propriedades de Löwenheim-Skolem e compacidade enumerável, resultados estes centrais à teoria de modelos. Nossa análise permite-nos constatar que, dentre os quatro casos apresentados, o único que goza de ambas as propriedades é a lógica de primeira ordem; as demais falham em uma, na outra ou em ambas as propriedades. Mostramos que isso não é mera coincidência, mas sim um resultado profundo, que estabelece fronteiras bem delimitadas à lógica de primeira ordem, conhecido como primeiro teorema de Lindström: se uma lógica é regular, ao menos tão expressiva quanto à lógica de primeira ordem e satisfaz ambas as propriedades citadas, então esta é equivalente a lógica de primeira ordem. Realizamos uma prova cuidadosa do teorema, em que cada ideia e cada estratégia de prova é estabelecida criteriosamente. Com seu trabalho, Lindström inaugurou um novo e profícuo campo de estudo, a teoria abstrata de modelos que estabelece, com relação a diversas combinações de propriedades de sistemas lógicos, uma estratificação entre lógicas. Apresentamos um outro exemplo de tal estratificação através de uma versão modal do teorema de Lindström, versão esta que caracteriza a lógica modal básica como maximal quanto a bissimilaridade e compacidade. Encerramos esta Dissertação com algumas considerações acerca da influência do primeiro teorema de Lindström
Abstract: This thesis presents the definition of abstract logic and features some quite logical systems presented in the literature as particular cases of this. In particular, we show that first-order logic, second-order logic, the logic with Mostowski's operator Q1 and the infinitary logic L!1! are specific systems of abstract logic. Moreover, we show that such logics are regular. In the analysis of each above mentioned logical systems we analyses his performance with regard to the properties of compactness and Löwenheim-Skolem, results that have important role in model theory. Our analysis allows us to conclude that among the four cases, the only one who enjoys both properties is the first-order logic, and all others fail in one, other or both properties. We show that this is not mere coincidence, but rather a deep, well-defined boundaries establishing the first-order logic, known as first Lindström's theorem: a regular logic that is at least as expressive as first-order logic and satisfies both properties mentioned, then this is equivalent to first-order logic. We conducted a thorough proof of the theorem, in which each idea and each proof strategy is carefully established. With his work Lindström inaugurated a new and fruitful field of study, the abstract model theory, which establishes with respect to different combinations of properties of logical systems, stratification between logical. Here is another example of such stratification through one of the theorem of modal version Lindström, which characterizes this version of the logic basic modal such as maximal bissimimulation and compactness. We conclude the thesis with some considerations about the influence of the Lindström's theorem
Mestrado
Filosofia
Mestre em Filosofia

After briefly presenting (for the physicist) some notions frequently used in combinatorics (such as graphs or combinatorial maps) and after briefly presenting (for the combinatorialist) the main concepts of quantum field theory (QFT), the book shows how algebraic combinatorics can be used to deal with perturbative renormalisation (both in commutative and non-commutative quantum field theory), how analytic combinatorics can be used for QFT issues (again, for both commutative and non-commutative QFT), how Grassmann integrals (frequently used in QFT) can be used to proCve new combinatorial identities (generalizing the Lindström–Gessel–Viennot formula), how combinatorial QFT can bring a new insight on the celebrated Jacobian conjecture (which concerns global invertibility of polynomial systems) and so on. In the second part of the book, matrix models, and tensor models are presented to the reader as QFT models. Several tensor model results (such as the implementation of the large N limit and of the double-scaling limit for various such tensor models, N being here the size of the tensor) are then exposed. These results are natural generalizations of results extensively used by theoretical physicists in the study of matrix models and they are obtained through intensive use of combinatorial techniques (this time mainly enumerative techniques). The last part of the book is dedicated to the recently discovered relation between tensor models and the holographic Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model, model which has been extensively studied in the last years by condensed matter and by high-energy physicists.

We consider various extensions of first-order logic. Informally, a logic 𝓛 is an extension of first-order logic if every sentence of first-order logic is also a sentence of 𝓛. We also require that 𝓛 is closed under conjunction and negation and has other basic properties of a logic. In Section 9.4, we list the properties that formally define the notion of an extension of first-order logic. Prior to Section 9.4, we provide various natural examples of such extensions. In Sections 9.1–9.3, we consider, respectively, second-order logic, infinitary logics, and logics with fixed-point operators. We do not provide a thorough treatment of any one of these logics. Indeed, we could easily devote an entire chapter to each. Rather, we define each logic and provide examples that demonstrate the expressive power of the logics. In particular, we show that none of these logics has compactness. In the final Section 9.4, we prove that if a proper extension of first-order logic has compactness, then the Downward Löwenhiem–Skolem theorem must fail for that logic. This is Lindstrom’s theorem. The Compactness theorem and Downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem are two crucial results for model theory. Every property of first-order logic from Chapter 4 is a consequence of these two theorems. Lindström’s theorem implies that the only extension of first-order logic possessing these properties is first-order logic itself. Second-order logic is the extension of first-order logic that allows quantification of relations. The symbols of second-order logic are the same symbols used in first-order logic. The syntax of second-order logic is defined by adding one rule to the syntax of first-order logic. The additional rule makes second-order logic far more expressive than first-order logic. Specifically, the syntax of second-order logic is defined as follows. Any atomic first-order formula is a formula of second-order logic. Moreover, we have the following four rules: (R1) If φ is a formula then so is ￢φ. (R2) If φ and ψ are formulas then so is φ ∧ ψ. (R3) If φ is a formula, then so is ∃x φ for any variable x.

El presente capítulo tuvo como propósito analizar la disrupción de la exclusión social a la discapacidad a través de las tecnologías asistivas. El estudio se ubicó en el paradigma cualitativo a través de un estudio documental, con diseño bibliográfico descriptivo. Para lograr lo anterior expuesto, las categorías analizadas fueron: Aproximaciones de la exclusión social, Tecnologías asistivas como modelo de apoyo a los procesos inclusivos, Tecnología asistiva de asistencia integral y Tecnología asistiva de uso específico para construir un análisis sobre la base de las teorías planteadas por Casado (1976), Foucault (1974), Lenoir (1974), Tezanos (1999), Borg, Lindström y Larsson (2009), Molero et al. (2020), y WHO, World Health Organitation, (2020), entre otros. Dentro de los hallazgos se presentaron una serie de estudios aplicados en tecnologías asistivas que permitieron evidenciar la disrupción de la exclusión social a la discapacidad a través de estas herramientas. Como conclusión, los adelantos en materia de tecnología de asistencia que ha traído consigo avances sustanciales en armonía a los nuevos paradigmas así como la participación activa de organismos internaciones como la Organización Mundial de la Salud, quien delinea la hoja de ruta en relación a la discapacidad, sientan las bases para que este tipo de herramientas emerjan como instrumentos disruptivos a la exclusión social en diferentes dinámicas aumentando su pertinencia en los contextos globales.

In 1968, Drs Pravin M. Shah and Raymond Gramiak at the University of Rochester, New York, were conducting a study with the ultimate goal to investigate whether heart stroke volume could be estimated from the extent and duration of cusp separation of the aortic valve, as measured with M-mode ultrasound. Simultaneously, as the reference, they also measured cardiac output with the indicator dilution technique. Here, a bolus of a dye (indocyanine green) is injected and blood is sampled downstream to determine the rate at which the indicator has been transported from the injection site. In Dr Shah’s own account of the experiments, he explains that the routine at his university then was to place a catheter in the left atrium with the trans-septal technique, i.e. inserting the catheter in a vein and penetrating into the left atrium via the right atrium. During the injections of the dye, somewhat to their surprise, they observed a striking echo enhancement across the aorta. The enhancement also appeared when saline and dextrose in water was flushed through the catheter. Dr Gramiak reminded himself of a comment from Dr Claude Joyner, that a temporary echo-enhancement could be observed during saline injections, and they speculated that miniature bubbles produced by gaseous cavitation upon rapid injection of the fluid gave rise to the enhancement, and raised the idea that this could be used as a contrast agent. An in vitro study by Frederick Kremkau provided strong evidence that gas bubbles were actually responsible for the echo enhancement. It is interesting to note how discoveries are made independently around the world, when the time is ripe. At the same time in Lund, Drs Inge Edler and Kjell Lindström performed studies to measure blood flow in the heart. At this point no ultrasound Doppler signals had been recorded from the inside of the heart, and they used a calf heart in an in vitro model to verify that signals could be obtained when water and blood was led through the model.

Migration is a key means by which human beings act to preserve or enhance their well-being. Since Homo sapiens first emerged in Africa about 200,000 years ago, geographic mobility has been a prominent strategy for human adaptation and improvement (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994). In modern societies, people most commonly migrate to further their economic position or to join family members who migrated before them (Massey et al., 1993). Yet, many others move, both temporarily and permanently, with the more explicit purpose of reducing social, economic, political, or environmental vulnerability (Bardsley and Hugo, 2010; Hunter, 2005; Lundquist and Massey, 2005). All of these forms of human mobility frequently span international borders, oftentimes despite substantial barriers to transborder movement. Estimates of migration flows are the expression of these heterogeneous motivations. As the drivers of migration also vary conspicuously across nations (Clark et al., 2004; Massey and Sana, 2003) and evolve over time within countries (Lindstrom and Ramírez, 2010; Massey, 1990; Massey et al., 1994), they are particularly difficult to forecast. As we show in this chapter, even developing a homogeneous series of baseline estimates at a global level is very complex (Abel, 2013a), further complicating forecasting efforts. Reliable baseline estimates are hard to obtain, for instance, given differences in the definitions across countries of what is an international migrant (Kupiszewska and Nowok, 2008) and owing to the presence of sizable irregular or unauthorized flows in some nations (e.g. Passel et al., 2009). Notwithstanding these difficulties, international migration has increasingly become, and will remain, a crucial component of the population dynamics of many sending and receiving nations. While only 2 per cent of the world’s population lives outside of their country of birth, this figure is above 10 per cent for nationals of countries like Mexico and El Salvador. Foreign-born shares are also substantial relative to the population of many migrant-receiving countries, with levels above 10 per cent (in some cases well above) in North America, most of Western Europe and Oceania, and parts of South East Asia. At the extreme, this share has reached levels of 60–80 per cent in some age groups in the oil-producing nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).