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1
Sciences, Protestant Institute of Arts and Social. Reconciliation processes in Rwanda: Potentials and limitations. Butare-Huye, Rwanda: Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Sciences (PIASS), 2012.
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Tabares-Velasco, Paulo César. Estimating heat and mass transfer processes in green roof systems: Current modeling capabilities and limitations. Golden, Colo.]: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.
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United States. Government Accountability Office. Workplace safety and health: OSHA's oversight of its civil penalty determination and violation abatement processes has limitations : report to the Secretary of Labor. Washington, D.C. (441 G Street, N.W., Washington 20548): U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2004.
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Ayanda, S. Water Treatment Technologies: Principles, Applications, Successes and Limitations of Bioremediation, Membrane Bioreactor and the Advanced Oxidation Processes. Herausgegeben von Dr Olushola. OMICS International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/978-1-63278-058-4-059.
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U. S. Government Accountability Offi Gao. International Cash-Based Food Assistance: USAID Has Established Processes to Monitor Cash and Voucher Projects, but Data Limitations Impede Evaluation. Independently Published, 2019.
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Joseph, Oliver. Independence in Electoral Management: Electoral Processes Primer 1. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.103.
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Elections are the cornerstone of democratic political processes, serving as a mechanism for political parties or candidates to compete for public office under equal conditions before the electorate. For an election to be credible, the competition must be fair, requiring impartial management of the process. As described in International IDEA’s Handbook on Electoral Management Design (Catt et al. 2014), electoral management bodies (EMBs) are the state institution or institutions established and mandated to organize or, in some instances, supervise the essential (or core) elements of this process. This Primer focuses on the establishment of EMBs as institutions normatively, structurally and functionally independent from government. It examines the benefits and limitations of the legal and institutional framework, governance structure, remit, autonomy over their resources, and contextual approaches that facilitate their functional independence, applicable to different legal and political contexts. The Primer discusses EMB independence and EMB relations with all stakeholders engaged in an electoral process at the national level.
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Fermüller, Cornelia. Motion Illusions in Man and Machine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0006.
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At the level of mathematical abstraction, computing image motion amounts to an estimation problem and can be analyzed using the tools of statistics and signal processing. As shown in this chapter, intrinsic limitations to the estimation processes make it impossible to derive veridical estimates for all images. Image motion is estimated erroneously, and as a result higher level processes compute erroneous three-dimensional motion and moving scenes. Specifically, two limitations are discussed: (a) due to noise in image data, there is statistical bias that affects anisotropic patterns and (2) the filters computing changes in time are asymmetric (causal), using data only from the past but not the future, and misestimate on locally asymmetric intensity signals of certain spatial frequencies. Since these limitations are not an artifact of the hardware but are inherent to the computations, they will affect any system and thus create illusions in man and machine.
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McCusker, Chris. Towards understanding loss of control. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 discusses an automatic network theory of addictive behaviours, including cognitive social learning theory and the expectancy construct, anomalies and limitations in traditional cognitive and expectancy theories, autonomic cue-reactivity phenomena, and methods of cognitive assessment, automatic cognitive processes in addictive behaviours, implicit memory structures and processes in addictive behaviours.
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Robert F, Williams. Part III Structure of State Government, 9 The State Legislative Branch. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195343083.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses the fact that state constitutions create a legislative branch that is substantially different from the federal Congress. Most importantly, state legislatures exercise reserved, plenary power subject only to limitations in the state or federal Constitutions. The federal Congress, by contrast, exercises enumerated, delegated power. In addition, the state legislatures are subject to a variety of limitations on the process of lawmaking that are contained in state constitutions. The chapter discusses the variety of approaches to judicial enforcement of these procedural limitations. Finally, in a number of states, the state legislature's lawmaking power is shared with the people, who can enact or defeat laws through direct democracy, or the initiative and referendum processes.
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Bischoff, Rainer, und Klaus-Peter Fischer-Hellmann. Information Flow Based Security Control Beyond RBAC: How to Enable Fine-Grained Security Policy Enforcement in Business Processes Beyond Limitations of Role-based Access Control. Springer Vieweg. in Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 2012.
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Dekker, Joost, Daniel Bossen, Jasmijn Holla, Mariëtte de Rooij, Cindy Veenhof und Marike van der Leeden. Psychological strategies in osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0025.
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Characteristic clinical presentations of osteoarthritis (OA) include pain and activity limitations. These presentations are dependent on psychological processes. The literature reviewed in this chapter leads to the following conclusions: (1) symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue are more prevalent among patients with OA than among the general population. Recently, a depressive mood phenotype has been identified in knee OA. (2) Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue, as well as other psychological variables are established risk factors for future worsening of pain and activity limitations. (3) Psychological interventions such as depression care and pain coping skills training have been demonstrated to improve pain and activity limitations, as well as psychological outcomes. Self-management may have beneficial effects, although there is clearly room for improvement. Interventions combining psychological interventions with exercise therapy have been shown to be effective; improved outcome over exercise therapy alone stills needs to be demonstrated. (4) Psychological interventions are effective in improving exercise adherence and promoting physical activity. Overall, it can be concluded that the psychological approach towards OA is fruitful: the psychological approach has resulted in substantial contributions to the understanding and management of clinical presentations of OA, including pain and activity limitations.
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Lattman, Eaton E., Thomas D. Grant und Edward H. Snell. Instrumental and Experimental Considerations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670871.003.0008.
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Thic chapter describes some of the processes that are often carried out within specific data processing software associated with an instrument but are invisible to the user. It is useful to be aware of them. These include dealing with detector artifacts and limitations, and the integration of the signal from a two-dimensional image to produce a one-dimensional scattering profile, among other steps.
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Robert F, Williams. Part V State Constitutional Amendment and Revision, 14 Judicial Involvement in State Constitutional Amendment and Revision. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195343083.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses the extensive judicial involvement in litigation considering the substance and procedure of state constitutional amendment and revision. Some processes of state constitutional change can only be utilized, for example, to amend the state constitution but not to revise it. This is generally true for the initiative. Litigation therefore arises over whether an initiated change is a valid amendment or an invalid revision. Also, state constitutions contain a number of procedural requirements and limitations on the processes for their change, such as single-subject and separate-vote requirements. These procedural restrictions are enforced by the courts through litigation. This level of judicial involvement in the processes of state constitutional change is unlike that at the federal level, for change does not occur very often and challenges to the federal processes of change are generally viewed as non-justiciable political questions.
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Crisman, Kevin. The Archaeology of Steamships. Herausgegeben von Ben Ford, Donny L. Hamilton und Alexis Catsambis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.013.0027.
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Since the beginning of human seafaring endeavors, all watercraft were limited to three modes of propulsion: muscle, currents, and wind, all of which had their limitations. Steam propulsion gave a radical departure from the old and familiar, and it overcame various limitations. This article describes the evolution of steamboats as commercially successful ships. It gives the examples of the Vermont, Phoenix, and Lady Sherbrooke to explain the structure, engineering, and evolution of early steamboats. The effects of maritime steam were particularly notable in North American waters. The wrecks of western river steamboats dating to the 1850s or later have been found and subjected to some level of archaeological study. Maritime archaeology has allowed people to see for themselves the processes of invention, engineering, and construction that made the steamboat a reality.
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Berliner, Todd. Finding the Fit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658748.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 illustrates the theory of narration presented in the previous chapter, offering an extended analysis of an unusual narrative pattern in Red River, which violates Hollywood’s cardinal rules regarding narrative unity, probability, causality, and story logic. Disunity in this classical Hollywood narrative adds variety to our filmgoing experience; stimulates our imagination, curiosity, and creative problem-solving processes; and liberates our thinking from the burdens and limitations of good sense.
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Broyde, Michael J. Regulation of Arbitration Law in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190640286.003.0007.
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This chapter surveys the main limitations placed upon private arbitration processes by the FAA and various state statutes in contemporary American arbitration law. These limits focus on three aspects of the arbitration process. First, arbitration law imposes various requirements on the formation of arbitration agreements. The chapter then explains how a different set of limitations is needed to govern religious arbitration, including the remedies that a religious court can impose, proposing that with only a few exceptions in the area of child custody, religious arbitration should be limited to resolving matters through financial awards. Secular society must hold tightly onto the keys of coercive governmental authority, and even given contractual permission, religious arbitration should be allowed no significant force. Second, great thought needs to be put into the question of what areas of law are outside the scope of arbitration, as we do not wish to have multiple standards.
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Garchitorena, Andes, Matthew H. Bonds, Jean-Francois Guégan und Benjamin Roche. Interactions between ecological and socio-economic drivers of Buruli ulcer burden in Sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities for an improved control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0014.
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This chapter provides an overview of the complex interactions between ecological and socioeconomic factors for the development and control of Buruli ulcer in Sub-Saharan Africa. We review key ecological and evolutionary processes driving the environmental persistence and proliferation of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent, within aquatic environments, as well as transmission processes from these aquatic environments to human populations. We also outline key socioeconomic factors driving the economic and health burden of Buruli ulcer in endemic regions, revealed by reciprocal feedbacks between poverty, disease transmission from exposure aquatic environments and disease progression to severe stages owing to low access to health care. The implications of such insights for disease control, both in terms of limitations of current strategies and directions for the future, are discussed.
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Butt, Daniel. Law, Governance, and the Ecological Ethos. Herausgegeben von Stephen M. Gardiner und Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.5.
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This chapter examines the limitations of both command-and-control and market-based legal mechanisms in the pursuit of environmental justice. If the environment is to be protected to at least a minimally acceptable degree, approaches that focus on the coercive force of the state must be complemented by the development of an “ecological ethos,” whereby groups and individuals are motivated to act with non-self-interested concern for the environment. The need for this ethos means that the state is dependent on the cooperation of a wide range of non-state actors. Recent work on environmental governance emphasizes the delegation of aspects of governing to such actors and supports efforts to increase popular participation in governmental processes. The chapter therefore advocates a governance approach that seeks to rectify some of the limitations of state-led environmental law, while encouraging popular participation in a way that can encourage the development of an ecological ethos among the citizenry.
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Wigmans, Richard. The Physics of Shower Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0002.
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The processes that play a role in the absorption of different types of particles in dense matter are described, with emphasis on the aspects that are important for calorimetry. A distinction is made between particles that develop electromagnetic showers (electrons, photons) and particles that are subject to the strong nuclear interaction, such as pions and protons. A separate section is dedicated to muons, which are typically not fully absorbed in practical calorimeters. The energy dependence of the various processes, and the consequences for the size requirements of detectors, are discussed in detail. The practical importance and limitations of Monte Carlo simulations of the shower development process are reviewed. The chapter ends with a summary of facts deriving from the physics of shower development that are important for calorimetry.
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Nelson, Judith E., und Aluko A. Hope. Management of the dying patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0388.
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Withdrawal or withholding of life-supporting therapies in anticipation of death has become common in intensive care units around the world. Knowledge and skill related to limitation of life support, including processes of communication, decision-making, and implementation, are essential for the delivery of high-quality intensive care. This chapter synthesizes existing relevant evidence and provides recommendations based on the best available data. Approaches to anticipated or actual conflict over the use of life support are reviewed. Discussion then focuses on key aspects of practice—preparing the patient and family, optimizing the setting, discontinuing various therapies, and controlling symptoms. The need for mutual support and collaboration by the interdisciplinary team is emphasized.
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Lyon, David. Surveillance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198796848.001.0001.
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Abstract Surveillance: A Very Short Introduction examines the key processors of and concepts surrounding surveillance. It explains that surveillance is central to doing business, meeting friends, organizing governance, maintaining security, and being entertained. Surveillance makes people visible to organizations. However, the processes and involved parties behind the free-flowing data provided by surveillance and its subsequent social and personal consequences raise criticisms. Additionally, Surveillance: A Very Short Introduction details how surveillance depends on technologies to process data, while also considering its current global growth and prevalence. It then discusses ethics of surveillance and its development of cultural features before considering its potential to evoke political struggles as well as everyday limitation strategies.
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Phillips, Katherine W., Michelle Duguid, Melissa Thomas-Hunt und Jayaram Uparna. Diversity as Knowledge Exchange: The Roles of Information Processing, Expertise, and Status. Herausgegeben von Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0009.
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As part of an effort to understand diversity’s influence on group processes and performance, some researchers have explored diversity from an information processing perspective. This perspective suggests that because individuals in heterogeneous groups have a broader range of knowledge, skills, and abilities than homogeneous groups, they will also have greater access to a variety of task-relevant information and expertise, which can enhance group decision making. This chapter summarizes the findings of empirical research from this perspective and extends the tenets of this perspective, acknowledging the limitations of the original formulation. Included in the review is research on minority and majority influence processes and the integration of expert knowledge in groups. Finally, the chapter integrates this new information processing view with work that focuses on the effect of status differences on the processing of information in diverse environments.
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Paulus, Paul B., und Jared B. Kenworthy. Overview of Team Creativity and Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0002.
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In this chapter, we present an overview of some major topics and themes explored in the research on team creativity. We discuss the strengths and limitations of some primary methodological approaches to the study of creativity in teams, including short-term team settings, long-term team settings, and case studies. We also explore some of the major theories of collaborative creativity, which to varying degrees focus on contextual and organizational factors, as well as motivational, cognitive, and social processes involved in enhancing innovation in teams. We evaluate the sometimes conflicting findings from research on team size, participative safety, conflict, affective processes, and supportive versus constrained environments. At a broader level, we discuss interteam and network dynamics as they impact team innovation. Finally, we summarize some areas of research that seem to have conflicting or paradoxical effects, suggesting areas of future research focus.
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Barzilay, Shira, und Abbie Cohen. Psychological Models of Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0002.
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A comprehensive model of suicidal processes and behavior is essential for the assessment of imminent risk for suicide and for the design of informed interventions. This chapter provides descriptions of the three generations of the most influential theories of suicidal behavior as well as an assessment of their strengths and limitations. First-generation models were based on clinicians’ individual experiences and, more recently, on consensus opinion and clinical judgment. Second-generation prognostic models hypothesized that suicide risk was determined by measurable long-term biological, clinical, or demographic risk factors. Third-generation models of suicidal behavior focused on dynamic risk elements, which appear later in life, change over time, and are operational immediately proximal to suicide. This chapter provides a historical perspective on the evolution of the theoretical approaches to the understanding of psychological processes that make suicide possible.
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Rogers, Brian. Perception: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198791003.001.0001.
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Perception is concerned with how we use the information reaching our senses to guide and control our behaviour and create our particular, subjective experiences of the world. Perception: A Very Short Introduction discusses the philosophical question of what it means to perceive, and describes how we are able to perceive the particular characteristics of objects and scenes such as their lightness, colour, form, depth, and motion. The study of illusions can be useful in telling us something about the nature and limitations of our perceptual processes. This VSI explores perception from an evolutionary perspective, explaining how evolutionary pressures have shaped the perceptual systems of humans and other animals.
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Aust, Ina, Julia Brandl, Anne Keegan und Marcia Lensges. Tensions in Managing Human Resources. Herausgegeben von Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski und Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.21.
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This chapter examines previous research on tensions in HRM, focusing on the contributions and limitations of these perspectives for understanding and handling tensions. Second, it focuses on what characterizes the dynamics of coping with tensions. Here, paradox theory is drawn on to consider conditions for alternative response/coping strategies and processes that characterize reinforcing cycles. The chapter offers insights from the (limited) body of work in HRM that draws on paradox theory. Thirdly, the chapter offers a paradox framework to aid the study of HRM tensions. Finally, it concludes with suggestions for further HRM research on tensions and coping responses enriched by insights from a paradox perspective.
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Fisher, Lucy T., und Miliann Kang. Reinventing Dirty Work. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037573.003.0010.
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This chapter examines how immigrant women accommodate themselves to the various demands of low-wage, low-status service jobs by engaging in “boundary making,” processes that circumscribe and redefine the performance of “dirty work.” Boundary making refers to material and symbolic processes in which providers of low-wage work impose limitations on its performance while redefining the work as skillful and important. Dirty work is defined as physical labor that involves cleaning and caring for the human body, its products, and its environs. The chapter first provides an overview of certified nursing assistants (CNAs) who provide elder care in the United States before exploring how immigrants working as CNAs make meaning of work that is often construed as dirty work. Using data from fieldwork in three California nursing homes, the chapter shows how CNAs try to bring some measure of dignity to a low-wage, low-status job, and shape their identity formation as workers and immigrants within constraining institutional contexts.
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Berber, Stevan. Discrete Communication Systems. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860792.001.0001.
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The book present essential theory and practice of the discrete communication systems design, based on the theory of discrete time stochastic processes, and their relation to the existing theory of digital communication systems. Using the notion of stochastic linear time invariant systems, in addition to the orhogonality principles, a general structure of the discrete communication system is constructed in terms of mathematical operators. Based on this structure, the MPSK, MFSK, QAM, OFDM and CDMA systems, using discrete modulation methods, are deduced as special cases. The signals are processed in the time and frequency domain, which requires precise derivatives of their amplitude spectral density functions, correlation functions and related energy and pover spectral densities. The book is self-sufficient, because it uses the unified notation both in the main ten chapters explaining communications systems theory and nine supplementary chapters dealing with the continuous and discrete time signal processing for both the deterministic and stochastic signals. In this context, the indexing of vital signals and finctions makes obvious distinction beteween them. Having in mind the controversial nature of the continuous time white Gaussian noise process, a separate chapter is dedicated to the noise discretisation by introducing notions of noise entropy and trauncated Gaussian density function to avoid limitations in applying the Nyquist criterion. The text of the book is acompained by the solutions of problems for all chapters and a set of deign projects with the defined projects’ topics and tasks and offered solutions.
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Boden, Margaret A. Artificial Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199602919.001.0001.
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The applications of Artificial Intelligence lie all around us and affect all aspects of our lives. The results of Artificial Intelligence have been invaluable to biologists, psychologists, and linguists in helping to understand the processes of memory, learning, and language from a fresh angle. As a concept, Artificial Intelligence has fuelled and sharpened the philosophical debates concerning the nature of the mind, intelligence, and the uniqueness of human beings. Artificial Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction considers the history of Artificial Intelligence, its successes, its limitations, and its future goals. It also reviews the philosophical and technological challenges raised by Artificial Intelligence, considering whether programs could ever be really intelligent, creative, or even conscious.
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Derrick, Jaye L., und Kenneth E. Leonard. Substance Use in Committed Relationships. Herausgegeben von Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.012.
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This chapter reviews the reciprocal relationship between committed relationships and substance use. Relationship processes affect substance use in three major ways. First, married people tend to use fewer substances than unmarried people, a phenomenon known as the marriage effect. Second, through assortative mating and convergence, spouses tend to be similar to each other in terms of substance use. Third, lower marital quality is associated with increased substance use. Substance use also affects three aspects of marital quality: greater substance use is associated with more negative marital interactions, decreased marital satisfaction and stability, and increased intimate partner violence. The effect of concordance in substance use is discussed. Current limitations of the literature and future directions are described.
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Williams, Paula G., Ruben Tinajero und Yana Suchy. Executive Functioning and Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.75.
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This review provides an overview of research on associations between the multi-component, cognitive construct executive functioning (EF) and health. Executive functioning is defined, and issues related to measurement are detailed. The categories of potential mechanisms by which EF may be associated with health and disease are described. Key research examining EF and health behaviors, stress processes, and chronic illness is reviewed with a focus on function (behavioral performance), as well as neuroanatomical research where relevant. Across these domains, there is evidence that EF is associated with health and illness in reciprocal, feed-forward fashion across the life span. Critical limitations of the current literature are noted, along with important future directions.
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Hollingsworth, Leslie, und Larry M. Gant. Theories of Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463311.003.0005.
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Abstract: This chapter describes how the University of Michigan School of Social Work’s Technical Assistance Center (UMSSW/TAC) developed its theory of change as a partner in the Skillman Foundation-funded Detroit Good Neighborhoods initiative. The definition of a theory of change accepted was of “a specification of what must be done to achieve the desired goals, what other important impacts may also be anticipated, and how these goals and impacts would be generated.” The chapter discusses the processes in the creation of iterations of Foundation and UMSSW/TAC theories of change. The chapter concludes with the benefits, limitations, issues, and challenges of aligning logic models with the varied expectations and goals of residents, funding foundations, and university partners.
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Baba, Nor Bahiyah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Mohd Najib Muhamed, Faizul Che Pa, Rabiatul Manisah Mohamed und Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir. ENGINEERING MATERIALS FOR TECHNOLOGISTS. 2024. Aufl. PENERBIT UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/bk2023.016.
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The book then delves into the specifics of ferrous metals, discussing their properties, classification, and various types of steel alloys. It explores the different heat treatment processes that can be employed to modify the properties of steel, such as annealing, quenching, and tempering. The emphasis is on understanding the microstructural changes that occur during heat treatment and their influence on mechanical properties like hardness, strength, and toughness. The subsequent chapters focus on non-ferrous metals, polymers, glass, and ceramic materials. Each of these material categories is discussed in terms of their properties, applications, and processing techniques. The book highlights the unique characteristics and advantages of each material type, as well as their limitations and considerations for engineering applications.
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Ivor, Roberts. Book II Diplomatic and Consular Relations, 7 Formal Aspects of Diplomatic Relations: Precedence among Heads of State and States, Selection, Agrément , Precedence among Heads of Mission, Chargés d’Affaires, Credentials, Full Powers for Heads of Mission. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0007.
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This chapter sets out the titles, precedence, and other formal aspects of diplomatic relations. It begins with a historical background on the order of precedence among sovereigns and Heads of State and the disputes that have arisen in key diplomatic incidents throughout the centuries. It then looks into the titles and precedence of heads of mission, before turning to the two orders of precedence within the United Nations itself—the precedence between delegates and officials and the precedence between member countries. The rest of the chapter is largely devoted to the formal processes governing the ambassadors and other heads of mission. It discusses the selection and appointment of the heads of mission and other diplomatic staff, the limitations of diplomatic missions, multiple accreditation, and so on.
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Kotzer, Katrina E., und Sarah E. Kerr. Molecular Technologies and Test Issues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604929.003.0005.
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Molecular genetic testing has been around since the discovery and offering of clinical testing for the first gene sequenced. However, in recent years the methods and scope of molecular genetic testing have evolved significantly to encompass next-generation sequencing, multigene panels, and whole exome and genome testing. With this evolution in molecular methods, the nomenclature and variant evaluation and annotation processes are crucial for the systematic and standard interpretation of molecular test results. This chapter will provide the laboratory genetic counselor with information about the common sample types analyzed by molecular techniques for the purposes of genetic testing and the various methodologies available and their limitations. Guidelines are given for the standard approach to molecular variant reporting with respect to nomenclature and variant classification.
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Stodder, Ann L. W. People. Herausgegeben von Barbara Mills und Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.44.
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This chapter describes the scope of bioarchaeology in the American Southwest, the strengths and limitations of the research, and challenges presented by the cultural resource management work setting and concern with the preferences of descendant communities regarding the treatment and study of human remains. The bioarchaeological record of childhood, gendered social and economic roles, variation in diet and health, biological distance, and the contexts of interpersonal and lethal violence provide unique insights into daily life in the past, as well as the larger social and political processes that drive cultural and biological history in this region. The rejection of systematic and fine-grained analysis of mortuary features is a notable irony given the interest in identity construction, ethnicity, and migration in Southwest archaeology.
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Luke, Douglas A., Alexandra B. Morshed, Virginia R. McKay und Todd B. Combs. Systems Science Methods in Dissemination and Implementation Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0010.
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As we have seen, numerous analysis and modeling tools that take into account the natural complexity of systems and dissemination and implementation processes are available, and the use of them is increasing over time. This chapter summarizes the characteristics, potential insights, and limitations of each modeling approach. It is important to note that modeling from a systems perspective, like all modeling approaches, requires assumptions about variables to include (or exclude), and hypothesized relationships dictate the quality of the model and the utility of the results. As such, using theory and empirical data to inform model design is paramount. Systems thinking and methods remain underutilized in dissemination and implementation despite demonstrations of the utility of incorporating systems thinking and methods into dissemination and implementation studies.
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Huntoon, Elizabeth. Geriatric Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0027.
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Advances in health care have provided improved longevity and daily functioning in many elderly individuals; however, the increase in longevity contributes to the complexity of caring for elderly pain patients. Many elderly pain patients are undertreated as a result of inadequate pain assessment, cognitive limitations, or physiologic processes. Therefore, it is imperative to have an awareness and understanding of how the aging process affects the body. The treatment of pain in the elderly includes a variety of pain medications that are commonly used in other age groups but must be approached with caution in older patients due to the differences caused by age-related physiologic changes as well as psychological and socioeconomic differences. The International Association for the Study of Pain has published a comprehensive review of issues related to pain in the elderly.
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Malina, Robert M. Assessment of biological maturation. Herausgegeben von Neil Armstrong und Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0001.
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The processes of growth and maturation occur concurrently and are related. Chapter 1 discusses indicators of growth status and rate followed by a description of methods for assessment of maturity status and timing. Status refers to the state of maturation at the time of observation. Skeletal age and stages of puberty indicate status. Timing refers to the chronological age at which specific maturational events occur. Ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and at menarche are used most often. Skeletal age is applicable from childhood through adolescence; other indicators of status and timing are limited to the interval of puberty and the growth spurt. Increasingly used non-invasive indicators of maturation include percentage of predicted adult height attained at the time of observation (status) and predicted maturity offset or time before age at PHV (timing). Both have limitations and require further validation.
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Roach, Rebecca. Authorship, Inscription, and ‘The Great American Interviewer’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825418.003.0003.
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This chapter begins in the late nineteenth century and argues that the interviewer becomes a powerful foil for realist writers in this era of celebrity. The new figure of the interviewer raised difficult questions around processes of inscription, both mechanical and aesthetic, provoking anxieties around boundaries between public and private, bodies and machines, and about the credibility and authority of information communication via these networks. Drawing on the writings of Henry James and William Dean Howells, amongst others, this chapter demonstrates that the interviewer becomes bound up with debates about the limitations of the realist project and also comes to represent the excesses of optical scrutiny to which the realist author does not succumb. For Henry James in particular, interviewing becomes a crucial site for him to reflect on the embodied nature of communication in general.
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Franz, Carleen, Lee Ascherman und Julia Shaftel. Intellectual Assessment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195383997.003.0009.
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Intellectual assessment includes the broad range of cognitive skills and processes as measured by major intelligence tests. Intelligence testing is an integral part of the assessment process; however, it is often misunderstood. A great deal of weight is assigned to the scores, and decisions are often made that are not justified by the results. It is important for the clinician to understand the nature of the process, the types and interpretations of the scores, and the limitations, to avoid common fallacies. Two of the predominant tests, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V and the Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities, are described. Some misconceptions about IQ are explained, and interpretation of intelligence test results is carefully spelled out for the clinician unfamiliar with these tools. The various scores derived from the results of intelligence tests are clarified.
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Schwarz, Peter E. H., und Patrick Timpel. National and international policy initiatives on multimorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0018.
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This chapter presents a reflection on different policy initiatives targeting multimorbidity. Owing to its global impact on public health, type 2 diabetes is used as an example in this context. Challenges on different levels are illustrated, and the implementation and limitations of scaling-up processes in integrated care initiatives as well as national policies on the prevention of chronic diseases are discussed. Questions on the responsibilities of society, government, and insurance companies to jointly tackle the epidemiologic challenges are addressed and general conclusions on the different approaches are drawn. One important issue significantly hampering the development, implementation, and scaling up of effective policies is the lack of sufficient long-term evaluations. To accomplish sustained improvements of the current public health situation, a strategic shift from individual to shared responsibilities of the different parties is needed. The chapter concludes with proposals for prevention policies and general recommendations for policy development.
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Kam, Julia W. Y., und Todd C. Handy. Electroencephalogram Recording in Humans. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0006.
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This chapter provides an elementary introduction to the theory and practical application of electroencephalogram (EEG) recording for the purpose of studying neurocognitive processes. It is aimed at readers who have had little or no experience in EEG data collection, and would like to gain a better understanding of scientific papers employing this methodology or start their own EEG experiment. We begin with a definition of EEG, and a summary of the strengths and limitations of EEG-based techniques. Following this is a description of the basic theory concerning the cellular mechanisms underlying EEG, as well as two types of data generated by EEG recording. We then present a brief summary of the equipment necessary for EEG data acquisition and important considerations for presentation software. Finally, we provide an overview of the protocol for data acquisition and processing, as well as methods for quantifying both EEG and event-related potentials data.
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Broyde, Michael J. The Rise of Religious Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190640286.003.0002.
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This chapter surveys the contemporary landscape of religious arbitration in the United States by exploring how different religious communities utilize arbitration, how these processes differ from each other, and where various faith-based dispute resolution models fall within the broader ADR spectrum. It explores developments in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic arbitration in America over the last several decades, and discusses what internal concerns and external stimuli have spurred these changes. As such, this chapter reflects on why American Catholics have not moved in the same direction as some other religious groups, which have been eager to embrace the use of religious arbitration as a means of enabling their adherents to resolve ordinary secular conflicts in accordance with religious norms and values. Finally, this chapter will discuss the historical limitations of utilizing religious arbitration in many faiths and how some have evolved to embrace the practice.
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Brigard, Felipe De. Memory and the Intentional Stance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0005.
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Despite Dennett’s vast scholarship, he seemed to only have directly addressed the topic of memory in a relatively unknown coauthored article published in a somewhat obscure volume. The current chapter attempts to reconstruct the ideas from this old article, and argues that it offers a viable and coherent view of episodic memory with substantial empirical support. Specifically, the chapter uncovers three empirically supported theses. A functional thesis, according to which our memory system not only processes information about past events but also uses this information to construct useful anticipations of possible future events. A computational thesis, according to which statistical regularities, along with individual limitations and goals, probabilistically constrain the search space examined during memory retrieval. And a metaphysical thesis, according to which memories do not exist as subpersonal-level brain structures encoding particular intentional contents but rather as personal-level psychological phenomena only accessible from the intentional stance.
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Scott, E. Hitchcock, und George E. Muñoz. Integrative Approaches to Healing. Herausgegeben von Shahla J. Modir und George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0029.
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Emotional balance and stability are important aspects of long-term abstinence from non-prescribed mood altering chemicals. Labiality (extreme mood swings) can contribute to relapse. This chapter challenges the traditional concept of healing, defined as a return to prior levels of functioning. Adverse childhood experiences, with their long-term contribution to adolescent and adult mood problems are noted. Interventions for adverse childhood experiences are recommended as part of the healing journey for emotional wellness. The limitations of traditional addiction treatment are discussed, as well as various possible detractors to good emotional health and sobriety. Interventions, processes, and various counseling theoretical practices are suggested for improving mood, emotional well-being, and sobriety. Ongoing assessment and monitoring of emotional well-being and relapse risk are critical. The quality of the relationship between the practitioner and patient is crucial in order to co-create a viable, individualized, holistic treatment plan.
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Gamberini, Andrea. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0001.
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The introduction gives a critical rereading of the historiographical debate regarding the processes of state building at the end of the Middle Ages, highlighting its limitations in the lack of interest shown in the ideal reasons for the political conflict. This then gives rise to the interpretative proposal that forms the basis of the present work, which aims to shed light on the many conflicts that, in relation to legitimacy of power, tore medieval society apart. With this in mind, the introduction focuses on an analysis of the sources that are potentially useful for the study of these particular aspects, on the risks underlying their use, and on the expected results. The last part discusses the structure of the work and justifies the decision to divide it into two, clearly divided parts, dedicated to the communal age on the one hand and the post-communal era on the other.
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Délano Alonso, Alexandra. Consular Protection and Solidarity across Borders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688578.003.0004.
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This chapter demonstrates how Latin American governments with large populations of migrants with precarious legal status in the United States are working together to promote policies focusing on their well-being and integration. It identifies the context in which these processes of policy diffusion and collaboration have taken place as well as their limitations. Notwithstanding the differences in capacities and motivations based on the domestic political and economic contexts, there is a convergence of practices and policies of diaspora engagement among Latin American countries driven by the common challenges faced by their migrant populations in the United States and by the Latino population more generally. These policies, framed as an issue of rights protection and the promotion of migrants’ well-being, are presented as a form of regional solidarity and unity, and are also mobilized by the Mexican government as a political instrument serving its foreign policy goals.
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Nogalski, James D. Redaction Criticism and the Prophets. Herausgegeben von Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.16.
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This chapter describes the current state of redactional discussions as practiced on the four scrolls of the Latter Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve). It begins by describing the changes in understanding the nature and importance of redactional work on the prophets from the beginning of the twentieth century until today, including the rise of redaction history and the interplay between redactional studies and text criticism. Methodological issues take center stage in the second section, where key concepts of prophetic redactional treatments are defined and illustrated in order to chart the processes of composition, compilation, and shaping of the scrolls. Key concepts include individual compositions, actualizations, small collections, source blocks, the idea of a rolling corpus, scribal awareness of readers, and editorial thematic threads. Limitations of the method are also mentioned. Finally, the chapter concludes with summaries of major redactional models for each of the four scrolls.
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Birks, Daniel. Computer Simulations. Herausgegeben von Gerben J. N. Bruinsma und Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.36.
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In recent years, the field of social simulation has been dominated by the individual, or agent-based, computational model (ABM). ABMs provide unique means to explore complex social systems by allowing researchers to construct explicit models of the individual actors and interactions that make them up - people, peer groups, companies, nations, trade, reproduction, victimization, and so on, This chapter aims to provide the reader with a primer in the social simulation method and in particular the application of ABM in the field of environmental criminology. It begins by discussing the rationale behind the ABM approach. Subsequently, drawing on two illustrative simulations, it summarizes fundamental processes involved in designing, constructing, verifying, calibrating, validating, and utilizing ABM. It concludes by discussing some of the overarching strengths and limitations of the approach, and by discussing several areas of research that might aid in furthering the use of ABM within the field of environmental criminology.