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Kanz, Olga, Angèle Reinders, Johanna May und Kaining Ding. „Environmental Impacts of Integrated Photovoltaic Modules in Light Utility Electric Vehicles“. Energies 13, Nr. 19 (01.10.2020): 5120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195120.
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This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) solar modules which have been integrated into electric vehicle applications, also called vehicle integrated photovoltaics (VIPV). The LCA was executed by means of GaBi LCA software with Ecoinvent v2.2 as a background database, with a focus on the global warming potential (GWP). A light utility electric vehicle (LUV) named StreetScooter Work L, with a PV array of 930 Wp, was analyzed for the location of Cologne, Germany. An operation time of 8 years and an average shadowing factor of 30% were assumed. The functional unit of this LCA is 1 kWh of generated PV electricity on-board, for which an emission factor of 0.357 kg CO2-eq/kWh was calculated, whereas the average grid emissions would be 0.435 kg CO2-eq/kWh. Hence, charging by PV power hence causes lower emissions than charging an EV by the grid. The study further shows how changes in the shadowing factor, operation time, and other aspects affect vehicle’s emissions. The ecological benefit of charging by PV modules as compared to grid charging is negated when the shadowing factor exceeds 40% and hence exceeds emissions of 0.435 kg CO2-eq/kWh. However, if the operation time of a vehicle with integrated PV is prolonged to 12 years, emissions of the functional unit go down to 0.221 kg CO2-eq/kWh. It is relevant to point out that the outcomes of the LCA study strongly depend on the location of use of the vehicle, the annual irradiation, and the carbon footprint of the grid on that location.
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Wang, Xiaokun, und Kara M. Kockelman. „Use of Heteroscedastic Ordered Logit Model to Study Severity of Occupant Injury“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1908, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190800124.
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A heteroscedastic ordered logit model was used to study the effects of various vehicle, environmental, roadway, and occupant characteristics on the severity of injuries sustained by vehicle occupants, conditional on the crash occurrence. As expected, the models found that heavier vehicles increased both a vehicle's crashworthiness and driver aggressiveness toward others. The models also found that if all passenger vehicles were to become 1,000 lb heavier, crash injury outcomes would not change dramatically. However, if all passenger cars were to become light-duty trucks (i.e., minivans, pickups, and sport utility vehicles) of the same weight, incapacitating injuries and fatalities were predicted to rise by 26% and 64%, respectively. Beyond weight and vehicle type, many other factors were controlled for as well. For example, older occupants and female occupants were more likely to experience injury and death, particularly when navigating curved roadway sections with higher speed limits.
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Chkaiban, Rami, Elie Y. Hajj, Muluneh Sime, Gary Bailey und Peter E. Sebaaly. „Asymmetric Logistic Model for Estimation of Mileage-Related Vehicle Depreciation Function of Roadway Characteristics“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, Nr. 12 (22.10.2020): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120953162.
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This paper describes an approach for the development of prediction models for the estimation of mileage-related vehicle depreciation that can be used in the estimation of the benefits derived from transportation network improvements. The approach takes advantage of published online data for vehicle valuations. A new asymmetric logistic prediction model for total vehicle depreciation, including initial and mileage-related depreciations, is proposed and fitted to collected valuations data. The added benefit of this prediction model is that it takes into consideration both vehicle age (i.e., years since manufacture) and vehicle usage (i.e., miles of travel). Six small light-duty vehicles (SLDVs), five large light-duty vehicles (LLDVs), three two-axle trucks, one single-unit truck, and two combination trucks were considered in this study. Vehicle fuel sources included gasoline, diesel, gasoline-ethanol blend of up to 85% ethanol (E85), and hybrid-electric, resulting in 26 combinations of vehicle type and fuel source. Additionally, the developed models were adjusted to account for the effects of average speed of vehicle and roadway characteristics (e.g., grade, curvature) on vehicle depreciation. The practicality of the developed models for large sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and midsize cars was illustrated using select examples highlighting the models’ sensitivity to vehicle average speed and roadway characteristics.
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Maria Kockelman, Kara. „To LDT or Not to LDT: Assessment of Principal Impacts of Light-Duty Trucks“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1738, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1738-01.
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Light-duty truck classification allows manufacturers and owners to avoid a host of passenger-car regulations, including gas-guzzler taxes, safety standards, and more stringent emissions and fuel-economy standards. The distinct policies that govern light-duty trucks and passenger cars are described; the emissions, safety, and fuel economy differences that have resulted are evaluated; and the household use differences across such vehicles are investigated. The result is that when the average new pickup truck or sport-utility vehicle is compared with a passenger car, there appears to be an implicit subsidy of roughly $4,400 favoring the light-duty truck. When minivans are compared with passenger cars, this subsidy is estimated to be around $2,800. With more equitable vehicle regulations, it is likely that prices would more accurately reflect the true cost differences resulting from the use of these vehicles, causing light-duty trucks to lose some of their popularity or clean up their act.
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Khattak, Asad J., und Marta Rocha. „Are SUVs “Supremely Unsafe Vehicles”?: Analysis of Rollovers and Injuries with Sport Utility Vehicles“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1840, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1840-19.
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With increasing speed limits and more light trucks penetrating the market, concern over their rollover risk is growing. In particular, the general public and automobile manufacturers would like to know if the increasingly popular sport utility vehicles (SUVs) are indeed safer than other vehicle platforms. The influences of various vehicle platforms on rollovers and driver injuries were investigated. Specifically, ( a) the rollover intensities of SUVs vis-à-vis those of other vehicle types in single-vehicle crashes and ( b) the severity of the resulting driver injury were explored. Data from a good-quality federally maintained database were used for crash analysis. The database contains a relatively clean stratified sample of police-reported tow-away crashes nationwide, and it contains detailed information about vehicle rollovers. Rollover intensity, captured by the number of quarter turns, was investigated by using weighted negative binomial models; injury severity, measured on the abbreviated injury scale, was examined by using weighted ordered logit models. New insights emerged about the factors that increase rollover intensity and injury severity. As expected, SUVs are more likely to roll over and therefore injure their occupant drivers more severely. However, SUVs also protect their drivers during collisions because of their greater crashworthiness. In fact, the SUV crashworthiness effect exceeds the rollover effect, on average. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Abdel-Aty, Mohamed A., und Hassan T. Abdelwahab. „Configuration Analysis of Two-Vehicle Rear-End Crashes“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1840, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1840-16.
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Light truck vehicles (LTVs), including light-duty trucks, vans, minivans, and sport-utility vehicles, are generally larger than common passenger cars and are able to take on additional tasks. LTVs usually ride higher than other common passenger cars, which likely affects the visibility of passenger car drivers. The role of LTVs in rear-end crashes was investigated. The use of statistical models of unordered multiple categories was attempted, including multinomial logit (MNL), heteroscedastic extreme value (HEV), and bivariate probit (BVP) models. Four different rear-end crash configurations (lead and following vehicles) were defined on the basis of the type of the two vehicles involved (LTV or regular passenger car). General Estimates System (GES 2000) traffic crash data were used to calibrate the three suggested models (the MNL, HEV, and BVP models). Modeling results showed that there are sight distance and discomfort problems when a driver in a regular passenger car is driving behind an LTV. The probability of a rear-end crash involving a regular passenger car striking an LTV increases when the driver of the following vehicle is distracted. The analysis also illustrates that the probability of a regular car striking an LTV increases when the driver of the following vehicle has an obscured view.
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Lutsey, Nicholas, und Daniel Sperling. „Energy Efficiency, Fuel Economy, and Policy Implications“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1941, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194100102.
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In the past 20 years, the acceleration performance of light-duty vehicles in the United States has improved substantially while vehicles have gotten larger and heavier. Over the same period, fuel economy, measured as miles per gallon, has not improved. These data suggest that technological innovation in vehicles is not lagging but is not being used to improve vehicle fuel economy. This paper quantifies vehicle efficiency improvements in U.S. light-duty vehicles since 1975 as they relate to fuel consumption. Energy efficiency improvements have been strongly positive and relatively constant since 1975. The rapid rise in fuel economy in the late 1970s was due to a mix of efficiency improvements and downgrading of utility in the form of reduced size, power, and elimination of accessories and amenities (such as air conditioning). In contrast, since the mid-1980s, fuel economy has remained constant while the benefits of technological innovation were used to satisfy private desires (more power, size, and amenities), instead of the public interest (reduced greenhouse gas emissions and oil imports). An important policy question is how and to what extent future efficiency innovations might be directed to the public interest.
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Srinivasa Raghavan, Seshadri, und Gil Tal. „Influence of User Preferences on the Revealed Utility Factor of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles“. World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, Nr. 1 (22.12.2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11010006.
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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are an effective intermediate vehicle technology option in the long-term transition pathway towards light-duty vehicle electrification. Their net environmental impact is evaluated using the performance metric Utility Factor (UF), which quantifies the fraction of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on electricity. There are concerns about the gap between Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sticker label and real-world UF due to the inability of test cycles to represent actual driving conditions and assumptions about their driving and charging differing from their actual usage patterns. Using multi-year longitudinal data from 153 PHEVs (11–53 miles all-electric range) in California, this paper systematically evaluates how observed driving and charging, energy consumption, and UF differs from sticker label expectations. Principal Components Analysis and regression model results indicated that UF of short-range PHEVs (less than 20-mile range) was lower than label expectations mainly due to higher annual VMT and high-speed driving. Long-distance travel and high-speed driving were the major reasons for the lower UF of longer-range PHEVs (at least 35-mile range) compared to label values. Enhancing charging infrastructure access at both home and away locations, and increasing the frequency of home charging, improves the UF of short-range and longer-range PHEVs respectively.
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Jayasuriya, Rohan. „Trends in the Epidemiology of Injuries Due to Road Traffic Accidents in Papua New Guinea“. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959100500110.
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The trends of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) in PNG illustrate a rapidly growing problem for developing countries. In this paper data of a time series for twenty years are analyzed to ascertain the trends in main indicators and injury rates. The relationship of injuries to road users and type of vehicle highlights the problems of passengers of utility vehicles and buses. An emerging problem of RTA due to use of light coaches for passenger transport is highlighted. The need for behavioral interventions and tighter regulations is argued.
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Reddy, M. Dheeraj. „Bridge Carrying Robot Using ZigBee Carrying Multiple Sensor“. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 41 (November 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.41.1.
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MULTI-UTILITY VEHICLE is a vehicle which carries a folding bridge and multiple sensors. This vehicle is mainly used in war-field, it helps the soldiers to cross The un-even areas with the help of the bridge. It also helps other heavy vehicles to cross the disturbed path using its bridge. It is also equipped with multiple sensors like the fire detector, gas detector, light detector. This helps the soldiers to identify the different types of threats bearing poisonous gases, increase in temperature etc. from a longer distance. Those threats can be recognized by the soldiers with the help of buzzers equipped in the detector. As it is a remote vehicle which works on the wireless transmission of ZigBee, the light detector in the vehicle is used to automatically switch on the main lights when the visibility level starts decreasing due to sunlight. This project is already implemented in European countries during the First World War. It is an upcoming technology in our country. For solving the problem of the cooperation between multi-robots, a communication system based on the ZigBee network was designed. In the hardware of the robots, the ZigBee nodes are introduced. The multi-robots form a star network by the ZigBee nodes, and they keep communication with each other by the central node. The ZigBee network has many characteristics such as low cost, low power consume, strong anti-jamming ability and real-time performance etc, it adapts to the application of intelligence. Experiments showed that the communication between the robots is reliable. This scheme is a good way for robots to complete complex task and improve working efficiency.
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Gasbaoui, Brahim, Chaker Abdelkader und Laoufi Adellah. „Multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic controller for utility electric vehicle“. Archives of Electrical Engineering 60, Nr. 3 (01.09.2011): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10171-011-0023-6.
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Multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic controller for utility electric vehicle Currently commercialization of electric vehicle (EV) is based to minimize the time of starting and acceleration. To undergo this problem multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic controller (MIMO-FLC) affect on propelled traction system forming MMS process was proposed. This paper introduces a MIMO-FLC applied on speeds of electric vehicle, the electric drive consists of two directing wheels and two rear propulsion wheels equipped with two light weight induction motors. The EV is powered by two motors of 37 kilowatts each one, delivering a 476 Nm total torque. Its high torque (476Nm) is instantly available to ensure responsive acceleration performance in built-up areas. Acceleration and steering are ensured by an electronic differential system which maintains robust control for all cases of vehicle behavior on the road. It also allows controlling independently every driving wheel to turn at different speeds in any curve. Direct torque control based on space vector modulation (DTC-SVM) is proposed to achieve the tow rear driving wheel control. The MIMO-FLC control technique is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK environment. The simulation results have proved that the MIMO-FLC method decreases the transient oscillations and assure efficiency comportment in all type of road constraints, straight, slope, descent and curved road compared to the single input single output fuzzy controller (SISO-FLC).
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Grujicic, M., R. Yavari, JS Snipes und S. Ramaswami. „Use of aluminum foam core sandwich structures to improve the blast-mitigation performance of light tactical vehicle side-vent-channel solution“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 232, Nr. 12 (06.07.2016): 993–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716659094.
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In our recent work, a side-vent-channel blast-mitigation concept/solution for light tactical vehicles was proposed. As a part of this solution, side-vent channels are attached to the V-shaped vehicle underbody, in order to promote venting of the soil ejecta and gaseous detonation products and, in turn, generate a downward thrust on the targeted light tactical vehicle. As a consequence, the blast loads resulting from a shallow-buried mine detonated underneath a light tactical vehicle are mitigated, improving the probability for vehicle survival. The concept was motivated by the principles of operation of the so-called “pulse detonation” rocket engines. To quantify the utility and blast-mitigation capacity of this concept, use was made of several computational and design optimization methods and tools in our prior work. It was found that the capacity of the proposed blast-mitigation solution is relatively small, but still noteworthy. The present work focuses on further improvements in the blast-mitigation capacity of the side-vent-channel solution. Specifically, the benefits offered by substitution of the all-steel side-vent channels with side-vent channels made of sandwich structures (consisting of steel face-sheets and aluminum foam core) for all-steel side-vent channels are explored. The results obtained clearly demonstrated that this substitution can improve the blast-mitigation efficiency of the side-vent-channel solution. In addition, through the use of a design optimization analysis, it was established that this improvement can be further increased through proper grading of the aluminum foam density profile through the sandwich structure core.
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Irannezhad, Elnaz, Carlo G. Prato, Mark Hickman und Afshin Shariat Mohaymany. „Copula-Based Joint Discrete–Continuous Model of Road Vehicle Type and Shipment Size“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2610, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2610-10.
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A major issue in freight modeling is the interrelationship between logistics choices that can be seen as a learning process that shippers or carriers undertake to optimize their logistics process, with the aim of minimizing their cost, maximizing their level of service, or both. This study looked at the interrelated decisions of vehicle type choice and shipment size in urban freight transportation by formulating a model that considered ( a) the nature of these two dependent variables via a joint discrete–continuous model, ( b) the correlation between the two decisions via a copula-based approach, ( c) the differences in decision making between carriers and shippers via the estimation of two models, and ( d) the relaxation of the assumption of pure utility maximization via a hybrid utility–regret specification. Results show differences between shippers’ and carriers’ preferences. These differences were logical because many urban shippers owned an efficient fleet of commercial vehicles, whereas carriers evaluated alternatives to maximize their aggregated utility and minimize their direct costs. Results also show the importance of considering jointly the two decisions as well as the relevance of using a hybrid utility–regret formulation for the cost. Practical findings emerge from the model: ( a) when faced with night delivery and intercity trips, carriers were more likely to use heavier vehicles and more voluminous shipments, whereas smaller shipments were preferred during the afternoon peak hour; ( b) urban shippers tended to deliver larger shipments during night by light trucks but preferred trailers for longer distances; and ( c) commodity types played a role in these joint decisions because some commodities were more likely to be transported by for-hire carriers and others were more likely to be transported by shippers.
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Yadav, Vishal, Prashant Chandra Pujari und Naveen Kumar. „Modification of 4-Stroke S.I. Engine to a Compressed Air Engine for a Light Utility Vehicle“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 804 (17.06.2020): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/804/1/012006.
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Carlson, Paul J., und Gene Hawkins. „Legibility of Overhead Guide Signs with Encapsulated Versus Microprismatic Retroreflective Sheeting“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1844, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1844-08.
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A study was conducted to determine the legibility impacts of freeway guide signs when encapsulated retroreflective sheeting is replaced with microprismatic retroreflective sheeting. The study included freeway guide signs mounted in an overhead position and exclusively illuminated with vehicle headlamps. A total of 60 subjects divided into three age groups participated in this nighttime study. All 60 subjects drove two vehicles, a modern sport utility vehicle (SUV) and a late-model passenger car. The findings show that microprismatic sheeting does provide statistically longer legibility distances than encapsulated sheeting. Overall, the improvement was 53 ft, or 9.5%. However, for the modern SUV, the improvement was much greater (78 ft) compared with the late-model passenger car (28 ft). The main differences are related to the evolution of vehicle design and specifications. Today’s United States citizens prefer large vehicles such as an SUV, pickup, and minivan. These vehicles also meet recently revised headlamp specifications. These two issues inherently reduce the amount of headlamp light retroreflected from the sign back to the driver. Unfortunately, these counterproductive trends show signs of continuing. Considering the increasing proportion of older drivers in the United States, it becomes even more critical that transportation agencies do all they can to increase overhead-sign luminance. The findings show that increasing overhead-sign luminance by switching from encapsulated retroreflective sheeting to microprismatic retro-reflective sheeting results in significantly longer legibility distances. The magnitude of the difference will continue to increase as long as the SUV-like proportion of the U.S. fleet continues to grow and headlamp specifications continue to direct less light toward overhead signs.
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Reid, John D., Dean L. Sicking, Ronald K. Faller und Brian G. Pfeifer. „Development of a New Guardrail System“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1599, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1599-09.
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The W-beam guardrail system has been the standard in the United States since the late 1950s and has proved to perform reasonably well under most impact conditions. However, in recent years the vehicle fleet has changed to include a relatively large percentage of light trucks, such as pickups, vans, and sport-utility vehicles. These vehicles have a higher center of mass and bumper mounting height than conventional automobiles and have been shown to have higher rollover and injury rates during guardrail accidents than conventional automobiles. Standard W-beam guardrails were not designed to capture the bumper of many of these vehicles. In recognition of the potential safety problems associated with light-truck accidents, safety performance standards were recently changed with the publication of NCHRP Report 350, Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features. These performance standards require all new safety hardware to be tested with a full-size three-quarter-ton pickup to ensure acceptable performance for most vehicles in the light-truck category. In recognition of this, a guardrail system capable of capturing and redirecting a larger range of vehicle types and sizes was developed. A new guardrail system, called the Buffalo Rail, was designed with a new cross-sectional shape with an effective depth of 311 mm (compared to 194 mm for the W-beam), a rail thickness of 13 gauge, and a post spacing of 2500 mm. The safety performance of the Buffalo Rail was found to be acceptable according to the procedures and criteria recommended for the three-quarter-ton pickup truck at Test Level 3 in NCHRP Report 350.
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Mak, King K., und Roger P. Bligh. „Assessment of NCHRP Report 350 Test Vehicles“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1797, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1797-04.
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The appropriateness of test vehicles specified in NCHRP Report 350 was assessed, including ( a) whether the 2000-kg, three-quarter-ton pickup truck should continue to be used as a test vehicle, and if not, what replacement vehicle would be appropriate; ( b) whether the 820-kg passenger car should continue to be used as a test vehicle, and if not, what replacement vehicle would be appropriate; and ( c) whether another test vehicle should be added to the matrix—for example, an intermediate-sized passenger car. From the analysis, the following conclusions and recommendations were drawn: ( a) The three-quarter-ton pickup truck appears to be a good surrogate for the light truck subclasses. The recommendation is to keep the 2000-kg, three-quarter-ton pickup truck as one of the design test vehicles in the update of the guidelines for NCHRP Report 350. ( b) A potential problem is the availability of three-quarter-ton pickup trucks with standard cabs. An alternative design test vehicle may be an intermediate-sized sport utility vehicle, ( c) The availability of the 820-kg passenger car design test vehicle will be a problem within the next few years. The recommendation is to keep the current test vehicle as long as it is still readily available, or until the NCHRP Report 350 guidelines are updated, and to increase the curb weight to a level consistent with the curb weights of the two smallest passenger cars with reasonably high sales volume. ( d) The addition of a third design vehicle—for example, a 1500-kg intermediate-sized passenger car—to ensure that a roadside feature performs satisfactorily across the entire vehicle spectrum is highly desirable but cost-prohibitive. The addition of an intermediate-sized design test vehicle is therefore not recommended except in situations in which there is a perceived concern that the device may not function properly when impacted by an intermediate-sized vehicle.
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Andrzejewski, Maciej, und Mateusz Nowak. „The influence of the driving style according to the principles of eco-driving on the emission of toxic substances from a light utility vehicle“. AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 24, Nr. 6 (30.06.2019): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2019.121.
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The article presents the results of measurements of exhaust emissions of commercial vehicle in real traffic conditions. The aim of this study was to determine how the driving style affects on the exhaust emissions from vehicle engine. The determinants were the measurements of the concentration of main toxic substances emitted to the atmosphere from the power unit of the tested vehicle. In the measurements a portable exhaust emission analyzer was used (PEMS type).
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Platt, S. M., I. El Haddad, A. A. Zardini, M. Clairotte, C. Astorga, R. Wolf, J. G. Slowik et al. „Secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline vehicle emissions in a new mobile environmental reaction chamber“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, Nr. 10 (26.10.2012): 28343–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-28343-2012.
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Abstract. We present a new mobile environmental reaction chamber for the simulation of the atmospheric aging of aerosols from different emissions sources without limitation from the instruments or facilities available at any single site. The chamber can be mounted on a trailer for transport to host facilities or for mobile measurements. Photochemistry is simulated using a set of 40 UV lights (total power 4 KW). Characterisation of the emission spectrum of these lights shows that atmospheric photochemistry can be accurately simulated over a range of temperatures from −7–25 °C. A photolysis rate of NO2, JNO2, of (8.0 ± 0.7) × 10−3 molecules cm−3 s−1 was determined at 25 °C. Further, we present the first application of the mobile chamber and demonstrate its utility by quantifying primary organic aerosol (POA) emission and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production from a Euro 5 light duty gasoline vehicle. Exhaust emissions were sampled during the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), the standard driving cycle for European regulatory purposes, and injected into the chamber. The relative concentrations of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and total hydrocarbon (THC) during the aging of emissions inside the chamber were controlled using an injection system developed as a part of the new mobile chamber set up. Total OA (POA + SOA) emission factors of (370 ± 18) × 10−3 g kg−1 fuel, or (14.6 ± 0.8) × 10−3 g km−1, after aging, were calculated from concentrations measured inside the smog chamber during two experiments. The average SOA/POA ratio for the two experiments was 15.1, a much larger increase than has previously been seen for diesel vehicles, where smog chamber studies have found SOA/POA ratios of 1.3–1.7. Due to this SOA formation, carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) emissions from a gasoline vehicle may approach those of a diesel vehicle of the same class. Furthermore, with the advent of emission controls requiring the use of diesel particle filters, gasoline vehicle emissions could become a far larger source of ambient PM than diesel vehicles. Therefore this large increase in the PM mass of gasoline vehicle aerosol emissions due to SOA formation has significant implications for our understanding of the contribution of on-road vehicles to ambient aerosols and merits further study.
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Grujicic, Mica, Ramin Yavari, S. Ramaswami und Jennifer Snipes. „Side-vent-channels solution for improved buried-mine-blast survivability of a light-tactical-vehicle“. International Journal of Structural Integrity 8, Nr. 1 (06.02.2017): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-10-2015-0044.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to carry out a design-optimization analysis of the recently proposed side-vent-channel concept/solution for mitigation of the blast loads resulting from a shallow-buried mine detonated underneath a light tactical vehicle. Within this concept/solution, side-vent-channels attached to the V-shaped vehicle underbody are used to promote venting of ejected soil and supersonically expanding gaseous detonation products. This effect generates a downward thrust on the targeted vehicle, helping the vehicle survive mine-detonation-induced impulse loading. Design/methodology/approach The utility and the blast-mitigation capacity of this concept are investigated computationally using coupled finite-element/discrete-particle computational methods and tools. To maximize the blast-mitigation capacity of the solution (as defined by a tradeoff between the maximum reductions in the detonation-induced total momentum transferred to, and the acceleration acquired by, the target vehicle), the geometry and size of the side-vent-channel solution are optimized. Findings It is found that by optimizing the shape and size of the side-vent-channels, their ability to mitigate blast can be improved, but the overall blast-mitigation potential of the side-vent-channel solution remains relatively modest. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, the present work is the first attempt to combine the finite-element/discrete-particle analysis with optimization in order to refine the side-vent-channel blast-mitigation concept.
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Khan, Muhammad Sohail, Abdul Qadeem, Faiz Ali, Bushra Naeem, Bilal Shabbir, Raza Ali und Muhammad Ali Shoaib. „Movement Aware Smart Street-lights for Efficient Energy Utilisation“. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: A. Physical and Computational Sciences 58, Nr. 1 (03.09.2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-1)691.
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Now a days, energy is an essential resource as the number of energy resources are sinking day by day. Movement Aware Smart Street light is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch and replaces the manual system. It instantly switches the lights ON when the sunlight goes below the visible region. As energy is the scarcest source, this requires finding innovative ways to use it efficiently. Big cities consume a large amount of electricity and it is required to save energy by operating the street-lights at the time of need. In this paper, an effective method of street-light operation is presented which detects the sun set and sun rise alongside detection of vehicle movement on roads to utilise the energy only when it is required. Furthermore, a system is proposed which reduces energy consumption by replacing manually operated street-lights as they are not switched OFF even the sunlight appears and also switched ON earlier before sunset. The proposed mehtod has saved the municipal utility budget by 35% - 45% through energy saving. This paper also discussed the elimination of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting and clearly demonstrates the working of transistor in saturation region and cut-off region.
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Unal, Alper, Nagui M. Rouphail und H. Christopher Frey. „Effect of Arterial Signalization and Level of Service on Measured Vehicle Emissions“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1842, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1842-06.
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The effect of arterial traffic signal timing and coordination on vehicle emissions is studied. Traffic signal timing improvement is one of the most common practices for congestion management in the United States. Although the benefits of improved signal timing for reduced fuel consumption are well documented, its effectiveness as a transportation control measure for emissions has not been clearly investigated. An empirical approach based on real-world, on-road vehicle emissions measurements was used. A total of 824 one-way runs representing 100 h and 2,020 vehicle miles of travel were conducted involving four drivers and eight gasoline-fueled light-duty vehicles on two signalized arterials in Cary, North Carolina: Walnut Street and Chapel Hill Road. Modal analyses of the data indicate that emissions rates were highest during acceleration and tend to decrease (in descending order) for cruise, deceleration, and idle. A modal approach is used to quantify the effect of arterial traffic signal timing and coordination on emissions. A key result is that signal coordination on Walnut Street yielded measurable improvements in arterial level of service and emissions reduction. For Chapel Hill Road, emissions were substantially lower under uncongested conditions [level of service (LOS) A/B] than under congested conditions (LOS D/E) for travel in the same direction at different times of day. Findings confirm the utility of signal coordination and congestion management as effective tools for controlling emissions.
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Grujicic, M., R. Yavari, J. S. Snipes und S. Ramaswami. „Design optimization of a mine-blast-venting solution for protection of light-tactical-vehicle subjected to shallow-buried underbody mine detonation“. Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 12, Nr. 1 (13.06.2016): 2–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-11-2014-0058.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is computer-aided engineering analysis of the recently proposed side-vent-channel concept for mitigation of the blast-loads resulting from a shallow-buried mine detonated underneath a light tactical vehicle. The concept involves the use of side-vent-channels attached to the V-shaped vehicle underbody, and was motivated by the concepts and principles of operation of the so-called “pulse detonation” rocket engines. By proper shaping of the V-hull and side-vent-channels, venting of supersonically expanding gaseous detonation products is promoted in order to generate a downward thrust on the targeted vehicle. Design/methodology/approach – The utility and the blast-mitigation capacity of this concept were examined in the prior work using computational methods and tools which suffered from some deficiencies related to the proper representation of the mine, soil, and vehicle materials, as well as air/gaseous detonation products. In the present work, an attempt is made to remove some of these deficiencies, and to carry out a bi-objective engineering-optimization analysis of the V-hull and side-vent-channel shape and size for maximum reduction of the momentum transferred to and the maximum acceleration acquired by the targeted vehicle. Findings – Due to the conflicting nature of the two objectives, a set of the Pareto designs was identified, which provide the optimal levels of the trade-off between the two objectives. Originality/value – To the authors’ knowledge, the present work is the first public-domain report of the side-vent-channel blast-mitigation concept.
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Qi, Wei Wei, Yu Long Pei und Mo Song. „Modeling for Driver Decision-Making Behavior during Amber Signal Time at Intersection“. Advanced Engineering Forum 5 (Juli 2012): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.5.118.
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The current traffic lights are composed of red, amber, and green, and it is controversial that the drivers’ behavior choices and the content of the relevant laws & regulations during the amber timing. From the current situation with the signal intersection, the amber light time and the red clearance aren’t differentiate, usually the amber light time acts as red clearance. It will not improve the traffic operating efficiency of the intersection, but bring more traffic conflicts, if the role of the amber light time returns to academic research, which the amber is a warning signal. The paper analyzes the process that the drivers choose stopping by slowing down or passing by maintaining the speed during amber time from the vehicle dynamic characteristics. And then, the generalized amber interval dilemma is defined to establish the mixed-strategy game theory model, which reveals the utility of the driver and signal manager in the amber interval, and the algorithm of Nash Equilibrium point is also research focus. According to Nash Equilibrium, the optimal solution of the game theory model is (acceleration, amber setting) or (deceleration, amber canceling).
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Madueño, Kecorius, Birmili, Müller, Simpas, Vallar, Galvez, Cayetano und Wiedensohler. „Aerosol Particle and Black Carbon Emission Factors of Vehicular Fleet in Manila, Philippines“. Atmosphere 10, Nr. 10 (04.10.2019): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100603.
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Poor air quality has been identified as one of the main risks to human health, especially in developing regions, where the information on physical chemical properties of air pollutants is lacking. To bridge this gap, we conducted an intensive measurement campaign in Manila, Philippines to determine the emission factors (EFs) of particle number (PN) and equivalent black carbon (BC). The focus was on public utility jeepneys (PUJ), equipped with old technology diesel engines, widely used for public transportation. The EFs were determined by aerosol physical measurements, fleet information, and modeled dilution using the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). The results show that average vehicle EFs of PN and BC in Manila is up to two orders of magnitude higher than European emission standards. Furthermore, a PUJ emits up to seven times more than a light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and contribute to more than 60% of BC emission in Manila. Unfortunately, traffic restrictions for heavy-duty vehicles do not apply to PUJs. The results presented in this work provide a framework to help support targeted traffic interventions to improve urban air quality not only in Manila, but also in other countries with a similar fleet composed of old-technology vehicles.
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Walters, Brett, und Michael J. Barnes. „Manpower, Skill and Fatigue Analysis of Future Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Environments“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, Nr. 23 (September 2002): 1905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602308.
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Recent military operations conducted by the U.S. have brought to light several human factors challenges in regard to the control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The purpose of this research was to examine the crew environment and soldier performance issues related to future UAV systems. Multiple studies were conducted using a variety of human engineering tools to address UAV crew issues related to: 1) the utility of having rated aviators as crewmembers, 2) supplementing current crews with imagery and intelligence specialists, 3) the use of automation to improve systems efficiency, and 4) the effects of crew size, rotation schedule, and fatigue on crewmember performance. No evidence was found to support a requirement for rated aviators in future Army missions. However, the use of cognitively oriented embedded training simulators was suggested to aid novices in developing the cognitive skills exhibited by experts. The effectiveness of adding imagery specialists to crews is discussed, as well as specific recommendations related to automation and crew size derived from simulation modeling.
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Dey, A. K., JVR Nickey und Y. Sun. „Renewable-integrated Traffic Energy“. MATEC Web of Conferences 220 (2018): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822005005.
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This work is a development of an indigenous technology combined Flap-motor power generator (FMPG) and PV system that harnesses the free renewable energies in rural area to generate electricity. FMPG and solar renewable energy power technologies are affordable, clean and sustainable and can replace or supplement power generator for road traffic signal light. Combined energy systems integrate these renewable energy technologies with flap base car passing power generators, PV and batteries to provide road signal power in remote areas not connected to a utility grid. Such an isolated grid will help to supply electricity for traffic signal to avoid road accident and maximum vehicle efficiency at intersections. This power generation device will provide constant power supply while no sunlight for long days. At the same time technology will represent instance power supply for rural area traffic light electrification system without grid connection.
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Koukolík, Petr, Jan L. Vítek, Robert Brož, Robert Coufal, Milan Kalný, Jan Komanec und Vaclav Kvasnička. „Construction of the First Footbridge Made of UHPC in the Czech Republic“. Advanced Materials Research 1106 (Juni 2015): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1106.8.
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Footbridge over the Labe River in Celakovice is a cable stayed structure with the main span 156 m long. It is designed for pedestrians, cyclists and also a light utility vehicle may pass over the footbridge. Until now, the footbridge has a record span of the cable stayed structure in the Czech Republic. The ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) was first applied for the load carrying structure on the footbridge at the Czech Republic. The pylons are made of steel and the stays are made of locked coil strands. Since no obligatory codes were available for the design of structures made of UHPC, the extensive experimental verification of material parameters and structural elements was necessary.
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Bullough, John D., und Mark S. Rea. „Impacts of Fog Characteristics, Forward Illumination, and Warning Beacon Intensity Distribution on Roadway Hazard Visibility“. Scientific World Journal 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4687816.
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Warning beacons are critical for the safety of transportation, construction, and utility workers. These devices need to produce sufficient luminous intensity to be visible without creating glare to drivers. Published standards for the photometric performance of warning beacons do not address their performance in conditions of reduced visibility such as fog. Under such conditions light emitted in directions other than toward approaching drivers can create scattered light that makes workers and other hazards less visible. Simulations of visibility of hazards under varying conditions of fog density, forward vehicle lighting, warning beacon luminous intensity, and intensity distribution were performed to assess their impacts on visual performance by drivers. Each of these factors can influence the ability of drivers to detect and identify workers and hazards along the roadway in work zones. Based on the results, it would be reasonable to specify maximum limits on the luminous intensity of warning beacons in directions that are unlikely to be seen by drivers along the roadway, limits which are not included in published performance specifications.
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Zhang, Yang, Teng, Ouyang, Guo, Li und Du. „Comparative Analysis of Technical Route and Market Development for Light-Duty PHEV in China and the US“. Energies 12, Nr. 19 (30.09.2019): 3753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193753.
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China and the US have become the world's largest plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) markets. Powertrain architecture is the framework of PHEV technology which represents its technical route. The research on the market development and technical route of Chinese and American PHEV is helpful to grasp the internal law of the global PHEV market and technology situation, and thus is significant to lay out a development strategy and technical route but has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, an evaluation method of three dimensions combining market sales, powertrain architectures and performance indexes was proposed for comparative analysis, and PHEV mainstream architectures were put forward. Besides, qualitative evaluation levels from nine dimensions were built for architecture analysis, and fuel consumption to curb weight (FC2CW) as an indicator was introduced for economy evaluation. Some conclusions can be drawn: (a) The most mainstream architecture in sales volume is four-wheel drive (4WD) Bridge, and that in models’ amount is P2 in China, while those respectively are PS and P2 in the US. This reflects that a difference exists between the choice of the consumers and that of the automakers, and another difference also exists between the two countries. (b) With the phasing down of subsidies, the single-motor parallel architecture may become the first choice of China's next technical route, while the 4WD Bridge will still be the main architecture for sports utility vehicles (SUVs) or sports car. (c) Among the models of the top five sales, the types and sales of SUVs in China are significantly more, however, the fuel economy rankings of theirs in the US are relatively better. (d) It is difficult to distinguish which architecture has the absolute best economy, but the fuel economy of the series type in the two markets is not very good.
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Mattei, Tobias A., Brandon J. Bond, John W. Hafner, Martin J. Morris, Jennifer Travis, Greg Hannah, Jim Webster und Julian J. Lin. „Definition and measurement of rider-intrinsic physical attributes influencing all-terrain vehicle safety“. Neurosurgical Focus 31, Nr. 5 (November 2011): E6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.9.focus11176.
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Object All-terrain vehicle (ATV) usage has grown tremendously over the years, reaching 9.5 million vehicles in use in 2007. Accompanying this growth has been a concomitant increase in rider morbidity (including traumatic brain and spine injuries) and death, especially in children. The purpose of this study was to define and measure, through field testing, those physical attributes intrinsic to riders, such as height, weight, and wingspan, which may have implications for ATV riders' safety. Methods Three field tests (J-hook, brake, and bump) were developed and performed to allow direct measurement of the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical dynamics in 5 riders of varying heights, weights, and wingspans. Two ATVs, a utility and a sport model, were tested for further comparisons. Data were acquired using a comprehensive data acquisition system attached to the ATVs. Assignment of individual rider/ATV test safety ratings and a rider/ATV Total Safety Rating were made from the results of these field tests. Results The J-hook test results demonstrated that larger rider wingspans positively influence ATV rider safety and mitigate against lateral instability. From the brake test it was determined that a 10-in (25.4-cm) longitudinal displacement, such as that experienced during a sharp deceleration, for a rider of any height or weight, breached the level of defined safety. As rider weight increased, displacement decreased. The bump test provided evidence that increased rider weight also mitigates against vertical displacement. Conclusions Individuals with light weights and small wingspans, such as those in the pediatric population, are under considerable risk of injury when operating an ATV due to lateral, longitudinal, and vertical operational instability.
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Youn, J., D. Kim, T. Kim, J. H. Yoo und B. J. Lee. „DEVELOPMENT OF UAV AIR ROADS BY USING 3D GRID SYSTEM“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (19.09.2018): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-731-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> With the drastic development of low-altitude UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology, UAV will be used for long-distance logistics in the near future. Many countries begin to develop UTM (UAV Traffic Management) system, and one of the objectives for the system is preparation of UAV-logistics era. In that era, hundreds of drone will simultaneously fly at one area. To prevent UAV collision in the air, UAV air road should be designed. The Korean government have supported research projects related with UAV air roads. This paper deals with development of UAV air roads by using 3D grid system. First, detail 3D spatial information for UAV air roads is constructed. In many cases, 3D digital map does not include transmission towers, utility poles, power lines, or trees, since the interests of 3D digital map are focussed on digital elevation model and digital surface model with buildings. The transmission towers, utility poles, and power lines could be obstacles when UAV perform its logistics mission. Therefore, detail 3D information should be constructed for UAV air roads. We constructed such detail 3D information by using MMS (Mobile Mapping System) and aerial survey with Lidar and digital photograph. Next, 3D grid system is proposed to present such detail 3D information. Usual object based 3D information is huge size and hard to control. To provide 3D information to a flying UAV, data should be light. Therefore, light-weight 3D grid system is effective to provide air road information to UAV. Proposed 3D grid based air roads can be used for UAV flight plan, traffic management etc.</p>
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Li, Yiyi, und Ying Xie. „Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? An Empirical Study of Image Content and Social Media Engagement“. Journal of Marketing Research 57, Nr. 1 (18.11.2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243719881113.
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Are social media posts with pictures more popular than those without? Why do pictures with certain characteristics induce higher engagement than some other pictures? Using data sets of social media posts about major airlines and sport utility vehicle brands collected from Twitter and Instagram, the authors empirically examine the influence of image content on social media engagement. After accounting for selection bias on the inclusion of image content, the authors find a significant and robust positive mere presence effect of image content on user engagement in both product categories on Twitter. They also find that high-quality and professionally shot pictures consistently lead to higher engagement on both platforms for both product categories. However, the effect of colorfulness varies by product category, while the presence of human face and image–text fit can induce higher user engagement on Twitter but not on Instagram. These findings shed light on how to improve social media engagement using image content.
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Wang, Chen, Zhu, Liu, Li und Zheng. „A Survey of Mobile Laser Scanning Applications and Key Techniques over Urban Areas“. Remote Sensing 11, Nr. 13 (28.06.2019): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131540.
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Urban planning and management need accurate three-dimensional (3D) data such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point clouds. The mobile laser scanning (MLS) data, with up to millimeter-level accuracy and point density of a few thousand points/m2, have gained increasing attention in urban applications. Substantial research has been conducted in the past decade. This paper conducted a comprehensive survey of urban applications and key techniques based on MLS point clouds. We first introduce the key characteristics of MLS systems and the corresponding point clouds, and present the challenges and opportunities of using the data. Next, we summarize the current applications of using MLS over urban areas, including transportation infrastructure mapping, building information modeling, utility surveying and mapping, vegetation inventory, and autonomous vehicle driving. Then, we review common key issues for processing and analyzing MLS point clouds, including classification methods, object recognition, data registration, data fusion, and 3D city modeling. Finally, we discuss the future prospects for MLS technology and urban applications.
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Naraine, Michael L., und Milena M. Parent. „Examining social media adoption and change to the stakeholder communication paradigm in not-for-profit sport organizations“. Journal of Amateur Sport 3, Nr. 2 (25.07.2017): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v3i2.6492.
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The purpose of this study was to examine social media adoption within not-for-profit sport organizations to illuminate the impetus for change, the type of change undertaken, and change resistance. Using a contextualist approach depicting the external and internal forces as well as the change process, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Canadian national sport organizations (NSO) representing varying degrees of social media presence. The findings suggest that, although social media is espoused as a radical, transformational vehicle, NSOs have only made incremental adjustments to their stakeholder communication and have situated social media within their extant organizational condition due to capacity constraints and resistance from staff and reticent stakeholders. Adopting social media in light of limited organizational capacity thus diminishes the utility of the communications tool. Theoretical and practical implications include how to improve social media-related capacity and the importance of continuing the social media and sport domain’s organizational theory agenda.
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Liu, Xinglong, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Kangda Chen, Zongwei Liu, Hassan Babiker und Amer Ahmad Amer. „From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 14 (17.07.2020): 5747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145747.
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The switching from new European driving cycle (NEDC) to worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP) will affect the energy consumption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and then affect the new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation and subsidy policy for PHEVs. This paper reveals the impact on energy consumption, NEV credit regulation, and subsidy policy for PHEV in the Chinese market of the switching from NEDC to WLTP based on qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation. The results show that the WLTP procedure is stricter than NEDC in the determination of road load, test mass, driving resistance forces, and tire selection. Firstly, the electricity consumption (EC) of PHEV in charge-depleting mode (CD) under the WLTP procedure is 26% higher than NEDC on average, which makes the all-electric range (AER) significantly lower under WLTP. The weight EC tested in the WLTP procedure is higher than NEDC. Secondly, the fuel consumption (FC) of PHEV in CD mode is related to the adjustment of the engine management system (EMS) and the size of battery energy under the WLTP procedure. For the FC in the charge-sustaining (CS) mode of PHEV under the WLTP procedure is 20% higher than NEDC on average. However, the weight fuel consumption of PHEVs under WLTP with a long AER may be lower than that of NEDC due to the characteristics of utility factor in the WLTP procedure. Thirdly, most PHEVs fail to meet the requirements of 50 km AER due to the switching of the test procedures. However, the Chinese government reduced the technical specification of PHEV’s AER under the WLTP procedure to 43 km to support the development of PHEV technology. It ensures that the switching of test procedures does not change the treatment that they could obtain, the NEV credits, and subsidy as a NEV in China. However, the increasing of the EC in CD mode and the FC in CS mode under the WLTP procedure makes the PHEV obtain lower credit and subsidy multiple compared with NEDC procedure.
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Selivanov, K. V. „Solar Panel Automatic Positioning and Maximum Light Flux Direction Tracking“. Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Instrument Engineering, Nr. 2 (135) (Juni 2021): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3933-2021-2-115-132.
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The paper analyzes the state and possible ways of development of alternative energy, describes the prospects for the development of solar power plants, their classification and areas of application. Within the research, we revealed the problems that arise when installing and operating solar panels and identified the reasons that reduce their efficiency. Consequently, we analyzed the ways to increase the efficiency of power generation by solar panels and suggested solar panel automatic positioning and maximum light flux direction tracking as a possible solution to the problem. The study introduces a new device for positioning solar panels, which is distinguished by the automatic deployment and positioning of solar panels according to the actual direction of the maximum light flux. The device provides possible automation of the installation and greater efficiency of solar panels. The novelty of the device is protected by a utility model patent no. 180765 RF. To confirm the efficiency and to obtain a quantitative value of the increase in power generation by solar panels due to the use of the developed device, we present the comparison methodology and a description of the experiment. The schematic diagram and external view of the developed device are also shown. The experimental results are processed and shown in a graph. The possibility of increasing power generation by solar panels by tracking the maximum light flux and reorienting the solar panel towards it during the day has been confirmed, and a quantitative value of the increase in power generation has been obtained. Based on the positive results of the experiment, the possibility of using the developed device for automating the process of deploying solar panels in an autonomous way and excluding human participation in this process is described. The operation of the developed device on a moving vehicle and other methods of its application are considered. The results are summed up, conclusions are drawn and possible further directions for the development and use of the proposed method for increasing the efficiency of solar panels and the developed device for improving the performance of solar panels are identified
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Jettanasen, Chaiyan, Panapong Songsukthawan und Atthapol Ngaopitakkul. „Development of Micro-Mobility Based on Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting for Smart City Applications“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 7 (07.04.2020): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072933.
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This study investigates the use of an alternative energy source in the production of electric energy to meet the increasing energy requirements, encourage the use of clean energy, and thus reduce the effects of global warming. The alternative energy source used is a mechanical energy by piezoelectric material, which can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, that can convert mechanical energy from pressure forces and vibrations during activities such as walking and traveling into electrical energy. Herein, a pilot device is designed, involving the modification of a bicycle into a stationary exercise bike with a piezoelectric generator, to study energy conversion and storage generated from using the bike. Secondly, the piezoelectric energy harvesting system is used on bicycles as a micro-mobility, light electric utility vehicle with smart operation, providing a novel approach to smart city design. The results show that the energy harvested from the piezoelectric devices can be stored in a 3200 mAh, 5 V battery and power sensors on the bicycle. Moreover, 13.6 mW power can be generated at regular cycling speed, outputting 11.5 V and 1.2 mA. Therefore, the piezoelectric energy harvesting system has sufficient potential for application as a renewable energy source that can be used with low power equipment.
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Chauhan, Akshita, Tabassum Khan und Abdelwahab Omri. „Design and Encapsulation of Immunomodulators onto Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapy“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 15 (27.07.2021): 8037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158037.
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The aim of cancer immunotherapy is to reactivate autoimmune responses to combat cancer cells. To stimulate the immune system, immunomodulators, such as adjuvants, cytokines, vaccines, and checkpoint inhibitors, are extensively designed and studied. Immunomodulators have several drawbacks, such as drug instability, limited half-life, rapid drug clearance, and uncontrolled immune responses when used directly in cancer immunotherapy. Several strategies have been used to overcome these limitations. A simple and effective approach is the loading of immunomodulators onto gold-based nanoparticles (GNPs). As gold is highly biocompatible, GNPs can be administered intravenously, which aids in increasing cancer cell permeability and retention time. Various gold nanoplatforms, including nanospheres, nanoshells, nanorods, nanocages, and nanostars have been effectively used in cancer immunotherapy. Gold nanostars (GNS) are one of the most promising GNP platforms because of their unusual star-shaped geometry, which significantly increases light absorption and provides high photon-to-heat conversion efficiency due to the plasmonic effect. As a result, GNPs are a useful vehicle for delivering antigens and adjuvants that support the immune system in killing tumor cells by facilitating or activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This review represents recent progress in encapsulating immunomodulators into GNPs for utility in a cancer immunotherapeutic regimen.
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Nguyen, Phat, Pieter E. Badenhorst, Fan Shi, German C. Spangenberg, Kevin F. Smith und Hans D. Daetwyler. „Design of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle and LiDAR Pipeline for the High-Throughput Phenotyping of Biomass in Perennial Ryegrass“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 1 (23.12.2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010020.
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Perennial ryegrass biomass yield is an important driver of profitability for Australian dairy farmers, making it a primary goal for plant breeders. However, measuring and selecting cultivars for higher biomass yield is a major bottleneck in breeding, requiring conventional methods that may be imprecise, laborious, and/or destructive. For forage breeding programs to adopt phenomic technologies for biomass estimation, there exists the need to develop, integrate, and validate sensor-based data collection that is aligned with the growth characteristics of plants, plot design and size, and repeated measurements across the growing season to reduce the time and cost associated with the labor involved in data collection. A fully automated phenotyping platform (DairyBioBot) utilizing an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) equipped with a ground-based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning system was developed for the accurate and efficient measurement of plant volume as a proxy for biomass in large-scale perennial ryegrass field trials. The field data were collected from a perennial ryegrass row trial of 18 experimental varieties in 160 plots (three rows per plot). DairyBioBot utilized mission planning software to autonomously capture high-resolution LiDAR data and Global Positioning System (GPS) recordings. A custom developed data processing pipeline was used to generate a plant volume estimate from LiDAR data connected to GPS coordinates. A high correlation between LiDAR plant volume and biomass on a Fresh Mass (FM) basis was observed with the coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.71 at the row level and R2 = 0.73 at the plot level. This indicated that LiDAR plant volume is strongly correlated with biomass and therefore the DairyBioBot demonstrates the utility of an autonomous platform to estimate in-field biomass for perennial ryegrass. It is likely that no single platform will be optimal to measure plant biomass from landscape to plant scales; the development and application of autonomous ground-based platforms is of greatest benefit to forage breeding programs.
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Tan, Junxiang, Haojie Zhao, Ronghao Yang, Hua Liu, Shaoda Li und Jianfei Liu. „An Entropy-Weighting Method for Efficient Power-Line Feature Evaluation and Extraction from LiDAR Point Clouds“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 17 (30.08.2021): 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173446.
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Power-line inspection is an important means to maintain the safety of power networks. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology can provide high-precision 3D information about power corridors for automated power-line inspection, so there are more and more utility companies relying on LiDAR systems instead of traditional manual operation. However, it is still a challenge to automatically detect power lines with high precision. To achieve efficient and accurate power-line extraction, this paper proposes an algorithm using entropy-weighting feature evaluation (EWFE), which is different from the existing hierarchical-multiple-rule evaluation of many geometric features. Six significant features are selected (Height above Ground Surface (HGS), Vertical Range Ratio (VRR), Horizontal Angle (HA), Surface Variation (SV), Linearity (LI) and Curvature Change (CC)), and then the features are combined to construct a vector for quantitative evaluation. The feature weights are determined by an entropy-weighting method (EWM) to achieve optimal distribution. The point clouds are filtered out by the HGS feature, which possesses the highest entropy value, and a portion of non-power-line points can be removed without loss of power-line points. The power lines are extracted by evaluation of the other five features. To decrease the interference from pylon points, this paper analyzes performance in different pylon situations and performs an adaptive weight transformation. We evaluate the EWFE method using four datasets with different transmission voltage scales captured by a light unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) LiDAR system and a mobile LiDAR system. Experimental results show that our method demonstrates efficient performance, while algorithm parameters remain consistent for the four datasets. The precision F value ranges from 98.4% to 99.7%, and the efficiency ranges from 0.9 million points/s to 5.2 million points/s.
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Karnowski, Thomas, Ryan Tokola, Sean Oesch, Matthew Eicholtz, Jeff Price und Tim Gee. „Estimating Vehicle Fuel Economy from Overhead Camera Imagery and Application for Traffic Control“. Electronic Imaging 2020, Nr. 6 (26.01.2020): 70–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.6.iriacv-052.
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In this work, we explore the ability to estimate vehicle fuel consumption using imagery from overhead fisheye lens cameras deployed as traffic sensors. We utilize this information to simulate vision-based control of a traffic intersection, with a goal of improving fuel economy with minimal impact to mobility. We introduce the ORNL Overhead Vehicle Data set (OOVD), consisting of a data set of paired, labeled vehicle images from a ground-based camera and an overhead fisheye lens traffic camera. The data set includes segmentation masks based on Gaussian mixture models for vehicle detection. We show the data set utility through three applications: estimation of fuel consumption based on segmentation bounding boxes, vehicle discrimination for vehicles with large bounding boxes, and fine-grained classification on a limited number of vehicle makes and models using a pre-trained set of convolutional neural network models. We compare these results with estimates based on a large open-source data set of web-scraped imagery. Finally, we show the utility of the approach using reinforcement learning in a traffic simulator using the open source Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) package. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of the approach for controlling traffic lights for better fuel efficiency based solely on visual vehicle estimates from commercial, fisheye lens cameras.
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Charlton, Peter A., Richard W. Faint, Fiona Bent, Justin Bryans, Inês Chicarelli-Robinson, Ian Mackie, Samuel Machin und Paul Bevan. „Evaluation of a Low Molecular Weight Modulator of Human Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Activity“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 75, Nr. 05 (1996): 808–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1650371.
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SummaryA critical component in the regulation of thrombus formation and clearance is the balance between tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAM). An increase in the plasma concentration of PAH has been proposed as a risk factor in thrombotic disease. Inhibition of PAI-1 activity may have utility in the treatment of thromboembolic disease. We report here the evaluation of three diketopiperazine-based low molecular weight inhibitors of PAI-1 activity (XR334, XR1853 and XR5082). In vitro these compounds reversed the inhibitory effects of PAI-1 against both tPA and urokinase (UK) (IC50:5 to 80 μM). In contrast, other serpin-serine protease interactions, including α1-antitrypsin-trypsin, α2-antiplasmin-plasmin and antithrombin-thrombin, were not affected, neither did these inhibitors affect global tests of haemostasis. In the light of this promising in vitro profile these compounds were evaluated in a standard radioisotopic assay of clot lysis in whole rat blood following intravenous administration. In this assay these compounds dose-dependently enhanced fibrinolysis ex vivo. After intravenous bolus administration XR334, XR1853 and XR5082 at 5 mg/kg increased clot lysis by 32.0 ± 5.1% SEM (n = 25, p <0.01), 36.7 ± 3.5% SEM (n = 36, p <0.01) and 60.0 ± 2.8% SEM (n = 17, p <0.01) respectively compared to vehicle. Intravenous infusion of these compounds (1 mg/kg/min for 20 min) significantly prolonged (approximately twofold) the time to blood vessel occlusion in the rat electrically-stimulated carotid artery thrombosis model. Thus, these low molecular weight inhibitors of PAI-1 activity enhanced fibrinolysis ex vivo and protected against thrombus formation in the rat.
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Trompeter, Michael, Boris Rauscher, Hossein Karbasian, A. Erman Tekkaya und W. Homberg. „Hydroforming of Large-Area Multi-Cell Sheet Metal Structures“. Key Engineering Materials 410-411 (März 2009): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.410-411.53.
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This paper presents a sectionwise hydroforming technique for manufacturing of large-area multi-cell sheet metal structures in terms of hump plates. The sectionwise hydroforming technique allows production of hump sheets with variable width and length. The hump plates are based on hexagonal hump geometry. The hump height is optimized for the application as a partition wall in light utility vehicles. Manufactured hump sheets feature a high contour accuracy which allows joining of two hump sheets to a large-area hump plate (up to 1,800 x 2,000 mm). The hump plates have been successfully tested in a load test which proves their potential for light utility vehicles.
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Aramesh, Saeed, und Ali Ghorbanian. „Multi-objective Optimization for a Complex Intersection Using Design of Experiments and Simulation“. Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 53, Nr. 6 (23.12.2020): 791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.530605.
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Considering the importance of time in today's world and the rising traffic congestion in urban areas, using methods to reduce wait times and air pollution can have a significant impact on promoting urban management. Given the uncertainty in the number of vehicles and the emission rate of vehicles, a complex T intersection with three traffic lights was simulated in this study. Three objective functions were defined for the mean of wait time, average queue length, and aggregate pollutant emission of the vehicles in queue. First, regression equations for each of the variables were obtained by a full factorial design and analysis of variance, and the optimal period for each traffic light was then computed with a utility function approach. Finally, the results were compared to the results obtained from the optimization of each response variable OptQuest for Arena software.
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Platt, S. M., I. El Haddad, A. A. Zardini, M. Clairotte, C. Astorga, R. Wolf, J. G. Slowik et al. „Secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline vehicle emissions in a new mobile environmental reaction chamber“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, Nr. 18 (16.09.2013): 9141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9141-2013.
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Abstract. We present a new mobile environmental reaction chamber for the simulation of the atmospheric aging of different emission sources without limitation from the instruments or facilities available at any single site. Photochemistry is simulated using a set of 40 UV lights (total power 4 KW). Characterisation of the emission spectrum of these lights shows that atmospheric aging of emissions may be simulated over a range of temperatures (−7 to 25 °C). A photolysis rate of NO2, JNO2, of (8.0 ± 0.7) × 10−3 s−1 was determined at 25 °C. We demonstrate the utility of this new system by presenting results on the aging (OH = 12 × 106 cm−3 h) of emissions from a modern (Euro 5) gasoline car operated during a driving cycle (New European Driving Cycle, NEDC) on a chassis dynamometer in a vehicle test cell. Emissions from the entire NEDC were sampled and aged in the chamber. Total organic aerosol (OA; primary organic aerosol (POA) emission + secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation) was (369.8–397.5)10−3 g kg−1 fuel, or (13.2–15.4) × 10−3 g km−1, after aging, with aged OA/POA in the range 9–15. A thorough investigation of the composition of the gas phase emissions suggests that the observed SOA is from previously unconsidered precursors and processes. This large enhancement in particulate matter mass from gasoline vehicle aerosol emissions due to SOA formation, if it occurs across a wider range of gasoline vehicles, would have significant implications for our understanding of the contribution of on-road gasoline vehicles to ambient aerosols.
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Drop, Natalia, und Daria Garlińska. „Evaluation of Intelligent Transport Systems Used in Urban Agglomerations and Intercity Roads by Professional Truck Drivers“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 5 (08.03.2021): 2935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052935.
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Using intelligent transport systems in cities is gaining popularity. The fundamental aim of their existence is to improve safety and traffic flow and prevent congestion in city centres. All people moving around the city, such as public transport passengers, as well as truck and emergency vehicle drivers and drivers of passenger vehicles, are users of intelligent transport systems. Research which was carried out for the article entirely concerns functioning and utility of intelligent transport systems from truck drivers’ experience. The main aim of the research was to evaluate services and tools within intelligent transport systems in European cities which are visited by Polish truck drivers. Our research indicates that most drivers (almost 98%) stated that they find intelligent transport systems useful and 92.5% of interviewed pointed that intelligent transport systems help with their everyday work duties. Of all the tools in the survey drivers agreed that variable content signs, accommodative traffic lights, and extra road illumination have most influence in road safety. Identifying the most useful and helpful tools of intelligent transport systems will allow to define their preferred development directions from truck drivers’ point of view.
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Kristiana, Lisa, Arsyad Ramadhan Darlis und Irma Amelia Dewi. „The feasibility of obstacle awareness forwarding scheme in a visible light communication vehicular network“. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, Nr. 6 (01.12.2020): 6453. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6453-6460.
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A vehicular-to-vehicular (V2V) communication is a part of a vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) that emerges recently due to the heavy traffic environment. V2V is a frequently changing network since it implements vehicles as mobile nodes. The challenges in implementing V2V are the relatively short duration of possible communication and the uneven city environment caused by high rise buildings or other objects that distract
the signal transmission. The limited transmitting duration between vehicles requires efficient coordination and communication. This work focuses on the utility of visible light communication in vehicular network (VLC-VN) in data transmitting and the obstacle awareness in the forwarding scheme based on our knowledge in previous researches. The result of evaluating the feasibility of VLC-VN forwarding in a freeway environment the transmission delay is lower than 1 second in 500 byte data transmission, however it reaches to only about 4% in throughput as a drawback.
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Kamble, Pritam, und Prabha Singh. „A Critical Review on Potential Advancements of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Drug Delivery“. Current Nanomedicine 10, Nr. 4 (28.12.2020): 298–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2468187310999200818110030.
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Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) are second generation solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) comprising of biocompatible solid-lipid and liquid-lipid along with an emulsifier. It exhibits superiority over conventional colloidal delivery systems in terms of enhanced drug loading, improved storage stability, increased biocompatibility and bioavailability, which allows researchers to explore their utility as delivery systems for proteins and small molecules. This review aims at discussing NLCs in-depth with regards to their application as drug delivery vehicles. A comprehensive discussion about the structural make-up, production techniques, and physico-chemical characterization have been elaborated along with an emphasis on various routes of administration for NLC delivery like ocular, pulmonary, oral, parenteral, and topical. This review also sheds light on the utility of NLCs in the field of cosmeceutical and herbal therapies. All summarized information in this extensive review exemplifies assurance for NLCs to be used as novel therapeutics for multiple disorders and highlights the versatility of the carrier system in pharmaceutical technology.
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Hitch, H. P. Y. „Pressure cabins of elliptic cross section“. Aeronautical Journal 92, Nr. 916 (Juli 1988): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000016158.
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Some observers believe that there will be such growth in the travelling public and such constraint on airport and airspace usage that, by early in the 2000s. very large passenger carrying aircraft will be required. By ‘very large’ is meant anything from 1,000 to 2,000 seaters. Whilst the problems which come to mind when musing on this possibility are mostly those of ‘passenger flow’ in the widest sense and rather less related to the vehicle itself, there are some issues related to the vehicle which suggest themselves. One is the choice of fuselage cross section. Because cabins have to be pressurised (10 psi is a typical figure for cruise altitudes up to say 40,000 ft), it has been the norm to utilise circular cross sections (or double-bubble type) since the pressure forces are contained by hoop loads only, without frame bending, which affords a light and fatigue-insensitive structure (Fig. 1).