Dissertationen: „Light for bipolar disease“

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Svanberg, Mira. „The right light at the right time for bipolar patients. An exploratory study of light environments for patients with bipolar disease in behavioral health clinics“. Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297963.

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Research has showed that different light scenarios have a profound effect on hospitalized bipolar patients. Different light situations decrease the hospital stay for patients during both manic and depressive episodes. Nevertheless, a field study carried out during this thesis work of two arbitrary patient rooms in Swedish behavioral health clinics showed no incorporation of this knowledge in the light design of the rooms. Both patient rooms had insufficient light levels both in terms of circadian recommendations and perceived brightness. Hence this thesis suggests an improved light design for patient rooms housing bipolar patients. The basis of the improved design is to incorporate a dynamic, circadian lighting that varies depending on the patient's need and diagnosed episode.

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Hickey, Doron. „Optogenetic gene therapy for vision restoration : light-sensitive proteins, viral vectors and bipolar cell adaptation to a diseased state“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:820a45d5-60db-4c01-808a-8a3720c48f2c.

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Inherited retinal dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of retinal diseases that often lead to blindness. The diverse range of causative gene mutations poses great challenges to developing therapies to improve the vision of affected people. One technique being investigated is optogenetics for vision restoration, a technique that aims to deliver light-sensitising molecules to the affected retina. This research project provides data on a range of variables that need to be optimised in order to successfully restore vision using an optogenetic gene therapy approach. Fifteen wild type, chimeric and fusion constructs based on human opsins were compared by in vitro and in vivo tests to select the optimal light-sensitising construct. Of these, wild type rhodopsin, melanopsin and melanopsin-Ga subunit fusion constructs show the most promise for future studies. For delivery of the light-sensitising construct, the adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype AAV2/2(7m8) was shown to perform best compared to two other AAV serotypes when tested in degenerate mouse eyes and macaque and human retinal explants. The importance of the delivery route to the eye, the use of a targeted versus non-targeted approach and the AAV vector concentration were all tested in in vivo experiments. In addition to testing such variables, the gene expression changes in target retinal bipolar cells in late-stage retinal degeneration were examined by microarray analysis of bipolar cell enriched samples isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Genes important for G protein signalling were generally expressed at a similar level in the degenerate state, while genes associated with oxidative stress and metabolism were differentially expressed. Collectively, these data will inform the choice of construct, delivery method and target cell in future research into optogenetic strategies for vision restoration.

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Quinn, Dale Edward Physics Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. „Scattering of light by dust in bipolar outflow sources“. Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Physics, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38687.

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Interstellar dust plays an important role in the physics of the interstellar medium, as well as the formation and evolution of stars. The presence of dust is often indicated in optical images by dark lanes which bisect spiral galaxies, or seen directly as reflection nebulosity around stars or emission nebulosity if sufficient heating is present. Of interest in this thesis is the dust that is associated with bipolar outflow sources. Bipolar outflows can occur in either evolved stars or in young stellar objects, and are so named because they consist of two lobes which are thought to be due to out-flowing dust and gas, with a dark lane between them due to thick dust in a circumstellar disk or shell which often blocks the light from the central star. The spatial distribution of the properties of dust around bipolar outflow sources has been examined using a combination of theoretical and observational techniques. To aid the interpretation of observations of bipolar outflow sources, we have modelled the wavelength dependence of light from 0.36 to 22\um, scattered by dust particles with varying characteristics. The results were then presented in the form of colour excess ratios. These model ratios can be applied to observations if the contribution due to the central star is able to be removed, such that all that remains in the image is the effect of the dust particles. The scattering of light by dust particles was modelled by varying six different characteristics: grain material, size (particle radius from 0.002 to 0.75\um), mantle temperatures and thicknesses, shape, and orientation. Of those characteristics, the largest variation in the colour excess ratios resulted from varying grain composition and size. Different scattering angles also produce a noticeable variation in the colour excess ratios, however the effect is difficult to distinguish from the general extinction due to dust around the source. Water ice mantles were also found to significantly change the colour excess ratios. Grain shape and orientation produced only small variations in the colour excess ratios. Three bipolar outflow sources were studied as part of this thesis, two evolved objects, OH~231.8+4.2 and Mz\,3, and the young T-Tauri object Rno\,91. The observations involved multi-wavelength imaging in the infrared, from which colours and colour excess ratios were obtained at various points of the bipolar outflows and then compared to the predictions made in the modelling. The most extensive data set analysed was seven images of the object OH~231.8+4.2 which were used in a multi-wavelength study in the infrared H to N bands (1.25--12\um). The central source position of the object has been confined to less than an arcsec using the longer wavelength images and an L--M colour image. The two peaks which dominate the lobes in the shorter wavelength images were found to be scattering peaks where the light from the central source is scattered from the walls of the lobes. The spatial distribution of water ice in the nebula has also been constrained to the circumstellar disk which has a torus or disk shape rather than being a spherical shell. The colour excess ratios derived for the nebula from the images also suggest slightly different dust properties between the circumstellar disk, lobe walls and within the lobe cavities. The young T-Tauri star Rno\,91 also contains ice, and was observed between J and L. The central star which illuminates the nebula was shown to be coincident with the brightest point in these images. Using colour excess ratio results for various parts of the nebula, it was shown that the dust close to the central star is likely to contain larger grains than the diffuse ISM, but with a similar composition. Moving away from the central star, the dust becomes more like that observed in the diffuse ISM. The presence of water ice on dust close to the central star was confirmed using images centred in the ice band. The protoplanetary bipolar outflow source Mz\,3 is slightly more evolved than OH 231.8+4.2, and does not have evidence of any water ice in the circumstellar disk. Images of this object were obtained between J and 10\um. The presence of warm dust throughout the inner bipolar lobes of this object is noticeable by the brightness of the lobes in the image at 10\um. Line profiles through the position of the central source of the 10\um\ image demonstrate that there is a circumstellar shell close to the central source which has an inner radius of $\lta\,375$\,AU. Colour excess ratio results for the bipolar lobes suggest that the dust associated with Mz\,3 is generally smaller than that found in the diffuse ISM. The properties of the dust in the bipolar lobes were also observed to be different to the dust closer to the central source and lying in the circumstellar disk. The small sizes for dust in Mz\,3 is consistent with the high velocity outflows that have been associated with the object.

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Beauchemin, Kathleen Mary. „Nocturnal psychopathology : sleep, dreaming, mood and light-therapy in bipolar disorder /“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22949.pdf.

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Douman, Samantha Fiona. „Development of Highly Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Platforms and Application in Disease Biomarker Immunosensing“. University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6238.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Chemistry)
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a light-emitting process generated by electrochemical redox reactions and has been widely used as an analytical tool, especially in the field of biosensing, that is, immunoassays and DNA-probe assays. Thus, the scope of this work was to develop a simple, sensitive ECL immunosensor for cardiac injury and to study and present insights into newly fabricated platforms for bioanalytical applications by using ECL as detection mechanism.
2021-08-31

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Mazade, Reece Eric. „Modulation Of Inner Retinal Inhibition With Light Adaptation“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565903.

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The retina is able to adjust its signaling over a wide range of light levels. A functional result of this is increased visual acuity at brighter luminance levels, such as during the day, due to changes in the organization of retinal receptive fields. This process is commonly referred to as light adaptation. These organizational changes have been shown to occur at the level of the ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina, which have shifts in their excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive fields that increase their sensitivity to small stimuli. Recent work supports the idea that light-adapted changes in ganglion cell spatial sensitivity are due in part to inner retinal signaling changes, possibly including changes to inhibition onto bipolar cells, the interneurons at the center of retinal signal processing. However, it is unknown how inhibition to the bipolar cells changes with light adaptation, how any changes affect the light signal or what mediates the changes to the bipolar cells that have been suggested by previous reports. To determine how light adaptation affects bipolar cell inhibition, the inhibitory inputs to OFF bipolar cells were measured. OFF bipolar cells, which respond to the offset of light, in particular may be involved in retinal adaptation as they bridge dim- and bright-light retinal pathways. Their inputs were compared between dark- and light-adapted conditions to determine how any inhibitory changes affects their output onto downstream ganglion cells. We found that there was a compensatory switch from primarily glycinergic-mediated inhibition to OFF bipolar cells in the dark to primarily GABAergic-mediated inhibition in the light. Since glycinergic and GABAergic inhibition perform very different roles and are mediated by morphologically different cells, it is likely this switch underlies a change in the spatial distribution of inhibition to these cells. We found that the spatial inhibitory input to OFF bipolar cells became significantly smaller and narrower with light adaptation, translating to smaller inhibitory surrounds of the OFF bipolar cell receptive fields. Through a model, our data suggested that the OFF bipolar cell output to downstream ganglion cells was stronger in the light, due to the narrowing and reduction in the spatial input, to small light stimuli. This would effectively be one way the retina could use to increase visual acuity. Additionally, we found that the inhibitory changes to OFF bipolar cells with light-adaptation are partially mediated by dopamine D1 receptor signaling. Dopamine is released in the light and has been shown to be an important modulator of retinal light-adaptation. However, there are likely other factors involved in mediating inhibitory changes to OFF bipolar cells. Through these studies, we show that light adaptation heavily influences inner retina inhibition and likely plays a prominent role in determining and shaping light signals under different ambient light conditions which may ultimately be one mechanism for increasing visual sensitivity and acuity.

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Lee, Tik Ho. „Synthesis and characterization of electroluminescent bipolar small molecules and polymers“. HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/878.

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Madeira, A. C. A. „Growth, light interception and disease in field bean“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384294.

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Duis, Christine Ann. „THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF BIPOLAR DISORDER DURING MANIA AND RELATIONSHIP TO DEMOGRAPHIC AND DISEASE VARIABLES“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin990818739.

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Fiedorowicz, Jess G. „Course of illness and the development of vascular disease in individuals with bipolar disorder“. Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2699.

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For over a century, there have been suggestions of a link between what is currently called bipolar disorder and cardiovascular mortality. In the contemporary epidemiological literature, this risk has been confirmed and approximates twice that expected based on age and gender. To date, however, this information has come primarily from clinical samples, which carry considerable risk of selection bias. The studies contained in this dissertation sought to assess this relationship using methods less vulnerable to selection bias and to determine the role that course of illness and treatments for illness may play in the development of vascular disease. In a nationally representative sample, we confirmed a link between mood disorders and vascular disease, which was particularly pronounced in women with bipolar disorder. In subsequent studies, a dose-response relationship between the duration of clinically significant hypomanic or manic symptoms and both cardiovascular mortality and endothelial function was seen. While medication exposure did not appear related to mortality or endothelial function, first generation antipsychotics were associated with arterial stiffness, an effect apparently mediated by elevations in blood pressure. In cross-sectional samples, our data suggests that vasculopathy is not present early in the course of bipolar disorder although is much greater than expected later in the course of illness. This dissertation purports that vasculopathy develops over the long-term course of bipolar disorder, is proportional to symptom burden, and is influenced by health behaviors and treatments. These findings may provide opportunities for clinicians and those afflicted to intervene to address this excess risk of vascular morbidity and mortality.

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Moore-Dotson, Johnnie M., Jamie J. Beckman, Reece E. Mazade, Mrinalini Hoon, Adam S. Bernstein, Melissa J. Romero-Aleshire, Heddwen L. Brooks und Erika D. Eggers. „Early Retinal Neuronal Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice: Reduced Light-Evoked Inhibition Increases Rod Pathway Signaling“. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604678.

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Recent studies suggest that the neural retinal response to light is compromised in diabetes. Electroretinogram studies suggest that the dim light retinal rod pathway is especially susceptible to diabetic damage. The purpose of this study was to determine whether diabetes alters rod pathway signaling.

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Wageck, Aline André Rodrigues. „Risco cardiovascular em pacientes com transtorno de humor bipolar“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/164356.

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O transtorno de humor bipolar (THB) é uma condição incapacitante e caracterizada pela presença de episódios de humor associados a alterações de cognição e de comportamento. Indivíduos com diagnóstico de THB estão particularmente propensos a múltiplas condições metabólicas. Em uma parcela dos pacientes acometidos pela doença observa-se a neuroprogressão do quadro, com alterações no campo da neuroimagem e de biomarcadores – citocinas inflamatórias, estresse oxidativo e neurotrofinas. Tais fatores parecem também relacionar-se ao aumento do risco cardiovascular (RCV) observado nessa população, visto que a doença cardiovascular (DCV) constitui a principal causa de morte em pacientes com THB. Mesmo conhecendo tal estatística, há escassez de literatura científica abordando avaliação cardiovascular em pacientes bipolares. Dessa forma, a presente tese tem o objetivo de melhorar o entendimento da associação entre neuroprogressão e doença cardiovascular. Para tal, inicialmente conduzimos uma revisão da literatura englobando variáveis associadas ao estadiamento e à neuroprogressão, sobretudo aspectos que se referem a biomarcadores, neuroimagem, cognição, funcionalidade e resposta ao tratamento. Em seguida, foi realizado estudo clínico com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência de doença aterosclerótica coronariana através do uso do escore de cálcio coronariano (ECC) em pacientes ambulatoriais bipolares tipo 1. Os pacientes incluídos eram bipolares tipo 1, todos eutímicos e tendo assinado o termo de consentimento. Os escores de cálcio foram adquiridos utilizando um scanner Aquilion 64 CXL (Toshiba Medical Systems) e a quantificação realizada através do método de Agatston. Em nosso estudo verificou-se que pacientes com ECC positivo eram mais velhos (média 55.2 anos; p=0.001) e tinham uma média maior de internações psiquiátricas prévias (media 4.7; p=0.04) quando comparados ao grupo com ECC negativo, além de também haver uma associação positiva entre ECC e número de internações psiquiátricas prévias entre toda a amostra do estudo (p<0.001). Nossos resultados sugerem a associação entre idade e maiores escores coronarianos, além da relação entre cálcio coronariano e número de internacões psiquiátricas prévias. É possível que este achado relacione-se ao fato de que pacientes em estágios mais avançados da doença tenham maior carga inflamatória que, juntamente com os fatores de risco para DCV, justificaria o aumento do RCV, sugerindo um possível link entre neuroprogressão no THB e aterosclerose coronariana acelerada.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a disabling condition characterized by the presence of mood episodes associated with changes in cognition and behavior. Individuals diagnosed with BD are particularly prone to multiple metabolic conditions. In a portion of the patients affected by the disease the neuroprogression is observed, with alterations in the field of neuroimaging and of biomarkers - inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and neurotrophins. These factors also seem to be related to the increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) observed in this population, since cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in patients with BD. Even knowing this statistic, there is a paucity of scientific literature addressing cardiovascular evaluation in bipolar patients. Thus, the present thesis aims to improve the understanding of the association between neuroprogression and cardiovascular disease. To this objective, we initially conducted a literature review encompassing variables associated with staging and neuroprogression, especially aspects that refer to biomarkers, neuroimaging, cognition, functionality and response to treatment. Afterwards, a clinical study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of coronary atherosclerotic disease through the use of coronary calcium score (CCS) in outpatient bipolar type 1 patients. The patients included were diagnosed as BD type 1, all of them euthymic and signed the consent form. Calcium scores were acquired using an Aquilion 64 CXL scanner (Toshiba Medical Systems) and quantification performed using the Agatston method. In our study, patients with CCS positive were older (mean 55.2 years; p = 0.001) and had a higher mean of previous psychiatric hospitalizations (mean 4.7, p = 0.04) when compared to the CCS negative group, and there was also a positive association between CCS and number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations among the entire study sample (p<0.001). Our results suggest the association between age and higher coronary scores, as well as the relationship between coronary calcium and the number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations. It is possible that this finding is related to the fact that patients in more advanced stages of the disease have a higher inflammatory load that, together with the risk factors for CVD, would justify the increase of CVR, suggesting a possible link between neuroprogression in BD and accelerated coronary atherosclerosis.

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Santos, Glenda Dias dos. „Transtorno bipolar e doença de Alzheimer em idosos: impacto na vida dos cuidadores“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-12062018-133552/.

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Os cuidadores são elementos essenciais na prestação dos cuidados de saúde, especialmente em situações de doenças crônicas e incapacitantes. Sobrecarga experimentada por cuidadores de pacientes com transtorno bipolar (TB) é pouco estudada em comparação a outras doenças, como a doença de Alzheimer (DA). O objetivo desse estudo é comparar a sobrecarga, desgaste emocional e os fatores associados em cuidadores de idosos com TB e DA. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, do tipo quanti-qualitativo, que avaliou 75 cuidadores e seus respectivos pacientes (36 com TB e 39 com DA). Para avaliação dos cuidadores foi utilizado o Inventário de Sobrecarga de Zarit (ZBI), o Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico de Desgaste do Cuidador (NPI-D) e uma entrevista semiestruturada interpretada pelo Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. As questões norteadoras da entrevista foram: Como você se sente cuidando do seu familiar? Quais são as suas maiores dificuldades em relação ao cuidado prestado ao paciente? Os cuidadores também foram avaliados em relação aos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, saúde global e qualidade de vida. Os pacientes foram avaliados nos aspectos cognitivos, funcionalidade, saúde global, qualidade de vida e sintomas depressivos, ansiosos e neuropsiquiátricos. Os resultados indicaram que os cuidadores de pacientes com TB apresentaram níveis semelhantes em relação aos cuidadores de DA na ZBI (p=0,097) e níveis mais altos no NPI-D (p=0,019). Em ambos os grupos, o ZBI foi correlacionado com o declínio funcional do paciente, maior número de tarefas do cuidador para o paciente, a presença de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos do próprio cuidador, consequentemente, uma pior qualidade de vida (r > 0,3; p < 0,05). O NPI-D relacionou-se com os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos dos pacientes em ambos os grupos (p < 0,001). A percepção dos cuidadores TB em relação ao cuidado esteve associada aos sentimentos positivos de gratidão, bem-estar e orgulho; sentimentos negativos como cansaço, obrigação e insegurança; e ao sentimento de conformismo. Quanto às dificuldades no cuidado com o paciente, os cuidadores TB referiram alterações do humor; tarefas de higiene corporal; falta de apoio familiar; falta de tempo, paciência e dinheiro. Conclui-se que a avaliação da funcionalidade e dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos do paciente idoso com TB podem trazer benefícios para os profissionais, assim como a inclusão da avaliação da sobrecarga e do desgaste emocional dos cuidadores. Nossos resultados apontam para a necessidade de cuidar da saúde do cuidador, por meio de intervenções psicossociais, assistência médica e psicológica e o estabelecimento de redes de apoio a cuidadores na comunidade
Caregivers are essential elements in the health care, especially in situations of chronic diseases. Burden experienced by caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) is little studied compared to other diseases, such as Alzheimer\'s disease (AD). The objective of this study is to compare the caregiver burden, distress and associated factors in caregivers of the elderly with BD and AD. This is a cross-sectional study, quantitative-qualitative research that evaluated 75 caregivers and their respective patients (36 with BD and 39 with AD). The Zarit Burden Inventory (ZBI), Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Distress (NPI-D) and a semi-structured interview interpreted by the Collective Subject Discourse were used to assess the burden of the caregivers .The guiding questions of the interview were: How do you feel about taking care of your family member? What are your greatest difficulties in relation to the care given to the patient? Caregivers were also evaluated for depressive and anxious symptoms, global health, and quality of life. Patients were assessed on cognitive aspects, functionality, global health, quality of life, and depressive, anxious, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The results indicated that caregivers of BD patients experienced similar levels of burden (p=0.097) and higher levels of distress (p=0.019) as did caregivers of AD patients. In both groups, the ZBI was associated with impairment in patient\'s functionality, number of tasks completed for the patient, caregiver depression and anxiety consequently poor quality of life(r > 0.3; < 0.05). NPI-D was associated with the neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients in both groups (p < 0.001). BD caregivers\' perception of care has been associated with positive feelings of gratitude, well-being, and satisfaction; negative feelings such as tiredness, obligation and insecurity; and the feeling of conformity. Regarding the difficulties in patient care, the BD caregivers reported mood alterations; body hygiene tasks; lack of family support, time, patience and money. It is concluded that the evaluation of the neuropsychiatric functionality and neuropsychiatric symptoms of the elderly patient with BD can bring benefits to the professionals, as well as the inclusion of the evaluation of the caregiver burden and the distress of the caregivers. Our results point to the need to take care of the health of the caregiver, through psychosocial interventions, medical and psychological assistance, and the establishment of networks to support caregivers in the community

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Gylfe, Åsa. „Role of birds in the biology of Lyme disease Borrelia“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för molekylärbiologi (Medicinska fakulteten), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-118928.

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Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted illness caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), a group of spirochetes with at least three human pathogenic species, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii and B. garinii. These spirochetes cycle between vertebrate reservoirs, mainly rodents, and ixodid ticks. Both terrestrial birds and seabirds can be infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. but the function of birds as reservoirs is largely unknown, even though they are potentially important epidemiologically due to their ability to carry ectoparasites and microorganisms over long distances. This thesis describes the role of birds in Lyme disease Borrelia biology in general and Borrelia ecology and epidemiology in particular. B. burgdorferi s.l. has previously been detected in the seabird tick Ixodes uriae and an enzootic Borrelia cycle distinct from terrestrial Borrelia cycles has been described. In this study B. garinii was isolated from the proposed seabird reservoirs and the tick I. uriae infesting them. The strains isolated did not show evident differences from human pathogenic B. garinii strains, indeed 7/8 strains had an ospC allele associated with Borrelia causing disseminated Lyme disease. Antibodies against B. burgdorferi s.l. were detected in people frequently bitten by I. uriae. Thus the marine enzootic Borrelia cycle may be a risk for humans, either by direct transfer of the spirochete from /. uriae or via introduction of Borrelia into a terrestrial enzootic Borrelia cycle. In order to investigate the role of passerine (Passeriformes) birds as amplification hosts in the terrestrial Borrelia cycle, experimental infections of canary finches (Serinus canaria) and redwing thrushes (Turdus iliacus) were carried out. The result showed that B. burgdorferi s.l. can persist for several months in passerine birds and the infection in redwing thrushes can be reactivated in response to migration. Thus, birds may be more infectious to ticks during their migration and therefore important long-range disseminators of B. burgdorferi s.l. Migration in birds is associated with elevated stress hormones that in turn can cause reactivation of latent infections. Lyme disease in humans could perhaps be activated when the immune response is modulated by stress. Herein I describe a patient with a stress activated latent Borrelia infection, which supports this hypothesis. The seabird tick I. uriae has a circumpolar distribution in both the northern and southern hemispheres and in this study identical B. garinii flagellin gene (flaB) sequences were detected in I. uriae from these hemispheres, indicating a transequatorial transport of B. garinii. Parsimony analysis of I. uriae ITS2 and 16S rDNA sequences suggested that northern and southern I. uriae might be reproductively separated. Therefore passive transport of infected ticks between the polar regions is unlikely and instead seabirds probably carry an active Borrelia infection during their migration. In conclusion, this work shows that migrating seabirds and passerine birds probably are important for the long-range dispersal of B. burgdorferi s.l., and that this mechanism of dispersal could be important for the distribution of human Lyme disease.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2001, härtill 6 uppsatser

digitalisering@umu

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Basnayake, Kolitha Indika. „The biology of immunoglobulin free light chains in kidney disease : a study of Monoclonal and Polyclonal light chains“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2862/.

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Monoclonal immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) cause a range of disorders in the kidney. In multiple myeloma, FLCs can activate the proximal tubule to release MCP-1, an important cytokine in renal fibrosis. Distal tubular cast formation can also occur when FLCs co-precipitate with uromodulin. However a pathogenic role for the elevated polyclonal FLC concentrations seen in chronic kidney disease has not been assessed to date. This thesis explores the biology of monoclonal FLCs as well as polyclonal FLCs. Detailed histological analyses demonstrated that in multiple myeloma, interstitial fibrosis can progress rapidly in situ and indicated that intratubular cast numbers might be linked to potential for renal recovery. The functional basis of this fibrosis was explored by in vitro studies, which showed that upon endocytosis of FLCs, oxidative stress activated redox signalling, resulting in MCP-1 production. Further in situ analyses showed that in chronic kidney disease, polyclonal FLCs co-localised with uromodulin in distal tubular casts. Relationships between these casts and markers of progression of chronic kidney disease were demonstrated. In vitro analyses then showed that polyclonal FLCs bind to uromodulin and promote aggregation. These findings: (i) further delineate the pathways for proximal tubular injury in myeloma and (ii) indicate a potential pathogenic role for polyclonal FLCs in the distal nephron.

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Eklund, Rebecca. „”Hade jag inte haft den hade jag nog inte alls varit den jag är idag” : En kvalitativ studie om identitet hos människor med bipolär sjukdom“. Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79955.

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Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur bipolär sjukdom kan påverka en människas identitet. Tidigare forskning har föreslagit att människor med bipolär sjukdom kan ha svårt att identifiera vem de verkligen är och att de kan ha en mindre utvecklad identitet. I denna kvalitativa studie genomfördes tio djupintervjuer som sedan kodades. En tematisk analys utfördes. Fyra teman identifierades: Uppfattning om identitet, acceptans, föräldraskap och sjukdomens påverkan på livet. En övervägande del av respondenterna uppgav att sjukdomen är en del av deras identitet, detta motsäger tidigare forskning. Acceptans uppges ske i olika steg och förenkla livet när sjukdomen väl är accepterad, forskning stöder detta fynd. Respondenterna beskriver en rädsla att sjukdomen ska påverka föräldraskap eller att sjukdomen redan har påverkat föräldraskapet. Flera respondenter uppger att sjukdomen har lett till ett misslyckat föräldraskap vilket, enligt tidigare forskning, kan leda till mindervärdeskomplex. Sjukdomen anses i övervägande del påverka livet negativt och skapa en funktionsnedsättning. Flera respondenter uppgav att sjukdomen har varit ett hinder i deras arbete och enligt forskning kan även detta påverka respondenternas uppfattning om eget värde negativt. Bipolär sjukdom anses i denna studie påverka identiteten kraftigt och i största mån negativt. Fortsatt forskning bör fokusera på ”mixet-method” studier med kvantitativa korrelationer mellan till exempel typ av bipolär sjukdom och grad av funktionsnedsättning.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how bipolar disorder affects a person’s identity. In this qualitative study ten in-depth interviewes were conducted. The interviews were seperated into pieces that were assigned a specific code and a thematic analysis was performed. Four themes were identified: perception of identity, acceptance, parenting and the impact of the illness on life. The majority of the participants stated that the disease is part of their identity, which contradicts previous research. Acceptance is stated to occur in various stages and simplifies life once the disease is well accepted, reasearch supports this finding. Participants described a fear that the disease will affect parenthood or that the disease has already affected parenthood. Several participants stated that the disease has led to failed parenting which, according to previous research, can lead to inferiority complex. The disease is predominantly affecting life negatively and creating disability. Several participants stated that the disease has been an obstacle in their career and according to research this can also have a negative impact on the participants’ perception of their own value. In this study, bipolar disorder is considered to have a strong negative impact on identity. Continued research should focus on “mixed-methods” studies with quantitative correlations between for example type of bipolar disorder and level of disability.

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Ropelewski, Philip Edward. „Light-Independent Pathology of Rhodopsin Mislocalization“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1586965687533716.

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18

Nylk, Jonathan. „Advanced light-sheet and structured illumination microscopy techniques for neuroscience and disease diagnosis“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10842.

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Optical microscopy is a cornerstone of biomedical research. Advances in optical techniques enable specific, high resolution, sterile, and biologically compatible imaging. In particular, beam shaping has been used to tailor microscopy techniques to enhance microscope performance. The aim of this Thesis is to investigate the use of novel beam shaping techniques in emerging optical microscopy methods, and to apply these methods in biomedicine. To overcome the challenges associated with high resolution imaging of large specimens, the use of Airy beams and related techniques are applied to light-sheet microscopy. This approach increases the field-of-view that can be imaged at high resolution by over an order of magnitude compared to standard Gaussian beam based light-sheet microscopy, has reduced phototoxicity, and can be implemented with a low-cost optical system. Advanced implementations show promise for imaging at depth within turbid tissue, in particular for neuroscience. Super-resolution microscopy techniques enhance the spatial resolution of optical methods. Structured illumination microscopy is investigated as an alternative for electron microscopy in disease diagnosis, capable of visualising pathologically relevant features of kidney disease. Separately, compact optical manipulation methods are developed with the aim of adding functionality to super-resolution techniques.

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Stone, Elizabeth J. „The Effect of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Mutations in Neurofilament Light on Neurofilaments“. The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1585652615669143.

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20

Toepfer, Christopher. „The role of myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation in cardiac health and disease“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/30846.

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In this thesis we examined the effect of myosin associated regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation level on cardiac muscle, ensembles and single molecules. We measured the ability of RLC phosphorylation change in muscle to alter force, power and unloaded shortening. The ATPase rate of full length cardiac myosin was determined with a novel protocol using gelsolin capped actin, which allowed novel measurements of myosin ATPase with full length (filamentous) myosin in low ionic strength. Actin gliding assays determined the effects of RLC phosphorylation level on actin gliding velocities under high and negligible load. The lifetime of strongly bound actomyosin states and the displacement of single myosin molecules were examined using an optical trapping three bead assay. A quantitative Phos-tag SDS-PAGE protocol was used to assess RLC phosphorylation level in inherited (mutation) and acquired (infarct and heart failure) human and rat diseases. Cardiac disorders in human and rat left ventricular myocardium correlated with increased RLC phosphorylation. RLC phosphorylation alters the ability of muscle to produce force, power and maximal unloaded shortening. Increased RLC phosphorylation accelerated the ATPase rate of cardiac myosin; reduced the lifetime of strongly bound actomyosin states and increased the displacement of actin by myosin. This data correlated with an increased ability of myosin with phosphorylated RLCs to translocate actin, under high and low load in the actin gliding assay. Cardiac myosin with raised RLC phosphorylation can produce more force and power during shortening due to changes in ATPase cycle, lifetime of the strongly bound states and power stroke size under load. Therefore myosin can perform work on actin faster and produce a longer actin displacement with each cycle. Thus proving that RLC phosphorylation level alteration impacts systolic myocardial performance in human health and disease by altering both myosin mechanics and kinetics.

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Hobbs, Eleanor. „Investigation of candidate risk genes for neuropsychiatric disease in vitro and in vivo using ENU mutagenesis“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6204220c-3680-4549-8399-872c6dd4b473.

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Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder characterised by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and psychosis, negative symptoms such as avolition and anhedonia, and cognitive defects. Schizophrenia risk has a genetic component, and it is likely that this is caused by interaction between numerous genes with individually small effects. Environment also plays a role; factors associated with schizophrenia include drug use, prenatal stressors and living environment. Candidate genes linked to schizophrenia have been identified through recent GWAS of human populations with the disorder, including ANK3, TCF4 and CACNA1C. GWAS associations alone are not sufficient to identify these as definitive risk genes for the disease. In order to validate these findings, animal models (in particular the mouse) can be used to study the effect of mutations in these genes of interest. Knockouts of these genes in the mouse are lethal, so we have used the ENU mutagenesis DNA archive at MRC Harwell to screen for additional allelic variants expressing more subtle and varied behavioural phenotypes. Endophenotypes associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, such as anxiety, cognitive deficits and sensorimotor gating deficits, can be characterised in these mutants and, together with molecular characterisation, this can validate these genes as risk factors. While mutations in Ank3 and Tcf4 proved to be non-functional, two mutations in Cacna1c have been associated with anxiety phenotypes and differences in EEG power spectra, as well as causing a cardiac phenotype.

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22

He, Xingyu. „Long-term Light-activated Drug Delivery Systems“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613752062550859.

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23

Buervenich, Silvia. „Candidate genes and the dopamine system : possible implications in complex neurological and psychiatric disease /“. Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-202-7.

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Lochner, Zachary M. „Heterojunction bipolar transistors and ultraviolet-light-emitting diodes based in the III-nitride material system grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49032.

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The material and device characteristics of InGaN/GaN heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are examined. Two structures grown on sapphire with different p-InxGa1-xN base-region compositions, xIn = 0.03 and 0.05, are presented in a comparative study. In a second experiment, NpN-GaN/InGaN/GaN HBTs are grown and fabricated on free-standing GaN (FS-GaN) and sapphire substrates to investigate the effect of dislocations on III-nitride HBT epitaxial structures. The performance characteristics of HBTs on FS-GaN with a 20×20 m2 emitter area exhibit a maximum collector-current density of ~12.3 kA/cm2, a D.C. current gain of ~90, and a maximum differential gain of ~120 without surface passivation. For the development of deep-ultraviolet optoelectronics, several various structures of optically-pumped lasers at 257, 246, and 243 nm are demonstrated on (0001) AlN substrates. The threshold-power density at room temperature was reduced to as low as 297 kW/cm2. The dominating polarization was measured to be transverse electric in all cases. InAlN material was developed to provide lattice matched, high-bandgap energy cladding layers for a III-N UV laser structure. This would alleviate strain and dislocation formation in the structure, and also mitigate the polarization charge. However, a gallium auto-doping mechanism was encountered which prevents the growth of pure ternary InAlN, resulting instead in quaternary InAlGaN. This phenomenon is quantitatively examined and its source is explored.

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Ekström, Smedby Karin. „Ultraviolet light, autoimmune disorders and the etiology of malignant lymphomas /“. Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-313-2/.

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Abdalla, Dulcineia Saes Parra. „Envolvimento de espécies ativas de oxigênio na esquizofrenia e psicose maníaco-depressiva“. Universidade de São Paulo, 1988. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-24102007-143446/.

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Os mecanismos bioquímicos envolvidos na maioria das doenças psiquiátricas ainda não estão esclarecidos. Estudos recentes têm sugerido a participação de espécies ativas de oxigênio em diversas patologias. Baseados em informações pre liminares da literatura, propusemo-nos a investigar o possível envolvimento de radicais de oxigênio e enzimas antioxidantes na esquizofrenia e psicose maníaco-depressiva. A análise das atividades eritrocitárias da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px) nestes pacientes mostrou níveis significativamente elevados de SOD (cerca de 1,5 vezes) em relação aos indivíduos normais. A comparação das atividades enzimáticas, em pacientes esquizofrênicos tratados e não-tratados com neurolépticos, tais como clorpromazina, haloperidol e prometazina, mostrou que o aumento da atividade de SOD não e dependente da farmacoterapia. O efeito da medicação sobre os níveis de atividade da SOD e GSH-Px foi avaliado em estudos-modelo com ratos, constatando-se que o tratamento agudo com clorpromazina e Li2C03 não alterou a atividade destas enzimas em eritrócitos, fígado ou cérebro. O tratamento crônico com clorpromazina resultou em uma diminuição significativa na atividade de SOD eritrocitária e da SOD total dos hemisférios cerebrais e cerebelo Um modelo para a geração de \"stress oxidativo\" cerebral foi proposto administrando-se a neurotoxina 6-hidroxidopamina (6-0HDA) no cérebro de ratos por via intraventricular. Com este modelo estudou-se a indução de SOD pela 6-hidroxidopamina, a nível cerebral e eritrocitário, observando-se aumento significante da atividade de SOD nos dois tecidos. O tratamento prévio com clorpromazina não modificou o efeito da 6-0HDA sobre a atividade da SOD sugerindo que o tratamento com neurolépticos não exclui a ocorrência de um \"stress oxidativo\" no cérebro embora tenha atuado como inibidor de peroxidação lipídica em estudos-modelo. A indução de lipoperoxidação por 6-OHDA em meio aerado tamponado foi demostrada em lipossomos multilamelares de lecitina de ovo, constatando-se inibição do processo pela clorpromazina. Analisando-se o efeito de SOD, catalase e sequestradores de radical hidroxila sobre a velocidade de peroxidase, constatou-se que este radical é o provável agente iniciador do processo. Pela técnica de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica usando captador de spin demonstrou-se a formação de radical hidroxila durante a autoxidação de 6-0HDA em pH fisiológico. Postulou-se que os efeitos lesivos da 6-0HDA possam ser devidos em parte à peroxidação lipídica induzida pelo radical hidroxila, gerado na autoxidação de 6-0HDA no cérebro. A formação de 6-OHDA, \"in vivo\", é um tema controverso na literatura. Tentou-se detectar a formação de cromatografia liquida de alta pressão, em homogenatos do corpo estriado de ratos tratados com inibidores da monoamino oxidase e da catecol-O-metil transferase e com D-anfetamina. Este tratamento foi realizado com o objetivo de simular uma condição onde ocorre uma hiperatividade dopaminérgica, como é proposto na esquizofrenia. Nossos resultados mostraram a formação de uma substância com o mesmo tempo de retenção da 6-OHDA, que, no entanto, não foi identificada como 6-OHDA. Sugere-se que esta substância possa ser outro produto hidroxilado da dopamina, tal como a 5-hidroxidopamina. O modelo experimental sugerido neste trabalho foi adequado para estudar a indução de \"stress oxidativo\" cerebral e deverá ser utilizado em estudos futuros, enfocando a indução de lesões a nível de barreira hemotoencefálica por espécies ativas de oxigênio, geradas por produtos da hidroxilados da dopamina. A formação exacerbada de espécies ativas de oxigênio por substratos endógenos autoxidáveis tais como derivados hidroxilados da dopamina, poderia provocar lesões em estruturas importantes do sistema nervoso central. O aumento da atividade eritrocitária de SOD, em pacientes psiquiátricos, pode ser interpretado como uma resposta da defesa do organismo contra os efeitos deletérios de espécies ativas de oxigênio, geradas no cérebro por estas substâncias endógenas, passiveis de romper a barreira hematoencefálica e atingir eritroblastos, a nível de medula óssea, onde poderiam induzir a síntese de SOD.
The biochemical mechanisms underlying the psychiatric disorders still are to be elucidated. Recent studies have suggested the participation of active oxygen species in a number of normal and pathological processes, including mental diseases. We have then decided to investigate the role of oxyradicals and anti-oxidant enzymes in the cases of schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis. The erythrocytic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood obtained from schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients were shown to be 1.5 times higher than in normal individuals. Medication with neuroleptic agents such as chlorpromazine, holoperidol and promethazine did not affect the enzyme activities. In the case of manic-depression carriers, the trends for high anti-oxidant enzyme activities were also shown to be independent of lithium therapy. Model studies carried out with rats revealed that acute treatment with chlorpromazine and Li2C03 does not alter the enzyme activities in either blood, liver or brain. Chronic treatment with chlorpromazine led to significant decrease of erythrocytic SOD and total SOD in cerebral hemispheres and cerebelum. Oxidative stress in the brain of rats triggered by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-0HDA) - a well known neurotoxin is here described as a model aiming to shed some light to the present knowledge of the biochemical basis for those mental disorders. In fact, intraventricular administration of 6-0HDA to the brain of rats resulted in increased SOD levels of blood and brain tissues. Pre-treatment with chlorpromazine did not modify the SOD values, indicating that neuroleptic agents probably do not abolish the cerebral oxydative stress. In vitro studies showed that chlorpromazine does not affect the rate of 6-0HDA aerobic oxidation but inhibits the peroxidation of egg lechitin liposomes. That hydroxyl radicals generated during 6-0HDA autoxidation iniciates the lipoperoxidation is indicated by the observed inhibitory effect of added SOD, catalase and hydroxyl scavengers. Using EPR trapping techniques, hydroxyl radical formation during 6-0HDA autoxidation was confirmed. In vivo occurrence of 6-0HDA still remains a controverse fact in the literature. Using HPLC, we have tried to detect the accummulation of hydroxylated dopamines in homogenates prepared from the brain \"striatum\" of anphetamine-treated rats under concomitant treatment with monoamine oxidase and cathecol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors. Inject a component with approximately the same retention time as that of 6-0HDA was found in the chromatogram, perhaps the 5-0HDA. Based on those events we have tentatively proposed that active oxygen species produced by cerebral endogenous autoxidazable substracts such as 6-0HDA can indeed cause chemical lesions to important structures of the central nervous system, resulting neuro-psychiatria manifestations. In this study, we have interpreted the elevated erythrocytic SOD activities found in mental patients as a response against the deleterious effects of active oxygen species generated in the brain by such autoxidazable substracts which might cross the brain blood barrier, reach the erythroblasts and there induce the SOD biosynthesis.

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Hofman, Pim. „Blood-ocular barriers in health and disease light and electron microscopic studies of the eye /“. [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/58150.

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28

Bitsios, Panagiotis. „A psychophysiological and pharmacological investigation of the autonomic regulation of the pupil in man“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337277.

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Moore, Jill E. „Defining a Registry of Candidate Regulatory Elements to Interpret Disease Associated Genetic Variation“. eScholarship@UMMS, 2017. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/927.

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Over the last decade there has been a great effort to annotate noncoding regions of the genome, particularly those that regulate gene expression. These regulatory elements contain binding sites for transcription factors (TF), which interact with one another and transcriptional machinery to initiate, enhance, or repress gene expression. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) consortium has generated thousands of epigenomic datasets, such as DNase-seq and ChIP-seq experiments, with the goal of defining such regions. By integrating these assays, we developed the Registry of candidate Regulatory Elements (cREs), a collection of putative regulatory regions across human and mouse. In total, we identified over 1.3M human and 400k mouse cREs each annotated with cell-type specific signatures (e.g. promoter-like, enhancer-like) in over 400 human and 100 mouse biosamples. We then demonstrated the biological utility of these regions by analyzing cell type enrichments for genetic variants reported by genome wide association studies (GWAS). To search and visualize these cREs, we developed the online database SCREEN (search candidate regulatory elements by ENCODE). After defining cREs, we next sought to determine their potential gene targets. To compare target gene prediction methods, we developed a comprehensive benchmark of enhancer-gene links by curating ChIA-PET, Hi-C and eQTL datasets. We then used this benchmark to evaluate unsupervised linking approaches such as the correlation of epigenomic signal. We determined that these methods have low overall performance and do not outperform simply selecting the closest gene. We then developed a supervised Random Forest model which had notably better performance than unsupervised methods. We demonstrated that this model can be applied across cell types and can be used to predict target genes for GWAS associated variants. Finally, we used the registry of cREs to annotate variants associated with psychiatric disorders. We found that these "psych SNPs" are enriched in cREs active in brain tissue and likely target genes involved in neural development pathways. We also demonstrated that psych SNPs overlap binding sites for TFs involved in neural and immune pathways. Finally, by identifying psych SNPs with allele imbalance in chromatin accessibility, we highlighted specific cases of psych SNPs altering TF binding motifs resulting in the disruption of TF binding. Overall, we demonstrated our collection of putative regulatory regions, the Registry of cREs, can be used to understand the potential biological function of noncoding variation and develop hypotheses for future testing.

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Siddiq, Anjum Ara. „The control of sexual morphogenesis in Pyrenopeziza brassicae, cause of light leaf spot of brassicas“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330090.

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31

Doubal, Fergus Neil. „Do retinal microvascular abnormalities shed light on the pathophysiology of lacunar stroke?“ Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5546.

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Background. Lacunar strokes account for 25% of all ischaemic stroke but the exact nature of the causative cerebral small vessel abnormality remains unknown. Pathological studies are technically difficult and brain imaging cannot adequately characterise the cerebral small vessels. The retinal blood vessels are of similar size and physiology to the cerebral small vessels and may act as a surrogate marker for these cerebral small vessels. We therefore investigated retinal microvascular abnormalities in lacunar stroke. Methods. We performed a systematic review of retinal microvascular abnormalities in lacunar stroke to clarify associations and identify where further research was required. We then established a cohort of patients presenting with lacunar stroke with cortical stroke controls to investigate differences in retinal microvascular abnormalities between stroke subtypes. All patients had MRI brain at presentation and digital retinal photography of both eyes. We investigated the prevalence of retinopathy (hard and soft exudates or haemorrhages/microaneurysms), focal arteriolar narrowing and arteriovenous nicking . We developed, validated and used novel semi-automated techniques for measuring retinal arteriolar and venular widths, retinal arteriolar geometry (branching co-efficients (change in arteriolar cross sectional area across a bifurcation) and branching angles) and fractal dimensions (reflecting branching complexity) of the vasculature. We also assessed MRI parameters in lacunar stroke. We used multivariable analysis to correct for baseline imbalances in vascular risk factors. Results. From the systematic review we demonstrated that retinal microvascular abnormalities are associated with incident and prevalent stroke but that in general, strokes were inadequately characterised and there were no data regarding retinal microvascular abnormalities in ischaemic stroke subtypes. We recruited 253 patients, 129 lacunar strokes and 124 cortical strokes, mean age 68 years. We found no difference in the prevalence of retinopathy, arteriovenous nicking, focal arteriolar narrowing or arteriolar widths between lacunar and cortical stroke subtypes. We found that venules were wider in lacunar stroke. We found no differences in arteriolar branching co-efficients or arteriolar branching angles between lacunar and cortical strokes but found that deep white matter white matter hyperintensities on MRI were associated with increased branching co-efficients and periventricular white matter hyperintensities associated with decreased branching co-efficients. We found that the fractal dimension of the vascular tree was decreased in lacunar stroke. Furthermore we found that enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are associated with lacunar stroke and white matter disease. Conclusions. We have clearly demonstrated that retinal microvascular abnormalities differ between lacunar and cortical stroke suggesting that a distinct small vessel vasculopathy may cause lacunar stroke. We have also identified MR markers of lacunar stroke. These results suggest that venular disease (a hitherto underresearched area) may play a role in the pathophysiology of lacunar stroke. Retinal microvascular abnormalities can act as markers for cerebral small vessel disease. We plan collaborative analyses with colleagues who have performed similar studies to further assess retinal abnormalities in lacunar stroke.

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Pfennig, Andrea, Karolina Leopold, Philipp Ritter, Anne Böhme, Emanuel Severus und Michael Bauer. „Longitudinal changes in the antecedent and early manifest course of bipolar disorder—A narrative review of prospective studies“. Sage, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35432.

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Objective: Prospective study designs ideally allow patients to be followed from the first manifestations of the illness or even from an at-risk stage. It can thus provide data on the predictive value of changes in clinical symptomatology, cognition or further biological markers to broaden our understanding of the etiopathology and symptomatic trajectory of bipolar disorders. The scope of this narrative review is to summarize evidence from prospectively collected data on psychopathological and other clinical and biological changes in the early developmental course of bipolar disorders. Methods: The narrative review was based on a literature search conducted in February 2016 within the PubMed library for prospective study data of persons in antecedent and early manifest stages of manifest bipolar disorder published within the last 15 years. Results: A total of 19 prospective studies were included. Regarding psychopathological features; personality, temperament and character traits as well as changes in sleep and circadian rhythm, the evidence suggests that risk factors for the development of bipolar disorder can already be described and should be studied further to understand their interaction, mediation with other factors and timing in the developmental process of bipolar disorder. Apart from the positive family history, childhood anxiety, sleep problems, subthreshold (hypo)manic symptoms and certain character traits/emotionality should be identified and monitored already in clinical practice as their presence likely increases risk of bipolar disorder. Up to date no substantiated evidence was found from prospective studies addressing cognitive features, life events, immunological parameters and morphological central nervous system changes as potential risk factors for bipolar disorder. Conclusion: For an improved understanding of episodic disorders, longitudinal data collection is essential. Since the etiology of bipolar disorders is complex, a number of potential risk factors have been proposed. Prospective studies addressing this spectrum and resilience factors are critical and will be best conducted within multi-site research networks or initiatives.

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Griggs, Henry G. „Potential iatrogenic effects on enamel treated with a light cured flouride releasing filled resin“. Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008m/griggs.pdf.

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Luk, Wai-ming Albert, und 陸偉明. „Association of light exposure intensity with the quality of sleep and behavioral symptoms in Chinese Alzheimer's disease patients“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209551.

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Introduction: Dementia is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of neuro-cognitive function and the emergence of a wide variety of behavioral symptoms. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common types of dementia. Sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease is common and previous studies from North America, Europe and Japan reported light therapy could improve the sleep circadian rhythm ( rest-activity) disturbances in AD. However, there was no previous Chinese study on light exposure and sleep quality nor the circadian rhythm in Chinese Alzheimer's disease patients. Objective : The objective of the present study was to investigate the association of light exposure intensity with the quality of sleep and behavioural symptoms in Chinese Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients Method: This was a cross-sectional observational study. 203 Chinese elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease were recruited from the Memory Clinic in Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, from July 2014 to December 2014. Socio-demographic data and comorbid diseases information were collected from all subjects. Their sleep qualities, quantities and conditions of light exposure were recorded with a sleep logbook and light meter. Their cognitive function, disturbing behaviour, depressive mood and quality of life scales were assessed by a semi-structured questionnaire. Light exposure intensity measured by Light meter (Model SDL 400). Measure for cognitive function were the Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT), Behavioral symptoms measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and mood by Geriatric Depression Scale. (GDS-15) The association of outdoor or indoor light exposure with sleep quality and quantities were analyzed by descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses. Main outcome measures: The main outcome measure was the sleep quality and quantities of patient, measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. (PSQI) Results: 203 subjects (60 males and 143 females) were recruited. 70.4 % of the studied subjects were females. Male to female ratio is 1:2.38. Mean age of them was 81.6 years. The mean (SD) scores of the recruited were: AMT = 4.5 (2.9); PSQI = 6.9 (3.4); NPI =14.4 (17.2); GDS-15= 4.3 (2.8); QOL-AD (patients) = 30.7 (4.9); QOL-AD (caregivers) = 29.5 (4.7) respectively. In bivariate analysis, the Global PSQI score was significantly associated with the morning and afternoon outdoor light exposure. (r = -0.634 and -0.466, respectively) For the total light exposure and mean light exposure, both of them showed strong significant negative correlation with Global PSQI score. (r = -0.769 and -0.769 respectively). Mean (SD) light exposure per day for morning and afternoon outdoor setting were 2372.9 lux (2564.7) and 1090.8 lux (1894.6) respectively. Mean(SD) light exposure per day was 1196.7 lux (866.1) Gender identity showed significant correlation with Global PSQI score (r = 0.034). Global PSQI score was significantly associated with the NPI total score (r = 0.261, p<0.001), the GDS-15 score (r = 0.336, p<0.001), the QOL-AD for patients (r = -0.257, p<0.001), and the QOL-AD for caregivers. (-0.313, p<0.001) In multivariate analyses, using general linear models, the Global PSQI score was highly independent associated with the total light exposure (p=0.000), and significantly associated with the NPI score and Gender (p = 0.011 and 0.021), after adjusting for potential confounders in bivariate analysis. (i.e. gender, activity of daily living status, hypertension and Chronic obstructive airway disease). Confounding factors were NPI and gender. Conclusion: In the present study, We found the intensity of natural light exposure was related to good sleep quality in older Chinese Alzheimer’s disease patients with age 65 years and above in Hong Kong as well as lesser episode of behavioural symptoms. Hence, daily outdoor light exposure is highly recommended for persons with Alzheimer’s disease.
published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Master of Medical Sciences

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Costa, Alana Caroline. „Determinação de fosfolípides plasmáticos nas doenças neuropsiquiátricas“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-11092017-115142/.

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Os fosfolípides e moléculas relacionadas compreendem 60% da porção não aquosa do cérebro e são os principais constituintes das membranas de células neuronais e gliais. Os fosfolípides são essenciais para todas as células vivas e, portanto, mudanças no seu metabolismo podem influenciar o organismo. Alterações no metabolismo de fosfolípides estão envolvidas em inúmeras doenças neuropsiquiátricas incluindo a doença de Alzheimer, esquizofrenia e o transtorno bipolar. Neste trabalho, tivemos por objetivo compreender a composição lipídica de metabólitos relacionados à membrana de pacientes com diferentes doenças neuropsiquiátricas. Para isto, utilizamos Análise por Injeção em Fluxo (FIA) acoplado à espectrometria de massas, uma metodologia analítica robusta que proporciona um perfil completo das substâncias em matrizes complexas. Para interpretação dos resultados, usamos o método estatístico CART - Classification and Regression Tree. Encontramos 4 metabólitos que são capazes de distinguir pacientes com TB de pacientes com SCZ e outros 3 metabólitos que, juntos, são capazes de diferenciar indivíduos com CCL e DA. Esses resultados evidenciam o potencial dos fosfolípides de membrana como biomarcadores que podem auxiliar na confirmação diagnóstica e elucidação de mecanismos fisiopatológicos das doenças estudadas
Phospholipids and related molecules comprise 60% of the non-aqueous portion of the brain and are the major constituents of neuronal and glial cell membranes. Phospholipids are essential for all living cells and therefore changes in their metabolism can influence the organism. Changes in phospholipid metabolism are known to be involved in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer\'s disease, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In this way, we aimed to understand the lipid composition of membrane-related metabolites of patients with different neuropsychiatric diseases. For this, we use Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) coupled with mass spectrometry, a robust analytical methodology that provides a complete profile of the substances in complex matrices. To interpret the results, we chose to perform the CART method - Classification and Regression Tree. We found 4 metabolites that are able to distinguish TB patients from patients with SCZ and 3 other metabolites that together are able to differentiate individuals with CCL and AD. These results show us the potential of membrane phospholipids as diagnostic biomarkers, which may aid in the diagnostic confirmation and elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms of the diseases studied

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Kjellner, Emma, und Katrin Petersson. „Människors upplevelser av att leva med bipolär sjukdom : En analys av självbiografier“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16501.

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Bakgrund: Bipolär sjukdom är en psykisk sjukdom, sjukdomen utmärks av återkommande depressiva- och maniska perioder som påverkar upplevelser av människors livsvärld och hälsa. Sjuksköterskan har en betydande roll när personer med bipolär sjukdom är i kontakt med hälso-och sjukvården. För att öka förståelse kring upplevelser av att leva med bipolär sjukdom, behövs mer forskning. Syfte: Syfte är att belysa människors upplevelser av att leva med bipolär sjukdom. Metod: En kvalitativ metod användes. Narrativer i form av sex självbiografier analyserades, datamaterialet har analyserats utifrån Dahlborg-Lyckhage beskrivning av att analysera narrativer/berättelser. Resultat: I resultatet framkom det fyra teman; Sjukdomens berg- och dalbana; Den eviga psykiska smärtan och dess konsekvenser; Upplevelser av nära relationer och betydelsen av stöd; När diagnosen blir ett faktum och vården brister. Diskussion: Bipolär sjukdom är en psykisk sjukdom som innefattar både patient och anhöriga. Upplevelsen av att leva med bipolär sjukdom är att leva i både hälsa och ohälsa beroende på i vilken period de befinner sig i förhållande till sjukdomen. Konklusion: Människor som lever med bipolär sjukdom upplever att symtomen påverkar hela personens livsvärld. Sjuksköterskan har en stor inverkan på personens mående och upplevelser.
Background: Bipolar disorder is a mental illness, the disease is characterized by recurrent depressive and manic periods that affect the experiences of human life and health. The nurse has a valuable role when people with bipolar disorder are in contact with healthcare. To increase understanding of experiences of living with bipolar disorder, more research is needed. Aim: The aim is to illustrate people's experiences of living with bipolar disorder. Method: A qualitative method was used. Narratives in the form of six autobiographies were analyzed, the data has been analyzed based on Dahlborg-Lyckhage's description of analyzing narratives / stories. Result: During the analysis, four themes emerged; The roller coaster of the disease; The eternal mental pain and its consequences; Experiences of close relationships and the importance of support; When diagnosis becomes a fact and health is lacking. Discussion: Bipolar disorder is a mental illness involving both patient and relatives. The experience of living with bipolar disorder is to live with both health and illness, depending on which disease period they are in. Support from care and nurses is perceived often as lacking. Conclusion: People living with bipolar disorder experiences that the symptoms affect the entire life as a person. The nurse has a major impact on the person's mood and experiences.

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Barroso, Maria Clara Brasileiro. „Effects of exposure to light in the motor changes and not motor of Parkinson's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13068.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Circadian abnormalities may contribute to sleep/wake alterations, cognitive and motor fluctuations in PD patients. The objective of this study is to test the effects of evening bright-light therapy on sleep disturbances, cognitive performance, disease severity and quality of life in PD patients. Patients with PD were randomized to bright-light therapy (10000 lux) or placebo (<500 lux) at evening. They were tested at baseline and after therapy with the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA), the Parkinsonâs Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS), Unified Parkinsonâs Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS I, II, III and IV), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD) and Parkinsonâs Diseases Questionnaire (PDQ-39). Nineteen (65.1 % male), aged from 55 to 68 years (67.0Â7.0) were studied. Arterial hypertension (42.1%), diabetes (21.0%) and dyskinesia (57.9%) were found. Overall, sleep disturbances (PDSS≤100, 57.9%) and excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS>10, 21.1%) were found. At baseline, clinical demographic variables and behavioral scales were not different between cases and controls. Bright-light therapy at evening improved LOTCA-G scores (F=12.8, p=0.006) and several PDSS domains. Difficulty staying asleep, fidgetiness in bed, nocturnal hallucinations and sudden daytime sleep onset were all improved after bright-light therapy at evening (p<0.05). PDQ-39 perception of cognition was also reported as ameliorated after treatment (F=7.2, p=0.007). This study supports the evidence that evening bright-light therapy at evening is beneficial for PD patients improving cognitive performance, perception of cognition and several sleep disturbances, including difficulty staying asleep, fidgetiness in bed, nocturnal hallucinations and daytime somnolence.
Anormalidades do ritmo circadiano podem contribuir para as alteracÃes do ritmo sono-vigÃlia na doenÃa de Parkinson (DP). Trata-se de uma doenÃa degenerativa do sistema nervoso central que acomete predominantemente pessoas a partir da sexta e sÃtima dÃcadas. Os sintomas variam de acordo com o estÃgio da doenÃa podendo manifestar-se com os sinais clÃssicos de tremor, rigidez, bradicinesia e instabilidade postural. Inicialmente, os sintomas podem ser essencialmente motores. Sintomas nÃo motores como alteraÃÃes do sono, dÃficit cognitivo, depressÃo e problemas psiquiÃtricos podem ocorrer no decorrer da doenÃa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da exposiÃÃo Ã luz vespertina sobre as alteraÃÃes motoras e nÃo motoras na DP. Trata-se de estudo randomizado e controlado com placebo, no qual os pacientes com DP foram randomizados para terapia com brilhante luz (10.000 lux) ou placebo (<500 lux) no final da tarde. Os pacientes foram testados no inÃcio e apÃs a terapia com luz utilizando as seguintes escalas: Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assesment versÃo geriÃtrica (LOTCA-G), Parkinsonâs Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS), Unified Parkinsonâs Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS I, II, III e IV), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e DepressÃo (HAD) e questionÃrio da doenÃa de Parkinson (PDQ-39). Dezenove pacientes (65,1% do sexo masculino), com idade entre 55-68 anos (67,0Â7,0) foram estudados. HipertensÃo arterial (42,1%), diabetes (21,0%) e discinesia (57,9%) foram encontrados. DistÃrbios do sono (PDSS≤100, 57,9%) e sonolÃncia excessiva diurna (ESS> 10, 21,1%) foram diagnosticados. Na linha de base, as variÃveis clÃnico-demogrÃficas e escalas de comportamento nÃo foram diferentes entre os casos e controles. Terapia com luz brilhante Ã tarde melhorou o escore total do Lotca-G (F=12,8, p=0,006) e vÃrios domÃnios do PDSS. A terapia com luz brilhante Ã tarde melhorou a dificuldade em manter o sono, o sono inquieto, as alucinaÃÃes noturnas e os episÃdios sÃbitos de inÃcio de sono durante o dia (p<0,05). A percepÃÃo da cogniÃÃo avaliada no PDQ-39 tambÃm melhorou apÃs o tratamento (F = 7,2, p = 0,007). Este estudo apoia a evidÃncia de que a terapia com luz Ã tarde Ã benÃfica para pacientes com DP, melhorando o desempenho cognitivo, a percepÃÃo da cogniÃÃo e diversos aspectos dos distÃrbios do sono, incluindo a dificuldade em manter o sono, inquietaÃÃo na cama, alucinaÃÃes noturnas e episÃdios sÃbitos de inÃcio de sono durante o dia.

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Strath, Scott J. „The effect of a light-moderate versus hard exercise intensity on health and fitness benefits“. Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115726.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a light-moderate versus hard exercise intensity on health and fitness benefits in a previously sedentary population. Twenty-six subjects, 17 male (mean age 45 + 3 yrs), 9 female (mean age 48 + 3 yrs) with at least one coronary artery disease risk factor volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects underwent laboratory testing comprising of, resting heart rate and blood pressure, body composition, blood lipid analysis and aerobic capacity (V02 ), prior to and 22-32 weeks after participating > 2 days per week in the Adult Physical Fitness Program (APFP) at Ball State University. After an initial exercise prescription subjects self selected an exercise intensity between 40-80% of their maximal heart rate range (MHRR) at which to train. Subjects were then grouped into those who trained at < 60% (light-moderate) and those who trained at > 60% (hard) of their MHRR.Those that self selected a hard training intensity did show a significantly greater decrease in diastolic blood pressure than the light-moderate intensity group. Subjects received a main training effect with a mean decrease in systolic blood pressure (123 ± 2.8 to 119 ± 2.4 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (78 ± 2.2 to 75 ± 1.7 mmHg), and mean increases for HDL-cholesterol (49 ± 2.5 to 53 ± 2.8 mg/dL), absolute functional capacity (2.676 +.162 to 2.843 +.169 L/min) and relative functional capacity (30.2 ± 1.5 to 32.8 + 1.8 ml/kg/min). In conclusion this study demonstrated health and fitness benefits when training at least 2 days per week with greater effects when training at a hard versus light-moderate intensity with regards to diastolic blood pressure.
School of Physical Education

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Gigante, Alexandre Duarte. „Estudo do hipocampo de portadores de transtorno afetivo bipolar após o primeiro episódio de mania através do uso da espectroscopia por ressonância magnética de próton (1H-ERM)“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-18122013-150223/.

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A investigação da fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar em pacientes no início da doença é uma estratégia para evitar um potencial efeito de confusão associado à duração da doença, presença de múltiplos episódios de alteração do humor e tratamento medicamentoso. Nosso objetivo foi investigar, in vivo, metabólitos neuronais do hipocampo de portadores de transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB) usando a espectroscopia por ressonância magnética de próton (1H-ERM) logo após o seu primeiro episódio de mania. Para isso, foram estudados cinqüenta e oito pacientes com TAB tipo I, classificados de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV (APA, 2000), após o primeiro episódio de mania e 27 indivíduos saudáveis utilizando a 1H-ERM com um aparelho Philips Achieva de 3T. Voxels com 30X15X15 mm foram posicionados no hipocampo em ambos os lados do cérebro e o sinal foi adquirido utilizando uma sequência PRESS com TE = 35ms e TR = 2000ms. A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando o programa LC Model. Os níveis de N-acetil-aspartato, compostos de colina, mio-inositol, creatina e glutamina + glutamato (Glx) foram comparados entre os grupos e não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre eles. Esses achados sugerem que no início do curso do TAB não há alterações no metabolismo neuronal ou vulnerabilidade no hipocampo após o primeiro episódio maníaco
The investigation of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder in patients at disease onset is a strategy to avoid a potential confounding effect associated with disease duration, presence of multiples mood episodes and pharmacological treatment. Our purpose was to investigate, in vivo, neuronal metabolites in the hippocampus of bipolar disorder (BD) patients using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) soon after their first manic episode. We studied fifty-eight BD I patients meeting DSM-IV (APA, 2000) criteria following their first episode of mania and 27 healthy subjects using 1H-MRS with a 3.0 T Philips Achieva scanner. Voxels with 30X15X15 mm were placed in the hippocampus on both sides of the brain and the signal was collected using a PRESS sequence with TE = 35ms and TR = 2000ms. Data analysis was performed using the LC Model software. N- Acetyl-Aspartate, choline compounds, myo-inositol, creatine and glutamine + glutamate (Glx) levels were compared between the groups and no statistically significant differences were found. These results suggest that early in the course of BD there are no alterations in neuronal metabolism or vulnerability in the hippocampus after the first manic episode

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Paarmann, Kristin [Verfasser]. „The role of mitochondrial function and ABC transporters in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease in the light of genetic modifications / Kristin Paarmann“. Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1162189959/34.

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Nordin, Charlotta, und Persson Maria Höglund. „Upplevelser av att leva med en person med bipolär sjukdom ur ett familjeperspektiv : en litteraturstudie“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för omvårdnad, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132279.

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AbstraktTitel: Upplevelser av att leva med en person med bipolär sjukdom - ett familjeperspektiv – En litteraturstudie. Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa och sjukdom är idag så vanligt förekommande att det räknas som ett folkhälsoproblem, men det finns fortfarande fördomar och stigmatisering kvar kring bilden av psykisk ohälsa. Ofta är det närstående som vårdar sina psykiskt sjuka anhöriga och sjukvårdspersonal behöver bli bättre på att möta närstående i vården och ta tillvara på deras kompetens och kunskap. Inom psykiatrin har det visat sig att närstående fortfarande kan känna sig utanför och att de upplever sig inte blir sedda av personalen. Det är viktigt att alla parter blir integrerade i vårdarbetet kring den sjuke och att det krävs samarbete mellan närstående och sjukvårdspersonalen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva upplevelser av att leva med en person med bipolär sjukdom ur ett familjeperspektiv. Metod: Litteraturstudie genomfördes med åtta artiklar, vilka alla hade kvalitativ ansats. Artiklarna valdes ut utifrån ett helikopterperspektiv, granskades och analyserades för att slutligen sammanställas. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras med tre huvudkategorier och nio subkategorier som i stort speglar närståendes upplevelser av att leva med person med bipolär sjukdom. De tre huvudkategorierna är; isolering och frustration, bemötande och stöd samt anpassning och glädje. Konklusion: Att som närstående vårda sin närstående med bipolär sjukdom kan innebära en stor börda samtidigt som de uttrycker att de vill vara den som vårdar sin närstående. Många uttrycker djup stolthet och kärlek till sin sjuke närstående och de vill finnas där och ställa upp för denne. Negativa konsekvenser för många närstående är att de ofta upplever isolering och ensamhet. Stöd från andra närstående eller vänner ses som värdefullt för att orka med situationen och stöd från sjukvården är viktigt för att kunna stärka närståendes möjligheter att på bästa sätt hantera livssituationen och att familjen får tillgång till lämplig vård och behandling. Nyckelord: bipolär sjukdom, upplevelse, närstående, erfarenhet, vårdgivare, syskon, föräldrar, kvalitativ, partner, familj, uppfattning
AbstractTitel: Experiences of living with a person with bipolar disorder from a family perspective - A literature review. Background: Psychiatric illness and psychiatric disease is a major part of the public disease and it´s a common health problem today, but there are still existing prejudice and stigmatization towards psychiatric health problems. Today it´s common that relatives has the role of caregivers to the mentally ill person and the mental health professionals has to become more open minded towards the relatives and see their competence and knowledge about their ill family member. Within the psychiatric care relatives often experience a feeling of exclusion from the staff and they also experience that the health caring staff doesn´t take notice of them. It´s important to integrate all concerned into the care of the mentally ill person and interaction between healthcare staff and relatives are of great importance. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to explain how relatives experience living with a person with bipolar disorder from a familyperspective. Methods: The literature review was conducted from eight articles with qualitative approach. They were chosen from a helicopter perspective, examined, analyzed and finally compiled. Results: The result was presented in three main categories and nine subcategories which represents the experiences relatives to a person with bipolar disorder has. The three main categories was; isolation and frustration, treatment and support, adaptation and happiness. Conclusion: Taking care of a person with bipolar disorde can be a great burden for relatives, but at the same time many relatives mean that they are the ones who want to take care of them. Many relatives express feelings like love and pride to the ill person and they want to be there for them. Negative consequences are that they often experience isolation and loneliness. Support from other family members or friends are importent so that they may be able to cope with the situation. Professional support is also of great important to strengthen the relatives to be able to handle their life and their situation and that the family will receive proper care and treatment. Keywords: “bipolar disorder”, “bipolar disease”, caregiver, relative*, partner, parent, sibling, family, perspective, experience*, perception, qualitative

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Sandberg, Ulrika, und Niclas Lindén. „Det finns en människa bakom sjukdomen : En litteraturöversikt om personers upplevelser och erfarenheter av att leva med bipolär sjukdom“. Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-5265.

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Bakgrund: Bipolär sjukdom är vanlig i världen och det blir vanligare i Sverige att personer med sjukdomen söker vård, både inom öppenvården och slutenvården. Omvårdnaden riktar in sig på att stödja och vägleda i hantering av symptom och sjukdomstecken. Hälsoutbildning har visats kunna fördröja återinsjuknandet och en personcentrerad vårdplan likaså. Många med bipolär sjukdom är odiagnostiserade och sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i att bidra till att uppmärksamma dessa, för att kunna ge en god omvårdnad. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa personers upplevelser och erfarenheter av att leva med bipolär sjukdom. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har gjorts för att få en överblick över kunskapsläget inom det valda området. Den är baserad på tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar som hämtades från två databaser. Resultat: Resultatet redovisas i fem övergripande teman med tillhörande subteman. De övergripande teman är: Hur sjukdomen uppfattas, Erfarenheter och upplevelser av sjukdomshantering, Relationer, Upplevelser av stigmatisering och Hur arbetet/studier/ekonomi påverkas av sjukdomen. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades tillsammans med livsvärldsbegreppet, bakgrunden och ny forskning. Det som diskuterades var om hur livsvärlden kan hjälpa sjuksköterskan att bidra till identifiering av diagnosen bipolär sjukdom, hur viktig vårdrelationen är och hur viktigt det är för personerna att sjuksköterskan tar del av deras livsvärld. Det diskuterades även om vilken betydelse det har för personerna att få stöd från andra som också har bipolär sjukdom.
Background: Bipolar disorder is common in the world and it is becoming more common in Sweden that people with the illness seek care, both outpatient and inpatient care. Nursing care focus on supporting and guiding the management of symptoms and signs of disease. Health education has been shown to delay the relapse and a person-centered care plan as well. Many people with bipolar disorder are undiagnosed and nurses have an important role in helping to address these in order to provide good care. Aim: The aim was to highlight people's experiences of living with bipolar disorder. Method: A literature review has been made to get an overview of the state of knowledge in the chosen field. It is based on ten qualitative research articles which were collected from two databases. Results: The results are reported in five overarching themes with related subthemes. The overarching themes are: How the disease is perceived, Experiences of disease management, Relationships, Experiences of stigmatization and How the work/study/economy is affected by the disease. Discussion: The results were discussed together with the lifeworld term, background and new research. The discussion was how the lifeworld can help the nurse contribute to identify the diagnose bipolar disorder, how important the care relationship is and how important it is to the persons that the nurse takes part of their lifeworld. It was also discussed about how important it is for the persons to get support from others who also have bipolar disorder.

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Stepczynski, Jadwiga Maja. „Defining the molecular phenotype of the rat retina during the commitment phase of light-induced retinal degeneration, a model of human retinal degenerative disease“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60502.pdf.

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Grillo, Giacomo. „The ICF syndrome and emergent players in DNA methylation and development : when studying a rare genetic disease sheds new light on an "old" field“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC300/document.

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La méthylation de l'ADN est un processus vital pour le développement des mammifères. Sa distribution anormale,notamment au niveau des régions répétées du génome, est une signature pathologique. La découverte de maladies héréditaires touchant la stabilité du génome a permis des avancées considérables dans l'identification des acteurs et des mécanismes. Nous avons choisi d'étudier le syndrome ICF (Immunodéficience, instabilité Centromérique et anomalies Faciales), première maladie génétique identifiée avec des défauts de la méthylation de l’ADN, liés à une instabilité chromosomique. Lorsque j'ai commencé ma thèse, des mutations dans les gènes DNMT3B et ZBTB24 avaient été décrites comme causes génétiques du syndrome. Cependant, d'autres causes génétiques restaient inconnues. Nos travaux ont permis d'identifier deux nouveaux gènes, CDCA7 et HELLS, dont les mutations sont responsables du syndrome. J'ai montré que leur perte de fonction dans les cellules somatiques entraîne un défaut de méthylation des répétitions centromériques, suggérant leur rôle dans le maintien de la méthylation de l'ADN. Par conséquent, l'étude de l'étiologie d'une maladie génétique rare a permis d'identifier de nouveaux « gardiens » de la stabilité du génome, avec des fonctions jusqu'alors insoupçonnées dans les processus de méthylation de l'ADN et dans le développement. Au cours de mon doctorat, j'ai établi des cartes de méthylation des cellules de patients ICF afin d'identifier les cibles communes et distinctes de ces facteurs, ainsi que leurs caractéristiques génomiques et épigénomiques. Contrairement aux mutations de DNMT3B,celles de ZBTB24, CDCA7 et HELLS affectent la méthylation dans des régions pauvres en CpG, dans des régions intergéniques et dans des répétitions d'ADN intercalées. Plus généralement, ce sont les régions d'hétérochromatine qui sont les plus touchées et en particulier des clusters des gènes codants et non codants, dont certains sont exprimés de manière monoallélique. Pour mieux caractériser le rôle de ZBTB24 dans le développement et la méthylation de l'ADN,nous avons généré un modèle murin mutant qui nous a permis de monter que ZBTB24 était essentielle pour le développement embryonnaire précoce. De plus, ZBTB24 jouerait un rôle dans l'établissement de la méthylation des séquences répétées de l'ADN, à la fois en tandem ou intercalé. Fait intéressant, ZBTB24 semble être également impliqué dans l'établissement de la marque répressive H3K9me3, suggérant un rôle de la protéine dans le "dialogue" entre la méthylation de l'ADN et celle des histones. Dans l'ensemble, mon travail met l'accent sur la façon dont la méthylation de l'ADN et les marques d'hétérochromatine sont établies et maintenues à des gènes uniques et des répétitions de l'ADN, et fournit de nouveaux acteurs et mécanismes à considérer dans les études sur le maintien de la stabilité du génome
DNA methylation is an essential process for the development of mammals. Its abnormal distribution, particularly at the level of the repeated regions of the genome, is a pathological signature. The discovery of hereditary diseases affecting DNA methylation and the stability of the genome allowed a considerable progress in the identification of their actors and mechanisms. We chose to study the ICF (Immunodeficiency, Centromeric Instability and Facial Abnormalities) syndrome, the first genetic disorder identified with defects in the distribution of DNA methylation, linked to chromosomal instability. When I started my PhD, mutations in two genes had been described to cause the ICF syndrome: DNMT3B and ZBTB24. However, the genetic origin of a subset of ICF patients remained unknown. We identified mutations in CDCA7 and HELLS as causative of the ICF syndrome. I showed that their loss of function in somatic cells results in the loss of DNA methylation at centromeric repeats, strongly suggestive of a role DNA methylation maintenance. Hence, the study of the aetiology of a genetic disease provided new candidate “guardians” of DNA repeats and genome stability, with virtually unknown functions but with exciting potential roles in the DNA methylation machinery and in development. During my PhD, I established methylation maps in ICF patients cells to identify common and distinct targets of these factors, as well as their genomic and epigenomic characteristics. In contrast to DNMT3B mutations, those in ZBTB24, CDCA7 and HELLS affect methylation at CpG-poor regions in intergenic genomic locations and at interspersed DNA repeats, and more generally, at genomic locations with heterochromatic features. Their integrity is required for the methylated status of coding and non-coding clusters of genes, some of which are expressed in a monoallelic manner. To better characterize the role of ZBTB24 in development and DNA methylation pathways, we generated a mouse model carrying mutations in ZBTB24. We showed that ZBTB24 is essential for early development, while it seemed to be dispensable for in vitro differentiation of murine ES cells. We implicated ZBTB24 in the establishment of DNA methylation at DNA repeats, both in tandem or interspersed, in differentiating ES cells. Interestingly, ZBTB24 seems to be also implicated in the establishment of the repressive mark H3K9me3 suggesting that ZBTB24 may indirectly control DNA methylation through an interplay with histone marks. As a whole, our work sheds light on how DNA methylation and heterochromatin marks are established and maintained at unique genes and DNA repeats, and provides new actors and mechanisms to consider in studies of the maintenance of genome stability

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Ljungberg, Anna, und Anna Gustafsson. „Patienters upplevelse av ett liv med bipolär sjukdom : En självbiografistudie“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15104.

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Bakgrund: Bipolär sjukdom breder ut sig allt mer i Sverige och orsakar stort lidande för den drabbade individen. Sjukdomen pendlar mellan återkommande maniska och depressiva skov, som sliter både fysiskt och psykiskt. Sjukdomen har hög dödlighet och kräver förståelse och kunskap från sjuksköterskor, som med rätt medel kan göra skillnad för människor som lever med bipolär sjukdom. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser av hur bipolär sjukdom påverkar det dagliga livet. Metod: Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Datan samlades ur självbiografier författade av personer med bipolär sjukdom. Resultat: Ur analysen av datamaterialet framträdde två teman: Leva mellan ytterligheter och Känna sig utanför med nio subteman. Konklusion: Att leva med bipolär sjukdom innebär ofta stort lidande, med kroppsliga och mentala besvär. Sjuksköterskor har stora möjligheter att lindra detta lidande, men behöver då kunskap och förståelse för livet med bipolär sjukdom.
Background: Bipolar disease keeps spreading across Sweden and causes great suffering. The disease alternates between recurrent manic and depressive relapses, taking its toll both physically and mentally. The disease has a high mortality and nurses need understanding and knowledge to find the right tools with which they are able to make a difference for people with bipolar disease. Aim: To describe patients experiences of the influence of bipolar disease in the daily life. Method: A qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The data was gathered from autobiographies written by people diagnosed with bipolar disease. Result: From the analysis of data material two themes emerged: Living between extremes and Feelings of not fitting in and being singled out. The informants experienced great contrasts in the symptoms, from complete darkness to feelings of invincibility with nine subthemes. Conclusion: Life with bipolar disease causes great suffering, both mentally and physically. Nurses have the opportunity to ease this suffering, but this will need knowledge and understanding of bipolar disease.

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Germishuys, Jurie J. „Free light chains in patients with HIV: establishing local reference ranges and their association with stage of disease, chronic antigen stimulation and the effect of Haart“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20173.

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Thesis (MMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Serum free light chains (FLC) are associated with imbalances in heavy and light chain production. Abnormal FLC ratios have been associated with risk of progression in certain diseases. Automated assays are available for their determination and they are used in the followup and management of patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Acceptable imprecision, specificity, accuracy and reproducibility between reagent batches is required to prevent under- or overestimation. Method validation is a standard process in every good laboratory to judge the acceptability of a new method. Reference intervals have been established in an older population, but it was considered important to verify these in our population. HIV is associated with B-cell dysfunction. As B-cell abnormalities are associated with disorders leading to monoclonal gammopathies, we postulated that the FLC levels and FLC ratio would be abnormal in HIV infected individuals. Methods and materials: Controls and pooled patient samples were used for the method validation study which included imprecision studies, linearity, recovery and interference studies, and method comparison studies, the latter compared our method to the same method used in another laboratory. For the reference interval study, blood was obtained from 120 healthy subjects. The following blood tests were performed: total protein, IgG, IgA, IgM, creatinine, protein electrophoresis, kappa FLC and lambda FLC. Using the kappa and lambda FLC results, a FLC ratio was determined. Three hundred and sixty-nine HIV positive subjects were then studied. The same tests were performed, as well as CD4+ counts and viral loads on the majority of them. Results: For the method validation study, precision, linearity and recovery was acceptable. Minimal interference was observed with haemolysis, lipaemia, bilirubin and rheumatoid factor. Our method showed comparable performance with the established method. For the reference interval study, all the creatinine values were normal, as were serum protein values. The serum protein electrophoreses were independently reviewed by 3 pathologists. Most were normal, with a few polyclonal increases seen, but no definite monoclonal bands. The 95% reference intervals for FLC’s as well as the FLC ratio were not statistically significantly different to the manufacturer’s recommendations. When examining the HIV positive study population, we found that FLC and FLC ratio were influenced by markers of HIV disease severity, such as CD4+ count, IgG, viral load, use of antiretroviral treatment and abnormal serum protein electrophoreses. Conclusion: The validation study of FLC showed excellent precision, acceptable bias, good linearity, good recovery and minimal interference, allowing routine introduction of the test. The 95% reference intervals obtained for our population were slightly higher than those recommended by the manufacturer. However, as most of the values fell within the manufacturer’s limits, we could accept the manufacturer’s recommended cut-offs. We found that FLC levels were definitely influenced by markers of HIV disease severity in our population and we postulate that they may be of use for follow-up of patients with HIV.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Serum vry ligte kettings (VLK) word geassosieer met ‘n wanbalans van ligte en swaar ketting produksie. Abnormale VLK ratios is geassosieer met ‘n risiko van verloop in sekere siektes. Geoutomatiseerde laboratorium toetse vir VLK is beskikbaar vir hul bepaling en word gebruik om pasiënte met monoklonale gammopatieë op te volg en te behandel. Aanvaarbare impresisie, spesifisiteit, akkuraatheid en herhaalbaarheid tussen reagens besendings is belangrik om onder- of oorbepaling te verhoed. Metode validasie is ’n standaard proses in elke goeie laboratorium om die aanvaarbaarheid van ’n nuwe metode te bepaal. Verwysingswaardes is al bepaal in ’n ouer populasie. Ons het besluit om die verwysingswaardes in ons populasie te bepaal. Mens-immuungebrekvirus (MIV) word geassosieer met B-sel disfunksie. Omdat B-sel abnormaliteite geassosieer word met afwykings wat tot monoklonale gammopatieë lei, het ons gepostuleer dat die VLK vlakke en VLK ratio abnormaal sal wees in MIV geïnfekteerde persone. Metodes en Materiale: Kontroles en pasiënt monsters is gebruik vir die metode validasie studie wat impresisie studies, lineariteit, herwinning, inmenging en metode korrelasie studies ingesluit het. In laasgenoemde geval is ons metode met dieselfde metode van ’n ander laboratorium vergelyk. Vir die verwysingswaardes studie is 120 gesonde persone se bloed gebruik. Die volgende toetse is bepaal: totale proteïen, IgG, IgA, IgM, kreatinien, proteïen elektroferese, kappa en lambda VLK. Die VLK ratio is bepaal deur die kappa en lambda resultate te gebruik. Driehonderd nege en sestig MIV-positiewe pasiente is gebruik vir die studie. Dieselfde toetse was gedoen, asook CD4+ tellings en virale ladings op die meerderheid van pasiente. Resultate: Vir die metode validasie studie, was presisie, lineariteit en herwinning aanvaarbaar. Minimale inmenging van hemolise, lipemie, bilirubien en rumatoïede factor is waargeneem. Ons metode het goed gekorreleer met die bepaalde metode. Die serum kreatinien en serum totale proteïen waardes was normaal tydens die verwysingswaardes studie. Die serum proteïen elektroferese was onafhanklik beoordeel deur 3 patoloë. Die meeste was normaal met enkele poliklonale verhogings, maar geen definitiewe monoklonale bande nie. Die 95% verwysings intervalle vir VLK en VLK ratio het nie statisties betekenisvol verskil van die vervaardiger se aanbevelings nie. In die studie van die MIV-positiewe studie populasie, het ons gevind dat VLK en VLK ratio beïnvloed word deur merkers van ernstige MIV siekte, soos CD4+ telling, IgG, virale lading, die gebruik van antiretrovale medikasie en abnormale serum proteïen elektroferese. Gevolgtrekking: Die validasie studie van VLK het uitstekende presisie, aanvaarbare partydigheid, goeie lineariteit, goeie herwinning en minimale inmenging gewys, wat die roetine instelling van die toets toegelaat het. Die 95% verwysingsintervalle wat vir ons populasie bepaal is, was effens hoër as die vervaardiger se aanbeveling. Die meeste van die waardes het egter binne die vervaardiger se limiete geval, dus kon ons die vervaardiger se afsnypunte aanvaar. Ons het gevind dat VLK vlakke definitief beïnvloed word deur merkers van die ernstigheidsgraad van MIV siekte in ons populasie en ons postuleer dat VLK van waarde kan wees met die opvolg van MIV pasiente.
NHLS
Harry Crossley for funding obtained

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Ben-Zion, Ilan. „'Light bulb moments' : evaluation of a transdiagnostic acceptance and commitment therapy group intervention for adjustment in neurological conditions“. Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17468.

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Objectives: The World Health Organisation has predicted that by 2020, brain injury will be one of the leading causes of disability in the world (Hyder et al, 2007). Psychological difficulties are common in this population, with up to 60% of individuals experiencing mental health difficulties (Acquired Bain injury Outreach Service, 2012). Therefore, with the rapid rise in referrals, services are under increasing pressure to provide innovative ways of offering effective and cost-efficient care. This research aimed to evaluate a novel transdiagnostic Acceptance and Commitment Therapy group approach for supporting individuals adjusting to life following the diagnosis of a neurological condition. Methods: A mixed-methods waiting-list control design was used and carried out across two sites of Hertfordshire Neurological Outpatients Service. The outcomes of the group were assessed using four outcome measures evaluating acceptance, self-identified difficulties, low mood and anxiety, as well as a semi-structured interview to identify mediators of change. Results: Ten participants from the intervention group completed, equating to a 76.9% completion rate. The results indicated that those in the intervention group made significant improvements across all measures of acceptance, self-identified difficulties and psychological distress. Those in the waiting list groups did not experience any change in these domains. The qualitative feedback from participants was also highly positive. Participants reported the usefulness of the ACT strategies, in addition to valuing being in a group with others with a range of difficulties. Participants reported greater awareness and acceptance, as well as increased activity and improved mood. Conclusions: The ACT group is a potentially effective and cost-efficient method of supporting individuals with adjustment following diagnosis of a neurological condition. Despite these promising findings it is important to acknowledge the limitations, such as the small sample size and research design. Further research would be beneficial in order to evaluate the intervention using more rigorous methods.

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BICUDO, LETICIA L. „Utilizacao de LEDS na prevencao de mucosite oral em paciente com linfoma de Hodgkin classico - estudo de caso“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11199.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10198.pdf: 2777156 bytes, checksum: 6e1e2c70e93aaa5f027c563bbe4dd7ce (MD5)
Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia)
IPEN/D-MPLO
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

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Nunes, Paula Villela. „"A influência do lítio no risco para a doença de Alzheimer"“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-26052006-161252/.

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O lítio é freqüentemente utilizado no tratamento do Transtorno Bipolar, doença associada a um risco aumentado para demência. Evidências experimentais sugerem efeitos neuroproterores do lítio. O lítio inibe a amiloidogênese e a fosforilação da proteína tau tanto in vitro como in vivo. Estes são processos importantes na patogênese da doença de Alzheimer. O objetivo este estudo foi a investigação do efeito do lítio na prevalência de Transtorno Cognitivo Leve e doença de Alzheimer em 114 bipolares idosos eutímicos. Todos os sujeitos completaram uma avaliação catamnéstica, psicopatológica e cognitiva que incluía o mini-exame do estado mental (Mini-mental), o teste cognitivo de Cambridge (CAMCOG) e o questionário do informante sobre o declínio cognitivo do idoso (IQCODE). Foi feita uma comparação da prevalência de Transtorno Cognitivo Leve e doença de Alzheimer entre pacientes em uso de lítio e pacientes em uso de outros estabilizadores de humor. Os sujeitos que entraram na pesquisa tinham em média 68,2 ± 5,0 anos e preenchiam os critérios da Décima Revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças e Problemas de Saúde Relacionados (CID-10) para o transtorno bipolar. Durante a avaliação os bipolares estavam eutímicos. Eutimia foi definida como uma pontuação máxima de 7 pontos na escala de Hamilton de 21 pontos para Depressão e 4 na escala de Young para mania. 66 pacientes em uso contínuo do lítio por 6 anos em média foram comparados com 48 pacientes em tratamento com outros estabilizadores de humor. O diagnóstico de Transtorno Cognitivo Leve foi feito de acordo com os critérios de Petersen(1999) e de doença de Alzheimer de acordo com o critério do National Institute for Communicative Disorders and Stroke - Alzheimers Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS/ADRDA). A prevalência de demência nesta amostra (19,4%) foi mais elevada do que o esperado para uma população comparável (7,1%). A prevalência de doença de Alzheimer entre aqueles com lítio foi 4,5% quando comparada com 33,3% entre aqueles sem lítio. Controlando idade e outras variáveis relacionadas ao curso da doença, o efeito do lítio na prevalência de doença de Alzheimer permaneceu significativo (OR = 0,079; p < 0,001). Nenhuma associação foi encontrada com Transtorno Cognitivo Leve. A alta da prevalência de doença de Alzheimer neste estudo está de acordo com as evidências de risco aumentado para demência em pacientes bipolares. Nesta amostra o tratamento com lítio reduziu a prevalência de Alzheimer aos níveis da população idosa em geral. Estes achados estão de acordo com os efeitos neuroprotetores do lítio em eventos cruciais para a patologia da doença de Alzheimer. Estudos prospectivos são necessários para avaliar se o lítio também pode ser efetivo na prevenção de doença de Alzheimer em outras populações.
Lithium is widely used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, a condition associated with an increased risk for dementia. Experimental evidence suggests that lithium has a neuroprotective effect. Both in vitro and in vivo, lithium inhibits amyloidogenesis and phosphorilation of tau protein, which are two crucial processes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lithium on the prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimers disease in 114 elderly euthymic bipolar patients. Subjects completed a thorough catamnestic, psychopathological and cognitive tests evaluation including the Mini-mental state evaluation, Cambridge cognitive test (CAMCOG) and the informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE). The prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimers disease between patients on lithium therapy and patients on treatment with other mood-stabilizing drugs was compared. Patients were 68.2 ± 5.0 years old and fulfilled of the International Classification of Diseases - 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis for bipolar disorder. At the time of the evaluation patients were euthymic, as defined by a maximum score of 7 in the 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and 4 in the Young Mania Rating Scale. Sixty-six patients were continuously being treated with lithium for six years, on average, and 48 patients were receiving other mood-stabilizing drugs. Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment was made according to Petersen (1999) and of Alzheimers disease was made according to the National Institute for Communicative Disorders and Stroke - Alzheimers Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS/ADRDA) criteria. The overall prevalence of dementia in our sample (19.4%) was higher than the prevalence expected in the age-comparable general population (7.1%). The prevalence of Alzheimers disease among lithium users was 4.5% as compared to 33.3% among non-users. After controlling for age and other variables related to the clinical course of the bipolar disorder, the effect of lithium on Alzheimers disease prevalence remained significant (OR = 0.079; p < 0.001). No association was found with Mild Cognitive Impairment. The higher prevalence of Alzheimers disease in our study supports the reports of increased risk for dementia in bipolar patients. In our sample, lithium treatment reduced the prevalence of Alzheimers disease to the levels of the general elderly population. This finding is in line with the neuroprotective effects of lithium on crucial events for the pathology of Alzheimers disease. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify whether lithium may also be effective in the prevention of Alzheimers disease in the general population.

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Thesen, Manuel Wolfram. „Synthese und Charakterisierung von phosphoreszenten Terpolymeren und nichtkonjugierten Matrixpolymeren für effiziente polymere Leuchtdioden“. Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5170/.

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Mit Seitenkettenpolystyrenen wurde ein neues Synthesekonzept für phosphoreszente polymere LED-Materialien aufgestellt und experimentell verifiziert. Zunächst erfolgten auf Grundlage strukturell einfacher Verbindungen Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Spacern zwischen aktiven Seitengruppen und dem Polystyrenrückgrat. Es wurden Synthesemethoden für die Monomere etabliert, durch die aktive Elemente - Elektronen- und Lochleiter - mit und ohne diesen Spacer zugänglich sind. Durch Kombination dieser Monomere waren unter Hinzunahme von polymerisierbaren Iridium-Komplexen in unterschiedlicher Emissionswellenlänge statistische Terpolymere darstellbar. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Realisierung bestimmter Verhältnisse zwischen Loch-, Elektronenleiter und Triplettemitter in ausreichender Molmasse möglich ist. Die Glasstufen der Polymere zeigten eine deutliche Strukturabhängigkeit. Auf die Lage der Grenzorbitale übten die Spacer nahezu keinen Einfluss aus. Die unterschiedlichen Makromoleküle kamen in polymeren Licht emittierenden Dioden (PLEDs) zum Einsatz, wobei ein deutlicher Einfluss der Spacereinheiten auf die Leistungscharakteristik der PLEDs festzustellen war: Sowohl Effizienz, Leuchtdichte wie auch Stromdichte waren durch den Einsatz der kompakten Makromoleküle ohne Spacer deutlich höher. Diese Beobachtungen begründeten sich hauptsächlich in der Verwendung der aliphatischen Spacer, die den Anteil im Polymer erhöhten, der keine Konjugation und damit elektrisch isolierende Eigenschaften besaß. Diese Schlussfolgerungen waren mit allen drei realisierten Emissionsfarben grün, rot und blau verifizierbar. Die besten Messergebnisse erzielte eine PLED aus einem grün emittierenden und spacerlosen Terpolymer mit einer Stromeffizienz von etwa 28 cd A-1 (bei 6 V) und einer Leuchtdichte von 3200 cd m-2 (bei 8 V). Ausgehend von obigen Ergebnissen konnten neue Matrixmaterialien aus dem Bereich verdampfbarer Moleküle geringer Molmasse in das Polystyrenseitenkettenkonzept integriert werden. Es wurden Strukturvariationen sowohl von loch- wie auch von elektronenleitenden Verbindungen als Homopolymere dargestellt und als molekular dotierte Systeme in PLEDs untersucht. Sieben verschiedene lochleitende Polymere mit Triarylamin-Grundkörper und drei elektronendefizitäre Polymere auf der Basis von Phenylbenzimidazol konnten erfolgreich in den Polymeransatz integriert werden. Spektroskopische und elektrochemische Untersuchungen zeigten kaum eine Veränderung der Charakteristika zwischen verdampfbaren Molekülen und den dargestellten Makromolekülen. Diese ladungstransportierenden Makro-moleküle wurden als polymere Matrizes molekular dotiert und lösungsbasiert zu Einschicht-PLEDs verarbeitet. Als aussichtsreichstes Lochleiterpolymer dieser Reihe, mit einer Strom-effizenz von etwa 33 cd A-1 (bei 8 V) und einer Leuchtdichte von 6700 cd m-2 (bei 10 V), stellte sich ein Triarylaminderivat mit Carbazolsubstituenten heraus. Als geeignetstes Matrixmaterial für die Elektronenleitung wurde ein meta-verknüpftes Di-Phenylbenzimidazol ausfindig gemacht, das in der PLED eine Stromeffizienz von etwa 20 cd A-1 (bei 8 V) und eine Leuchtdichte von 7100 cd m-2 (bei 10 V) erzielte. Anschließend wurden die geeignetsten Monomere zu Copolymeren kombiniert: Die lochleitende Einheit bildete ein carbazolylsubstituiertes Triarylamin und die elektronen-leitende Einheit war ein disubstituiertes Phenylbenzimidazol. Dieses Copolymer diente im Folgenden dazu, PLEDs zu realisieren und die Leistungsdaten mit denen eines Homopolymer-blends zu vergleichen, wobei der Blend die bessere Leistungscharakteristik zeigte. Mit dem Homopolymerblend waren Bauteileffizienzen von annähernd 30 cd A-1 (bei 10 V) und Leuchtdichten von 6800 cd m-2 neben einer Verringerung der Einsatzspannung realisierbar. Für die abschließende Darstellung bipolarer Blockcopolymere wurde auf die Nitroxid-vermittelte Polymerisation zurückgegriffen. Mit dieser Technik waren kontrollierte radikalische Polymersiationen mit ausgewählten Monomeren in unterschiedlichen Block-längen durchführbar. Diese Blockcopolymere kamen als molekular dotierte Matrizes in phosphoreszenten grün emittierenden PLEDs zum Einsatz. Die Bauteile wurden sowohl mit statistischen Copolymeren, wie auch mit Homopolymerblends in gleicher Zusammensetzung aber unterschiedlichem Polymerisationsgrad hinsichtlich der Leistungscharakteristik verglichen. Kernaussage dieser Untersuchungen ist, dass hochmolekulare Systeme eine bessere Leistungscharakteristik aufweisen als niedermolekulare Matrizes. Über Rasterkraft-mikroskopie konnte eine Phasenseparation in einem Größenbereich von etwa 10 nm für den hochmolekularen Homopolymerblend nachgewiesen werden. Für die Blockcopolymere war es nicht möglich eine Phasenseparation zu beobachten, was vorwiegend auf deren zu geringe Blocklänge zurückgeführt wurde.
A new synthetic approach for the synthesis of side chain polystyrenes was established and their use as phosphorescent polymers for polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) is shown by experiments. An assay was introduced to clarify influences on electroluminescent behavior for RGB-colored phosphorescent terpolymers with N,N-Di-p-tolyl-aniline as hole-transporting unit, 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (tert-BuPBD) as electron-transporting unit, and different iridium complexes in RGB-colors as triplet emitting materials. All monomers were attached with spacer moieties to the “para” position of a polystyrene. PLEDs were built to study the electro-optical behavior of these materials. The gist was a remarkable influence of hexyl-spacer units to the PLED performance. For all three colors only very restricted PLED performances were found. In comparison RGB-terpolymers were synthesized with directly attached charge transport materials to the polymer backbone. For this directly linked systems efficiencies were 28 cd A−1 @ 6 V (green), 4.9 cd A−1 @ 5 V (red) and 4.3 cd A−1 @ 6 V (bluish). In summary it is assumed that an improved charge percolation pathways regarding to the higher content of semiconducting molecules and an improved charge transfer to the phosphorescent dopand in the case of the copolymers without spacers are responsible for the better device performance comparing the copolymers with hexyl spacers. It was found that the approach of the directly connected charge transport materials at the nonconjugated styrene polymer backbone is favored for further investigations as shown in the following. A series of styrene derived monomers with triphenylamine-based units, and their polymers have been synthesized and compared with the well-known structure of polymer of N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine with respect to their hole-transporting behavior in PLEDs. A vinyltriphenylamine structure was selected as a basic unit, functionalized at the para positions with the following side groups: diphenylamine, 3-methylphenyl-aniline, 1- and 2-naphthylamine, carbazole, and phenothiazine. The polymers are used in PLEDs as host polymers for blend systems. It is demonstrated that two polymers are excellent hole-transporting matrix materials for these blend systems because of their good overall electroluminescent performances and their comparatively high glass transition temperatures. For the carbazole-substituted polymer (Tg = 246 °C), a luminous efficiency of 35 cd A−1 and a brightness of 6700 cd m−2 at 10 V is accessible. The phenothiazine-functionalized polymer (Tg = 220 °C) shows nearly the same outstanding PLED behavior. Hence, both these polymers outperform the well-known polymer of N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine, showing only a luminous efficiency of 7.9 cd A−1 and a brightness of 2500 cd m−2 (10 V). Furthermore, novel styrene functionalized monomers with phenylbenzo[d]imidazole units and the corresponding homopolymers are prepared. The macromolecules are used as matrices for phosphorescent dopants to prepare PLEDs. The devices exhibit current efficiencies up to 38.5 cd A−1 at 100 cd m−2 and maximum luminances of 7400 cd m−2 at 10 V. Afterwards the most efficient monomers of this investigations were combined and statistical copolymers were synthesized. As hole-transporting monomer the carbazole substituted triarylamine and as electron-transporting monomer a disubstituted phenylbenzoimidazole was selected. This statistical copolymer was used in the following as matrix material for phosporescent PLEDs and the device performance was compared with a matrix system of a polymer blend matrix system of corresponding homopolymers. With this homopolymer blend efficiencies of about 30 cd A-1 at 10 V and luminances of 6800 cd m-2 beside a decreased onset voltage were realized. Finally bipolar blockcopolymers of structural basic monomers were synthesized via nitroxide mediated polymerization. With these technique and the chosen hole- and electron-transporting monomers a controlled radical polymerization was realized leading to blockcopolymers in different block lengths. These blockcopolymers were used as molecular doped matrix systems in green phosphoreszent PLEDs. The devices were compared in regard to their performances with PLEDs made of statistical copolymers and homopolymer blends. It was found that high molecular systems show a better device performance compared to low molecular polymer matrices. With atomic force microscopy it is shown that a phase separation takes place for the high molecular blend of homopolymers. For the synthesized blockcopolymers no phase separation could be verified, mainly because of the comparatively low molecular weight of these systems.

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