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Prokosch, H. U., T. Ganslandt und J. Šuc. „Applicability of Lewin´s Change Management Model in a Hospital Setting“. Methods of Information in Medicine 48, Nr. 05 (2009): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me9235.
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Summary Objectives: Today’s socio-economic developments in the healthcare area require continued optimization of processes and cost structures at hospitals, often associated with process changes for different occupational groups in the hospital. Formal methods for managing change have been established in other industries. The goal of this study was to assess the applicability of Kurt Lewin’s change management method to a health informatics-related project at a German university hospital. Methods: A project at the University Hospital Erlangen introducing changed requirements in the documentation of costly material in the surgical area was conducted following the concept of Lewin’s approach based on field theory, group dynamics, action research and the three steps of change. A data warehouse contributed information to several steps in the change process. Results: The model was successfully applied to the change project. Socio-dynamic forces relevant to the project goals were identified and considered in the design of the new documentation concept. The achieved documentation level met the new requirements and in some areas even exceeded them. Conclusions: Based on the project experiences, we consider Kurt Lewin’s approach applicable to change management projects in the hospital sector without a requirement for substantial additional resources, however, specific hospital characteristics need to be taken into account. The data warehouse played an important role by providing essential contributions throughout the entire change process.
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M. N., Okeke, Oboreh, J.C, Nebolisa O., Esione, U.O und Chukwuemeka Odemegwu Ojukwu. „Change Management and Organizational Performance in Selected Manufacturing Companies in Anambra State, Nigeria“. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 6, Nr. 5 (24.05.2019): 5437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v6i5.06.
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This study examined change management and organizational performance in manufacturing companies in Anambra state, Nigeria. Relevant conceptual, theoretical and empirical literatures were reviewed. This study was anchored on organizational change and Lewin`s Three Step Model . Descriptive survey design was adopted, and primary data was employed. The population for the study was 286 employees working at the selected manufacturing companies in Anambra State. The entire population was used as the sample size for this study.The major instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire. Content Validity was adopted, and the test-retest method was used to test reliability of the research instrument. The study found that technological changes have a positive significant effect on organizational performance in manufacturing companies. Change management strategies have a positive significant effect on organizational performance in manufacturing companies in Anambra state. Leadership changes have a positive significant influence on organizational performance in manufacturing companies in Anambra state. The study concluded that change management has a positive significant effect on organizational performance in manufacturing companies in Anambra state. The study recommends that technology change had influenced employee performance since it simplifies the work to be done,thereby making work more efficient. Organizations which implement new technology should provide proper training to their employees to increase their performance. Every organization should build strong organizational management strategies that help to build good relationships based on their values, norms, behaviours, and perceptions.Leadership changes leaders’ mind-set, style, and behavior.The change process they design as a result of their orientation must encourage employees to want to participate, to choose to contribute, rather than force them to do so.
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Berry, David C., und Christine Noller. „Change Management and Athletic Training: A Primer for Athletic Training Educators“. Athletic Training Education Journal 15, Nr. 4 (01.10.2020): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1947-380x-19-89.
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Context Change management is a discipline guiding how organizations prepare, equip, and support people to adopt a change to drive organizational success and outcomes successfully. Objective To introduce the concept of change management and create a primer document for athletic training educators to use in the classroom. Background While Lean and Six Sigma methodologies are essential for achieving a high-reliability organization, human resistance to change is inevitable. Change management provides a structured approach via different theoretical methods, specific principles, and tools to guide organizations through growth and development and serves an essential role during process improvement initiatives. Synthesis There are several theories or models of change management, 3 of which are specifically relevant in health care. Kotter and Rathgeber believe change has both an emotional and situational component and use an 8-step approach: increase urgency, guide teams, have the right vision, communicate for buy-in, enable action, create short-term wins, and make-it-stick [Kotter J., Rathgeber H. Our Iceberg is Melting: Changing and Succeeding Under Any Circumstances. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 2006]. Bridges' Transitional Model focuses on the premise that change does not influence project success; instead, a transition does [Bridges W. Managing Transitions: Making the Most of Change. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1991]. Lewin's model suggests that restraining forces influence organizations and that driving forces cause change to happen [Lewin K. Problems of research in social psychology. In: Cartwright D, ed. Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers. New York, NY: Harpers; 1951]. Recommendation(s) Whether athletic trainers approach change management in a leadership role or as a stakeholder, newly transitioning professionals and those seeking leadership roles should value and appreciate change management theories and tools. Moreover, while no best practice statement exists relative to the incorporation of change management into a curriculum, addressing the subject early may allow immersive-experience students an opportunity to use change management during a process improvement initiative, facilitating a greater appreciation of the content. Conclusion(s) Athletic training curriculums should consider including change management course content, whether separately or in combination with other process-improvement content, thereby familiarizing athletic trainers with a common language for organizational and professional change.
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Ajgaonkar, Mihir, und Keith D’Souza. „The Muktangan story (Part A): an organizational study and The Muktangan story (Part B): winds of change“. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 8, Nr. 3 (24.09.2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-08-2017-0216.
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Subject area The subject areas are organizational management, organizational behaviour and human resource management. Study level/applicability The study is applicable for courses in human resource management and organizational behaviour as part of masters-level programmes in business administration and management, executive development programmes on organization design and development for middle/senior management. Case overview In 2003, Elizabeth and Sunil Mehta had founded a voluntary organization, “Muktangan”, focussed on child-centric education through innovative pedagogy for the community of the urban poor. Elizabeth, an educationist, and Sunil, a highly successful business person, joined hands to contribute to the well-being of urban poor to make a difference to their lives. Elizabeth and Sunil presented a proposal to impart education for “the children of the community, by the teachers drawn from the community” to the residents of the slums in central Mumbai. With a humble beginning of running a small pre-school, Muktangan now manages seven schools with 3,400 children and 500 teachers, and a teachers’ training centre with a capacity to train 100 teachers a year. Muktangan won acclaim for its unique pedagogy and a very effective child-to-teacher ratio. Over the years, Elizabeth and Sunil led Muktangan with a strong passion and a “hands-on” approach. Of late, Elizabeth and Sunil faced questions from their donors about the sustainability of Muktangan with respect to leadership and management succession. Elizabeth and Sunil had a vision for Muktangan for self-directed growth with an empowered team. Muktangan embarked on the journey to create a leadership for self-directed growth. Sunil, Elizabeth and team Muktangan conceptualized and implemented a change management intervention with help from an external consultant to build the desired organization. Expected learning outcomes Outcomes are understanding issues involved in the leadership, organization design and management of change, particularly of those organizations engaged in social change and development in developing societies. Supplementary materials The Muktangan Story: Part A – An Organizational Study; The Muktangan Story Part B – Winds of Change; Teaching Note; References: Bradach J. (1996), Organizational Alignment: The 7-S Model, Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02,163. Cooperrider D. and Whitney D. (2005), “A Positive Revolution in Change: Appreciative Inquiry”, In The Change Handbook. The Definitive Resource on Today’s Best Methods for Engaging.Whole Systems, by Peggy Holman, Tom Devane, and Steven Cady. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Cooperrider D., Whitney D., and Stavros J.M. (2008), Appreciative Inquiry Handbook for Leaders of Change (Second Edition), Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Greiner, L.E. (1998), “Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow”, Harvard Business Review, May-June, 3-11. www.muktanganedu.org/ accessed 12 April, 2018. Kessler, E. H., (2013) (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Management Theory, Sage Publications Kotter, J. P. (1996), Leading Change, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Lewin K. (1951), Field Theory in social science, Harper & Row, New York. Waterman, R. H., Peters, T. J., and Phillips, J. R. (1980), Structure is not organization. Business Horizons, 23(3), 14-26. Subject code: CSS 6: Human Resource Management.
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Akimov, A. I., N. Yu Shoman und E. S. Solomonova. „Fluorescence characteristics of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Lewin, 1964“. Marine Biological Journal 4, Nr. 4 (30.12.2019): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.4.08.
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Fluorescence characteristics of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium previously adapted to light intensities of 17, 200, and 800 μE·m−2·s−1 were investigated. Possibility of using fluorescence parameters for express score of both the algae functional state and the identification of a range of optimal light intensities for their growth was shown. The variable fluorescence coefficient (Fv/Fm) allows to evaluate in express mode the algae functional state in intensive cultivation conditions. It was shown that the maximum of Fv/Fm was of 0.65–0.7 for algae grown at light intensities of 17 and 200 μE·m−2·s−1; it decreased to 0.48–0.57 for algae adapted to light intensities of 800 μE·m−2·s−1. Light response curves of the electron transport rate, photochemical and non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, and the Fv’/Fm’ coefficient values were obtained. These parameters indicate the degree of algae resistance to the light factor level. It was shown that saturating light intensity of about 200 μE·m−2·s−1 is optimal for the growth of C. closterium. The high values of yield of fluorescence per chlorophyll unit under extreme light intensity (800 μE·m−2·s−1) may indicate the degree of inactivation of part of photosystem II reaction centers.
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Arbulú Pérez Vargas, Carmen Graciela. „Experiencia de webinar para mejorar las tutorías virtuales en la especialización de gestión del e-learning y docencia“. Revista Científica Retos de la Ciencia 3, Nr. 7 (01.07.2019): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53877/rc.3.7.20190701.07.
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The main objective of the study was to analyze the virtual mode tutorial activities of students of E- learning Management and Virtual Teaching in the School of Education, Unit of Second Major (Specialization), at Universidad National Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Perú. Kurt Lewin´s theory of group communication was assumed as a basis, and elements proposed by Aristotle, as the arguer, the topic and the listener, identified as the student, the teacher, the contents. A Tutorial plan was then designed, on the basis of the application of webinar as a technological support and with emphasis on an empathic counselling to get connection with the students and achieve the learning objectives in curricular experiences. Key words: tutorial, webinar, technology, counselling.
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Janjic, Natasa, Darko Kapor, Dragan Doder, Aleksandar Petrovic und Radoslava Doder. „A Model for Determining the Effect of the Wind Velocity on 100 M Sprinting Performance“. Journal of Human Kinetics 57, Nr. 1 (22.06.2017): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0057.
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AbstractThis paper introduces an equation for determining instantaneous and final velocity of a sprinter in a 100 m run completed with a wind resistance ranging from 0.1 to 4.5 m/s. The validity of the equation was verified using the data of three world class sprinters: Carl Lewis, Maurice Green, and Usain Bolt. For the given constant wind velocity with the values + 0.9 and + 1.1 m/s, the wind contribution to the change of sprinter velocity was the same for the maximum as well as for the final velocity. This study assessed how the effect of the wind velocity influenced the change of sprinting velocity. The analysis led to the conclusion that the official limit of safely neglecting the wind influence could be chosen as 1 m/s instead of 2 m/s, if the velocity were presented using three, instead of two decimal digits. This implies that wind velocity should be rounded off to two decimal places instead of the present practice of one decimal place. In particular, the results indicated that the influence of wind on the change of sprinting velocity in the range of up to 2 m/s and was of order of magnitude of 10-3 m/s. This proves that the IAAF Competition Rules correctly neglect the influence of the wind with regard to such velocities. However, for the wind velocity over 2 m/s, the wind influence is of order 10-2 m/s and cannot be neglected.
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McDonagh, Elaine L., Harry L. Bryden, Brian A. King, Richard J. Sanders, Stuart A. Cunningham und Robert Marsh. „Decadal Changes in the South Indian Ocean Thermocline“. Journal of Climate 18, Nr. 10 (15.05.2005): 1575–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3350.1.
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Abstract A significant change in properties of the thermocline is observed across the whole Indian Ocean 32°S section between 1987 and 2002. This change represents a reversal of the pre-1987 freshening and decreasing oxygen concentrations of the upper thermocline that had been interpreted as a fingerprint of anthropogenic climate change. The thermocline at the western end of the section (40°–70°E) is occupied by a single variety of mode water with a potential temperature of around 13°C. The thermocline at the eastern end of the 32°S section is occupied by mode waters with a range of properties cooling from ∼11°C at 80°E to ∼9°C near the Australian coast. The change in θ–S properties between 1987 and 2002 is zonally coherent east of 80°E, with a maximum change on isopycnals at 11.6°C. Ages derived from helium–tritium data imply that the mode waters at all longitudes take about the same time to reach 32°S from their respective ventilation sites. Dissolved oxygen concentration changes imply that all of the mode water reached the section ∼20% faster in 2002 than in 1987.
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Yoshihara, Satoshi, Yoshikazu Nitta, Masaru Kikuchi, Ken Koseki, Yoshiharu Ito, Yoshiaki Inada, Souichiro Kuramochi et al. „A 1/1.8-inch 6.4 MPixel 60 frames/s CMOS Image Sensor With Seamless Mode Change“. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 41, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2006): 2998–3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2006.884868.
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Wang, Wei, Lingjiu Zhou, Zhengwei Wang, Xavier Escaler und Oscar De La Torre. „Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Sound Speed in Attached Cavitation on Hydrofoil Modes of Vibration“. Energies 12, Nr. 9 (09.05.2019): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091758.
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It has been found recently that the dynamic behavior of a cavitating hydrofoil is different from that in pure water in that, not only are the natural frequencies different, but the mode shapes may also change. In order to elucidate the mechanism behind this phenomenon, finite element simulations were carried out based on acoustic–structure coupling equations. It was found that the structure and acoustic modes exhibit mode transitions with the variation of the sound speed in the cavity. Further, the mode transition was caused by coupling of the structure with the acoustic modes, which was induced by the vapor mode. The amplitude of the vibration near the mode transition point was high and the mode shape was easily excited. Moreover, with the change of the sound speed in the cavity, the different distributions of the acoustic pressure mode resulted in different structure mode shapes, even on the same transition line. Considering this, a sheet cavitation was simulated by a small change of the void fraction to 0.999 and the sound speed from 343 to 275 m/s to obtain good agreement with the experimental data. Both results showed that the second bending mode under cavitation conditions became a bending–torsion coupled mode.
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Kepler, S. O., D. E. Winget, E. L. Robinson und R. E. Nather. „An improved limit for the rate of period change in the ZZ Ceti star G117-B15A or The Most Stable Optical Clock Known“. Symposium - International Astronomical Union 123 (1988): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900158309.
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The rate of change of period with time for the g-mode pulsations in ZZ Ceti stars depends directly on the cooling timescale for a DA white dwarf, and therefore a measurement of its value can yield an evolutionary timescale for the white dwarf. We have obtained an upper limit for the rate of change of the period of the dominant pulsation in the light curve of the ZZ Ceti star G117-B15A of |dP/dt| ≤ 9.9 × 10−15 s/s at the 68% confidence level, equivalent to a timescale for period change of
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Pickett, Steward T. A. „The Paper Trail: W. S. Cooper's “Fundamentals of Vegetational Change” and a Fluent Mode of Thought for Ecology“. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 88, Nr. 1 (Januar 2007): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2007)88[98:tptwsc]2.0.co;2.
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Liu, Kenny T. C., Ronald S. Haines und Jason B. Harper. „The effect of bisimidazolium-based ionic liquids on a bimolecular substitution process. Are two head(group)s better than one?“ Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, Nr. 37 (2020): 7388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ob01500h.
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Bisimidazolium-based ionic liquids generally result in greater rate constants than the corresponding monocationic salts. The effect depends on the length of the bridging chain; likely due to a change in the mode of interactions in solution.
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Adamovich, Serge V., Mindy F. Levin und Anatol G. Feldman. „Central Modifications of Reflex Parameters May Underlie the Fastest Arm Movements“. Journal of Neurophysiology 77, Nr. 3 (01.03.1997): 1460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1460.
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Adamovich, Serge V., Mindy F. Levin, and Anatol G. Feldman. Central modifications of reflex parameters may underlie the fastest arm movements. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1460–1469, 1997. Descending and reflex pathways usually converge on common interneurons and motoneurons. This implies that active movements may result from changes in reflex parameters produced by control signals conveyed by descending systems. Specifically, according to the λ-model, a fast change in limb position is produced by a rapid change in the threshold of the stretch reflex. Consequently, external perturbations may be ineffective in eliciting additional reflex modifications of electromyographic (EMG) patterns unless the perturbations are relatively strong. In this way, the model accounts for the relatively weak effects of perturbations on the initial agonist EMG burst (Ag1) usually observed in fast movements. On the other hand, the same model permits robust reflex modifications of the timing and shape of the Ag1 in response to strong perturbations even in the fastest movements. To test the model, we verified the suggestion that the onset time of the Ag1, even in the fastest movements, depends on proprioceptive feedback in a manner consistent with a stretch reflex. In control trials, subjects ( n = 6) made fast unopposed elbow flexion movements of ∼60° (peak velocity 500–700°/s) in response to an auditory signal. In random test trials, a brief (50 ms) torque of 8–15 Nm either assisting or opposing the movement was applied 50 ms after this signal. Subjects had no visual feedback and were instructed not to correct arm deflections in case of perturbations. In all subjects, the onset time of the Ag1 depended on the direction of perturbation: it was 25–60 ms less in opposing compared with assisting load conditions. Assisting torques caused, at a short latency of 37 ms, an additional antagonist EMG burst preceding the Ag1. The direction-dependent effects of the perturbation persisted when cutaneous feedback was suppressed. It was concluded that the direction-dependent changes in the onset time and duration of the Ag1 as well as the antagonist activation preceding the Ag1 resulted from stretch reflex activity elicited by the perturbations rather than from a change in the control strategy or cutaneous reflexes. The results support the hypothesis on the hierarchical scheme of sensorimotor integration in which EMG patterns and movement emerge from the modification of the thresholds and other parameters of proprioceptive reflexes by control systems.
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Suh, Hyunsuk, Eun Park und Joon Hong. „Effect of Monopolar Cutting Mode against Bipolar Diathermy on Surgical Dissection of Microvessels“. Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 33, Nr. 09 (14.08.2017): 660–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604438.
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Background An ideal vessel dissection will be to maximize bleeding control through coagulation while minimizing vessel damage. Among the diathermy methods, there has been no report comparing the effect on vessels. This study aims to verify the effect of bipolar diathermy against monopolar diathermy cutting mode for vessel dissection. Methods A total of 18 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups according to the method of pedicle dissection for 6 × 6 cm sized abdominal flap; (group 0) surgical scissors, (group 1) monopolar diathermy cutting mode and (group 2) bipolar diathermy. They were evaluated for the temperature of device tip and the radiating heat to the surrounding tissue, change in vessel diameter, flow velocity, and perfusion to the skin flap during dissection. Final flap survival rate and pathology of the vessels were also evaluated. Results Significantly higher radiating heat was observed using bipolar diathermy (average: 37.5°C) compared with group using monopolar diathermy (average: 34.4°C) (p value 0.045). However, there were no differences in vessel diameter, skin flap perfusion, flow velocity, and flap survival rate among the groups. Conclusions Both monopolar diathermy cutting mode and bipolar diathermy are safe to use to dissect the pedicle vessels when used adequately. Although it has no significant difference in relations to flap survival, vessel spasm, and perfusion/velocity to the flap, the extent of histologic damage may be less in monopolar diathermy cutting mode. Using monopolar diathermy cutting mode may provide efficiency to achieve ligation in small vessels during pedicle dissection but requires finesse technique and a learning curve.
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Chiang, Min-Xu, Jaturon Tongpakpanang und Wen-Kai Kuo. „Phase Measurement of Guided-Mode Resonance Device Using Digital Micromirror Device Gratings“. Photonics 8, Nr. 5 (23.04.2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050136.
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This paper reports on the measurement system of the phase difference between s- and p-polarization components of the light passing through a guided-mode resonance (GMR) device using a digital micromirror device (DMD) gratings as a digital phase-shifting device. The phase of the non-zeroth order diffraction beams of the grating pattern displayed on the DMD can exhibit a phase change when the grating pattern is shifted. Two nearest different diffraction orders of p-polarized and s-polarized beams can be used as the reference and measurement beams, respectively, and are combined to implement the phase-shifting interferometry (PSI). The phase difference between the s- and the p-polarization components of the incident light passing through the GMR device can be obtained by applying the four-step phase-shift algorithm to the DMD-based PSI system. Experimental results show that this measurement system has a phase detection limit of 1° and was able to obtain the abrupt phase difference curve of the GMR device versus the incident angle.
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Downes, Stephanie M., Nathaniel L. Bindoff und Stephen R. Rintoul. „Impacts of Climate Change on the Subduction of Mode and Intermediate Water Masses in the Southern Ocean“. Journal of Climate 22, Nr. 12 (15.06.2009): 3289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2653.1.
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Abstract Changes in the temperature, salinity, and subduction of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) between the 1950s and 2090s are diagnosed using the CSIRO Mark version 3.5 (Mk3.5) climate system model Caps under a CO2 forcing that reaches 860 ppm by the year 2100. These Southern Ocean upper-limb water masses ventilate the ocean interior, and changes in their properties have been related to climate change in numerous studies. Over time, the authors follow the low potential vorticity and salinity minimum layers describing SAMW and AAIW and find that the water column in the 2090s shifts to lighter densities by approximately 0.2 kg m−3. The model projects a reduction in the SAMW and AAIW annual mean subduction rates as a result of a combination of a shallower mixed layer, increased potential vorticity at the base of the mixed layer, and a net buoyancy gain. There is little change in the projected total volume of SAMW transported into the ocean interior via the subduction process; however, the authors find a significant decrease in the subduction of AAIW. The authors find overall that increases in the air–sea surface heat and freshwater fluxes mainly control the reduction in the mean loss of the SAMW and AAIW surface buoyancy flux when compared with the effect of changes supplied by Ekman transport because of increased zonal wind stress. In the A2 scenario, there are cooling and freshening on neutral density surfaces less than 27.3 kg m−3 in response to the warming and freshening observed at the ocean’s surface. The model projects deepening of density surfaces due to southward shifts in the outcrop regions and the downward displacement of these surfaces north of 45°S. The volume transport across 32°S is predicted to decrease in all three basins, with southward transport of SAMW and AAIW decreasing by up to 1.2 and 2.0 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), respectively, in the Indian Ocean. These projected reductions in the subduction and transport of mode and intermediate water masses in the CSIRO Mk3.5 model could potentially decrease the absorption and storage of CO2 in the Southern Ocean.
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Gutiérrez Álvarez, Javier, und Chiara Bisagni. „A Study on Thermal Buckling and Mode Jumping of Metallic and Composite Plates“. Aerospace 8, Nr. 2 (21.02.2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8020056.
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Composite plates in post-buckling regime can experience mode jumping in their buckling shape, suddenly increasing the number of half-waves. This phenomenon can be advantageous, because the shape change could be used for local morphing or structural adaptability in future aerospace structures. A study of this phenomenon under heating is here presented, combining numerical and experimental techniques. At first, a set of parametric analysis was conducted to identify composite panels that present a mode jump when heated. Three plates were selected, one in aluminum alloy 2024T3, and two in AS4/8552 composite material, with layup [30/−30/5/−5]s and [35/−35/10/−10]s. The plates were tested in a new test setup for thermal buckling based on low thermal expansion fixtures. The mode jumping was successfully obtained experimentally for both composite plates. Numerical simulations predicted the general trends for all plates, and the mode jumps for the composite plates.
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Purba, Natalina, und Martua Reynhat Sitanggang Gusar. „Clean and Healthy Lifestyle Behavior (PHBS Program) for Children with Intellectual Disability“. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 14, Nr. 2 (30.11.2020): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.142.06.
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The achievement of children's quality of life is undoubtedly linked to the development of positive habits that will continue to be practiced in future lives. This can be done by developing awareness and behavior of a balanced clean and healthy lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in the PHBS ability of children. Various efforts have been made so that children with intellectual disabilities can maintain their cleanliness. The efforts made by the teacher are still not maximal so that the delivery of information about PHBS must be completed by another method, namely demonstration. This research was conducted at SDLB 127710 Pematangsiantar5 with an action research method that refers to the Kurt Lewin model. Data collection techniques used purposive sampling and data analysis with the Wilcoxon test. The results showed an increase in understanding of the PHBS of children with intellectual disabilities able to learn SDLB 127710 Pematangsiantar through the demonstration method. This is evidenced by the increase in the score, where the initial assessment was obtained (59%), while in the first cycle, the average score was good (69.9%). In short, the understanding of children with intellectual disabilities being able to learn about PHBS is increased by using the demonstration method.
Keywords: Intellectual Disability Children, PHBS program, Demonstration methods
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Cummings, S., Bridgman, T., & Brown, K. G. (2016). Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin’s legacy for change management. Human Relations, 69(1), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715577707
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Giridharan, K., & Raju, R. (2017). Impact of Teaching Strategies: Demonstration and Lecture Strategies and Impact of Teacher Effect on Academic Achievement in Engineering Education. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 14(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09751122.2016.11890491
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Hung, J.-W., Chang, Y.-J., & Han, W.-Y. (2016). Game technology to increase range of motion for adolescents with cerebral palsy: a feasibility study. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd-2016-0026
Kang, Y. S., & Chang, Y. J. (2019). Using a motion-controlled game to teach four elementary school children with intellectual disabilities to improve hand hygiene. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(4), 942–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12587
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Koh, W. M., Bogich, T., Siegel, K., Jin, J., Chong, E. Y., Tan, C. Y., Chen, M. I. C., Horby, P., & Cook, A. R. (2016). The epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in Asia: A systematic review and analysis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 35(10), e285–e300. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001242
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Lee, R. L. T., Leung, C., Tong, W. K., Chen, H., & Lee, P. H. (2015). Comparative efficacy of a simplified handwashing program for improvement in hand hygiene and reduction of school absenteeism among children with intellectual disability. American Journal of Infection Control, 43(9), 907–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.03.023
Levato, L. E., Aponte, C. A., Wilkins, J., Travis, R., Aiello, R., Zanibbi, K., Loring, W. A., Butter, E., Smith, T., & Mruzek, D. W. (2016). Use of urine alarms in toilet training children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53–54, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.007
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Puspita, W. A., Sulistyorini, M. P., & Wibowo, B. (2020). Learning Clean, Healthy and Safe Life Behavior in Inclusive Early Childhood Education. 454(Ecep 2019), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200808.053
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Shen, K., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, D., Jiang, Y., Jin, R., Zheng, Y., Xu, B., Xie, Z., Lin, L., Shang, Y., Lu, X., Shu, S., Bai, Y., Deng, J., Lu, M., Ye, L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., & Gao, L. (2020). Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement. World Journal of Pediatrics, 16(3), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7
Steenkamp, L., Williams, M., Ronaasen, J., Feeley, A., Truter, I., & Melariri, P. (2020). Handwashing knowledge and practices among caregivers of pre-school children in underprivileged areas of Nelson Mandela Bay. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 0(0), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2020.1769336
van Nunen, K., Kaerts, N., Wyndaele, J. J., Vermandel, A., & van Hal, G. V. (2015). Parents’ views on toilet training (TT): A quantitative study to identify the beliefs and attitudes of parents concerning TT. Journal of Child Health Care, 19(2), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493513508232
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Ji, Jianting, Anmin Zhang, Jiahe Fan, Yuesheng Li, Xiaoqun Wang, Jiandi Zhang, E. W. Plummer und Qingming Zhang. „Giant magneto-optical Raman effect in a layered transition metal compound“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 9 (16.02.2016): 2349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601010113.
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We report a dramatic change in the intensity of a Raman mode with applied magnetic field, displaying a gigantic magneto-optical effect. Using the nonmagnetic layered material MoS2 as a prototype system, we demonstrate that the application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the layers produces a dramatic change in intensity for the out-of-plane vibrations of S atoms, but no change for the in-plane breathing mode. The distinct intensity variation between these two modes results from the effect of field-induced broken symmetry on Raman scattering cross-section. A quantitative analysis on the field-dependent integrated Raman intensity provides a unique method to precisely determine optical mobility. Our analysis is symmetry-based and material-independent, and thus the observations should be general and inspire a new branch of inelastic light scattering and magneto-optical applications.
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Pekbey, Yeliz, Goudarz Ghanizadeh Hesar, Hasan Yildiz und Farshid Khosravi Maleki. „Determination of the critical load and energy release rate in mode II delamination using a meshfree method“. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 21, Nr. 2 (01.03.2014): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0114.
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AbstractSimulation of fracture by using numerical methods is important to treat geometries that change in time. In this study, both numerical and experimental investigations are presented for the delamination under mode II loading, detailing the derivation of the formulations in numerical simulations of fracture. The simulation of the delamination under mode II loading based on the cohesive segments model was investigated by using a meshfree method. Then, an experimental investigation was used to verify the meshfree method’s results. For tests under mode II loading, three-point end-notched flexure specimens, which are made of carbon/epoxy laminate (AS4/3501-6) which consists of 10 plies in [0]10 and [0/90/0/90/0]s lay-up with delamination inserted in the middle of the laminate, were used for the interlaminar fracture toughness tests. The problem was solved for [0]10, [0/45/-45/90/0]s, [0/90/0/90/0]s, [0/90/0/90/30]s, [0/90/0/90/45]s and [0/90/0/90/60]s laminates with mid-plane delaminations, and the results were verified for different composite materials. The critical fracture force, which can be experimentally measured, was used to calculate the mode II delamination fracture toughness of the carbon/epoxy laminate. In addition, values of the integral for 209 (11×19) and 253 (11×23) background meshes with equivalent interval sizes were compared. For a relatively fine background mesh, the critical load was converged. Results obtained from the meshfree element-free Galerkin method showed very good agreement with experimental data for single-mode delamination under mode II loading. The results presented will help in the implementation of mesh design techniques that protect numerical accuracy while minimizing computational expense.
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Tomota, Yo, Shigeo Sato, Masahiro Uchida, Ping Guang Xu, Stefanus Hirjo, Wu Gong und Takuro Kawasaki. „Quantitative Evaluation of Texture and Dislocations during Annealing after Hot Deformation in Austenitic Steel Using Neutron Diffraction“. Materials Science Forum 905 (August 2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.905.25.
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Microstructural change during hot compressive deformation at 700 oC followed by isothermal annealing for a Fe-32Ni austenitic alloy was monitored using in situ neutron diffraction. The evolution of deformation texture with 40% compression and its change to recrystallization texture during isothermal annealing were presented by inverse pole figures for the axial and radial directions. The change in dislocation density was tracked using the convolutional multiple whole profile fitting method. To obtain the fitting results with good accuracies, at least 60 s time-interval for slicing the event-mode recorded data was needed. The average dislocation density in 60 s after hot compression was determined to be 2.8 x 1014 m-2, and it decreased with increasing of annealing time.
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Cui, Min, Yong Huang, Wei Wang und Huiliang Cao. „MEMS Gyroscope Temperature Compensation Based on Drive Mode Vibration Characteristic Control“. Micromachines 10, Nr. 4 (14.04.2019): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10040248.
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In this paper, a novel temperature compensation method for a dual-mass MEMS gyroscope is proposed based on drive mode vibration characteristic compensation using a temperature variable resistor. Firstly, the drive and sense modes of the gyroscope re analyzed and investigated, and it is found that the scale factor is proportional to the drive mode amplitude controlling reference voltage. Then, the scale factor temperature compensation method is proposed, and a temperature variable resistor is utilized to compensate the drive amplitude working point and make it change with temperature. In addition, the temperature compensation circuit is designed and simulated. After that, the temperature bias drift is compensated in a modular output. The experimental results show that scale factor and bias variation during the temperature range from −40 °C to 60 °C decrease from 3.680% to 1.577% and 3.880% to 1.913%, respectively. In addition, the bias value improves from 103.395 °/s to 22.478 °/s (optimized 78.26%). The bias stability and angular rate walking parameter are also optimized to 45.97% and 16.08%, respectively, which verify the method proposed in this paper.
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Landrum, Laura, Marika M. Holland, David P. Schneider und Elizabeth Hunke. „Antarctic Sea Ice Climatology, Variability, and Late Twentieth-Century Change in CCSM4“. Journal of Climate 25, Nr. 14 (15.07.2012): 4817–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00289.1.
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Abstract A preindustrial control run and an ensemble of twentieth-century integrations of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), are evaluated for Antarctic sea ice climatology, modes of variability, trends, and covariance with related physical variables such as surface temperature and sea level pressure. Compared to observations, the mean ice cover is too extensive in all months. This is in part related to excessively strong westerly winds over ~50°–60°S, which drive a large equatorward meridional ice transport and enhanced ice growth near the continent and also connected with a cold bias in the Southern Ocean. In spite of these biases in the climatology, the model’s sea ice variability compares well to observations. The leading mode of austral winter sea ice concentration exhibits a dipole structure with anomalies of opposite sign in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors. Both the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the southern annular mode (SAM) project onto this mode. In twentieth-century integrations, Antarctic sea ice area exhibits significant decreasing annual trends in all six ensemble members from 1950 to 2005, in apparent contrast to observations that suggest a modest ice area increase since 1979. Two ensemble members show insignificant changes when restricted to 1979–2005. The ensemble mean shows a significant increase in the austral summer SAM index over 1960–2005 and 1979–2005 that compares well with the observed SAM trend. However, Antarctic warming and sea ice loss in the model are closely connected to each other and not to the trend in the SAM.
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Cong, Ying Jiu. „Research and Implementation of Auxiliary Teaching System Based on C/S Model“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3061.
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At present, with the advent of the era of Internet, the rapid development of information technology has penetrated into every field of society, making change in social production mode, working way, learning style and lifestyle. All kinds of teaching system based on Internet platform development has become a new teaching media and students can arrange their own learning time according to own actual situation, share the excellent education resources and education methods. This paper mainly discusses the implementation method and technology of distributed application system of three-tier client/server structure; illuminates the use of MDIAS technology to develop the method of multi-layer distributed application system.
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Yang, Jin-Kyu, Chae-Young Kim und Minji Lee. „High-Sensitive TM Modes in Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavity with Horizontal Air Gap for Refractive Index Sensing“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 5 (07.03.2019): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050967.
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We propose a new type of refractive index sensing based on the transverse magnetic (TM) modes in the photonic crystal (PhC) nanobeam (NB) cavity with a horizontal air gap. The electric field of the resonant TM mode is strongly confined within the horizontal air gap present at the PhC NB cavity. In order to increase the quality (Q) factor and the sensitivity (S) of the refractive index change in the air simultaneously, the cavity structure is fully optimized. Because of the trade-off between the Q-factor and S of the TM mode in the PhC NB cavity with an air gap, there is an optimal thickness of the air gap in the dielectric slot. From the numerical simulation results, S can exceed 1000 nm/RIU with Q > 40,000. When the dielectric slot becomes thin, S could be higher than 1200 nm/RIU. For practical applications, we suggest an Si-based PhC NB cavity with a horizontal SiO2 slot structure which can also provide high S with a high Q-factor after a very fine selective wet etching process. This new type of TM resonant mode in the PhC NB cavity can be an ideal platform for compact sensors in photonic integrated circuits for TM waveguide systems.
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Isaka, Yoshinari, Nobuo Handa, Masatoshi Imaizumi, Kazufumi Kimura und Takenobu Kamada. „Effect of TRK-100, a Stable Orally Active Prostacyclin Analogue, on Platelet Function and Plaque Size in Atherothrombotic Strokes“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 65, Nr. 04 (1991): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1648149.
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SummaryPatients with carotid atheromatous lesions were prospectively studied with indium-111 platelet imaging, platelet aggregability and B-mode real-time ultrasound tests to determine the shortterm effects of orally active prostacyclin analogue TRK-100 (40 μg, three times daily for 4 weeks). To establish baseline values, all patients underwent indium-111 platelet imaging, platelet aggregation study and B-mode ultrasound. The results were positive for carotid plaque and platelet accumulation. Visual analysis showed repeated platelet scintigrams to be unchanged in five patients without antithrombotic therapy; repeated ultrasound studies showed no change in eight of ten plaques, while one showed progression and one regression of the plaque. In five TRK-100 treated patients, five of seven lesions with platelet accumulation at the baseline became negative, and two remained unchanged during the treatment; repeated B-mode ultrasound tests indicated eight of nine plaques remained unchanged, while one showed plaque size reduction. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that, TRK-L00 significantly reduced the ADP aggregation (1 μM) from 55.2 ± 21.3"/" to 24.0 ± 14.7% (± Sp; p <0.05) and the platelet accumulation index (25.7 ± 17.2% vs L0.4 ± 10.4%; p <0.05). However, there was no significant reduction in plaque scores during TRK-100 therapy compared with the baseline (2.70 ± 2.75 mm vs 2.51 ± 2.58 mm). The data obtained suggested that short-tenn TRK-L00 therapy has an inhibitory effect on platelet accumulation in carotid atheroma but does not cause significant changes in plaque size.
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Kaneko, S., D. Murai, Sh Fujii und M. Kiguchi. „Surface enhanced Raman scattering of single 1,4-Benzenedithiol molecular junction“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, Nr. 13 (19.05.2016): 1642010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216420108.
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Here, we present simultaneous electronic and optical measurements of a single 1,4-benzenedithiol (BDT) molecular junctions to investigate the electronic and structural details in the molecular junction and to understand the charge transport property at the single molecular scale. The electronic property was investigated by DC conductance measurement while structural property was characterized using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurement. The single BDT junctions sandwiched between Au nanogap-electrodes were prepared by the mechanically controllable break junction method at ambient conditions. The simultaneous conductance and SERS measurements demonstrate that ring deformation mode coupled to C–S stretching mode, ring breathing mode, and C=C stretching mode are detectable for the single BDT molecular junctions with electronic conductance of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. The single molecule origin is supported by the characteristic variability of SERS within samples. Time evolution of the conductance and SERS signals indicated that the molecular conductance and the vibrational energy of the ring breathing mode exhibits anti-correlated relationship. This relationship can be mediated by time evolution of structural change in the single molecular junction and corresponding change in strength of metal–molecular coupling. The larger metal–molecular coupling causes higher electronic conductance of the molecular junction while charge transfer effect leads to weakening of molecular bonds and thus a resulting decrease in the vibration energy of the ring breathing mode.
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Kalinichenko, Roman, Serhii Stepanenko und Boris Kotov. „Formation of a High-speed Mode of Vibration Displacement of Grain During Heat Treatment“. National Interagency Scientific and Technical Collection of Works. Design, Production and Exploitation of Agricultural Machines, Nr. 50 (2020): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2414-3820.2020.50.88-96.
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The article compiled and solved a system of differential equations of motion of a material point along a porous (air-permeable) surface, which is inclined at an angle to the horizon. Based on the analysis of solutions to this system of differential equations, it is proposed to change the speed of grain movement by the frequency of oscillations of the support surface, the angle of inclination of the support surface to the horizon and the coefficient of friction. Also, the graphical dependences of the speed of grain movement on the angle of inclination of the support surface to the horizon, the coefficient of friction and the frequency of oscillations were obtained. The possibility of decelerating the vibration movement of grain by an air flow, which is fed from the bottom of the porous support surface against (at an angle) the direction of grain movement, as well as using an asymmetrically corrugated support surface with vertical perforations, is theoretically substantiated. A linear regression dependence of the change in the vibration displacement speed has been experimentally determined, which makes it possible to form the required speed mode of vibration displacement of grain by changing the parameters: the inclination of the vibrating plane is 50 ÷ 90, the vibration frequency is 45 ÷ 55 s-1, the air flow speed is 0.1 ÷ 2 m/s in optimal operating modes. installations for high-intensity heat treatment of grain with a vibratory conveyor.
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Csako, Gyorgy, und Eva A. Suba. „Free Platelet Count and Size Distribution During C1q Inhibition of Collagen-Induced Platelet Aggregation“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 58, Nr. 02 (1987): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1645955.
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SummaryElectronic free platelet counting was more sensitive than turbidimetry to detect collagen-induced platelet activation in human platelet-rich plasma. Purified human Clq exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation in turbidimetry than free platelet counting. Because the change from small to large platelet aggregates is responsible for the continuing increase in light transmission, Clq was likely more capable of blocking the formation of large platelet aggregates than the formation of small aggregates from single platelets. The iattr uf change by cullagcn in light tiansmissiun and fiec platelet count was reduced in the presence of Clq but the timing of the peak response remained the same. Electronic platelet sizing revealed that the volume of single platelets transiently increased during the turbidimetric “lag phase”. The mean, mode and median volume of the remaining free platelets then decreased, suggesting a selective loss of large, functionally more active platelets and/or platelet degranulation. Clq had no effect on the volume increment during the “lag phase”, but reduced the subsequent fall in the volume of free platelets.
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Peacock, Sharon J., Paul A. Howe, Nicholas P. J. Day, Derrick W. M. Crook, Christopher G. Winearls und Anthony R. Berendt. „Outcome following Staphylococcal Peritonitis“. Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 20, Nr. 2 (März 2000): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080002000209.
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Objective Staphylococcus spp predominate as the causative pathogen of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)-related peritonitis. This study evaluated the difference in morbidity and mortality between peritonitis caused by S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Design Prospective observational study. Setting A single regional dialysis unit in a teaching hospital. Patients Thirty-seven patients had S. aureus peritonitis and 65 patients had CoNS peritonitis between July 1990 and November 1995. Main Outcome Measures Using the first recorded episode of peritonitis, survival analysis was performed for time to ( 1 ) death, ( 2 ) removal of peritoneal dialysis catheter, and ( 3 ) change to hemodialysis. Abdominal complications were recorded for the first and subsequent episodes. Results No difference in time to death was demonstrated for the two groups ( p = 0.79), although two deaths that occurred during therapy for peritonitis were attributable to S. aureus infection. In addition, 5 patients developed serious abdominal complications related to an episode of S. aureus peritonitis. Patients with S. aureus peritonitis had a shorter time to both peritoneal dialysis catheter removal ( p = 0.004) and change to hemodialysis ( p = 0.014). The change in mode of dialysis was independent of catheter loss. Conclusion This study highlights the serious nature of S. aureus peritonitis and confirms the need for effective preventive measures against infection by this pathogen.
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Huang, Tianye, Shuwen Zeng, Xiang Zhao, Zhuo Cheng und Perry Shum. „Fano Resonance Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors Operating in Near-Infrared“. Photonics 5, Nr. 3 (10.08.2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics5030023.
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In the phase-sensitivity-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing scheme, the highest phase jump usually happens at the darkness or quasi-darkness reflection point, which results in low power for detection. To overcome such a limitation, in this paper, a waveguide-coupled SPR configuration is proposed to work at near-infrared. The coupling between surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode and photonic waveguide (PWG) mode results in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and asymmetric Fano resonance (FR). Near the resonance, the differential phase between p-polarized and s-polarized incident waves experience drastic variation upon change of the surrounding refractive index. More importantly, since the FR occurs at the resonance slope of SPP mode, the corresponding phase change is accompanied with relatively high reflectivity, which is essential for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement and power consumption reduction. Phase sensitivity up to 106 deg/RIU order with a minimum SPR reflectivity higher than 20% is achieved. The proposed scheme provides an alternative approach for high-performance sensing applications using FR.
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Ozaki, Yukihiro, Aritake Mizuno, Koichi Itoh, Shingo Matsushima und Keiji Iriyama. „Raman Spectroscopic Study of Cataract Formation: Emory Mouse Cataract“. Applied Spectroscopy 41, Nr. 4 (Mai 1987): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874448535.
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Raman spectra of Emory mouse lenses at various stages of cataract formation have been measured and compared with those of normal lenses from ICR-strain mice. The relative intensity of an OH stretching mode of lens water was considerably stronger for the Emory mouse lenses, even in a precataractous stage, suggesting that lens hydration is deeply implicated in the initiation of Emory mouse cataract. The rate of 2SH → S-S conversion, estimated from the intensity decrease of a SH stretching mode, was similar between the Emory and ICR-strain mouse lenses. Accordingly, it seems unlikely that the conversion is a predominant factor for forming large protein aggregates which lead to lens opacification. A significant change was observed for the intensity ratio of a tyrosine doublet near 840 cm−1 during the cataract development, suggesting that the strength of the hydrogen bonding of some tyrosine residues alters upon the formation of the large protein aggregates. Comparison of the Raman spectral changes observed for Emory mouse cataract with those for normal lens aging and other cataract formation leads us to the conclusion that the microenvironmental change of tyrosine residues is only one common specific feature for lens opacification.
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Lai, Dandan, Fanru Wei, Yehu Lu und Faming Wang. „Evaluation of a hybrid personal cooling system using a manikin operated in constant temperature mode and thermoregulatory model control mode in warm conditions“. Textile Research Journal 87, Nr. 1 (22.07.2016): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515622152.
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In this study, the cooling effect of a portable hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) was investigated on a sweating manikin operated in the constant temperature (CT) mode and the thermoregulatory model control (TMC) mode. Both dry (i.e., no sweating) and wet manikin tests (i.e., sweating) were performed in the CT mode in a warm condition (30℃, 47% relative humidity (RH), air velocity va = 0.4 m/s). For the TMC mode, two case studies were simulated: light work condition (30℃, 47% RH, air velocity va = 0.15 m/s, duration: 60 min, metabolic rate: 1.5 METs) and construction work condition (30℃, 47% RH, va = 1.0 m/s, 40 min exercise [5.5 METs] and 20 min rest [1.2 METs]). Four test scenarios were selected: fans off with no phase change materials (PCMs) (i.e., Fan-off, the Control), fans on with no PCMs (i.e., Fan-on), fans off with fully solidified PCMs (i.e., PCM+Fan-off) and fans on with fully solidified PCMs (i.e., PCM+Fan-on). Under the dry condition, the cooling rate in PCM+Fan-off during the initial stage (e.g., 55 and 50 W for the first 15 min and 20 min, respectively) was higher than that in Fan-on (i.e., 45 ± 1 W); under the wet condition, the cooling rate in PCM+Fan-off (e.g., 45 W for 10 min) was much lower than that in Fan-on (i.e., 282 ± 1 W). The hybrid PCS (i.e., PCM+Fan-on) provided a continuous strong cooling effect. Simulation results indicated that ventilation fans or PCMs alone could provide sufficient cooling while doing light work. For the intensive work condition, the PCS in all three scenarios (i.e., PCM+Fan-off, Fan-on and PCM+Fan-on) exhibited beneficial cooling, and the hybrid PCS showed an optimized performance in alleviating heat strain during both exercise and recovery periods. It was thus concluded that the PCS could effectively remove body heat in warm conditions for moderate intensive activities.
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Saç, Ajlan. „Does the Early and Late Rate of Torque Development, Change in Relation to the Quadriceps Angle?“ Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, Nr. 3S (14.03.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i3s.4003.
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The rate of torque development (RTD), which determines the force that can be developed in the early phase of muscle contraction (0-200 ms), is very important in terms of tracking explosive strength improvement and preventing knee injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of quadriceps angle which affects the structural alignment of the lower extremity with early (0-100 ms) and late (100-200 ms) rate of torque development of the knee extensor muscles and myoelectrical activity. The study was carried out with 38 well-trained male basketball players (mean age: 22.3±2.5 years). The participants were divided into two groups with normal (<11°) and abnormal (>10°) values. RTD was measured in concentric/concentric mode at 60, 120 and 180°/s angular velocities in an isokinetic dynamometer. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to determine the myoelectrical activity. When RTD0-100 and RTD100-200 were examined, statistically significant difference was observed at 60 and 120°/s (p<0.05). However, no difference was observed at 180°/s. In addition, sEMG data did not have a statistically significant difference between groups. Negative correlation was found between all RTD at 60, 10 and 180°/s with Q angle (180°/s RTD0-100 r= -0.34, 180°/s RTD100-200 r= -0.35, 120°/s RTD0-100 r= -0.40, 120°/s RTD100-200 r= -0.48, 60°/s RTD0-100 r= -0.55, 60°/s RTD100-200 r= -0.59; p<0.05). There was a negative correlation between the structural differences of the lower extremity and the early and late rate of torque development of the knee extensor muscles. Considering the structural variables, it is thought that it is important to improve the rate of torque development with appropriate resistance training in athletes with variables such as abnormal Q angle, and thus knee injuries can be prevented through athletic development.
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Shi, Qing Guo, Lu Na Ying, Lu Wang, Bao Jin Peng und Chao Fu Ying. „A Method of the Detection of Marine Pollution Based on the Measurement of Refractive Index“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 551 (Mai 2014): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.551.347.
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For marine water pollution problems, According to the phenomenon that the refractive index of the seawater will change after been polluted .we designed a new fiber optical sensor, and completed a marine pollution monitoring automatic warning system with the sensor. One S (single mode)-M (multimode)-S-M-S structural optical fiber sensor based on the theory of M-Z Interference was made. Due to de refractive index of the fiber cladding will be affected by the environmental solution. We can determine the relationship between the movement of interference spectrum and the refractive index of the solution. With a center wavelength of 1553nm fiber Bragg grating and a coupler to obtain the change of the intensity of the light, then though the specific circuit, we can change the light intensity into the voltage values. Then enter the computer through the acquisition card, real-time reporting of environmental refractive index size, and according to the software set threshold alarms. The refractive index in the range of 1.330-1.390, the system of measurement error is less than 1%.
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Leung, S., A. Cabré und I. Marinov. „A latitudinally-banded phytoplankton response to 21st century climate change in the Southern Ocean across the CMIP5 model suite“. Biogeosciences Discussions 12, Nr. 11 (02.06.2015): 8157–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-8157-2015.
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Abstract. Changes in Southern Ocean (SO) phytoplankton distributions with future warming have the potential to significantly alter nutrient and carbon cycles as well as higher trophic level productivity both locally and throughout the global ocean. Here we investigate the response of SO phytoplankton productivity and biomass to 21st century climate change across the CMIP5 Earth System Model suite. The models predict a zonally-banded pattern of phytoplankton abundance and production changes within 4 regions: the subtropical (~30° S to 40° S), transitional (~40° S to 50° S), subpolar (~50° S to 65° S) and Antarctic (south of ~65° S) bands. We find that shifts in bottom-up variables (nitrate, iron, and light availability) drive changes in phytoplankton abundance and production on not only interannual, but also decadal and 100-year timescales: the timescales most relevant to climate change. Spatial patterns in the modeled mechanisms driving these biomass trends qualitatively agree with recent observations, though longer-term records are needed to separate the effects of climate change from those of interannual variability. Because much past observational work has focused on understanding the effects of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on biology, future work should attempt to quantify the precise influence of an increasingly positive SAM on SO biology within the CMIP5 models. Continued long-term in-situ and satellite measurements of SO biology are clearly needed to confirm model findings.
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Gaffney, Adam W., Jing-qing Hang, Mi-Sun Lee, Li Su, Feng-ying Zhang und David C. Christiani. „Commuting mode and pulmonary function in Shanghai, China“. European Respiratory Journal 47, Nr. 3 (05.11.2015): 733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00637-2015.
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Exposure to air pollution can be particularly high during commuting and may depend on the mode of transportation. We investigated the impact of commuting mode on pulmonary function in Shanghai, China.The Shanghai Putuo Study is a cross-sectional, population-based study. Our primary outcomes were forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) % predicted, and the secondary outcome was spirometric airflow obstruction. We tested the association between mode of transportation and these outcomes after adjusting for confounders.The study population consisted of 20 102 subjects. After adjusting for confounders, the change (95% CI) in FEV1 was −2.15% pred (−2.88– −1.42% pred) among pedestrians, −1.32% pred (−2.05– −0.59% pred) among those taking buses without air conditioning, −1.33% pred (−2.05– −0.61% pred) among those taking buses with air conditioning and −2.83% pred (−5.56– −0.10% pred) among those using underground railways, as compared to cyclists (the reference group). The effects of mode on FVC % predicted were in the same direction. Private car use had a significant protective effect on FVC % predicted and the risk of airflow obstruction (defined by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease but not by lower limit of normal criteria).Mode of transportation is associated with differences in lung function, which may reflect pollution levels in different transportation microenvironments.
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Li, Hongcai, Tinghua Li, Qian Wu, Rui Wang, Ruoyu Hong und Yonggang Li. „Super stable water-based magnetic fluid as a dual-mode contrast agent“. Nanotechnology Reviews 10, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 1031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0068.
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Abstract Early diagnosis of cancer has become one of the effective ways to prevent and treat cancer. At present, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis based on nanosized iron oxide with no toxicity and excellent biocompatibility has attracted much attention. But the poor stability of magnetic fluid (MF) is becoming more and more prominent. In view of the poor stability of MF, the dodecanethiol-poly(methacrylic acid) (DDT-PMAA) as an outer shell was prepared for the MFs (Fe3O4@DDT-PMAA MF) to improve the stability. We also compared the amount of reactants, the ratio of reactants, and the reaction temperature, and finally screened out the best reaction conditions, so as to get more stable products. The stability of the system was studied by visual observation, stability index (I), and magnetic weight change. The results demonstrated that Fe3O4@DDT-PMAA can be stable for more than 60 days. The T 1 mapping image showed that the longitudinal relaxivity (r 1) value was 6.9 mM−1 s−1 (1.5 T, room temperature), which was higher than the commercial contrast agent SHU-555 (r 1 = 2.9 mM−1 s−1), but the transverse relaxivity (r 2) value accounted for 64.48% of the commercial contrast agent Feridex (r 2 = 67.8 mM−1 s−1, 1.5 T, room temperature) because the outermost layer was encapsulated by a polymer. In addition, the imaging effect was more vivid and there was almost no background interference of T 1- and T 2-weighted images in vivo, which indicated that the Fe3O4@DDT-PMAA MF exhibited excellent potential in MRI applications.
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Mhlahlo, Nceba, Stephen B. Potter und David Buckley. „Spectroscopic and Photometric Observations of the Magnetic Cataclysmic Variable TX Col“. International Astronomical Union Colloquium 190 (2004): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100001998.
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AbstractSimultaneous photometry and spectroscopy of the Intermediate Polar TX Col were obtained in order to investigate its accretion mode and dynamics. The spectroscopic and photometric power spectra of TX Col are observed to change on relatively short timescales. Spectroscopy reveals a dominant periodicity at the orbital period (5.69 hr) and a spin period of 1909 s in radial velocities, while line equivalent widths show a strong periodicity at the beat period (2106 s). It is the first time that the orbital period has been detected in optical wavelengths.
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Shirakawa, I., K. Oiwa, S. Chaen, T. Shimizu, H. Tanaka und H. Sugi. „The mode of ATP-dependent microtubule-kinesin sliding in the auxotonic condition.“ Journal of Experimental Biology 198, Nr. 8 (01.08.1995): 1809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.8.1809.
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Kinesin is a motor protein that converts chemical energy derived from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work to transport cellular components along microtubules. We studied the properties of ATP-dependent microtubule-kinesin sliding with two different in vitro assay systems. In one assay system, a kinesin-coated glass microneedle (elastic coefficient, 1-2.5 pN microns -1) was made to slide along an axoneme. Using this system, we obtained the relationship between the force (= load) on the microneedle and the velocity of microneedle-kinesin sliding in the auxotonic condition, in which the load on the microtubule-kinesin contacts increased as sliding progressed. The force-velocity curve was upwardly convex (maximum velocity Vmax, 0.58 +/- 0.15 microns s-1; maximum isometric force P0, 5.0 +/- 1.6 pN) and was similar to that of in vitro actin-myosin sliding in the auxotonic condition, suggesting that the two motor protein systems have fundamental kinetic properties in common. In the other assay system, an axoneme attached to a glass microneedle (elastic coefficient, 4-5 pN microns -1) was made to slide on a kinesin-coated glass surface (Vmax, 0.68 +/- 0.17 microns s-1; P0, 46.1 +/- 18.6 pN). The change in shape of the axoneme indicated an enormous flexibility of randomly oriented kinesin molecules.
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Veskovic-Andjelkovic, Milica. „Diaspora and contemporary world - the need to change study approach“. Sociologija 61, Suppl. 1 (2019): 655–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc19s1655v.
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Diaspora phenomena, it?s characteristics and functions, were changing in a resent decade along with momentum of globalization notably. This requires new research approaches. Unlike a previous period when migrants visited their homelands rarely or never, they came more often today. They contact with friends and family nearly every day. Because of that, relationships besides members of diaspora and their Motherland is changed. Communications besides migrants and nonmigrants in the homeland make transnational networks which enable that migrants investing their resources without need for return and has a big potential for a Motherland?s prosperity. Intensivity of migrations in a every part of the world have impact to expanding migrants social networks (social capital become bigger) and acquiring a new knowledge (their human capital became bigger). That is reason for interest of policy makers became greather for human and social capital although it was only for monetary remittance earlier. New knowledge and technology application together with consultation with experts all around the world are available for the Motherland because diasporas social capital. They could be very important resource for its economically, cultural and social prosperity. However, it?s important to know that interaction with a people with a different culture has impact to change and experience of personal identity by migrants. That requires modification of earlier understanding identity members of diaspora. Theirs identity had a core in a national identity earlier, but today it has a form of hybridity. In a meso level, respecting by Motherland perspective, that?s mean that national identity doesn?t main motive for diaspora investing anymore and that?s important to make a new stimulating migration policy. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to point diaspora phenomena changing - change resources and influence to the Motherland. As a first, the emphasis is on transnational networks which change communication mode and relationship members of diaspora and Motherland, but they have impact to growth of social capital of migrants which could be invested in homeland potentially. These networks enable easier to acquire a knowledge and it?s transfer. That is why human capital become more readily available for the Motherland. But, hybrid diaspora identity must be motive for change state diaspora policy which was based in an emotional component of national identity. They must change in way of making a more favorable structural conditions for diaspora investment which is a preconditions to attracting human and social capital of diaspora that could have a big impact to the Motherland?s progress.
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Berve, Per Olav, Unai Irusta, Jo Kramer-Johansen, Tore Skålhegg, Håvard Wahl Kongsgård, Cathrine Brunborg, Elisabete Aramendi und Lars Wik. „Transthoracic Impedance Measured with Defibrillator Pads—New Interpretations of Signal Change Induced by Ventilations“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, Nr. 5 (22.05.2019): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050724.
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Compressions during the insufflation phase of ventilations may cause severe pulmonary injury during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Transthoracic impedance (TTI) could be used to evaluate how chest compressions are aligned with ventilations if the insufflation phase could be identified in the TTI waveform without chest compression artifacts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether and how the insufflation phase could be precisely identified during TTI. We synchronously measured TTI and airway pressure (Paw) in 21 consenting anaesthetised patients, TTI through the defibrillator pads and Paw by connecting the monitor-defibrillator’s pressure-line to the endotracheal tube filter. Volume control mode with seventeen different settings were used (5–10 ventilations/setting): Six volumes (150–800 mL) with 12 min−1 frequency, four frequencies (10, 12, 22 and 30 min−1) with 400 mL volume, and seven inspiratory times (0.5–3.5 s ) with 400 mL/10 min−1 volume/frequency. Median time differences (quartile range) between timing of expiration onset in the Paw-line (PawEO) and the TTI peak and TTI maximum downslope were measured. TTI peak and PawEO time difference was 579 (432–723) m s for 12 min−1, independent of volume, with a negative relation to frequency, and it increased linearly with inspiratory time (slope 0.47, R 2 = 0.72). PawEO and TTI maximum downslope time difference was between −69 and 84 m s for any ventilation setting (time aligned). It was independent ( R 2 < 0.01) of volume, frequency and inspiratory time, with global median values of −47 (−153–65) m s , −40 (−168–68) m s and 20 (−93–128) m s , for varying volume, frequency and inspiratory time, respectively. The TTI peak is not aligned with the start of exhalation, but the TTI maximum downslope is. This knowledge could help with identifying the ideal ventilation pattern during CPR.
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Kepler, S. O., G. Vauclair, R. E. Nather, D. E. Winget und E. L. Robinson. „G117-B15A: How is it Evolving?“ International Astronomical Union Colloquium 114 (1989): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100099838.
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AbstractThe measurement of the rate of change of period with time for the g-mode pulsations in ZZ Ceti stars is a direct measurement of the cooling timescale for a DA white dwarf, which in turn can give a totally independent measurement of the age of the galactic disk. Using asteroseismology, we have obtained a rate of change of the period of the dominant pulsation in the light curve of the ZZ Ceti star G117-B15A of dP/dt = (12.5 ± 5.5) × 10−15s/s, equivalent to a timescale for period change of P/P = (5.5 ± 2.4) × 108 yr, which is consistent with the theoretical value for the cooling timescale of a DA white dwarf around 11,000 K.
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Hou, Xiao Tan, An Gui Li, Zhi Hua Wang und Yu Jiao Zhao. „Numerical Study on Indoor Air Quality of Commercial Kitchen in China“. Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (Oktober 2011): 1100–1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1100.
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Indoor air quality of commercial kitchen is investigated and analyzed through velocity, temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration under different air change rate and supply air temperature. the best air change rate is 30 times per hour and air supply temperature is 301.15K for kitchen, the mean value of the minimum velocity and standard deviation is 0.410m/s and 0.129 respectively, the maximum of the average concentration of CO2 is 659.78ppm, which is less than the acceptance criteria (CO2<1000ppm), and the energy utilization coefficient is maximum of 1.352. Research results show that this air supply mode can optimize indoor air quality.
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Guo, X., und M. L. Sinnott. „Salmonella typhimurium neuraminidase acts with inversion of configuration“. Biochemical Journal 296, Nr. 2 (01.12.1993): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2960291.
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When the time course of the hydrolysis of identical solutions of p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-neuraminide by Salmonella typhimurium neuraminidase is monitored by u.v. and by its optical rotation, the rotation change is synchronous with, or even marginally in advance of, the absorbance change. In experiments under the same conditions with influenza-virus neuraminidase, known to react with retention of configuration [Chong, Pegg, Taylor and von Itzstein (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 207, 335-343], the rotation change is much slower than the absorbance change. The inverting, presumably single-displacement, mode of action of the S. typhimurium enzyme follows from these observations, and the position (92.5% beta) of the slowly established mutarotational equilibrium of N-acetylneuraminic acid [Friebolin, Kunzelmann, Supp, Brossmer, Keilich and Ziegler (1981) Tetrahedron Lett. 22, 1383-1386].
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Kim, Joo-Sung, Joni Mettler, Kevin McCurdy und Kyung-Min Kim. „Effects of Focal Knee Joint Cooling on Static and Dynamic Strength of the Quadriceps: Innovative Approach to Muscle Conditioning“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 9 (04.05.2021): 4890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094890.
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Recent evidence suggests an innovative approach to muscle conditioning: focal knee joint cooling (FKJC) appears to improve quadriceps function, including static (isometric) strength. However, there is limited evidence on the effects of FKJC on dynamic (concentric and eccentric) strength. Thus, the purpose of the study was to examine dynamic quadriceps strength following FKJC as well as static strength. Twenty-one college-aged participants volunteered. They randomly underwent 20 min of FKJC and control condition at least 72 h apart. FKJC involves two ice bags, placed on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the knee, whereas the control condition received a plastic ice bag filled with candy corn. We assessed isometric and isokinetic (concentric and eccentric) quadriceps strength at two different velocities (60°/s and 180°/s). Participants performed three maximal voluntary contractions for each mode of muscle contraction, before and after each treatment (immediately, 20, and 40 min after). The outcome variable was maximum knee extension peak torque. FKJC did not change peak torque during any mode of muscle contraction (p > 0.05). The current findings suggest that 20 min of FKJC does not change static (isometric) or dynamic (isokinetic) strength of the quadriceps. FKJC was neither beneficial nor harmful to static or dynamic muscular strength.
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Toyama, Katsuya, Aiko Iwasaki und Toshio Suga. „Interannual Variation of Annual Subduction Rate in the North Pacific Estimated from a Gridded Argo Product“. Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, Nr. 9 (September 2015): 2276–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0223.1.
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AbstractSpatiotemporal variability of the subduction rate in the North Pacific from 2005 to 2012 is examined based on the Argo observational data. The subduction rate in the subtropical North Pacific varies significantly from year to year between 25 and 50 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), and it is well correlated with the Pacific decadal oscillation. The temporal change of the subduction rate is largely determined by that of the late winter mixed layer depth through the lateral induction term. The increase (decrease) in the subduction rate in the subtropical mode water areas accompanies densification (lightening) of the mode density class of the subducted water. The subduction rate variability in the central mode water and eastern subtropical mode water regions is anticorrelated as found in the previous study using the output from an ocean GCM. The subduction rate in the central mode water density range changes dramatically, which is very large in 2005 and 2010 but almost disappears in 2009. The subduction rate variability in the western subtropical mode water regions seems to be correlated with the Pacific decadal oscillation with a lag of a few years.
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Tran, Ngoc Khanh, Van Quang Dao, Phu Khanh Nguyen, Thi Kim Dung Hoang und Van Khang Nguyen. „Numerical Investigations of Aerodynamics Characteristics of Main Rotors in Helicopter UAV Used for Pesticide Spraying in Agriculture“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (März 2019): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.425.
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In the last several decades past, Helicopters UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) have quickly developed and day by day, they play an important role in human life. As it is well-known, helicopters UAV make some outstanding characteristics such as light weight, flexibility and particularly automatically controlled. By applying these characteristics, we research and manufacture Helicopter UAV using for spraying pesticide in agriculture. One of the most important components is main rotor because main rotor generated thrust, drag and momentum. Helicopters UAV efficient changed depending on main rotor. The research works focus on aerodynamics characterization of main rotor in helicopter UAV. This work uses CFD tool in ANSYS CFX software to calculate the aerodynamics parameters generated by main rotor using in UAV. The aim is to characterize the aerodynamics characteristics such as thrust, drag, pressure, aerodynamics quality on the different flight modes (hover, vertical and forward flight). Firstly, the simulations are carried out in hover flight mode with different blade pitch angles. The results are compared to experiment date in another research to validate numerical results. Then, the simulations are carried out in vertical flight mode and forward flight mode. The results showed that thrust and drag coefficient creased with increasing blade pitch angle. When blade pitch angle started from 1800, thrust coefficient decreased but drag coefficient increased sharply. The rotor performance was measured by aerodynamics quality and numerical results showed that the best rotor performance was at 900. In the vertical flight mode, the thrust and drag coefficient decreased with increasing vertical velocity but rotor performance increased slightly. The best vertical velocity for vertical flight is around 2 m/s and 3 m/s. Finally, in forward flight mode, the aerodynamics characterizations of rotors depended on azimuthal angular position of blade or time. Our helicopter operates in environment with light gust. The results showed the change of aerodynamics coefficient to time. Both thrust and drag coefficient changed but the rotor performance did not change much.
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Michalczyk, Zierkiewicz, Wysokiński und Scheiner. „Theoretical Studies of IR and NMR Spectral Changes Induced by Sigma-Hole Hydrogen, Halogen, Chalcogen, Pnicogen, and Tetrel Bonds in a Model Protein Environment“. Molecules 24, Nr. 18 (12.09.2019): 3329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183329.
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Various types of σ-hole bond complexes were formed with FX, HFY, H2FZ, and H3FT (X = Cl, Br, I; Y = S, Se, Te; Z = P, As, Sb; T = Si, Ge, Sn) as Lewis acid. In order to examine their interactions with a protein, N-methylacetamide (NMA), a model of the peptide linkage was used as the base. These noncovalent bonds were compared by computational means with H-bonds formed by NMA with XH molecules (X = F, Cl, Br, I). In all cases, the A–F bond, which lies opposite the base and is responsible for the σ-hole on the A atom (A refers to the bridging atom), elongates and its stretching frequency undergoes a shift to the red with a band intensification, much as what occurs for the X–H bond in a H-bond (HB). Unlike the NMR shielding decrease seen in the bridging proton of a H-bond, the shielding of the bridging A atom is increased. The spectroscopic changes within NMA are similar for H-bonds and the other noncovalent bonds. The C=O bond of the amide is lengthened and its stretching frequency red-shifted and intensified. The amide II band shifts to higher frequency and undergoes a small band weakening. The NMR shielding of the O atom directly involved in the bond rises, whereas the C and N atoms both undergo a shielding decrease. The frequency shifts of the amide I and II bands of the base as well as the shielding changes of the three pertinent NMA atoms correlate well with the strength of the noncovalent bond.