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1
Kluge, N. Ju, und А. P. Sedneva. „Paradoxical larval molts – autapomorphy of the order Lepidoptera“. Энтомологическое обозрение 103, Nr. 1 (15.08.2024): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0367144524010018.
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For all examined species of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), common peculiarities of larval molts are revealed, which distinguish them from all other insects: with the molt from one larval instar to another, living tissues of head and thoracic legs undergo significant destruction; the remaining tissues of the head shift backward and are partly impressed into the prothorax, and the remained tissues of the legs are shortened; with the ecdysis, the old head capsule is not broken by the Y-shaped suture, but is shed as a whole. In contrast to the larval molts, the molt from larva to pupa in most lepidopterans (except Gracillarioidea) passes without shifting of the head and legs tissues, and the cuticle of head capsule breaks by the Y-shaped suture. Peculiar adaptations allow lepidopteran larvae to live through long-term immobility of the head and the legs during each molt which separates two active larval instars. The set of species examined by us allows to express a statement that the peculiar mode of larval molt is inherent to all lepidopterans and differentiates them from all other insects, i. e. is an autapomorphy of the order Lepidoptera.
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Hosseini-Chegeni, Asadollah, und Majid Tavakoli. „Molecular identification of some immature Lepidoptera causing Quercus L., defoliation in Lorestan province, western Iran (Insecta: Lepidoptera)“. SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología 51, Nr. 204 (30.12.2023): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.57065/shilap.787.
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Quercus L., dominate almost 40% of Iran’s forest area. The second destructive group of insects is defoliator Lepidoptera distributed in the Zagros forests of Iran. We assessed Lepidoptera communities in Zagros forests ecosystems in Lorestan province, western Iran during a ca. 2-yr period that coincided with defoliation outbreaks experienced by this area. A number of 500 lepidopteran larva feeding Quercus leaves handy were collected. The phylogenetic relationship of Lepidoptera was analysed using BEAST software based on the Bayesian Inference method. In total, 14 lepidopteran taxa were identified based on DNA sequences of their immature stages. Six genera and eight species were identified using BLASTn. Here we developed a COI barcoding-based approach to Lepidoptera species delimitation.
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Macias-Muñoz, Aide, Aline G. Rangel Olguin und Adriana D. Briscoe. „Evolution of Phototransduction Genes in Lepidoptera“. Genome Biology and Evolution 11, Nr. 8 (12.07.2019): 2107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz150.
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Abstract Vision is underpinned by phototransduction, a signaling cascade that converts light energy into an electrical signal. Among insects, phototransduction is best understood in Drosophila melanogaster. Comparison of D. melanogaster against three insect species found several phototransduction gene gains and losses, however, lepidopterans were not examined. Diurnal butterflies and nocturnal moths occupy different light environments and have distinct eye morphologies, which might impact the expression of their phototransduction genes. Here we investigated: 1) how phototransduction genes vary in gene gain or loss between D. melanogaster and Lepidoptera, and 2) variations in phototransduction genes between moths and butterflies. To test our prediction of phototransduction differences due to distinct visual ecologies, we used insect reference genomes, phylogenetics, and moth and butterfly head RNA-Seq and transcriptome data. As expected, most phototransduction genes were conserved between D. melanogaster and Lepidoptera, with some exceptions. Notably, we found two lepidopteran opsins lacking a D. melanogaster ortholog. Using antibodies we found that one of these opsins, a candidate retinochrome, which we refer to as unclassified opsin (UnRh), is expressed in the crystalline cone cells and the pigment cells of the butterfly, Heliconius melpomene. Our results also show that butterflies express similar amounts of trp and trpl channel mRNAs, whereas moths express ∼50× less trp, a potential adaptation to darkness. Our findings suggest that while many single-copy D. melanogaster phototransduction genes are conserved in lepidopterans, phototransduction gene expression differences exist between moths and butterflies that may be linked to their visual light environment.
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Ulina, Evawaty S., Akhmad Rizali, Pudjianto ., Sjafrida Manuwoto und Damayanti Buchori. „KOMUNITAS LEPIDOPTERA DAN PARASITOIDNYA PADA PERTANAMAN MENTIMUN DI BOGOR, SUKABUMI DAN CIANJUR, JAWA BARAT“. JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 16, Nr. 2 (19.04.2017): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.216184-195.
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Lepidopteran community and its parasitoid on cucumber field in Bogor, Sukabumi and Cianjur District, West Java. Cucumber is one of horticultural commodities that are widely cultivated in Indonesia, but information related to Lepidoptera pests and their parasitoids are limited. The aim of this study was to obtain information about Lepidopteran community on cucumber and their parasitoid diversity. Lepidopteran larvae were collected from 16 cucumber sites in the District of Bogor, Sukabumi and Cianjur in November 2014 until May 2015. Larvae were collected from each cucumber plant follow along 60 m transects. Larvae were collected from the field then brought to the laboratory. All larvae were then reared on cucumber leaves until pupation and parasitoids emerged. The data obtained were tested by analysis of the mean and analysis of variance (One way ANOVA) using the program R Stat. The results showed that cucumber plants were attacked by six species (morphospecies) belonging to four families of Lepidoptera. Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the most abundant species found. All species (morphospecies) of Lepidoptera are more common when the cucumber plants are in the generative growth stage. Our result further showed that D. indica was attacked by 9 parasitoid larvae and 3 parasitoid pupae, C. chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by 5 parasitoids dan S. litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by 2 parasitoids. A braconid, Apanteles taragamae, is the most common parasitoid of D. indica found in the field. Its parasitism rate can reach 27% in the field. Overall, this research revealed that a number of parasitoids, that were found attacking Lepidopteran on cucumber indicates their potential use as biological control agents in this agroecosystems.
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Yu, Bin, Sichen Dong, Xiaoyu Jiang, Liang Qiao, Jie Chen, Tian Li, Guoqing Pan, Zeyang Zhou und Chunfeng Li. „Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing Using Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo (ReMOT) Control in Bombyx mori“. Insects 14, Nr. 12 (07.12.2023): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14120932.
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Lepidoptera is one of the most speciose insect orders, causing enormous damage to agricultural and forest crops. Although genome editing has been achieved in a few Lepidoptera for insect controls, most techniques are still limited. Here, by injecting female pupae of the Lepidoptera model species, Bombyx mori, gene editing was established using the Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo (ReMOT) control technique. We identified a B. mori oocytes-targeting peptide ligand (BmOTP, a 29 aa of vitellogenin N-terminal of silkworms) with a highly conserved sequence in lepidopteran insects that could efficiently deliver mCherry into oocytes. When BmOTP was fused to CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) and the BmOTP-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex was injected into female pupae, heritable editing of the offspring was achieved in the silkworms. Compared with embryo microinjection, individual injection is more convenient and eliminates the challenge of injecting extremely small embryos. Our results will significantly facilitate the genetic manipulation of other lepidopteran insects, which is essential for advancing lepidopteran pest control.
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Vijayabharathi, Rajendran, Bhimineni Ratna Kumari, Arumugam Sathya, Vadlamudi Srinivas, Rathore Abhishek, Hari C. Sharma und Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan. „Biological activity of entomopathogenic actinomycetes against lepidopteran insects (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, Nr. 4 (Mai 2014): 759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-298.
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Vijayabharathi, R., Kumari, B. R., Sathya, A., Srinivas, V., Abhishek, R., Sharma, H. C. and Gopalakrishnan, S. 2014. Biological activity of entomopathogenic actinomycetes against lepidopteran insects (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 759–769. The aim of the present study was to identify an efficient broad-spectrum bio-pesticide for the control of lepidopteran insects from microbes in various ecological niches. A total of 111 microbes isolated from various herbal vermi-composts and organically cultivated fields were evaluated for their intracellular metabolites (ICM), extracellular metabolites (ECM) and whole culture (WC) against early instars of lepidopteran insects. Fifteen actinomycete isolates which showed insecticidal activity against 2nd instar Helicoverpa armigera were selected and further screened against Spodoptera litura and Chilo partellus. A significant broad spectrum insecticidal activity was found in the order ECM>ICM>WC against all the insects under laboratory conditions. All these actinomycete isolates also registered significant activity under greenhouse conditions on 2nd instar H. armigera. The actinomycete isolates were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and matched with Streptomyces species using BLAST search. Among all the 15 isolates, SAI-25 (S. griseoplanus), CAI-155 (S. bacillaris) and BCA-698 (S. albolongus) showed consistent entomopathogenic activity against all the three insects suggesting their potential as broad-spectrum biocontrol agents against other lepidopterans.
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Corduneanu, Constantin. „Protected lepidopteran species (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in North-East of Romania“. Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa" 54, Nr. 1 (01.06.2011): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10191-011-0009-z.
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Protected lepidopteran species (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in North-East of Romania In the present paper references on the lepidopteran species in need of protection, specified in the EU Habitats Directive, as well as the species included in the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007 on the regime of the natural protected areas, the conservation of the natural habitats of flora and fauna have been made. Information is provided on the distribution and status of the protected population of Lepidoptera from Botoşani county (North-East of Romania).
8
Shields, Oakley. „Mesozoic history and neontology of Lepidoptera in relation to Trichoptera, Mecoptera, and angiosperms“. Journal of Paleontology 62, Nr. 2 (März 1988): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000029899.
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The Mesozoic history of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera is reviewed and their phylogeny traced back to early Mesozoic specialized Permochoristidae Mecoptera. Queensland emerges as the center of origin for the earliest Lepidoptera and Trichoptera and is also the region where the first lepidopteran hostplants, primitive dicot angiosperms, arose from Glossopteridae, probably at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Protomecoptera evolved from extinct Protoblattodea (not Neuroptera) during Late Carboniferous or Early Permian time. The first Lepidoptera, terrestrial Agathiphagidae, evolved from aquatic Necrotauliidae Trichoptera probably at the close of the Triassic when an extreme drought dried up many streams. The very small size of Amphiesmenopteran Mecoptera and the first Trichoptera and Lepidoptera fossils obeys Cope's Rule.
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Dai, Li-Shang, Sheng Li, Hui-min Yu, Guo-Qing Wei, Lei Wang, Cen Qian, Cong-Fen Zhang et al. „Mitochondrial genome of the sweet potato hornworm, Agrius convolvuli (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), and comparison with other Lepidoptera species“. Genome 60, Nr. 2 (Februar 2017): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2016-0058.
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In the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Agrius convolvuli (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and compared it with previously sequenced mitogenomes of lepidopteran species. The mitogenome was a circular molecule, 15 349 base pairs (bp) long, containing 37 genes. The order and orientation of genes in the A. convolvuli mitogenome were similar to those in sequenced mitogenomes of other lepidopterans. All 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) were initiated by ATN codons, except for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, which seemed to be initiated by the codon CGA, as observed in other lepidopterans. Three of the 13 PCGs had the incomplete termination codon T, while the remainder terminated with TAA. Additionally, the codon distributions of the 13 PCGs revealed that Asn, Ile, Leu2, Lys, Phe, and Tyr were the most frequently used codon families. All transfer RNAs were folded into the expected cloverleaf structure except for tRNASer(AGN), which lacked a stable dihydrouridine arm. The length of the adenine (A) + thymine (T)-rich region was 331 bp. This region included the motif ATAGA followed by a 19-bp poly-T stretch and a microsatellite-like (TA)8 element next to the motif ATTTA. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods) showed that A. convolvuli belongs to the family Sphingidae.
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Khan, Muhammad Hassaan, Georg Jander, Zahid Mukhtar, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Sarwar und Shaheen Asad. „Comparison of in Vitro and in Planta Toxicity of Vip3A for Lepidopteran Herbivores“. Journal of Economic Entomology 113, Nr. 6 (20.10.2020): 2959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa211.
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Abstract Agricultural pest infestation is as old as domestication of food crops and contributes a major share to the cost of crop production. In a transgenic pest control approach, plant production of Vip3A, an insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, is effective against lepidopteran pests. A synthetic Vip3A gene was evaluated for efficacy against Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; cotton leafworm), Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; beet armyworm), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; fall armyworm), Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; cotton bollworm), Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; corn earworm), Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; tobacco budworm), and Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae; tobacco hornworm) in tobacco. In artificial diet assays, the concentration required to achieve 50% mortality was highest for H. zea followed by H. virescens > S. exigua > H. armigera > M. sexta > S. frugiperda > S. litura. By contrast, in bioassays with detached leaves from Vip3A transgenic tobacco, the time until 50% lethality was M. sexta > H. virescens > S. litura > H. zea > H. armigera > S. exigua. There was no significant correlation between the artificial diet and transgenic plant bioassay results. Notably, the two insect species that are best-adapted for growth on tobacco, M. sexta and H. virescens, showed the greatest time to 50% mortality on Vip3A-transgenic tobacco. Together, our results suggest that artificial diet assays may be a poor predictor of Vip3A efficacy in transgenic plants, lepidopteran species vary in their sensitivity to Vip3A in diet-dependent manner, and host plant adaptation of the targeted herbivores should be considered when designing transgenic plants for pest control.
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Kawahara, Akito Y., David Plotkin, Marianne Espeland, Karen Meusemann, Emmanuel F. A. Toussaint, Alexander Donath, France Gimnich et al. „Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, Nr. 45 (21.10.2019): 22657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907847116.
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Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the major superradiations of insects, comprising nearly 160,000 described extant species. As herbivores, pollinators, and prey, Lepidoptera play a fundamental role in almost every terrestrial ecosystem. Lepidoptera are also indicators of environmental change and serve as models for research on mimicry and genetics. They have been central to the development of coevolutionary hypotheses, such as butterflies with flowering plants and moths’ evolutionary arms race with echolocating bats. However, these hypotheses have not been rigorously tested, because a robust lepidopteran phylogeny and timing of evolutionary novelties are lacking. To address these issues, we inferred a comprehensive phylogeny of Lepidoptera, using the largest dataset assembled for the order (2,098 orthologous protein-coding genes from transcriptomes of 186 species, representing nearly all superfamilies), and dated it with carefully evaluated synapomorphy-based fossils. The oldest members of the Lepidoptera crown group appeared in the Late Carboniferous (∼300 Ma) and fed on nonvascular land plants. Lepidoptera evolved the tube-like proboscis in the Middle Triassic (∼241 Ma), which allowed them to acquire nectar from flowering plants. This morphological innovation, along with other traits, likely promoted the extraordinary diversification of superfamily-level lepidopteran crown groups. The ancestor of butterflies was likely nocturnal, and our results indicate that butterflies became day-flying in the Late Cretaceous (∼98 Ma). Moth hearing organs arose multiple times before the evolutionary arms race between moths and bats, perhaps initially detecting a wide range of sound frequencies before being co-opted to specifically detect bat sonar. Our study provides an essential framework for future comparative studies on butterfly and moth evolution.
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Adja, Armand Nahoulé, Appolinaire Bley Bley-Atse, Jean Ayékpa Gnago, Eric-Olivier Tienebo und Mathias Danho. „Damage Caused by Lepidopteran Pests on Maize Fields in Yamoussoukro, Central Côte d’Ivoire“. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, Nr. 18 (25.07.2023): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i183348.
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Various larvae of Lepidoptera cause severe damage to maize crops. The dynamics of these maize larvae pests have been studied during all stages of plant development. The trial was carried out on the Institut National Polytechnique Houphouët-Boigny farm plots in Yamoussoukro (central Cote d’Ivoire). The study aims were to monitor the dynamics, determine the importance (frequency and abundance), and assess the damage of Lepidopteran pests on the maize variety EV8728 SR using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The variety was sown on 05 September 2020. Insects were characterized with keys following on-site observation and capture of larvae on the plants. Five Lepidopteran species, grouped into three families, were counted on the plots. Spodoptera frugiperda was the most frequent (Occurrence C = 20.9%) and highly abundant (Relative Abundance Ar = 65.79%). The other Lepidoptera species were rare (C < 5%). However, Sesamia calamistis was very abundant (Ar=15.22%), while Eldana saccharina (Ar = 9.44%) and Ostrinia nubilalis (Ar = 5.25%) were abundant. Helicoverpa zea is scarcely abundant (Ar=4.3%). Furthermore, three Lepidoptera species (E. saccharina, O. nubilalis, and H. zea) were as minor pests (Damage Index I < 10%), while S. calamistis was important pest (I < 25%) and S. frugiperda was major pest (I< 75%). The populations of the insects fluctuated during crop development. The mean dried grain yield varied from 2.4±0.42 to 2.61±0.71 t/ha. Populations of S. frugiperda larvae and their damage appeared more important than those of other Lepidoptera. Knowledge of maize lepidopteran larvae is essential for effectively and efficiently controlling these pests and improving the quality and quantity of maize production.
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Barreto, Marliton Rocha, und Pastor Amador Mojena. „La aparición de Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) de Eucalyptus y su depredación por Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier y Serville) (Reduviidae: Harpactorinae)“. EntomoBrasilis 7, Nr. 1 (24.04.2014): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i1.371.
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Los lepidópteros más importantes para el cultivo de los eucaliptos son los defoliadores y en Brasil, algunas especies se encuentran desde el estado de Amazona hasta Rio Grande del Sur. Thyrinteina arnobia arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidóptera: Geometridae) se cita como el lepidóptero defoliador más importante en Brasil y algunas especies depredadoras de la familia Reduviidae están asociados con diversos cultivos forestales. En este estudio se registra la ocurrencia de Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier & Serville) depredando a T. arnobia en plantaciones de eucaliptus en la ciudad de Sorriso, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil.
Registration of Thyrinteina arnobia arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae) in Sorriso, Mato Grosso and its predation by Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier & Serville) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae)
Abstract. The most important lepidopterans for eucalyptus crop are called defoliators. In Brazil, some species occur from the Amazônia to Rio Grande do Sul State and Thyrinteina arnobia arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is cited as the most important lepidopteran defoliator in Brazil and some predatory species of the family Reduviidae are associated with various forest crops. Thus, this study recorded the ocorrence of Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier & Serville) preying T. arnobia in eucaliptus crop in Sorriso city, Mato Grosso state, Brazil.
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Marec, František, und Marc J. B. Vreysen. „Advances and Challenges of Using the Sterile Insect Technique for the Management of Pest Lepidoptera“. Insects 10, Nr. 11 (25.10.2019): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110371.
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Over the past 30 years, the sterile insect technique (SIT) has become a regular component of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programs against several major agricultural pests and vectors of severe diseases. The SIT-based programs have been especially successful against dipteran pests. However, the SIT applicability for controlling lepidopteran pests has been challenging, mainly due to their high resistance to the ionizing radiation that is used to induce sterility. Nevertheless, the results of extensive research and currently operating SIT programs show that most problems with the implementation of SIT against pest Lepidoptera have been successfully resolved. Here, we summarize the cytogenetic peculiarities of Lepidoptera that should be considered in the development and application of SIT for a particular pest species. We also discuss the high resistance of Lepidoptera to ionizing radiation, and present the principle of derived technology based on inherited sterility (IS). Furthermore, we present successful SIT/IS applications against five major lepidopteran pests, and summarize the results of research on the quality control of reared and released insects, which is of great importance for their field performance. In the light of new research findings, we also discuss options for the development of genetic sexing strains, which is a challenge to further improve the applicability of SIT/IS against selected lepidopteran pests.
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VALENCIA-J., ARNUBIO, BRIGITTE FRÉROT, HERVE GUÉNEGO, DIEGO F. MÚNERA, MARIA FÁTIMA GROSSI DE SÁ und PAUL-ANDRÉ CALATAYUD. „Effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia leaf extracts on three Lepidoptera species“. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 32, Nr. 1 (30.06.2006): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v32i1.9357.
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Leaf extracts of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) contain compounds that are toxic to insects. In this study, these extracts were tested against larvae of three lepidopteran species, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which are important pests of maize in Africa, Europe and Mediterranean countries, respectively. Leaf extracts were shown to be highly toxic to neonate larvae of B. fusca and O. nubilalis quickly after they were ingested. In contrast, no effect was found on fourth instar O. nubilalis and a low level of toxicity was observed on neonates of S. nonagrioides. Given the toxicity of J. gossypiifolia to larval neonates of B. fusca and O. nubilalis, this extract can be used for the control of these species when they are colonizing the plant.
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Grehan, JR. „A panbiogeographic perspective for pre-cretaceous angiosperm–Lepidoptera coevolution“. Australian Systematic Botany 4, Nr. 1 (1991): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910091.
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The coevolutionary history of Lepidoptera and angiosperms is evaluated in relation to Croizat's panbiogeographic synthesis of angiosperm evolution. The panbiogeographic method of ocean basin classification is used to identify major patterns of trans-oceanic distribution for lepidopteran families and genera (principally non-ditrysian). The Pacific basin is identified as a major evolutionary centre for several 'primitive non-ditrysian Lepidoptera, including Zeugloptera, Aglossata, Heterobathmiina, Neopsuestina, Palaephatidae, Prodoxidae, and possibly the Dacnonypha. The ditrysian Ithomiidae are similarly classified with the Pacific while the related Daniidae are identified as Indian Ocean. An Indian Ocean baseline is proposed for the Callidulidae, Tinissimae and Perissomasticini (Tineidae). A 'coevolutionary' history is supported in terms of Lepidoptera and angiosperms sharing common biogeographic (spatiotemporal) characters associated with the pre-Cretaceous tectonic history of major ocean and sea basins. The lack of congruent higher level Lepidoptera-angiosperm phylogenies emerging from systematic studies may be due to a lack of cospeciation events, but this does not exclude a close ecological and evolutionary relationship through the history of both groups.
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Yu, Wenhua, Yan Zhou, Jianglong Guo, Kris A. G. Wyckhuys, Xiujing Shen, Xiaokang Li, Shishuai Ge, Dazhong Liu und Kongming Wu. „Interspecific and Seasonal Variation in Wingbeat Frequency Among Migratory Lepidoptera in Northern China“. Journal of Economic Entomology 113, Nr. 5 (01.07.2020): 2134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa134.
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Abstract Many lepidopteran species rely upon active flight to migrate over long distances, thus pursuing ephemeral resources, colonizing new habitats, or escaping adverse meteorological conditions. Though their biology and ecology are often well studied, there is only scant information on their wingbeat frequency (WBF), a key aerodynamic determinant of insect flight. In this study, we assessed interspecific and seasonal variability in WBF for 85 different migratory species of Lepidoptera (11 families) under the laboratory conditions of 25 ± 1°C and 75 ± 5% RH. WBF of migrant individuals ranged between 6.7 and 84.5 Hz and substantial interspecific differences were recorded, with members of the Bombycidae exhibiting the highest mean WBFs (i.e., 55.1 ± 1.0 Hz) and Saturniidae the lowest (8.5 ± 0.2 Hz). At a species level, seasonal variation was observed in WBF for Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Our findings add to the scientific knowledge on flight biology of migratory insects, facilitate (automatic) monitoring and population forecasting, and can have broader implications for insect pest management or biodiversity conservation.
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Jones, Anne C., Irmgard Seidl-Adams, Jurgen Engelberth, Charles T. Hunter, Hans Alborn und James H. Tumlinson. „Herbivorous Caterpillars Can Utilize Three Mechanisms to Alter Green Leaf Volatile Emission“. Environmental Entomology 48, Nr. 2 (19.01.2019): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy191.
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Abstract Green plants emit green leaf volatiles (GLVs) as a general damage response. These compounds act as signals for the emitter plant, neighboring plants, and even for insects in the ecosystem. However, when oral secretions from certain caterpillars are applied to wounded leaves, GLV emissions are significantly decreased or modified. We examined four caterpillar species representing two lepidopteran families for their capacity to decrease GLV emissions from Zea mays leaf tissue. We also investigated the source of the GLV modifying components in the alimentary tract of the various caterpillars. In Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), we found three distinct mechanisms to modify GLV emission: a heat-stable compound in the gut, a heat-labile enzyme in salivary gland homogenate (previously described in Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), and an isomerase in the salivary gland homogenate, which catalyzes the conversion of (Z)-3-hexenal to (E)-2-hexenal (previously described in M. sexta). These mechanisms employed by caterpillars to suppress or modify GLV emission suggest a counteraction against the induced indirect volatile defenses of a plant and provides further insights into the ecological functions of GLVs.
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Schachat, Sandra R., und George W. Gibbs. „Variable wing venation in Agathiphaga (Lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae) is key to understanding the evolution of basal moths“. Royal Society Open Science 3, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2016): 160453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160453.
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Details of the ancestral groundplan of wing venation in moths remain uncertain, despite approximately a century of study. Here, we describe a 3-branched subcostal vein, a 5-branched medial vein and a 2-branched cubitus posterior vein on the forewing of Agathiphaga vitiensis Dumbleton 1952 from Vanuatu. Such veins had not previously been described in any Lepidoptera. Because wing veins are typically lost during lepidopteran evolutionary history, rarely—if ever—to be regained, the venation of A. vitiensis probably represents the ancestral character state for moths. Wing venation is often used to identify fossil insects as moths, because wing scales are not always preserved; the presence of a supposedly trichopteran 3-branched subcostal vein in crown Lepidoptera may decrease the certainty with which certain amphiesmenopteran fossils from the Mesozoic can be classified. And because plesiomorphic veins can influence the development of lepidopteran wing patterns even if not expressed in the adult wing, the veins described here may determine the location of wing pattern elements in many lepidopteran taxa.
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Duplouy, Anne, und Emily A. Hornett. „Uncovering the hidden players in Lepidoptera biology: the heritable microbial endosymbionts“. PeerJ 6 (08.05.2018): e4629. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4629.
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The Lepidoptera is one of the most widespread and recognisable insect orders. Due to their remarkable diversity, economic and ecological importance, moths and butterflies have been studied extensively over the last 200 years. More recently, the relationship between Lepidoptera and their heritable microbial endosymbionts has received increasing attention. Heritable endosymbionts reside within the host’s body and are often, but not exclusively, inherited through the female line. Advancements in molecular genetics have revealed that host-associated microbes are both extremely prevalent among arthropods and highly diverse. Furthermore, heritable endosymbionts have been repeatedly demonstrated to play an integral role in many aspects of host biology, particularly host reproduction. Here, we review the major findings of research of heritable microbial endosymbionts of butterflies and moths. We promote the Lepidoptera as important models in the study of reproductive manipulations employed by heritable endosymbionts, with the mechanisms underlying male-killing and feminisation currently being elucidated in moths and butterflies. We also reveal that the vast majority of research undertaken of Lepidopteran endosymbionts concernsWolbachia. While this highly prevalent bacterium is undoubtedly important, studies should move towards investigating the presence of other, and interacting endosymbionts, and we discuss the merits of examining the microbiome of Lepidoptera to this end. We finally consider the importance of understanding the influence of endosymbionts under global environmental change and when planning conservation management of endangered Lepidoptera species.
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Legal, Luc. „“Lepidoptera Flies”, but Not Always…Interactions of Caterpillars and Chrysalis with Soil“. Diversity 15, Nr. 1 (24.12.2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010027.
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Lepidoptera, an order of insects traditionally linked to the aerial habitat, are much more diverse in their living environment than the clichéd image we may have of them. The imago stage, which is the most visible in these insects, is not the one that has the most interaction with the environment (usually caterpillars) nor the one that lasts the longest (very often chrysalises). These two stages are often directly related to litter and soil, although only the interaction at the pupal stage seems to follow a phylogenetic logic with two independent evolutionary events for the preference with soil: Use of litter and the upper “O” horizon as protection against predation for the evolutionarily oldest Lepidoptera families, pupation at greater depths (up to 60 centimetres in extreme cases) for the most derived Lepidoptera families; this probably to take advantage of the thermal and moisture buffer provided by the soil. An estimate suggests that about 25% of lepidopteran species worldwide have more or less obligatory interactions with soil.
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Nagy, Antal, István Szarukán, Ferenc Gém, Rita Nyitrai, Bence Füsti-Molnár, Attila Némerth, Lajos Kozák et al. „Preliminary data on the effect of semi-synthetic baits for Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) on the non-target Lepidoptera species“. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, Nr. 66 (02.06.2015): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/66/1895.
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Noctuidae are one of the most important Lepidoptera groups containing dangerous pest species. Monitoring and detection of these pest species is routinely performed by traps baited with sex-pheromones. Baits that attract both males and females were developed for improved pest management. First the effectiveness of different synthetic compounds was evaluated. We also tested semi-synthetic baits that contained both synthetic and natural components (wine and beer). These were more attractive for moths considering species richness and abundance. Disadvantage of this increased effectiveness is that the traps catch more non target, rare and even protected species. In this study we analysed the effect of semi-synthetic baits developed for Noctuid moths containing wine on other non-target Lepidopterans. In the six sampling sites traps caught 17158 individuals of 183 Lepidoptera species. The number of Noctuidae species was 124, while their proportion was 84.4%. The traps caught 813 individuals of 9 protected and 20 valuable species, which was only 4.7% of all Lepidopterans. In contrast the mean proportion of 33 dangerous and potential pest species was 31.3% (5375 individuals). Number and abundance of both protected and pest species were affected by landscape structure. The risks of catching non-target species was higher in species rich natural and semi-natural landscape. In homogenous arable lands the number and proportion of valuable Lepidopterans was not significant.
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Hilamawati, Maidatun Kamilah, und Retno Wijayanti. „LEPIDOPTERA DAN PARASITOID YANG BERASOSIASI PADA TANAMAN KENANGA (CANANGA ODORATA (LAM.) HOOK.F. & THOMSON)“. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 25, Nr. 1 (03.11.2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v25i1.15526.
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<p>The objectives of this research are to identify the Lepidoptera and parasitoid that associated on C. odorata. The research was conducted in Laboratory of Pest and Disease of Crop of Agriculture Faculty UNS and in C. odorata plantation in Banyudono, Boyolali Regency, Central Java. Observation was done at seedling and crop yield. Lepidoptera (larvae, pupae, adult) and parasitoids that found were taken to be identified in laboratory. Larvae and pupae which infected by parasitoid or pathogen placed in separated jar to be kept and waited for parasitoid emerged. Collection of Lepidopteras and parasitoids were identified by comparing with picture, using key of determination, and combination both of them. Identifying was done at family and several of them at species.In this research was found eight species of Lepidopteras and two parasitoids. Eight species of Lepidopteras consist of species of family Lymantridae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Satyridae, Psychidae, and Saturniidae (<em>Cricula trifenestrata</em> and <em>Attacus atlas</em>). Two parasitoid were <em>Apanteles sp. </em>and <em>Pteromalus sp.</em>)</p>
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Shrestha, Bhushan, Eiji Tanaka, Min Woo Hyun, Jae-Gu Han, Chang Sun Kim, Jong Won Jo, Sang-Kuk Han, Junsang Oh und Gi-Ho Sung. „Coleopteran and Lepidopteran Hosts of the Entomopathogenic Genus Cordyceps sensu lato“. Journal of Mycology 2016 (22.02.2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7648219.
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Entomophthoralean and ascomycetous fungi are the two major groups known to parasitize arthropods in almost every terrestrial habitat of the earth. Within Ascomycota, Cordyceps sensu lato is a large genus with more than 400 spp. described on numerous orders of Arthropoda. Among the hosts of Cordyceps, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera are the two major orders. Out of the estimated 200 Cordyceps spp. recorded on coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts, we have documented 92 spp. based on the available information of their host species. Among coleopteran hosts, Scarabaeidae and Elateridae are the two major families. Similarly, among lepidopterans, Hepialidae is the largest host family. Cordyceps militaris shows the widest host range, extending to 2 orders, 13 families, and 32 spp. We hope such accumulative work will be useful as a quick reference for interested biologists, forest ecologists, biocontrol researchers, and fungal and insect taxonomists to apprehend host range and host specificities of Cordyceps fungi.
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Yang, Xu, Kai Chen, Yaohui Wang, Dehong Yang und Yongping Huang. „The Sex Determination Cascade in the Silkworm“. Genes 12, Nr. 2 (23.02.2021): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020315.
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In insects, sex determination pathways involve three levels of master regulators: primary signals, which determine the sex; executors, which control sex-specific differentiation of tissues and organs; and transducers, which link the primary signals to the executors. The primary signals differ widely among insect species. In Diptera alone, several unrelated primary sex determiners have been identified. However, the doublesex (dsx) gene is highly conserved as the executor component across multiple insect orders. The transducer level shows an intermediate level of conservation. In many, but not all examined insects, a key transducer role is performed by transformer (tra), which controls sex-specific splicing of dsx. In Lepidoptera, studies of sex determination have focused on the lepidopteran model species Bombyx mori (the silkworm). In B. mori, the primary signal of sex determination cascade starts from Fem, a female-specific PIWI-interacting RNA, and its targeting gene Masc, which is apparently specific to and conserved among Lepidoptera. Tra has not been found in Lepidoptera. Instead, the B. mori PSI protein binds directly to dsx pre-mRNA and regulates its alternative splicing to produce male- and female-specific transcripts. Despite this basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex determination, the links among the primary signals, transducers and executors remain largely unknown in Lepidoptera. In this review, we focus on the latest findings regarding the functions and working mechanisms of genes involved in feminization and masculinization in Lepidoptera and discuss directions for future research of sex determination in the silkworm.
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Govorun, O., und O. Ptashenchuk. „LEPIDOPTERA OF THE MYKHAILIVSKA TSILYNA NATURE RESERVE“. Ukrainian Journal of Natural Sciences, Nr. 3 (11.10.2023): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/naturaljournal.3.2023.24-38.
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This work presents the results of the analysis of literature sources and the results of own research on the Lepidoptera of the Nature Reserve “Mykhailivska tsilyna”. In total, during 2019-2023, about 800 specimens of lepidopterans were collected on the reserve territory. The work presents a generalized list of lepidopteran species documented on the territory of the reserve which is supplemented by the results of research over the past three years. Since the Nature Reserve foundation in 2009, livestock grazing has been banned and haying areas have been limited, which has led to significant overgrowth and forestation of reserve’s territory. In some places the crown closure of the new stands reaches more than 70%. The data obtained by us on the group of pyralid butterflies of the reserve indicate a small proportion of the steppe component in their fauna. Unfortunately, we are not able to compare the data over a long period of time - before 2015, even if there were any studies on this group, they were of a non-systematic nature. Currently, the fauna of the lepidoptera registered by us in the Nature Reserve “Mykhailivska tsilyna”, as well as those reported in the literature, includes 340 species from 18 family groups.
The work planned in the territory organization project to reduce tree growth and remove forest strips are likely to reduce biodiversity in this area. At the same time, further overgrowth of the steppe will reduce the number or loss of butterfly species whose development is associated with steppe vegetation. In our opinion, it is necessary to stop and prevent further forestation of the reserved area. This can be done by applying one of the following methods: periodic mowing of the steppe areas that are still preserved; moderate cattle grazing; release of a wild population of large ungulates into the territory and ensuring their living conditions; periodic controlled burning of certain areas in the fall. However the current environmental legislation prohibits the use of all of the above methods on the territory of nature reserves.
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Navarro, Lionel, Anne-Élizabeth Harvey und Hubert Morin. „Lepidoptera wing scales: a new paleoecological indicator for reconstructing spruce budworm abundance“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, Nr. 3 (März 2018): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0009.
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Natural disturbances have a major impact on boreal forest landscape dynamics, and although fire history is well documented at the Holocene scale, spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) (SBW) dynamics have only been known for the last three centuries. This is likely due to the difficulty in using and interpreting existing indicators (cephalic head capsules and feces). In this methodological study, we present an original approach using lepidopteran wing scales to reconstruct insect abundance. We analyzed two sediment cores from the boreal forest in central Quebec and extracted wing scales at every stratigraphic level. The required quantity of sediment for paleoecological analysis is relatively small given the large quantity of wing scales produced by Lepidoptera and their small size. Scales are well preserved due to their chitinous structure and their great variety of shapes offer a high potential for taxonomic identification. A statistical model based on the shape of scales of the three major epidemic lepidopterans in Quebec discriminated 68% of SBW scales. This indicator allows a more efficient and more precise reconstruction of SBW history with respect to the use of cephalic head capsules or feces.
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Gupta, Manish Kumar, und Dr Anupama Jain. „Diversity and Distribution of Lepidopteran Butterflies in Kota District, Rajasthan“. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Configuration 1, Nr. 2 (28.04.2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52984/ijomrc1206.
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Understanding the standing point of biodiversity is an integral part of studying habitat ecology in the arena of the applied ecology and conservation biology. Considering this, a study was conducted to understand the biodiversity of the single species, i.e. Lepidoptera in four different sites of Kota district. Four distinct habitat fragmentation sites, Chambal Garden, Ganesh Udhyan, Industrial Area and agriculture land were selected to understand the diversity and distribution of lepidopteran butterfly. As this group of butterfly is considered as “umbrella taxa”, detailed study of its assemblages could be directly correlated with the changes in microclimates in the selected regions. Therefore, diversity of the Lepidoptera was calculated by Simpson’s index of diversity and Shannon-Weiner Index. Among these four areas, Chambal Garden and Ganesh Udhyan are dominated with the Lepidoptera whereas, decline in abundance could be observed remaining two areas. This study indicated a rich and diverse butterfly habitat in the selected survey area, which could be served a s a future referral for measuring and monitoring biological diversity.
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Southcott, RV. „Larvae of Leptus (Acarina : Erythraeidae) ectoparasitic on higher insects of Australia and New Guinea“. Invertebrate Systematics 7, Nr. 6 (1993): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9931473.
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Larval Leptus (Acarina : Erythraeidae) ectoparasitic on higher insects (Neuroptera. Coleoptera. Lepidoptera. Hymenoptera) are comprehensively reviewed (Diptera were considered previously) . The new species (all from Australia) comprise: L. spinalatus (from Neuroptera); L. belicolus. L. cerambycius. L. faini. L. halli. L. heleus. L. jenseni. L. orthrius. L. tarranus. L. titinius. L. truncatus. L. utheri (all from Coleoptera); L. agrotis, L. georgeae (from Lepidoptera); and L. monteithi (from Hymenoptera). A key is given to the larvae of Leptus from Australia and New Guinea . L. agrotis is an ectoparasite of Agrotis infusa (Boisduval), the bogong moth, whose larvae are an important pasture pest in south-eastern Australia; as well as the larva, the deutonymph and adult are described. Leptus boggohoranus Haitlinger is recorded from a further New Guinea species of Coleoptera. L. charon Southcott, originally described from an Australian dipteran, is recorded as ectoparasitic on an Australian larval lepidopteran (Anthela sp., Anthelidae), as well as from adult Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Leptus trucidatus (Hull, 1923), comb. nov., is proposed for Achorolophus trucidatus Hull, 1923, an adult from Western Australia.
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CANDAN, Selami, und Nurcan ÖZYURT KOÇAKOĞLU. „The Morphology of the Sensilla on the Proboscis of Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)“. Commagene Journal of Biology 6, Nr. 2 (31.12.2022): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1187494.
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Proboscis structure and sensilla types are important morphological characters for the systematic analysis of Lepidoptera families. There is no study on proboscis structure and sensilla types of Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) despite the fact that it is an important pest. For this purpose, the sensilla types and proboscis structure of A. crataegi were investigated by using stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope in detail. The results show that the proboscis of A. crataegi has three sensillum types (sensilla basiconica, sensilla trichodea, and sensilla styloconica). Sensilla basiconica consists of a sensory cone with a single terminal pore surrounded by a shallow socket and has a flat surface. Sensilla trichodea (chaetica) is bristle-shaped. The bristles of sensilla trichodea are poreless and smooth. Sensilla styloconicum has a smooth stylus, blunt tip, and long peg. In this study, the proboscis structure and sensilla types of A. crataegi were discussed with morphological similarities and differences of the other lepidopteran species’ proboscis structure and sensilla types. Thus, they contribute to the understanding of proboscis structure and sensilla types in Lepidoptera including Pieridae.
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Kozlov, Mikhail, Jukka Jalava und Elena Shutova. „New Records of Lepidoptera from the Kola Peninsula, Northwestern Russia“. Entomologica Fennica 11, Nr. 3 (01.09.2000): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84058.
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We report 91 species of Lepidoptera discovered from the Kola Peninsula for the first time and confirm records of 15 species from which our earlier information was based solely on the literature. Tinea svenssoni Opheim, 1965, Biselachista kebneella Traugott-Olsen & Nielsen, 1977 and Apotomis fraterculana Krogerus, 1945 are reported for the first time from Russia. The Lepidopteran fauna of the Kola Peninsula now numbers 676 species.
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Dockery, Michael, und Dmitri V. Logunov. „The Lepidoptera Collection of William Raymond Wooff (1929–2006) in the Manchester Museum“. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 154, Nr. 4 (26.10.2018): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/m00138908.1544.3931.
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The lepidopterans in Raymond Wooff`s collection in the Manchester Museum are distinctively curated and represent an assemblage of insects in the classic Aurelian tradition but created in the twentieth century. This collection was established on index cards, with only butterfly/moth wings being mounted and laminated onto cards. Despite being such an unusual collecting and preservation technique, it illustrates how a dedicated field biologist, with limited resources, can amass a significant, data-rich Lepidoptera collection that provides reliable information on distribution, habitat preferences and phenology of the collected species. The present paper explores the history and content of this unusual Lepidoptera collection and its collector.
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Shirata, Noriko, Motoko Ikeda, Katsumi Kamiya, Satoshi Kawamura, Yasuhisa Kunimi und Michihiro Kobayashi. „Replication of nucleopolyhedroviruses of Autographa californica (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae), Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera : Arctiidae), and Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in four lepidopteran cell lines“. Applied Entomology and Zoology 34, Nr. 4 (1999): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.34.507.
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Mikkola, Kauri. „Population trends of Finnish Lepidoptera during 1961-1996“. Entomologica Fennica 8, Nr. 3 (01.09.1997): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83932.
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Based on a query and on a literature review, the population trends of Finnish Lepidoptera since Kaisila's (1962) thorough overview are analysed. Changes in the belt of three coastal biogeographical provinces (V-EK) show significant correlations with those in three inland provinces (St-ES). Furthermore, positive trends in these belts are reflected as new provincial finds north of them. The spatial synchrony is supposedly caused by spatially conelated climatic conditions. This is supported by evidence of synchronous trends in species grouped according to their overwintering stages (Marttila 1991, Bruun 1992). The increased migration rate, indicated by the new provincial finds, is probably a consequence of high population densities, and does not explain the synchrony itself. Kaisila's division into expansive and fluctuant species is considered to be a historical rather than a biological characterization. During the 19th century, the reporting of new lepidopteran species was delayed by about 50 years if they were night-active vs. day-active. The low numbers of observers and slow development of collecting methods have caused further analytical uncertainties. Some of Kaisila's expansive species may actually have been inhabitants of Finland for long periods of time. At present, drainage of peatlands and overgrowth of meadows are the most adverse environmental changes causing a decline of lepidopterans, particularly of the butterflies. Increase of bushiness and reeds appear to have positively affected many geometrid and noctuid species. The high incidence of new provincial finds and of species new to the country in the 1990s as well as positive trends in late-autumn and early-spring species supposedly reflect the ongoing climatic change. The Finnish lepidopteran fauna is undergoing a dynamic phase: around 30 recent invaders and 40 older expansive species are spreading, while fewer are retreating; the declining species are mainly habitat specialists while the expansive ones are generalists, mainly feeding on bushes and trees. Fewer expansions are evident among micro- than macrolepidopterans.
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Klepikov, M. A. „Lepidopteran pests in the Upper Volga area (Lepidoptera)“. Entomological Review 91, Nr. 3 (Juni 2011): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0013873811030043.
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Lukhtanov, Vladimir A. „Two types of highly ordered micro- and macrochromosome arrangement in metaphase plates of butterflies (Lepidoptera)“. Comparative Cytogenetics 13, Nr. 1 (14.01.2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v13i1.32614.
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In karyotype of many organisms, chromosomes form two distinct size groups: macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. During cell divisions, the position of the macro- and microchromosomes is often ordered within metaphase plate. In many reptiles, amphibians, birds, insects of the orthopteran family Tettigoniidae and in some plants, a so called “reptilian” type organization is found, with microchromosomes situated in the center of metaphase plate and with macrochromosomes situated at the periphery. An opposite, “lepidopteran” type is known in butterflies and moths (i.e. in the order Lepidoptera) and is characterized by macrochromosomes situated in the center and by microchromosomes situated at the periphery. The anomalous arrangement found in Lepidoptera was previously explained by holocentric organization of their chromosomes. Here I analyse the structure of meiotic metaphase I plates in ithomiine butterfly, Forbestraolivencia (H. Bates, 1862) (Nymphalidae, Danainae, Ithomiini) which has a clear “reptilian” organization, contrary to previous observations in Lepidoptera. In this species large bivalents (i.e. macrochromosomes) form a regular peripheral circle, whereas the minute bivalents (i.e. microchromosomes) occupy the center of this circle. The reasons and possible mechanisms resulting in two drastically different spatial chromosome organization in butterflies are discussed.
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Rahbé, Y., und G. Bonnot. „La gestion des acides aminés aromatiques chez les Lépidoptères“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, Nr. 7 (01.07.1986): 1385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-207.
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Lepidoptera, like other insects (sensu stricto, i.e., without their possible symbionts), require an exogenous input of aromatic nuclei. Phenylalanine must thus be considered as an essential amino acid; however, the most important aromatic metabolite is tyrosine. In addition to being incorporated into proteins, tyrosine goes through specific stages that are either transitory (storage or mobilization forms) or terminal in some of the major functional pathways in insects (generally through previous hydroxylation into catecholic substances). Some polypeptids incorporate tyrosyl residues either for structural or for metabolic storage purposes. Studies on insect neurochemistry have revealed the existence of neuroactive phenolamines and catecholamines. Although the chemistry of melanin formation is important in understanding certain physiological phenomena that affect both larval and adult Lepidoptera, it has never been studied in detail because of its complexity. Biochemical studies of sclerotization, which have been extensive during the past 20 years, have recently revealed several specific lepidopteran characteristics. Lepidoptera use a specific transitory storage form of tyrosine, β-D-glycopyranosyl-O-tyrosine, and the process of N-acylation, which affects dopamine at the time of nymphal ecdysis, leads to the formation of N-β-alanyldopamine instead of N-acetyldopamine as was shown by classic studies on Diptera. Moreover, differential activation of these metabolic pathways in the course of ontogenesis brings about a marked temporal compartmentalization. Many phases of tyrosine biochemistry are thus recognized in the development of Lepidoptera.[Journal translation]
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Tian, Shengni, Yongqi Zhang, Xiangrong Meng, Yuan Liu, Xin Dong und Cen Qian. „Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Salassa thespis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and Comparison with Other Lepidoptera Species“. Diversity 16, Nr. 5 (09.05.2024): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16050282.
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There are many species of Lepidoptera, but few complete mitochondrial genomes of Lepidoptera have been included in databases. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Salassa thespis was isolated and characterized. It was 15,302 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and an A + T-rich region. Among the 13 PCGs, the initiation codon of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) was CGA, and the rest were ATN. The cox1 and cox2 genes had an incomplete stop codon T, while the rest terminated with TAA. Codon usage analysis showed that Phe, Ile, Leu and Asn were the most frequent amino acids, while Trp was the least. Like other Lepidopterans, some conserved motifs were found in the A + T-rich region, including a 17 bp poly-T guided by ATAGA, the AT-rich area and a poly-A element. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree analysis based on 13 PCGs of S. thespis confirmed that it belonged to the Saturniidae family and showed the following relationship: (S. thespis + (Rhodinia fugax + Samia canningi)). The enrichment of mitochondrial DNA provides reference information for the study of the evolution and diversity of Lepidoptera insects.
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Romanelli, Davide, Barbara Casati, Eleonora Franzetti und Gianluca Tettamanti. „A Molecular View of Autophagy in Lepidoptera“. BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/902315.
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Metamorphosis represents a critical phase in the development of holometabolous insects, during which the larval body is completely reorganized: in fact, most of the larval organs undergo remodeling or completely degenerate before the final structure of the adult insect is rebuilt. In the past, increasing evidence emerged concerning the intervention of autophagy and apoptosis in the cell death processes that occur in larval organs of Lepidoptera during metamorphosis, but a molecular characterization of these pathways was undertaken only in recent years. In addition to developmentally programmed autophagy, there is growing interest in starvation-induced autophagy. Therefore we are now entering a new era of research on autophagy that foreshadows clarification of the role and regulatory mechanisms underlying this self-digesting process in Lepidoptera. Given that some of the most important lepidopteran species of high economic importance, such as the silkworm,Bombyx mori, belong to this insect order, we expect that this information on autophagy will be fully exploited not only in basic research but also for practical applications.
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Höhn, Daniel, Juan F. Masello, Marc N. Kümmel, Sven Griep, Alexander Goesmann und Petra Quillfeldt. „Nestling Diet of Two Sympatric Insectivorous Passerines in Different Habitats—A Metabarcoding Study“. Birds 5, Nr. 1 (23.01.2024): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds5010005.
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Increasing landscape transformations and urbanisation affect insectivorous bird populations in various ways such as food availability, breeding phenology, or reproductive success. Especially during the breeding season, many passerine birds rely on the availability of caterpillars as the main prey for their nestlings. Previous studies suggested that similar diet preferences of sympatric species may result in interspecific competition, as demonstrated for Blue and Great Tits in forest habitats. However, nestling diet and prey preferences in other habitats are not fully understood. Prey availability, especially caterpillars, is lower in cities than in forests, thus influencing prey choice and interspecific competition. Here we used faecal DNA metabarcoding to investigate if nestling diet composition of the two sympatric species Blue Cyanistes caeruleus and Great Tits Parus major varied among species and different habitats (forest, traditional orchards, and urban parks). Furthermore, we examined food availability by DNA barcoding of the arboreal arthropod communities among habitats and compared them to the nestling diet to infer parental prey selectivity. The study was carried out in central Germany from 2018 to 2019. Blue and Great Tits showed a diverse diet which was dominated by Lepidoptera in all habitats. Lepidopteran diet components were most similar between forest and orchard sites, as were the components with other arthropods between orchard and urban sites. Both tit species showed selectivity for the lepidopteran families Geometridae and Tortricidae in all habitats, and for Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), Tenthredinidae and Braconidae (Hymenoptera) in forest and orchard sites. As the tits showed preferences for mainly families of Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera, our approach provides a baseline to support monitoring of these groups.
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SOHN, JAE-CHEON, CONRAD LABANDEIRA, DONALD DAVIS und CHARLES MITTER. „An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world“. Zootaxa 3286, Nr. 1 (30.04.2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3286.1.1.
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In this catalog, we attempt to assemble all fossil records of Lepidoptera described formally or informally in the worldliterature. A total of 667 records dealing with at least 4,568 specimens have been compiled. They include descriptions of131 fossil genera and 229 fossil species, as well as 72 extant genera and 21 extant species to which some of these fossilssupposedly belong or show superficial similarity. Replacement names of two fossil genera are proposed to avoidhomonymy: Baltopsyche Sohn, gen. nov. for Palaeopsyche Sobczyk and Kobbert, 2009 and Netoxena Sohn, gen. nov. forXena Martins-Neto, 1999. New generic combinations are proposed for: Tortrix? destructus Cockerell, 1916, Tortrixflorissantanus Cockerell, 1907, and Tortrix sp. sensu Gravenhorst (1835), all three to Tortricites Kozlov, 1988;Pterophorus oligocenicus Bigot, Nel and Nel, 1986, to Merrifieldia Tutt, 1905; Aporia sp. sensu Branscheid (1969) toPierites Heer, 1849; Noctua spp. sensu Hope (1836) and Lomnicki (1894), both to Noctuites Heer, 1849. Eleven namesimproperly proposed for lepidopteran fossils are invalidated: Baltonides roeselliformis Skalski in Kosmowska-Ceranowicz and Popiolek, 1981; Baltodines Kupryjanowicz, 2001; Barbarothea Scudder, 1890; Lepidopterites Piton,1936; Palaeozygaena Reiss, 1936; Psamateia calipsa Martins-Neto, 2002; Saxibatinca meyi Skalski in Kristensen andSkalski, 1998; Spatalistiforma submerga Skalski, 1976; Thanatites juvenalis Scudder, 1875; Tortricibaltia diakonoffiSkalski, 1976; and Zygaenites Reiss, 1936. An unnecessary subsequent type designation for Pierites Heer, 1849, isdiscussed. A total of 129 records include lepidopteran fossils which cannot be placed in any taxonomic rank. There alsoexist at least 25 fossil records which lack any evidence of the supposed lepidopteran association. Misidentified specimens,including 18 fossil genera, 29 fossil species and 12 unnamed fossils, are excluded from Lepidoptera. All the knownlepidopteran fossils are annotated by fossil type, specimen deposition, excavation locality, association with plants when present, and geological age. A bibliographic list of lepidopteran fossils is provided.
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Karsholt, Ole. „Contributions to the Lepidoptera fauna of the Madeiran Islands 1. Introduction.“ Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 50, Nr. 2 (02.10.2000): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.50.2.397-405.
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Vorliegender Beitrag befaßt sich mit dem Madeira-Archipel aus lepidopterologischer Sicht. Kurze Kapitel fassen die Informationen zur Geografie, Geologie, Klima und Vegetation zusammen. Die Geschichte der lepidopterologischen Forschung auf Madeira wird vorgestellt, mit Hinweisen auf zusätzliche Literatur. Die Herkunft der etwa 300 bisher von Madeira bekannten Lepidopteren wird kurz diskutiert, wie auch die Probleme des fehletikettierten Materials.StichwörterMadeira, Lepidoptera, lepidopterists, laurisilva.
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Reisig, Dominic D., Chris DiFonzo, Galen Dively, Yasmine Farhan, Jeff Gore und Jocelyn Smith. „Best Management Practices to Delay the Evolution of Bt Resistance in Lepidopteran Pests Without High Susceptibility to Bt Toxins in North America“. Journal of Economic Entomology 115, Nr. 1 (18.12.2021): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab247.
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Abstract Canadian and United States (US) insect resistance management (IRM) programs for lepidopteran pests in Bacillus thuriengiensis (Bt)-expressing crops are optimally designed for Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner in corn (Zea mays L.) and Chloridea virescens Fabricius in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Both Bt corn and cotton express a high dose for these pests; however, there are many other target pests for which Bt crops do not express high doses (commonly referred to as nonhigh dose pests). Two important lepidopteran nonhigh dose (low susceptibility) pests are Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Striacosta albicosta Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). We highlight both pests as cautionary examples of exposure to nonhigh dose levels of Bt toxins when the IRM plan was not followed. Moreover, IRM practices to delay Bt resistance that are designed for these two ecologically challenging and important pests should apply to species that are more susceptible to Bt toxins. The purpose of this article is to propose five best management practices to delay the evolution of Bt resistance in lepidopteran pests with low susceptibility to Bt toxins in Canada and the US: 1) better understand resistance potential before commercialization, 2) strengthen IRM based on regional pest pressure by restricting Bt usage where it is of little benefit, 3) require and incentivize planting of structured corn refuge everywhere for single toxin cultivars and in the southern US for pyramids, 4) integrate field and laboratory resistance monitoring programs, and 5) effectively use unexpected injury thresholds.
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Imada, Yume, Atsushi Kawakita und Makoto Kato. „Allopatric distribution and diversification without niche shift in a bryophyte-feeding basal moth lineage (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae)“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, Nr. 1721 (02.03.2011): 3026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0134.
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The Lepidoptera represent one of the most successful radiations of plant-feeding insects, which predominantly took place within angiosperms beginning in the Cretaceous period. Angiosperm colonization is thought to underlie the evolutionary success of the Lepidoptera because angiosperms provide an enormous range of niches for ecological speciation to take place. By contrast, the basal lepidopteran lineage, Micropterigidae, remained unassociated with angiosperms since Jurassic times but nevertheless achieved a modest diversity in the Japanese Archipelago. We explored the causes and processes of diversification of the Japanese micropterigid moths by performing molecular phylogenetic analysis and extensive ecological surveying. Phylogenetic analysis recovered a monophyletic group of approximately 25 East Asian endemic species that feed exclusively on the liverwort Conocephalum conicum , suggesting that niche shifts hardly played a role in their diversification. Consistent with the low flying ability of micropterigid moths, the distributions of the Conocephalum specialists are each localized and allopatric, indicating that speciation by geographical isolation has been the major process shaping the diversity of Japanese Micropterigidae. To our knowledge, this is the largest radiation of herbivorous insects that does not accompany any apparent niche differentiation. We suggest that the significance of non-ecological speciation during the diversification of the Lepidoptera is commonly underestimated.
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Islyamov, Meiram. „Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera) Aksu-Zhabaglinsky Nature Reserve“. Kazakhstan zoological bulletin 3, Nr. 2 (22.11.2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54944/kzbyi217sk28.
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The article provides information about the Lepidoptera fauna on the territory of the Aksu-Zhabagli Reserve. On the territory of the reserve today, the biodiversity of vertebrates has been well studied among animals, and the biodiversity of insects of the reserve has not been fully determined, in particular, lepidoptera insects have not been sufficiently studied, therefore our work is relevant. The research was carried out by the author in 2022 in the gorges of Zhetimsai, Taldybulak, Baybarak, Koksai, Darbaza, Kishi Kaindy, Ulken Kaindy. When collecting lepidoptera, entomological nets, various traps, night light fishing, etc. were used. methods. As a result of the research, the following representatives of the Lepidoptera family were investigated and identified: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae. The analysis revealed 12 species from 6 families of Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera). According to the number of species from the family of Pieridae – 4 species (33%), Lycaenidae – 1 species (8%), Satyridae – 2 species (17%), Nymphalidae – 2 species (17%), Papilionidae - 1 species (8%), Hesperiidae - 2 species ( 17 %).
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PONOMARENKO, MARGARITA G. „A contribution to knowledge of some main trends in evolutionary transformations of the male genitalia in superorder Amphiesmenoptera (Insecta, Trichoptera + Lepidoptera)“. Zoosymposia 10, Nr. 1 (09.08.2016): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.10.1.32.
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The general trends of evolutionary transformations in the male copulatory apparatus of the lower ditrysian Lepidoptera, family Gelechiidae, on the base of functional morphological analysis are similar to those in the order Trichoptera. Evolution of the genitalia in both groups was directed to improvement of efficiency of mating mechanisms. It is found that one of the general trends in trichopterans, reduced of gonopods, corresponds to the main direction of valvae transformation in lower ditrysian moths Gelechiidae. These structures, being of importance in grasping the female in other groups of Lepidoptera, lost this function in some genera and they completely disappeared in most advanced groups of gelechiid moths. That phenomenon is associated with transformations of other structures in copulatory apparatus, which functionally compensate for the lack of valvae. Such functional analogues are found in the course of comparative morphological analysis of the male genitalia in both groups. Similar changes and similar traits of the genital appendages in both groups, trichopterans and lower ditrysian lepidopterans, can be considered as evidence of parallel evolution. The possible parallelisms as indicators of common evolutionary trends in transformation of copulatory apparatus within the two lineages, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera, having a common ancestor, are discussed.
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WU, LINGLING, XIAOLI JIANG, FENGJIAO XIE, SAIMA KAUSAR, DAN LIANG, GUOQING WEI, BAOJIAN ZHU, LEI WANG, CHAOLIANG LIU und CEN QIAN. „The mitochondrial genome of Smerinthus planus (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and its comparative analysis with other Lepidoptera species“. Zootaxa 4821, Nr. 3 (03.08.2020): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4821.3.6.
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In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Smerinthus planus Walker (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) was sequenced and analyzed to add additional traits for expanding our knowledge on systematics and phylogenetics of world-wide studied Sphingidae moths. The mitochondrial genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule, 15368 bp in size. It includes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, twenty-two transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and an adenine (A) + thymine (T) rich region. All the PCGs start with the typical ATN start codons, except for the nad5 gene, which initiates with TTA. The codon usage analysis revealed that Phe, Ile, Lys, Leu, Asn, and Tys were the most common amino acids, while Cys and Trp were least common. Among the 13 PCGs, nine genes harbor the complete termination codon TAA, whereas the remaining four genes (nad1, cob, nad4, and nad3) terminate with TAG. The A+T rich region of S. planus is 318 bp. This region displays the highest A+T rich content, accounting for 91.50%, with both AT skew (-0.09) and GC skew (-0.26) are negative. Like other Lepidopterans, the A+T-rich region of the S. planus also contains some conserved regions, including the motif ‘ATAGA’ followed by an 18 bp poly-T stretch, a microsatellite-like (AT)8 and a poly-A element. Phylogenetic relationships, based on nucleotide sequences from the genomes of 31 species, confirmed that S. planus belong to the Sphingidae family. This study is aimed to improve the mitochondrial genome database of moths and provide valuable information for studying the genetic evolution and phylogeny of Lepidopteran species.
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Yasukochi, Yuji, Makiko Tanaka-Okuyama, Manabu Kamimura, Ryo Nakano, Yota Naito, Yukio Ishikawa und Ken Sahara. „Isolation of BAC Clones Containing Conserved Genes from Libraries of Three Distantly Related Moths: A Useful Resource for Comparative Genomics of Lepidoptera“. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/165894.
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Lepidoptera, butterflies and moths, is the second largest animal order and includes numerous agricultural pests. To facilitate comparative genomics in Lepidoptera, we isolated BAC clones containing conserved and putative single-copy genes from libraries of three pests,Heliothis virescens,Ostrinia nubilalis,andPlutella xylostella, harboring the haploid chromosome number, , which are not closely related with each other or with the silkworm,Bombyx mori, (), the sequenced model lepidopteran. A total of 108–184 clones representing 101–182 conserved genes were isolated for each species. For 79 genes, clones were isolated from more than two species, which will be useful as common markers for analysis using fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH), as well as for comparison of genome sequence among multiple species. The PCR-based clone isolation method presented here is applicable to species which lack a sequenced genome but have a significant collection of cDNA or EST sequences.
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Oliveira, H. N., J. C. Zanuncio, D. Pratissoli und M. C. Picanço. „Biological characteristics of Trichogramma maxacalii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)“. Brazilian Journal of Biology 63, Nr. 4 (November 2003): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842003000400011.
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Individuals of two populations of Trichogramma maxacalii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were collected from eggs of Euselasia apisaon (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), a lepidopteran defoliator of Eucalyptus, in plantations in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study investigated the sex ratio, number of parasitoids per egg, and longevity of individuals of these two populations of T. maxacalii, when this parasitoid was reared receiving eggs of the factitious host Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in different periods after emergence, and with or without honey. Sex ratio of T. maxacalii varied from 0.44 to 0.60, and was affected by the interaction between populations, availability of food (honey), and length of time in which the parasitoid stayed without host eggs after their emergence. The population of T. maxacalii collected in São Paulo produced a larger number of individuals per egg of the host A. kuehniella and lived longer when fed.
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Massarolli, Angélica, Ana Regina Lucena Hoffmann, Bruna Magda Favetti und Alessandra Regina Butnariu. „Ichneumonids (Hymenoptera) and Tachinid Flies (Diptera) Associated to Leptidopterans in Soybean Crops“. Journal of Agricultural Science 10, Nr. 7 (08.06.2018): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n7p167.
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Studies on natural enemies are important to find new species and to develop management strategies to preserve them to help control pests in biological control programs. For the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, which comprises the Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal biomes, few studies have been conducted on the diversity of these parasitoids, possible endemic and/or new species, as well as their potential as natural enemies. Thus, the present study was aimed at describing the diversity of parasitoids of the families Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) and Tachinidae (Diptera) associated with pest lepidopterans in soybean crops. Weekly sampling of pest lepidopterans was carried out during four soybean seasons (2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013). Parasitoid larvae were observed in the main lepidopteran pest species of soybean during the four soybean seasons. Three genera of the Ichneumonidae family, belonging to the genera Microcharops Roman, Ophionellus Westwood, and Podogaster Brullé. Six genera of the Tachinidae family occur in the state of Mato Grosso in soybean fields. The following genera were recorded: Archytas spp. Jaennicke, Phorocera spp. Robineau-Desvoidy, Gymnocarcelia spp. Townsend, Lespesia spp. Robineau-Desvoidy, Eucelatoria spp. Townsend, Chetogena spp. Rondani. These parasitoids were found parasitizing caterpillars of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), in species that had not yet been reported as hosts for the Neotropical region. Further studies are needed on the beneficial entomofauna and their preservation in agricultural environments.