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1
Levine, Aaron. „Aspects of the Lemons Problem as Treated in Jewish Law“. Journal of Law and Religion 23, Nr. 2 (2008): 379–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400002332.
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Commercial transactions are often characterized by asymmetric information between the buyer and seller: one side of the market, usually the seller, knows more about the quality of the product or service offered than the other side. In his 1970 seminal article, George Akerlof predicted that unless counteracting forces are in place, this asymmetric information phenomenon will cause the volume of transactions in this marketplace to shrink to the point where only the most inferior version of the product, called a lemon, will be traded.Practically speaking, numerous institutions mitigate the asymmetrical information problem so that the marketplace does not deteriorate into a lemons market. These countervailing forces include seller guarantees, brand names, product liability laws, consumer screening, third-party comparisons, and the institution of standards and certification by the government or consumer and industry groups.My purpose here will be to analyze one aspect of the lemons problem from the perspective of an imagined society governed entirely by Jewish law and ethics. I will refer to this society as a Torah society. Specifically, I will show how Jewish warranty law counteracts the lemons problem and compare its solutions to those of American warranty law as well as state lemon laws in the U.S.Warranty law works best to counteract the lemon problem if it operates in an environment of trust. As I will show, Jewish law puts the task of moral education in the hands of parents and teachers with the goal of producing the character trait of trustworthiness.
2
Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. „Latvia-Mandated Palestine Economic Relations 1920–1940“. Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia 28, Nr. 2 (2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.28.2.02.
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This paper provides an overview of Latvian-Mandated Palestine economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period Latvian and Mandated Palestine economic relations were mainly confined to foreign trade. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Mandated Palestine was more or less regulated by Latvia’s 1923 treaty with Great Britain. Latvia’s main imports from Mandated Palestine in the interwar period were fruits (including oranges, lemons, grapes, figs, pears, etc.), tobacco, and olive oil, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Mandated Palestine were fish and fish conserves (including “Sprotes”), timber and timber products, paper and paper products, plywood, butter, and wooden nails and pins for footwear. In general, despite a growth in trade in the 1930s, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period.
3
Waldman, Michael. „Durable Goods Theory for Real World Markets“. Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, Nr. 1 (01.02.2003): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533003321164985.
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The early 1970s witnessed three major advances in durable-goods theory — Swan, Peter. 1970. “Durability of Consumption Goods.” American Economic Review. December, 60:5, pp. 884–94. Swan, Peter. 1971. “The Durability of Goods and Regulation of Monopoly.” Bell Journal of Economics. Spring, 2:1, pp. 347–57. and Sieper, E. and Peter Swan. 1973. “Monopoly and Competition in the Market for Durable Goods.” Review of Economic Studies. July, 40:3, pp. 333–51. on optimal durability, Coase, Ronald. 1972. “Durability and Monopoly.” Journal of Law and Economics. April, 15:1, pp. 143–49. on time inconsistency, and Akerlof, George. 1970. “The Market for ‘Lemons’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism.” Quarterly Journal of Economics. August, 84:3, pp. 488–500. on adverse selection. This paper surveys durable goods theory starting with these three contributions, where much of the focus is on recent literature and on models that explain real-world phenomena. In addition to the ideas found in the contributions of Swan, Coase, and Akerlof, topics covered include why producers sometimes practice “planned obsolescence,” the role of adverse selection in new-car leasing, and reasons for aftermarket monopolization.
4
Walker, G. P., und D. C. G. Aitken. „Control of California Red Scale on Citrus, Riverside, CA, 1984“. Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, Nr. 1 (01.01.1985): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.62.
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Abstract The field of oranges was divided into 9-tree (3 x 3) plots and pesticides were applied with an oscillating boom sprayer (500 psi, 1.4 mph, 68 oscillations/min) at a rate of ca. 2130 gal/acre on 18 Jul ’83. The field of lemons was divided into single-tree plots and pesticides were applied with a hand sprayer at 530 psi from the ground and from a tower at a rate of ca. 22 gal/tree (1970 gal/A) on 30 Jun ’83. Pretreatment counts were taken from each of the lemon single-tree plots (22 Jun ’83) and from the center tree of the orange plots (10 May and 21 Jun ’83) by counting the proportions of twigs (9-inch terminal twigs, N = 52/plot) and the proportion of fruit (N = 41/plot) infested with live CRS. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with the plots blocked to provide similar twig pretreatment counts within blocks and 4 replicates in each field. Posttreatment counts (proportions infested with live CRS) were taken in the lemons on 5 Dec ’83 (Winter) (N = 52 twigs, 41 fruit/ plot) and 24 Apr ’84 (Spring) (N = 75 twigs, 50 fruit/plot). Posttreatment counts were taken in the oranges on 5 Jan ’84 (Winter) (N = 52 twigs, 41 fruit from the center tree of each plot) and 14 May ’84 (Spring) (N = 120 twigs, 60 from the center tree of each plot and 15 from each of the 4 adjacent trees from the quadrant that faces the center tree).
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Gordon, Bruce L., und Daniel T. Winkler. „New House Premiums, Market Conditions, and the Decision to Purchase a New Versus Existing House“. Journal of Real Estate Research 41, Nr. 3 (Juli 2019): 379–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.22300/0896-5803.41.3.379.
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In this paper, we examine how the new house premium has changed over time. We propose that the new home premium can largely be attributed to the “lemons problem” from Akerlof (1970). Recent research suggests that the growth of the Internet has significantly reduced the lemons problem for many products. Our results suggest that the new house premium is about 5.6% without considering time-on-the-market (TOM) and has been declining. This premium ranges from 14.6% (1998) to −2.8% (2010). The average new house premium is 13.3% considering TOM, and ranges from 22.5% (1998) to 5.0% (2010). A trend analysis reveals that new house premiums have fallen 0.8%–0.9% annually, consistent with the Internet, information sharing, and reputation feedback mechanisms reducing the lemons problem associated with asymmetric information.
6
Shapiro, B. L. „SHASHKA CUTTING IN MIKHAILOVSKY MANEZH IN SPRING 1900 (“LEMON CUTTING”)“. History Facts and Symbols 22, Nr. 1 (2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2020-22-1-25-34.
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7
Dambuza, Anathi, Pamela Rungqu, Adebola Omowunmi Oyedeji, Gugulethu M. Miya, Simon K. Kuria, Sunday Yiseyon Hosu und Opeoluwa Oyehan Oyedeji. „Extraction, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of Pectin from Lemon Peels“. Molecules 29, Nr. 16 (16.08.2024): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163878.
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Pectin is a natural polymer that is found in the cell walls of higher plants. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of pectin extracted from lemon in two different geographic regions (Peddie and Fort Beaufort) in two consecutive years (2023 and 2024) named PP 2023, PP 2024, FBP 2023, and FBP 2024. The dried lemon peels were ground into a powder, sifted to obtain particles of 500 μm, and then subjected to pectin extraction using a conventional method involving mixing lemon peel powder with distilled water, adjusting the pH level to 2.0 with HCl, heating the mixture at 70 °C for 45 min, filtering the acidic extract, and precipitating pectin with ethanol. The yield of these pectin samples was statistically significant, as FBP 2024 had a maximum yield of 12.2 ± 0.02%, PP 2024 had a maximum yield of 13.0 ± 0.02%, FBP 2023 had a maximum yield of 12.2 ± 0.03%, and PP 2023 had a maximum yield of 13.1 ± 0.03%, The variation in yield could be due to the differences in the growing conditions, such as the climate and soil, which could have affected the pectin content in the lemons. The physicochemical characterization of all samples proved that our pectin samples could be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries, with anhydrouronic acid content which was greater than 65%, as suggested by the FAO. The scanning electron microscope analysis of all extracted pectin was rough and jagged, while the commercial pectin displayed a smooth surface morphology with a consistent size. FTIR confirmed the functional groups which were present in our samples. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to investigate the thermal behavior of the extracted pectin in comparison with commercial pectin. It was found that the extracted pectin had three-step degradation while the commercial pectin had four-step degradation. Additionally, pectin samples have been shown to have antioxidants, as the IC50 of PP 2024, PP 2023, FBP 2023, FBP 2024, and Commercial P was 1062.5 ± 20.0, 1201.3 ± 22.0, 1304.6 ± 19.0, 1382.6 ± 29.9, and 1019.4 ± 17.1 mg/L, respectively. These findings indicate that lemon pectin has promising characteristics as a biopolymer for use in biomedical applications.
8
Lemon, Ralph. „The Trace Dance Leaves Is Air: On Steve Paxton (1939–2024)“. October, Nr. 189 (2024): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00529.
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Abstract Artist, writer, and choreographer Ralph Lemon tangentially marks his life in dance through an account of the times he witnessed the work of an important artistic guide, Steve Paxton, a founding member of Judson Dance Theater (1962–64) and Grand Union (1970–76), two collectives that indelibly redefined dance for the following decades. In addition to composing major works, while involved with Grand Union Paxton first formulated the dance form known as contact improvisation, which has become influential worldwide. “The Trace Dance Leaves Is Air” is a personal reflection and tribute, honoring a major artist, while also questioning how much one can trust creative inspiration.
9
Cain, Carol L., Gary M. Fleischman, Antonio J. Macias und Juan Manuel Sanchez. „Ethics, Adverse Selection, Target Method of Sale Strategies, and Akerlof’s “Lemons” Problem“. Accounting and Finance Research 10, Nr. 3 (20.06.2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v10n3p1.
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This study examines the acquisition dynamics associated with the target management’s choice to initiate the sale of the firm using the auction method. Specifically, we examine opportunistic merger and acquisition (M&A) dynamics related to the target-initiated method-of-sale decision (auctions vs. one-on-one negotiations), as a noteworthy example of Akerlof’s (1970) theory of the market for lemons. While we find a strong positive relationship between proxies of adverse selection risk and the likelihood of target initiation, robustness tests suggest target initiation itself is a unique indicator of information asymmetry in an acquisition environment. We also find that most target-initiated transactions follow an auction as the method of sale, which increases target information asymmetry advantages. While wealth accrued to both bidders and targets increases in non-target-initiated auctions, this benefit disappears when the target initiates the acquisition, causing both bidders and targets to suffer wealth losses. According to Akerlof’s theory, these wealth losses represent the cost of perceived dishonesty due to enhanced adverse section risk, which provides noteworthy implications for both business and society.
10
Wolf, Alison. „Growth Stocks and Lemons: diplomas in the English market‐place 1976–1996“. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 4, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969594970040103.
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KINASIH, PUTRI RINDU. „Analysis of Fromm’s Five Basic Needs on Danny Boodman T.D. Lemon 1900 in The Legend of 1900 Movie“. Surakarta English and Literature Journal 6, Nr. 1 (03.03.2023): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52429/selju.v6i1.107.
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How people behave and carry out their will is influenced by psychological factors. Ascertaining the cause of maladaptation, therefore, the psychoanalytic study is necessary. In this research, the writer analyzes the character of Danny Boodman, T.D. Lemon 1900 and his drastic decision in life. The writer used the qualitative method. The writer focuses on the theory of five basic human needs proposed by Erich Fromm. Moreover, according to the findings, people who do not meet Fromm's five essential human needs will struggle to lead everyday lives. According to Fromm, there are two ways to resolve the existential dilemma: to progress or to regress to the mother's love and its evolutionary equivalent, a symbiotic relationship with the mother. The SS Virginian cruise ship is a metaphor for a mother's love of rootedness. Thus, this study concludes that Nineteen Hundred cannot achieve Fromm's five basic needs due to his obsession with the ship.
12
Shi, Song, Iona McCarthy und Uyen Mai. „Leaky building stigma“. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 10, Nr. 3 (05.06.2017): 328–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-06-2016-0043.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the stigma effect on property valuation/sale price for remediated residential leaky buildings constructed in New Zealand during the 1990s and 2000s. In particular, the authors want to know whether meeting the regulatory standards for remediation work will totally eliminate the negative stigma effect on remediated properties. Design/methodology/approach Property transaction data for remediated leaky homes are often limited and not well recorded. Thus, it is very difficult or even impossible to identify those remediated properties in a standard property transaction data set. Moreover, a vast amount of information regarding the nature of property defects, remediation process and method is very difficult to obtain. In this study, members of the Property Institute of New Zealand (PINZ) and the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand were invited to participate in an online website survey. The results were then analysed using the principal component analysis, ordinary least squares and multinomial logit regressions. Findings This study indicates that for monolithic-clad dwellings, the price discount due to leaky building stigma is significant. Depending on the severity of the leaking problems, this is about 11 per cent on average for general market stigma and an additional 5-10 per cent for post-remediation stigma. The results highlight that meeting the regulatory standards for remediation work cannot totally eliminate the negative stigma effect on remediated properties. The findings are in line with the lemon theory introduced by Akerlof (1970) and robust to individual characteristics of the survey respondent. Originality/value General market stigma has been widely researched and documented in the literature. In contrast, there is a lack of research as to whether remediation will eliminate stigma, particularly in the presence of general market stigma. The authors are the first to show that post-remediation stigma can cause value loss in addition to general market stigma based on the lemon theory proposed by Akerlof (1970).
13
GRONBERG, TAG. „KLIMT SCHIELE MOSER KOKOSCHKA: VIENNA 1900, SERGE LEMOINE ET AL.“ Art Book 13, Nr. 3 (August 2006): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8357.2006.00689.x.
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Pappa, F. K., G. A. Kyriakidis, C. Tsabaris, D. L. Patiris, E. G. Androulakaki, H. Kaberi, V. Zervakis, M. Kokkoris, R. Vlastou und E. Krasakopoulou. „Temporal variation of 137Cs profiles in Lemnos deep basin, North Aegean Sea, Greece“. HNPS Proceedings 23 (08.03.2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1910.
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137Cs activity concentration in seawater is an efficient radio-tracing technique to separate and identify the origin of different water masses along with depth. This technique has been applied for the study of deep basins at the North Aegean Sea [1], a marine region which is continuously enriched with 137Cs originated from the Black Sea, through the Dardanelles Straits. In this work, a second sampling campaign (from 2008 to 2013) was carried out in Lemnos’s deep basin and water quantities were collected from different depths. These quantities were chemically treated at HCMR to pre-concentrate 137Cs by using the AMP precipitation method [2]. The produced samples were measured by means of γ- ray spectroscopy. The 137Cs data profile in combination with other oceanographic data (salinity and temperature), provides significant information for the water masses origin with respect to depth. More specifically, at the surface layer, Black Sea water masses (characterized by enriched concentrations of 137Cs) are observed, with 137Cs concentrations about 4 Bq/m3. At the intermediate layers, Levantine water masses (characterized by low concentrations of 137Cs) appear with 137Cs activity reduced to 2 Bq/m3, while the deep layer dense water masses exhibit intermediate 137Cs concentrations of 3 Bq/m3. The 137Cs concentration results are compared with previous measurements performed in the same basin from 1999 to 2013, where the decline of 137Cs concentrations in the surface layer is observed and similar concentrations about 3 Bq/m3(within uncertainties) in the deep layer are obtained.
15
Armstrong, Tim. „The Nuclear Family from Wellington to Hiroshima: Eithne Wilkins's ‘Oranges and Lemons’“. Modernist Cultures 17, Nr. 1 (Februar 2022): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2022.0362.
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This is a recuperative essay addressing the work of Eithne Wilkins (1914–75), a poet with a strong presence in journals of the 1940s and 1950s, but now mainly remembered as the first translator (with her husband Ernst Kaiser) of Musil's The Man Without Qualities. I argue for her importance as a largely forgotten late modernist, and examine her major poetic sequence ‘Oranges and Lemons’, possibly the only long poem published by an English woman writer between 1945 and 1960, and almost certainly the most ambitious. It is comprised of a series of allusive poems incorporating memories of her New Zealand childhood, of her father Edgar, portrayed as a fire-watching doctor, and of the experience of her brother Maurice Wilkins, who worked on the Manhattan Project and later won a Nobel Prize. I argue that the poem, with its complex and personal mythopoesis, represents a response to global conflict in which the scattering of the ‘nuclear family’ figures a hemispheric war.
16
Garrido, Samuel. „Oranges or "Lemons"? Family Farming and Product Quality in the Spanish Orange Industry, 1870-1960“. Agricultural History 84, Nr. 2 (01.04.2010): 224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3098/ah.2010.84.2.224.
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GARRIDO, SAMUEL. „Oranges or "Lemons"? Family Farming and Product Quality in the Spanish Orange Industry, 1870–1960“. Agricultural History 84, Nr. 2 (01.04.2010): 224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.2.224.
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Abstract In the early twentieth century California became a big exporter of some agricultural products that, until then, had only been grown on a large scale in the Mediterranean basin. As a result, exports of those products diminished or stagnated in Mediterranean countries, with important repercussions on their economies. The Spanish orange industry, however, continued to expand, despite the fact that a substantial percentage of Spanish oranges came from farms owned by (often illiterate) small peasants who, in comparison to the California growers, used a great deal of labor, small amounts of capital, and little science. This paper shows that Spanish farmers were in fact capable of growing high-quality oranges at prices that were more competitive than those in California, although instead they often preferred to satisfy the strong demand for middling fruit from Great Britain because it was a more profitable business. This, combined with a deficient use of brand names, gave the Spanish citrus industry serious reputation problems by the 1930s, from which, however, it recovered quickly.
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Ramos, Raúl A., und José M. Alamillo. „Making Lemonade out of Lemons: Mexican American Labor and Leisure in a California Town, 1880-1960“. Western Historical Quarterly 38, Nr. 4 (01.12.2007): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25443628.
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Lewthwaite, Stephanie. „Making Lemonade out of Lemons: Mexican American Labor and Leisure in a California Town, 1889–1960“. Agricultural History 82, Nr. 4 (01.10.2008): 540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.4.540.
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20
Benson, Peter. „:Making Lemonade Out of Lemons: Mexican American Labor and Leisure in a California Town 1880?1960“. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 12, Nr. 1 (April 2007): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlat.2007.12.1.257.
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Lancaster, Guy. „:Making Lemonade Out of Lemons: Mexican American Labor and Leisure in a California Town, 1880?1960“. Oral History Review 34, Nr. 2 (September 2007): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2007.34.2.159.
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Unterman, Katherine. „Making Lemonade out of Lemons: Mexican American Labor and Leisure in a California Town, 1880-1960“. Journal of American Ethnic History 26, Nr. 3 (01.04.2007): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40543167.
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Tom Joseph, Chrison, und Vianykumar S. Appanavar. „INTEGRATED CARE FOR URETEROCELE PROLAPSE“. International Journal of Advanced Research 12, Nr. 09 (30.09.2024): 1335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19570.
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Ureteroceles are rare congenital anomalies, occurring in about 1 in 4000 individuals, with a higher incidence in females, particularly those with a duplex renal system. The etiology and clinical presentation of ureteroceles vary, often complicating diagnosis and management. Common symptoms include antenatal hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). In cases of ectopic ureteroceles, there is a risk of significant complications, such as hypertension and renal failure, requiring timely and precise intervention. Diagnostic methods include sonography and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), while management approaches range from minimally invasive endoscopic incisions to more complex excision and reimplantation procedures, depending on the severity. We report the case of a 1.5-month-old female infant, born via LSCS, presenting with fever and a rapidly enlarging reddish mass descending from the urethra. Initially the size of a peanut, it grew to the size of a lemon, accompanied by symptoms of straining during urination and defecation. While prenatal scans showed hydro-ureteronephrosis, postnatal imaging appeared normal until the mass emerged. Clinical suspicion of a ureterocele was confirmed through imaging studies. This case highlights the unpredictable nature of ureteroceles, emphasizing the importance of prenatal and postnatal screening. Treatment strategies must be individualized, considering the rapid progression of the condition. While endoscopic incision is favored for its minimally invasive approach, reconstructive surgery may be necessary if complications such as reflux or a duplex renal system are present. Early detection remains key to preventing long-term morbidity and improving outcomes in infants with ureteroceles.
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Bendezu-Quispe, Guido, Jerry K. Benites-Meza, Diego Urrunaga-Pastor, Percy Herrera-Añazco, Angela Uyen-Cateriano, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Carlos J. Toro-Huamanchumo, Adrian V. Hernandez und Vicente A. Benites-Zapata. „Consumption of Herbal Supplements or Homeopathic Remedies to Prevent COVID-19 and Intention of Vaccination for COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean“. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, Nr. 6 (08.06.2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7060095.
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Users of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) have a lower intention to receive vaccines. Furthermore, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region are among the most affected areas by the COVID-19 pandemics and present a high proportion of CAM users. Therefore, this study evaluates the association between the consumption of herbal supplements or homeopathic remedies to prevent COVID-19 and the intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in the LAC region. We conducted a secondary data analysis of a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) survey with Facebook to assess COVID-19 beliefs, behaviours, and norms. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using generalized linear models of the Poisson family with the log link function. The prevalence of the use of products to prevent COVID-19 was the following: consumption of herbal supplements (7.2%), use of homeopathic remedies (4.8%), and consumption of garlic, ginger, and lemon (11.8%). An association was found between using herbal supplements (19.0% vs. 12.8%; aPR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.30–1.58), the use of homeopathic remedies (20.3% vs. 12.3%; aPR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.25–1.98), and the consumption of garlic, ginger, and lemon (18.9% vs. 11.9%; aPR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.50–1.61) and non-intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. In the LAC population, there is an association between using herbal supplements, using homeopathic remedies and consuming garlic, ginger, and lemon to prevent infection by COVID-19 and non-intention to vaccinate against this disease. Therefore, it is necessary to design targeted strategies for groups that consume these products as preventive measures against COVID-19 to increase vaccination coverage and expand the information regarding transmission and prevention strategies for SARS-CoV-2.
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Van Eeden, Elize, und M. K. Motumi. „Controversy in the educational development of the black people of Mokwallo township, Vredefort district during the years of apartheid and segregation, 1920-1980“. New Contree 43 (26.09.1998): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v43i0.479.
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Sepheo Kgolo ka phatlalatso ena ke ho lokodisa tshitisa e tlisitsweng ke dikgohlano pakeng tsa dikereke tse fapaneg ntshetsopeleng ya thuto ya baBatsho motseng wa Mokwallo. Phatlalatso e tla boela e totobatsa tshwaetso ya mmuso wa nako eo, haholo ntlha kemo Ie leano la ana mabapi Ie thuto ya batho ba batsho. Ho tea mohlala, tshimolohong, thuto ya ba basweu e nele boikarabelo ba mmuso ka botlalo, athe thuto ya ba batsho jwalo ka motseng wa Mokwallo e simolotswe ke boitelo ba Kereke ya Wesele. Se bang pepeneneng ka phatlalatso ena, ke hare, ho ja mmuso 0 tlohile 0 tsheheditse thuto ya ba batsho motseng wa Mokwallo tshimolohong; mme Ie sekolo sa Mokwallo sa seke sa aparelwa ke dikgohlano pakeng tsa dikereke tse fapaneng ho fihlela lemong tsa bo 1950's, thuto ya ba batsho motseng wa Mokwallo mohlomong e ka be ntlafetse ho feta kamoo re e bonang ele kateng kajeno.
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Muncy, Robyn. „Gender and Professionalization in the Origins of the U.S. Welfare State: The Careers of Sophonisba Breckinridge and Edith Abbott, 1890–1935“. Journal of Policy History 2, Nr. 3 (Juli 1990): 290–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600004760.
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In response to New Deal legislation, veteran reformer Molly Dewson exclaimed: “I cannot believe I have lived to see this day. It's the culmination of what us girls and some of you boys have been working for for so long it's just dazzling.” Historians have subsequently confirmed Dewson's judgment that female New Dealers had been hawking their agenda for a long time before Franklin Roosevelt's administration finally bought it. Indeed, Clarke A. Chambers, Susan Ware, and J. Stanley Lemons have carefully documented the activities of a large contingent of women who inaugurated their battle for public welfare programs during the Progressive Era (1890–1920), continued their fight through the 1920s—a decade that one activist called the “tepid, torpid years”—and stood ready with their programs when the Great Depression renewed the possibility of federal welfare legislation in the 1930s. Now we need an explanation for the continuity of this female commitment to public welfare programs: Why was it that middle-class women played such a prominent part in sustaining the Progressive Era's social welfare agenda into the 1930s.
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Stenhouse, J. H. „Some Observations on the Birds of Islands of Milos, Lemnos, and Imbros, aegean Sea.“ Ibis 62, Nr. 3 (28.06.2008): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1920.tb06677.x.
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Ghimire, Roshan, Astha Dhakal, Suraj Singh Karkee und Sapana Acharya. „Impact Of Altitude On Insect Pest Occurrence In Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Orchards Within Jajarkot District“. Nepalese Horticulture 18, Nr. 1 (31.12.2024): 18–28. https://doi.org/10.3126/nh.v18i1.72726.
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An experiment was conducted to assess the pest status and effect of altitude on insect pests of mandarin orchards from April to June 2023 at Kushe rural municipality, Jajarkot, Nepal, located within the Citrus Zone under PMAMP. The experiment comprised five different altitude ranges as treatments: 1400-1500 masl, 1500-1600 masl, 1600-1700 masl, 1700-1800 masl, and 1800-1900 masl. Sample data were collected through visual observation and monitoring using yellow sticky traps. The research employed a randomized complete block design with five treatments and five replications. Data analysis was conducted using R (version 4.3.1) and MS-Excel. The study identified citrus leaf miners (Phyllocnistic citrella) and fruit flies (Bactrocera tau) as major threats in mandarin orchards in Jajarkot. Likewise, scale insects (Aonidela auranti), aphids (Toxoptera spp), whiteflies (Dialeurodes citi), lemon butterflies (Papilio demoleus), citrus tree borer (Chilodonium cinctum), red citrus mites (Panonychus citri), red ants (Oecophylla smaragdina), citrus green stink bugs (Rhynhocoris humeralis), and mealybugs (Planococcus citri) were present in minority. The results showed that there is a significant effect of altitude on the percentage of leaf damage caused by citrus leaf miners (P<0.001), and the number of trapped fruit flies (p<0.01), aphids (P<0.01), and whiteflies (P<0.01). However, altitude showed a non-significant effect on scale insect incidence. All pests except scale insects were more abundant at lower altitudes, with the highest occurrence at 1400-1500 masl and the lowest at 1800-1900 masl. Mealybugs, red citrus mites, and citrus tree borer damage were not seen at altitudes above 1800 masl. This study highlights altitude as a key factor in pest occurrence.
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Bhullar, Simrath, und Jonathan Majer. „Arthropods on street trees: a food resource for wildlife“. Pacific Conservation Biology 6, Nr. 2 (2000): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000171.
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As with most cities throughout the world, the Western Australian city of Perth is beautified with rows of street trees. Here, the choice of trees tends to be dictated by their hardiness and ease of cultivation (e.g., Queensland Box Lophostemon confertus), their perceived beauty (e.g., Lemon Scented Gum Eucalyptus citriodora) and the affiliation with species from regions where many of the settlers originated (e.g., London Plane Tree Platanus acerifolia). Evidence indicates that the abundance and diversity of arthropods on a tree species is, to a large extent, a reflection of the tree in recent geological history ? the more recent the arrival, the less arthropods are likely to occur on it (Southwood 1960, 1961). From work with native eucalypt species, Recher et al. (1996) have found that arthropod density and diversity differs markedly between tree species within an ecosystem, and this phenomenon flows through to the insectivorous birds which forage on these trees. Those species with high levels of arthropods, such as Narrow-leaved Ironbark E. crebra in New South Wales are visited by pardalotes, thornbills and weebills to a much greater extent than the co-dominant Grey Box E. moluccana (Recher et al. 1994).
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Escobedo, Elizabeth R. „Review: Making Lemonade Out of Lemons: Mexican American Labor and Leisure in a California Town 1880–1960, by José M. Alamillo“. Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 32, Nr. 2 (2007): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.2007.32.2.199.
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Dubek, Laura. „Strong Enough to Fight: Harriet Tubman vs. The Myth of the Lost Cause“. Humanities 12, Nr. 4 (20.07.2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h12040067.
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Black creators who tell Harriet Tubman’s story engage in an ongoing rhetorical battle over historical memory with regard to slavery and the Civil War. This essay examines the challenges Tubman’s story poses to a Lost Cause narrative that took root in the nineteenth-century and manifests in the work of celebrated children’s author Robert Lawson. Reading Ann Petry’s YA biography Harriet Tubman: Conductor on the Underground Railroad (1955), Jacob Lawrence’s picture book Harriet and the Promised Land (1968), and Kasi Lemmons’ film Harriet (2019) together, and within the context of Lawson’s award-winning They Were Strong and Good (1940) and his historical primer Watchwords of Liberty: A Pageantry of American Quotations (1943) offers an opportunity to assess the rhetorical firepower of creative work about a historical figure who continues to fascinate people of all ages. Such reading also underscores the extent to which the apartheid in and of children’s literature limits the imaginations of critics, thereby hindering efforts to promote social justice.
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Rodriguez, M. S. „Making Lemonade out of Lemons: Mexican American Labor and Leisure in a California Town, 1880-1960; Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants“. Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 5, Nr. 3 (01.09.2008): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2008-013.
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Howard, F. G., D. W. McKay und A. W. Newton. „Fisheries of the Forth, Scotland“. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, Nr. 3-4 (1987): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006898.
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SynopsisHistorical aspects of the Firth of Forth fisheries are described, and the present state of the stocks of exploited species is reviewed. The once-substantial pelagic fisheries have declined and now constitute only a minor component of the firth fisheries. Herring fisheries were based on spring spawning herring but the herring now caught in the firth are from stocks of overwintering juveniles of autumn spawning herring. Recent conservation measures have closed many of the firth grounds to herring and sprat fishing. The main demersal species caught are cod, haddock, whiting, plaice and lemon sole. Most landings are from catches made in the middle and outer firths and the North Sea. The demersal pair trawl is now the most important gear used in directed demersal fishing. The most important shellfish fishery is that for the Norway lobster, current landings being valued at £2·4 million. Over-exploitation resulted in a decline in the stocks in the late 1970s. They are now recovering. Recent studies suggest that population characteristics of Norway lobsters are influenced by the physical environment. The firth today is one of the most intensively exploited areas in Scotland for lobster and crabs. Other exploited shellfish include squid, winkles and mussels.
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Marquardt, Paula E., Brian R. Miranda und Frank W. Telewski. „Shifts in Climate–Growth Relationships of Sky Island Pines“. Forests 10, Nr. 11 (12.11.2019): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10111011.
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Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation may affect plant responses, and mountainous regions in particular are sensitive to the impacts of climate change. The Santa Catalina Mountains, near Tucson, Arizona, USA, are among the best known Madrean Sky Islands, which are defined by pine-oak forests. We compared the sensitivity and temporal stability of climate–growth relationships to quantify the growth responses of sympatric taxa of ponderosa pine to changing climate. Three taxa (three-needle, mixed-needle, and five-needle types) collected from southern slopes of two contact zones (Mt. Lemmon, Mt. Bigelow) were evaluated. Positive climate–growth correlations in these semiarid high-elevation pine forests indicated a seasonal shift from summer- to spring-dominant precipitation since 1950, which is a critical time for reproduction. Mixed- and five-needle types responded to winter precipitation, and growth was reduced for the five-needle type when spring conditions were dry. Growth trends in response to temperature and specific to site were observed, which indicated the climate signal can be weakened when data are combined into a single chronology. Significant fluctuations in temperature–growth correlations since 1950 occurred for all needle types. These results demonstrated a dramatic shift in sensitivity of annual tree growth to the seasonality of the limiting factor, and a climatic trend that increases local moisture stress may impact the stability of climate–growth relationships. Moreover, output from temperature–growth analyses based on ring-width data (for example from semiarid sites) that does not account for positive and negative growth trends may be adversely affected, potentially impacting climate reconstructions.
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Frank, Zephyr, Glen Goodman und James Woodard. „Region, Nation, and Social Science:An Interview with Joseph L. Love on 50 Years of Studying Brazil“. Americas 76, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2018.42.
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In late September 2016, the Lemann Institute for Brazilian Studies at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) hosted a symposium on regionalism in Brazilian history to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Professor Joseph L. Love's arrival at Illinois. Organized by the Institute's director, Professor Jerry Dávila, the symposium brought together historians from the United States and Brazil for a day-long discussion of an issue that continues to attract scholarly attention in both countries. Love himself contributed to the study of Brazilian regionalism with two landmark studies:Rio Grande do Sul and Brazilian Regionalism, 1882–1930(1971) andSão Paulo in the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937(1980). The latter was produced alongside John Wirth'sMinas Gerais in the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937(1977) and Robert Levine'sPernambuco in the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937(1978) as part of a larger project conceived and carried out through a decade's worth of unprecedentedly close collaboration. At Illinois, Love inspired hundreds of undergraduates with his award-winning teaching and trained a bi-national cohort of graduate students who have gone on to careers of great distinction in Brazil and in the United States.
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Hartmann, Herminia Navarro. „El léxico etnobiológico en Lengua mapuche“. Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica, Nr. 23 (26.02.2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/0121053x.2334.
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ResumenEste trabajo forma parte de una investigación mayor encuadrada en un proyecto PICT de la Universidad Nacional de La Pampa sobre lingüística descriptiva y tipológica de las lenguas indígenas deArgentina, con especial énfasis en la región patagónica.Vinculada al grupo de lingüistas platenses se halla la vida y la obra de BerthaKoessler-Ilg, investigadoraalemana que recolectó y estudió tradiciones mapuches desde su llegada a la Patagonia argentina, en 1920, hasta su muerte en 1962. En este artículo se ejemplifica la terminología de fitónimos y zoónimos en mapudungun rastreados en la obra de la folklorista lemana; trabajamos sobre morfología de los términos de flora y fauna, con especial referencia al área neuquina. Se concluyó que existe una significativa motivación en el vocabulario etnobiológico mapuche, ya que para nombrar los elementos del entorno natural, los hablantes emplean, entre otros, procedimientos de simbolismo sonoro.Palabras clave: mapudungun, lexicogénesis, fitonimia, zoonimia, simbolismo sonoro.AbstractThis work is part of a larger research project that is part of the PICT project of the National University of La Pampa. This study analyzes the descriptive and typological linguistics of the indigenous languages ofArgentina, with special emphasis on the Patagonian region. Linked to the group of linguists from La Plata is the life and work of Bertha Koessler-Ilg, a German researcher who collected and studied Mapuche traditions since her arrival to La PatagoniaArgentina, in 1920, until her death in 1962. This article exemplifies the terminology of phytonyms and zoonyms in Mapudungun traced in the work of theGerman folklorist. The morphology of the terms of flora and fauna, with special reference to the Neuquén area, will be examined. It was concluded that there is significantmotivation in the Mapuche ethnobiological vocabulary, since in order to name the elements of thenatural environment, the speakers use procedures of sound symbolism, among others.Key words: Mapudungun, lexicogenesis, phytonymy, zoonymy, sound symbolism.
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Nunziata, Daniele. „“The First English Lady Seen in These Parts”: Autoexoticizing Race and Gender in Colonial Women's Writing on Cyprus“. PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 132, Nr. 2 (März 2017): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2017.132.2.413.
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I have before remarked upon the … excitement which our presence caused in many villages, where we were assured that, with the exception, of course, of a Turk, we were the first Europeans seen…. The extraordinary sight of the first English lady ever seen (indeed, few Europeans had got so far) brought a crowd….—Scott-Stevenson, Our Home in CyprusFrom its earliest literary representations in english, Cyprus has been associated with intersecting anxieties toward race, religion, and sexuality. Inaugurating this theme, Shakespeare's Othello appropriates the culturally hybrid setting among Africa, Asia, and Europe as a space of uneasy female autonomy and as a locus of dangerous political and sexual activity orchestrated by men: Venus's island is, for European Venice, a “business of some heat” (211; 1.2.47), a commercial hub degrading into a deathbed of intercultural, interfaith, interracial sex. On the cultural frontiers among Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Islam, staged temporally between Western Europe's waning crusading past and the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the island is an exoticized and effeminized space treated axiomatically as requiring the protection of Western paternalism. These themes pervade subsequent textual depictions of the space, a de facto British colony from 1878 to 1960, in works that venerate a reclaiming of the Ottoman possession by neo-Crusaders in the Orient. While academic scrutiny has addressed narratives such as Lawrence Durrell's Bitter Lemons (1957), there has been little focus on the patriarchal structuring of empire in this oeuvre of colonial travel writing or on the “persistent gendering of the imperial unknown” during this period (McClintock 24).
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Kumar, Sarita, Aarti Sharma, Roopa Rani Samal, Manoj Kumar, Vaishali Verma, Ravinder Kumar Sagar, ShriPati Singh und Kamaraju Raghavendra. „Attractive Sugar Bait Formulation for Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait for Control of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus)“. Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (18.06.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2977454.
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Background. Attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB), based on “attract and kill” approach, is a novel and promising strategy for mosquito control. Formulation of an attractive sugar bait (ASB) solution by selecting an efficient olfaction stimulant and preparation of an optimized sugar-attractant dosage is a significant component for the success of the approach. Methods. Current study evaluated relative potential of nine ASBs, formulated by combination of sugar and fresh fruit juices (guava, mango, muskmelon, orange, papaya, pineapple, plum, sweet lemon, and watermelon) in attracting Aedes aegypti adults. Freshly extracted and 48-hour-fermented juices were combined with 10% sucrose solution (w/v) in 1 : 1 ratio. Cage bioassays were conducted against two laboratory strains (susceptible: AND-Aedes aegypti; deltamethrin-selected: AND-Aedes aegypti-DL10) and two field-collected strains (Shahdara strain of Aedes aegypti: SHD-Delhi; Govindpuri strain of Aedes aegypti: GVD-Delhi). Each of the nine ASBs was assayed, individually or in groups of three, for its attraction potential based on the relative number of mosquito landings. The data were analysed for statistical significance using PASW (SPSS) software 19.0 program. Results. The prescreening bioassay with individual ASB revealed significantly higher efficacy of ASB containing guava/plum/mango juice than that containing six other juices ( p < 0.05 ) against both the laboratory and field strains. The bioassay with three ASBs kept in one cage, one of the effective ASBs and two others randomly selected ASBs, also showed good attractancy of the guava/plum/mango juice-ASB ( p < 0.05 ). The postscreening assays with these three ASBs revealed maximum attractant potential of guava juice-sucrose combination for all the four strains of Ae. aegypti. Conclusion. Guava juice-ASB showed the highest attractancy against both laboratory and field-collected strains of Ae. aegypti and can be used to formulate ATSB by combining with a toxicant. The field studies with these formulations will ascertain their efficacy and possible use in mosquito management programs.
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Zhou, X. G., R. E. Tabien und M. O. Way. „First Report of White Leaf Streak of Rice Caused by Mycovellosiella oryzae in Texas“. Plant Disease 94, Nr. 5 (Mai 2010): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-5-0639b.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants in experimental plots in Beaumont, TX developed symptoms on leaf blades similar to white leaf streak caused by Mycovellosiela oryzae (Deighton & Shaw) Deighton (synonym Ramularia oryzae Deighton & Shaw) (1,3,4) during the late summer of 2009. Symptoms were observed on several rice cultivars and breeding lines including Cocodrie, Cypress, and Lemont. Lesions usually appeared on lower leaves and were approximately 2 to 7 mm long and linear with whitish or grayish centers surrounded by a narrow brown-or-dark brown margin. Symptoms were similar to narrow brown leaf spot caused by Cercospora janseana (Racib.) O. Const. (synonym C. oryzae Miyake) (3,4), but the centers of lesions were slightly wider (up to 2 mm). Symptoms were visible on the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Some lesions on heavily infected leaves were long (10 to 15 × 0.5 to 2 mm) whitish streaks parallel to the midrib. Leaves with typical symptoms were collected and incubated in a petri dish lined with moistened filter paper for 3 to 4 days at room temperature under a 12-h fluorescent photoperiod. Conidiophores were produced on external mycelium growing out through stomata on the lesion surface. Conidiophores were hyaline, straight, and 7 to 22 μm long and 2 to 3 μm wide with conidial scars. Conidia were washed from the lesions, diluted in sterilized distilled water, and placed on acidified potato dextrose agar. After 6 to 7 days of incubation at room temperature, slow-growing colonies were transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Three isolates were obtained from single-spore cultures. The colonies of these isolates grew similarly and very slowly on PDA and their radial growth averaged 0.8 mm/day at room temperature. The colonies were dense, grayish, and did not produce any pigments. Conidia were formed singly or in chains and measured 12 to 30 μm long. They were hyaline, straight, cylindrical, typically with no or one septum, a few with two to three septa, and had a hilum and tapered ends. Pathogenicity of these three isolates was assessed in greenhouse tests by spraying a conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml) onto 12 plants of each of the cvs. Cocodrie, Cypress and Lemont at the late tillering stage. Inoculum was obtained by harvesting conidia from the colonies grown on PDA for 3 weeks at room temperature under a 12-h fluorescent photoperiod. Plants sprayed with sterilized distilled water served as the controls. All plants were maintained in a humid chamber for 2 days and then grown in a greenhouse at 20 to 31°C. After 15 days, early lesions appeared on inoculated leaf blades; after 4 weeks, typical symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed. Control plants did not exhibit any symptoms. M. oryzae was reisolated from symptomatic plants, confirming that the disease was caused by this pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of white leaf streak on rice in Texas and the second report after Louisiana (2). This disease has been reported in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, North Borneo, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria (3,4). References: (1) F. C. Deighton and D. Shaw. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 43:515, 1960. (2) A. K. M. Shahjahan et al. Plant Dis. 82:1282, 1998. (3) B. C. Sutton and A. K. M. Shahjahan. Nova Hedwigia 25:197, 1981. (4) R. K. Webster and P. S. Gunnell. Compendium of Rice Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1992.
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Shahjahan, A. K. M., M. C. Rush, J. P. Jones und D. E. Groth. „First Report of the Occurrence of White Leaf Streak in Louisiana Rice“. Plant Disease 82, Nr. 11 (November 1998): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.11.1282c.
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White leaf streak, caused by Mycovellosiella oryzae (Deighton and Shaw) Deighton (syn. Ramularia oryzae), was found in Louisiana rice. The symptoms closely resemble those of narrow brown leaf spot caused by Cercospora janseana (Racib.) O. Const. (syn. C. oryzae (Miyake)), and it is difficult to distinguish between these two diseases. Initially both produce similar elongated light brown lesions, but later the lesions of white leaf streak become wider with a whitish center and are surrounded by a narrow light brown margin (2,3). The disease was first observed at the Rice Research Station, Crowley, LA, in 1996 on older leaves of the cultivar Lemont at maturity. Leaves containing the unusual lesion types were placed in a moist chamber and incubated at 28°C for 5 days. Abundant conidia were produced and the fungus was isolated on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) by single spore isolation and by plating infected tissues after surface sterilization in 40% Clorox for 10 to 15 min. The colonies grew slowly on APDA and were dark gray in color. The conidia formed in branched chains or singly. They were hyaline, cylindrical with tapering ends and a thick hilum; 0 to 3 septate, and 15 to 35 m long (1,3). Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse on the Lemont and Cypress rice cultivars by spraying a conidial suspension (103–4 conidia per ml) onto leaf blades at boot stage. Conidia were produced by growing the fungus on PDA for 10 to 14 days. Inoculated plants were placed inside a humid chamber in a greenhouse and maintained for 4 to 5 weeks. Many elongated lesions similar to those observed in the field were produced 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation. Reisolation from these lesions yielded M. oryzae. With the same methods, 45 cultivars and lines were inoculated to determine their reactions to this disease. Most of the cultivars grown in the southern United States were moderately susceptible or susceptible to white leaf streak. Foreign cultivars tested, including BR-7, BR-11, Cica-4, Cica-6, Cica-7. Cica-8, Cica-9, Oryzica llanos, Rax clear, Teqing, and Tetep, were resistant. In 1997, the disease was found prevalent on many cultivars grown at the Rice Research Station, Crowley, LA. As symptoms of both white leaf streak and narrow brown leaf spot were sometimes observed on the same leaf; it is possible that the disease has been present, but not identified as a separate disease because of the similarity of the symptoms of the two diseases. A thorough survey is necessary to determine the extent of its occurrence and further studies are necessary to determine its yield loss potential. At present it appears to be a minor problem for Louisiana rice. White leaf streak has previously been recorded from Papua New Guinea on cultivated Oryza sativa, and from the Solomon Islands, Sabah, Nizeria, and Sierra Leone on cultivated O. glabberima Steudel and on wild perennial rice O. berthii A. Chev. (2). This is the first report of white leaf streak on cultivated rice in the United States. References: (1) F. C. Deighton. Mycol. Pap., CMI 144:1,1979. (2) F. C. Deighton and D. Shaw. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 43: 515, 1960. (3) B. C. Sutton and A. K. M. Shahjahan. Nova Hedwigia 25:197, 1981.
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Von Dentz, Eduardo, und Carlos José Espíndola. „Desempenho econômico-produtivo dos principais agronegócios da Mesorregião do Oeste Catarinense (2000-2016) / Economic and productive performance of main agribusinesses of the Western Santa Catarina Mesoregion (2000-2016)“. Caderno de Geografia 29, Nr. 57 (25.04.2019): 334–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2019v29n57p334-350.
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Após o processo de reestruturação produtiva pelo qual passou a agricultura brasileira, datado da década de 1960 em diante os anos 2000 apresentaram um ciclo de crescimento da economia condicionado por fatores internos e externos. Nesse contexto, os agronegócios tiveram importante participação na composição da base geoeconômica do país. Na mesorregião Oeste de Santa Catarina, recorte espacial do presente artigo, entre os anos 2000 e 2016, as lavouras temporárias foram responsáveis por mais de 47% do valor bruto da produção de todo o estado, enquanto as lavouras permanentes somaram mais de 36% do total estadual. Com isso, identificar o comportamento, em termos de representação econômica, na mesorregião Oeste catarinense, das principais lavouras permanentes e temporárias, é o objetivo central deste texto. Buscou-se alcançar o objetivo com base nos indicadores de área colhida, quantidade produzida e valor bruto da produção. Assim, as áreas agrícolas apresentaram profundas transformações na estrutura produtiva da região, havendo um crescimento das lavouras temporárias, sobretudo da soja, em detrimento das lavouras permanentes, sobretudo as de abacate, goiaba, limão e pera.Palavras–chave: Especialização produtiva. Lavouras temporárias. Lavouras permanentes. Oeste catarinense.Abstract After the productive restructuring process that the Brazilian agriculture experienced from the 1960s onwards, the 2000s presented a cycle of economy’s growth conditioned by internal and external factors. Thus, the agribusinesses had significant participation in the composition of the country's geo-economic base. Between 2000 and 2016, in the western mesoregion of Santa Catarina, which is the present article’s space cut, temporary plantations accounted for more than 47% of the gross production value of the whole state while the permanent crops accounted for more than 36% of the state total. Therefore, the primary objective of this text is to identify the behaviour of permanent and temporary crops regarding the economic representation, in the western mesoregion of Santa Catarina. It was possible to achieve the goal through the harvested areas indicators, quantity produced and production gross value. Thus, the agricultural areas underwent profound transformations in the region’s productive structure. Temporary crops, especially soybeans, grew at the expense of permanent crops, mainly avocados, guavas, lemons, and pears.Keywords: Production specialization. Temporary crops. Permanent crops. West of Santa Catarina
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Quemin, M. F., B. S. M. Lebas, S. Veerakone, S. J. Harper, G. R. G. Clover und T. E. Dawson. „First Molecular Evidence of Citrus psorosis virus and Citrus viroid III from Citrus spp. in New Zealand“. Plant Disease 95, Nr. 6 (Juni 2011): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-10-0881.
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In December 2008, a collection of Citrus spp. in Kerikeri, New Zealand was surveyed for virus and viroid diseases. Symptoms characteristic of virus or viroid infection were not observed other than Citrus tristeza virus (CTV)-associated stem pitting when examined with the bark removed. Total RNA was extracted from bark samples of 273 trees using RLT buffer (Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, CA) on a KingFisher mL workstation (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) and tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR). Samples from three trees, two from sweet orange, Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) (maxima × reticulate) and one from tangerine, Citrus reticulata Blanco, tested positive for Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), and two samples, one each from lemon, Citrus × limon (L.) Burm. F. (pro sp.) (medica × aurantifolia) and sweet orange, tested positive for Citrus viroid III (CVd-III) using previously published primers and PCR cycling conditions (2,4) in a one-step RT-PCR system. The 20-μl RT-PCR reaction was done with Verso Reddymix reagents (Thermo Scientific) containing 250 nM of specific primers and 300 μg/μl of bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The CVd-III genome was completed using specific internal primers (forward: 5′-AACGCAGAGAGGGAAAGGGAA-3′, reverse: 5′-TAGGGCTACTTCCCGTGGTC-3′) with the following cycling conditions: 50°C for 15 min, 94°C for 2 min, then 40 cycles of 94°C for 10 s, 57°C for 30 s, and 68°C for 30 s. The three CPsV amplicons of 419 bp from the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (GenBank Accession Nos. GQ388241 to GQ388243) had 96 to 100% nucleotide identity to each other. A 276-bp (nt position 48 to 323) fragment of the 419-bp sequence was used for comparison with sequences available on GenBank. The three 276-bp CPsV sequences had 89 to 97% nucleotide identity to other CPsV available in GenBank at the time of the analysis. The CVd-III genomes of 291 bp (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ219183 and JF521494) are identical and showed 94 to 99% nucleotide identity to other CVd-III available in GenBank. The presence of CPsV was confirmed in the three samples by a CPsV-specific double-antibody sandwich-ELISA kit (Agritest S.r.l., Valenzano, Italy), while the presence of CVd-III was confirmed only in the lemon sample by r-PAGE (3). The concentration of the viroid in the sweet orange sample may have been below the detection limit of the test. The incidence of the diseases is probably low since CPsV and CVd-III were detected in only a few trees which were planted between 1998 and 2002 at Kerikeri from budwoods of unknown sources imported between the 1970s and 1990s. New Zealand's growing conditions generally do not favor viroid replication in plants, whereas the temperatures may be suitable for CPsV disease. However, symptom characteristics to CPsV and CVd-III have never been observed on the infected trees. This is most likely because of the presence of CTV in the trees (data not shown). CPsV symptoms were thought to have been observed in the 1950s in New Zealand (1) but the causal agent had not been identified. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular and serological evidence of CPsV and the first report of the presence of CVd-III in New Zealand. References: (1) W. A. Fletcher. Orchard. N. Z. 30:33, 1957. (2) T. Ito et al. J. Virol. Methods 106:235, 2002. (3) C. Jeffries and C. James. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 35:125, 2005. (4) S. Martin et al. J. Gen. Virol. 87:3097, 2006.
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Deahl, K. L., F. Perez, C. J. Baker, R. W. Jones, L. Cooke und M. McGrath. „Natural Occurrence of Phytophthora infestans Causing Late Blight on Woody Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) in New York“. Plant Disease 94, Nr. 8 (August 2010): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-8-1063b.
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Woody nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) is a common hedgerow herbaceous perennial in the United States, one of only three native Solanum spp. S. dulcamara is a known host of Phytophthora infestans (3), but infection is rarely reported. There is a U.S. record from Maryland (2); in 1947, Peterson (4) stated that this species had never been found blighted in its natural habitat, although in 1960 it was listed as a host of P. infestans in New York (1). The A2 mating type has not been reported on this host. On 2 July, 2009, leaf lesions similar to those of P. infestans on potato were found on wild S. dulcamara at Riverhead, NY. The plant was growing in a home garden within 10 m of potato and tomato plants infected with P. infestans. When two infected leaves of S. dulcamara were incubated for 24 h under high humidity, a pathogen growth developed around the lesion margins that was characterized by hyaline mycelium bearing lemon-shaped sporangia that released motile zoospores after chilling in water, which is consistent with P. infestans. The caducous and limoniform to ovoid sporangia were 39 to 50 μm (average 45 μm) × 26 to 28 μm (average 27 μm) with a length/breadth ratio of 1.66. No oospores were observed. Three isolates were obtained from this plant during July 2009. Growth on rye agar was indistinguishable from that of local tomato isolates of P. infestans. Detached leaflets of S. dulcamara and S. tuberosum, inoculated with the woody nightshade isolates and kept in a humid chamber, became infected and developed profuse sporulation within 5 days. The pathogen isolated was confirmed as P. infestans by morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. Inoculations of attached leaves of potted S. dulcamara plants resulted in necrotic lesions with many sporangia; sporulation also developed on inoculated, attached, and detached tomato leaves. P. infestans was reisolated and identity confirmed as before. The three isolates were A2 mating type, metalaxyl-resistant, mitochondrial haplotype Ia. All were glucose-6-phosphate isomerase 100/122 and peptidase 100/100, as confirmed with single-spore isolates. RG57 fingerprint analysis confirmed that isolates from woody nightshade, tomato, and potato obtained from the same and nearby sites were identical. Although P. infestans in the United States belongs to the new population, which may infect a wider host range than the old US-1 clonal lineage, S. dulcamara infections have only been found when late blight is already widespread in neighboring fields and there is no evidence to suggest that woody nightshade acts as an overwintering host in the United States. References: (1) Anonymous. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. Page 456 in: Agric. Handb. No. 165, 1960 (2) C. Cox. Phytopathology 38:575, 1948. (3) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Page 190 in: Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996. (4) L. C. Peterson. Am. Potato J. 24:188, 1947.
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Semenova, Galina V., Tat’yana A. Leont’eva und Tat’yana P. Sushkova. „Анализ фазовых равновесий в тройной системе Ge–P–Sn“. Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 21, Nr. 2 (14.06.2019): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2019.21/763.
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На основании анализа характера фазовых равновесий в двойных системах, ограняющих диаграмму состояний тройной системы Ge – P – Sn, предложены теоретически возможные схемы ее фазового субсолидусного разграничения. Исследование методом рентгенофазового анализа образцов, принадлежащих политермическим сечениям Sn4P3-Ge, Sn4P3-GeP, показало, что разделение трехкомпонентной диаграммы состояния ниже солидуса осуществляется с помощью сечений Sn4P3-Ge, Sn4P3 -GeP и SnP3-GeP. Построенная по данным дифференциального термического анализа фазовая диаграмма сечения Sn4P3-Ge представляет диаграмму эвтектического типа с координатами эвтектической точки 800 К, 15 mol % Ge.
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Ugai Ya. A., Sokolov L.I., Goncharov E.G. P-T-X diagramma sostoyaniya sistemy GeP i termodinamika vzaimodeystviya komponentov [P-T-X GeP system state diagram and thermodynamics of componentinteraction] // Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 1978, v. 23(7), рр. 1907–1911. (in Russ.)
Lee K., Synnestvedt S., Bellard M., Kovnir K. GeP and (Ge1−Sn )(P1−Ge ) (x≈0.12, y≈0.05): Synthesis, structure, and properties of two-dimensional layered tetrel phosphides. Solid State Chem., 2015, v. 224, pp. 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jssc.2014.04.021
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Dearinger, Ryan. „Book Review: Making Lemonade out of Lemons: Mexican American Labor and Leisure in a California Town 1880-1960. By José M. Alamillo. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006. 216 pp. $60 cloth; $25 paper“. Labor Studies Journal 32, Nr. 3 (17.08.2007): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x07306457.
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McBane, M. „JOSE ALAMILLO. Making Lemonade Out of Lemons: Mexican American Labor and Leisure in a California Town, 1880-1960. (Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Centennial Series.) Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 2006. Pp. xii, 220. Cloth $60.00, paper $25.00“. American Historical Review 112, Nr. 2 (01.04.2007): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.112.2.539.
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Brisebois, Marilyne. „Catherine Charlebois et Paul-André Linteau (dir.), Quartiers disparus. Red Light, Faubourg à M’Lasse, Goose Village. Gilles Lauzon, Pointe-Saint-Charles. L’urbanisation d’un quartier ouvrier de Montréal, 1840-1930. Réjean, Lemoine, Limoilou, un quartier effervescent“. Urban History Review 45, Nr. 2 (März 2017): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/uhr.45.02.br4.
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Polizzi, G., D. Aiello, A. Vitale, F. Giuffrida, J. Z. Groenewald und P. W. Crous. „First Report of Shoot Blight, Canker, and Gummosis Caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on Citrus in Italy“. Plant Disease 93, Nr. 11 (November 2009): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-11-1215a.
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In September 2008, a new disease was noticed in eastern Sicily, Italy in a 2-year-old regrafted citrus orchard with approximately 1,500 plants of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Tarocco Scirè) on sour orange rootstock. Symptoms on the sweet orange scion consisted of blight of vigorously growing shoots and a sooty canker on shoots and rootstock trunks, resulting in shoot dieback to the cankered area. Masses of black fungal spores appeared under the bark and on the canker surface. Abundant gummosis was frequently associated with the affected tissues. Of the 1,500 plants surveyed, 12% were infected. A Scytalidium-like fungus was isolated consistently from symptomatic tissues on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidia were ellipsoid to ovoid, hyaline, with an acutely rounded apex, truncate base, initially aseptate, becoming brown and two-septate at maturity, (10-) 12 to 13 (-14) × (4-) 5 (-6) μm. Mycelium was branched with septate, brown hyphae that disarticulated into 0- to 1-septate phragmospores (toruloid state). Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia of single-conidial isolates cultivated on malt extract agar. Primers V9G and ITS4 were used to amplify the nuclear rRNA operon spanning the 3′ end of 18S rRNA gene, the internal transcribed spacers, the 5.8S rRNA gene, and a part of the 5′ end of the 28S rRNA gene (1,2). Both PCR primers were used to sequence directly the entire amplicon. DNA sequences of two isolates (CBS 124887 and 124888) were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. GQ330902 and GQ330903, respectively). These sequences were 100% identical in more than 545 nt to GenBank Accession Nos. AY213688 and FJ648577. On the basis of morphological characters and molecular data, the fungal isolates were identified as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers (2,3). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on five 2-year-old potted plants of sweet orange cv. Tarocco Scirè and lemon cv. Femminello Zagara Bianca, both grafted on sour orange. Eight 5-cm mycelial plugs of a single-conidial isolate were placed in wounds made with a sterile blade in the inner bark of plant stems and branches. Inoculation wounds were wrapped with Parafilm. The same number of plants inoculated with sterile PDA plugs served as controls. Inoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1°C and 90 to 95% relative humidity. After 2 weeks, all inoculated plants developed gummosis originating from the inoculation point. Shoot blight and death of the entire plant were observed within 6 months on all inoculated plants. No differences were observed among the two citrus species. Control plants remained healthy. N. dimidiatum was reisolated from the infected plants and identified as described. To our knowledge, this is the first record of a disease caused by N. dimidiatum on citrus in Italy. The pathogen has been previously observed to infect freeze-damaged limbs of citrus in California, inducing a disease named Hendersonula branch wilt (4). This pathogen on citrus is important mainly as a wound-invading pathogen, therefore posing a serious threat to regrafted citrus orchards. References: (1) R. Cheewangkoon et al. Persoonia 21:77, 2008. (2) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (3) E. Punithalingam and J. M. Waterston. No 274 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1970. (4) J. O. Whiteside. Page 29 in: Compendium of Citrus Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1988.
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Rizza, S., A. Catara, X. F. Ma und Z. Deng. „Detection of Multiple Infections of Citrus exocortis viroid, Citrus viroid III, and Hop stunt viroid Variants in Hunan Province, China“. Plant Disease 91, Nr. 9 (September 2007): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-9-1205a.
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Citrus cultivation in China has increased since the late 1970s, with China now having the largest area of citrus in culture in the world that is spread in 22 provinces and municipalities. Hunan Province has undergone a program to become one of the major citrus producers in China. Poncirus trifoliata is the main rootstock, so citrus viroids are a limiting factor for further citriculture development. In mainland China, only the presence of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) has been reported from Etrog citron indexing, sPAGE (sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis (2), and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (3). Three viroid-like RNAs, a1, b1, and d, based on sPAGE patterns were detected years ago in our laboratory in budsticks received from Sichuan Province. To identify different viroids and determine their distribution, a survey has been undertaken. Field trees showing stunting, bark scaling and cracking of the rootstock, and poor yield were tested using biological indexing and PCR for the most frequent citrus viroids. Samples from six trees of a local sweet orange variety and three of a Clementine variety introduced from abroad, both grafted on P. trifoliata and showing a variable degree of bark scaling and cracking, were collected near Changsha and in the County of Xin Ning at the end of summer 2006. Small pieces of bark were inserted in stems of young E. citron budwood grafted on rough lemon and maintained in a warm greenhouse (24 to 32°C). Indexing on E. citron showed mild epinasty and leaf roll typical of citrus viroid infections. To identify specific viroids, bark was ground to a fine powder with liquid nitrogen and total RNA was extracted with TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and tested by RT-PCR to detect CEVd, Hop Stunt viroid (HSVd), and Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), as well as to identify the cachexia variants of HSVd. Four primer pairs were used to test the RNA extracts by RT-PCR (1). All samples were infected by HSVd, eight with CVd-III, and six with CEVd. The cachexia variants of HSVd were detected in four of nine samples. Mixed infections were as follows: one sample had CEVd and HSVd, eight had HSVd and CVd-III, and five were infected by the three viroids. A second sampling 3 months after inoculation gave the same amplification patterns. The results show that at least three viroids are present in citrus orchards in Hunan Province. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cachexia variants of HSVd and CVd-III in China. The common occurrence of these viroids supports the need for proper indexing of mother trees and a specific shoot tip grafting program to create healthy budwood sources to provide healthy plants. References: (1) L. Bernard and N. Duran-Vila. Mol. Cell. Probes, 20:105, 2006. (2) L. Han et al. Viroids. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 283, 2003. (3). Q. Hu et al. Acta Bot. Sin. 39:613, 1997.
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Wallace, E., M. Adams, K. Ivors, P. S. Ojiambo und L. M. Quesada-Ocampo. „First Report of Pseudoperonospora cubensis Causing Downy Mildew on Momordica balsamina and M. charantia in North Carolina“. Plant Disease 98, Nr. 9 (September 2014): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-14-0305-pdn.
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Momordica balsamina (balsam apple) and M. charantia L. (bitter melon/bitter gourd/balsam pear) commonly grow in the wild in Africa and Asia; bitter melon is also cultivated for food and medicinal purposes in Asia (1). In the United States, these cucurbits grow as weeds or ornamentals. Both species are found in southern states and bitter melon is also found in Pennsylvania and Connecticut (3). Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis, was observed on bitter melon and balsam apple between August and October of 2013 in six North Carolina sentinel plots belonging to the CDM ipmPIPE program (2). Plots were located at research stations in Johnston, Sampson, Lenoir, Henderson, Rowan, and Haywood counties, and contained six different commercial cucurbit species including cucumbers, melons, and squashes in addition to the Momordica spp. Leaves with symptoms typical of CDM were collected from the Momordica spp. and symptoms varied from irregular chlorotic lesions to circular lesions with chlorotic halos on the adaxial leaf surface. Sporulation on the abaxial side of the leaves was observed and a compound microscope revealed sporangiophores (180 to 200 μm height) bearing lemon-shaped, dark sporangia (20 to 35 × 10 to 20 μm diameter) with papilla on one end. Genomic DNA was extracted from lesions and regions of the NADH dehydrogynase subunit 1 (Nad1), NADH dehydrogynase subunit 5 (Nad5), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal RNA genes were amplified and sequenced (4). BLAST analysis revealed 100% identity to P. cubensis Nad1 (HQ636552.1, HQ636551.1), Nad5 (HQ636556.1), and ITS (HQ636491.1) sequences in GenBank. Sequences from a downy mildew isolate from each Momordica spp. were deposited in GenBank as accession nos. KJ496339 through 44. To further confirm host susceptibility, vein junctions on the abaxial leaf surface of five detached leaves of lab-grown balsam apple and bitter melon were either inoculated with a sporangia suspension (10 μl, 104 sporangia/ml) of a P. cubensis isolate from Cucumis sativus (‘Vlaspik' cucumber), or with water as a control. Inoculated leaves were placed in humidity chambers to promote infection and incubated using a 12-h light (21°C) and dark (18°C) cycle. Seven days post inoculation, CDM symptoms and sporulation were observed on inoculated balsam apple and bitter melon leaves. P. cubensis has been reported as a pathogen of both hosts in Iowa (5). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cubensis infecting these Momordica spp. in NC in the field. Identifying these Momordica spp. as hosts for P. cubensis is important since these cucurbits may serve as a source of CDM inoculum and potentially an overwintering mechanism for P. cubensis. Further research is needed to establish the role of non-commercial cucurbits in the yearly CDM epidemic, which will aid the efforts of the CDM ipmPIPE to predict disease outbreaks. References: (1) L. K. Bharathi and K. J. John. Momordica Genus in Asia-An Overview. Springer, New Delhi, India, 2013. (2) P. S. Ojiambo et al. Plant Health Prog. doi:10.1094/PHP-2011-0411-01-RV, 2011. (3) PLANTS Database. Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. Retrieved from http://plants.usda.gov/ , 7 February 2014. (4) L. M. Quesada-Ocampo et al. Plant Dis. 96:1459, 2012. (5) USDA. Index of Plant Disease in the United States. Agricultural Handbook 165, 1960.