Dissertationen zum Thema „Legal assisting“

Podria donar-se el cas que qui creï un robot que interactua amb humans desconegui quins són els requeriments legals que ha de seguir per a complir amb la llei, ja sigui perquè no existeixi una llei específica per a dit producte, perquè no sigui molt clar quins són els impactes que dits dispositius tenen a nivell legal o simplement perquè la llei és massa genèrica i sigui necessària una concreció al cas concret. D’altra banda, no és menys cert que el ràpid avenç de les noves tecnologies també dificulta la resposta del sistema legislatiu: per exemple, la regulació de vehicles i transport no contempla un vehicle autònom sense conductor com a categoria, així com tampoc un hominoide que va pel carrer gaudeix de cap categoria concreta com altres (vianant, motocicleta, camió) tenen. Per aclarir, així doncs, quins són els aspectes legals a tenir en compte davant la creació d’una nova tecnologia – en aquest cas un robot – és important conduir un anàlisi dels diferents impactes que aquests poden tenir a nivell legal. Aquesta avaluació s’hauria de fer, primer de tot, amb les regulacions existents i així determinar si la creació tecnològica es manté dins l’espai de llibertat legal. Si dit espai no s’oposa a la creació, els roboticistes podran continuar desenvolupant-la. En canvi, si els roboticistes troben algunes limitacions bé podran 1) ajustar el robot a les demandes del marc regulador existent; 2) iniciar una negociació amb el legislador per a canviar la llei, de manera que el robot compleixi amb la nova normativa; o 3) dur a terme el pla original i assumir el risc de no ser conforme a la normativa. El legislador pot, per altra banda, discutir les regulacions existents amb els desenvolupadors de robots i donar una resposta jurídica en conseqüència. En un món idíl·lic, els robots no comporten cap espècie de risc i, per tant, qualsevol amenaça podria abordar-se des de la prevenció, i qualsevol oportunitat des de la facilitació. La realitat nogensmenys és molt més complexa i tot sovint els impactes són ben incerts, sobretot quan es tracta de robots enfocats a l’assistència personal. Així doncs, el legislador haurà de fer front a dita incertesa, a efectes ambigus, i a efectes desconeguts. Com veiem, legislador i creador de tecnologia robòtica hauran d’arribar a un acord per tal d’establir aquests nous escenaris incerts i inesperats. Un anàlisi exhaustiu i rigorós d’aquesta realitat evolutiva seria, per tant, útil per a entendre millor la tecnologia i preparar el camí per a un futur marc legal i ètic d’aquestes tecnologies robòtiques. Com es pot entreveure, aquest és un objectiu ampli i complex, tenint en compte la gran varietat de tecnologies robòtiques emergents. És per aquest motiu que aquesta tesi se centra en la identificació i l’avaluació dels impactes dels robots per a l’assistència personal. En concret, la tesi acompanya als roboticistes en el seu camí de compliment legal tot utilitzant les més innovadores metodologies d’avaluació de l’impacte (impact assessment en anglès). Al dur a terme la metodologia de l’impacte es poden identificar més fàcilment els buits legals existents així com la manca de claredat del sistema normatiu. Dita informació s’ha recollit al llarg d’aquest treball per a què pugui ser considerada pel futur legislador que s’ocupi de la creació del marc jurídic per als robots d’assistència personal, incloent transportadors de persones, assistents físics i robots mòbils de servei.
Roboticists building robots that interact with humans may be clueless about what regulations apply to their product. They might not even know whether they are legally responsible for their products. Sometimes, even law is not prepared to promptly accommodate new types of technology, e.g. driverless cars. Therefore, when a new robot is created or a new function/use is introduced, an assessment of the impacts should be carried out. This assessment should be made first against regulations to make sure that this new technology or its new use remains within the existing liberty space. If the creators of the robot do not encounter any limitations, they can then proceed with its development. On the contrary, if there are some limitations, robot creators will either (1) adjust the robot to comply with the existing regulatory framework; (2) start a negotiation with the regulators to change the law, so that the original robot is compliant with a new regulation; or (3) carry out the original plan and risk to be non- compliant. The regulator can discuss existing (or lacking) regulations with robot developers and give a legal response accordingly. In an ideal world, robots are clear of impacts and therefore threats can be responded in terms of prevention and opportunities in form of facilitation. In reality, the impacts of robots are often uncertain and less clear, especially when they are inserted in care applications. Therefore, regulators will have to address uncertain risks, ambiguous impacts and yet unknown effects. Technology is rapidly developing, and regulators and robot creators inevitably have to come to terms with new and unexpected scenarios. A thorough analysis of this new and continuously evolving reality could be useful to better understand the current situation and pave the way to the future creation of a legal and ethical framework that takes into proper account all these new technologies. This is clearly a wide and complex goal, considering the variety of new technologies available today and those under development. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the evaluation of the impacts of personal care robots. In particular, it analyzes how roboticists adjust their creations to the existing regulatory framework for legal compliance purposes. By carrying out the impact assessment analysis, existing regulatory gaps and lack of regulatory clarity can be highlighted. These gaps should of course be considered further on by lawmakers for a future legal framework for personal care robot.

Technology is rapidly developing, and regulators and robot creators inevitably have to come to terms with new and unexpected scenarios. A thorough analysis of this new and continuosuly evolving reality could be useful to better understand the current situation and pave the way to the future creation of a legal and ethical framework. This is clearly a wide and complex goal, considering the variety of new technologies available today and those under development. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the evaluation of the impacts of personal care robots. In particular, it analyzes how roboticists adjust their creations to the existing regulatory framework for legal compliance purposes. By carrying out an impact assessment analysis, existing regulatory gaps and lack of regulatory clarity can be highlighted. These gaps should of course be considered further on by lawmakers for a future legal framework for personal care robot. This assessment should be made first against regulations. If the creators of the robot do not encounter any limitations, they can then proceed with its development. On the contrary, if there are some limitations, robot creators will either (1) adjust the robot to comply with the existing regulatory framework; (2) start a negotiation with the regulators to change the law; or (3) carry out the original plan and risk to be non-compliant. The regulator can discuss existing (or lacking) regulations with robot developers and give a legal response accordingly. In an ideal world, robots are clear of impacts and therefore threats can be responded in terms of prevention and opportunities in form of facilitation. In reality, the impacts of robots are often uncertain and less clear, especially when they are inserted in care applications. Therefore, regulators will have to address uncertain risks, ambiguous impacts and yet unkown effects.

Orientador: Eduardo Daruge Júnior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia

To improve online learning pedagogy within the field of paralegal education, this study investigated how paralegal students and paralegal instructors perceived the effectiveness of synchronous and asynchronous online paralegal courses. Survey results were analyzed using independent samples t-test and correlational analysis, and indicated that overall, paralegal students and paralegal instructors positively perceived synchronous and asynchronous online paralegal courses. Paralegal instructors reported statistically significant higher perceptions than paralegal students: (1) of instructional design and course content in synchronous online paralegal courses; and (2) of technical assistance, communication, and course content in asynchronous online paralegal courses. Instructors also reported higher perceptions of the effectiveness of universal design, online instructional design, and course content in synchronous online paralegal courses than in asynchronous online paralegal courses. Paralegal students reported higher perceptions of asynchronous online paralegal course effectiveness regarding universal design than paralegal instructors. No statistically significant differences existed between paralegal students' perceptions of the effectiveness of synchronous and asynchronous online paralegal courses. A strong, negative relationship existed between paralegal students' age and their perceptions of effective synchronous paralegal courses, which were statistically and practically significant. Statistically significant relationships existed between paralegal instructors' perceptions of effective synchronous online paralegal course and the number of courses taught by the paralegal instructor. Lastly, this study provided practical applicability and opportunities for future research.

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O presente trabalho aborda a questão da preocupação surgida em torno da manipulação do genoma humano especialmente no que tange às práticas de engenharia genética na reprodução assistida e decorrente necessidade de proteção do patrimônio genético humano para as futuras gerações. Nesse sentido analisa-se a evolução do conhecimento científico até as biotecnologias de modificação genética atentando-se para o afastamento entre a ciência e a ética por conta do paradigma dominante e a busca bioética por sua reaproximação. Avalia-se ademais a função dos princípios para servirem de guias ao agir humano em face das novas possibilidades de sua intervenção que não mais está adstrita à natureza alcançando o próprio homem. Discorre-se sobre a importância das declarações e documentos internacionais e também acerca da indispensabilidade do Direito enquanto ferramenta apta a regular as pesquisas e as aplicações biotecnológicas principalmente quando voltadas para o ser humano. A questão do tratamento jurídico pelo ordenamento brasileiro é abordada para se demonstrar o vácuo legislativo acerca das práticas de reprodução humana assistida e as possíveis decorrências dessa omissão bem como as limitações legais em torno das possibilidades de engenharia genética sobre a constituição genotípica do ser gerado mediante essas técnicas. Todo o trabalho tem como norte os princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana da sua vulnerabilidade enquanto condição e a ética da responsabilidade, com vistas para a proteção do direito fundamental ao patrimônio genético humano cujo titular é a Humanidade presente e futura.
Salvador

A Psicologia Jurídica é concebida como contendo a Psicologia Forense, que contém a Psicologia Judiciária. Estas relações de inclusão, com as respectivas delimitações, são aqui estabelecidas com fundamento nos papéis de perito e assistente técnico, tais como previstos na legislação vigente, da qual se abstraiu o critério de ausência ou presença da imposição de imparcialidade e pela qual se reconheceram diferenças quanto aos objetivos da atuação. Nosso método consistiu em proceder à ampla pesquisa da legislação pertinente, assim como de resoluções, diretrizes e bibliografia avalizada pelo Sistema Conselhos de Psicologia, além da bibliografia do último concurso do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo e de outras publicações a que tivemos acesso. Conduzimo-nos com o intuito de apontar imprecisões decorrentes da porosidade entre essas três áreas das interfaces da Psicologia com o Direito, cujas delimitações não nos pareceram ainda devidamente acentuadas. Pautamo-nos pela prescrição de obrigatoriedade da perícia psicológica na legislação e na regulamentação da profissão, enfatizando os contornos entre perícia psicológica e diagnóstico psicológico, discernindo o trabalho do psicólogo judiciário do cabível ao psicólogo assistente técnico forense. Empenhamo-nos em caracterizar a assistência técnica psicológica como todo o trabalho realizado sob a égide da ética da relação entre profissional e cliente/usuário de serviço público, em contraposição à ética da realização de perícias. Como resultado, definimos o campo da Psicologia Jurídica como o conjunto universo de todas essas práticas, nela se inserindo aquelas realizadas nos órgãos cujo fundamento é evitar a jurisdicionalização dos conflitos (Defensoria Pública e Conselho Tutelar), bem como naqueles voltados a atender pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade social (CRAS) ou sob risco de rompimento de vínculos familiares (CREAS), quando o psicólogo insiste em uma prática genuinamente psicológica, ou seja, que não se volte a atender objetivos forenses (adequação do convívio familiar, mediação/conciliação de conflitos, promoção do entendimento, formalização do acordo, tomada de decisão). Classificamos como Psicologia Forense o trabalho do psicólogo na execução penal objetivando a reintegração social do preso e o realizado nas Centrais de Penas e Medidas Alternativas, assim como a assistência técnica psicológica realizada no Ministério Público e nos serviços criados pela Lei Maria da Penha e nos CREAS. Já a Psicologia Judiciária, classificamos como as práticas realizadas pelo psicólogo funcionário dos Tribunais de Justiça e as de todos que a eles se equiparam ao proceder a estudo psicológico sob determinação judicial de envolvidos em processos judiciais com quem nunca mantiveram contato prévio, além da realização de exame criminológico pelo psicólogo que atua no sistema prisional. Concluímos que a prática psicológica será judiciária quando ofertada sob a obrigação do objetivo de subsidiar uma decisão judicial, estando submetida ao princípio de imparcialidade, tendo como beneficiário o dever de julgar do juiz; será forense quando, por força de compromisso profissional, assumir o objetivo de influenciar uma decisão judicial em conformidade com os interesses do envolvido, sendo intrinsecamente parcial, tendo como beneficiária a pessoa atendida; será jurídica quando fundamentada na não jurisdicionalização dos conflitos e esquivar-se de subsidiar ou influenciar objetivos forenses, beneficiando o atendido
The Legal Psychology is presented as containing the Forensic Psychology, which contains the Judicial Psychology. These relationships of inclusion and their boundaries are established on the basis of legal expert and forensic assistant coach roles, as is provided for by law, from which it abstracted the discretion of the expert impartial enforcement and the condition of intrinsic bias to assistant coach, where also acknowledged differences in the performance objectives. Our method was to carry out extensive research in the relevant legislation, as well as resolutions, guidelines and references endorsed by the Psychology System Council, as well as in the literature of the last public concourse of the Court of São Paulo and in other publications that we had access . We conduct ourselves under the bias point out the inaccuracies that arise from the lack of recognition of the differences between these three areas of Legal Psychology. We based our research in the definition of psychological legal expertise as an obligation arising from the legislation and the regulatory profession by emphasizing the distinction between psychological skills and psychological diagnosis and differences between the work of the judicial psychologist and the psychologist forensic assistant coach; characterized as psychological technical assistance all the work done under the aegis of ethics of the professional relationship - client / public service user, and demonstrated to be irreconcilable with performing expertise. As a result, we define the field of Legal Psychology as the universal set of all these practices, it being inserted those carried out in organs which is based avoid jurisdictionalization conflicts (Public Defense and Child Protection Agency) and those geared to meet people in a situation of social vulnerability (CRAS) or at risk of disruption of family ties (CREAS), when psychologist insists on a genuinely psychological practice, that is, not again meet forensic objectives (adequacy of family life, mediation / conciliation conflicts, promotion of understanding, formalizing the agreement, decision making). Classified as Forensic Psychology the working in criminal enforcement when facing the social reintegration of the prisoner and when held in the Punishment and Alternative Measures Service and psychological service held in the Public Prosecutor and services created by the Maria da Penha Law and CREAS. We classify as Judicial Psychology practices conducted by psychologist employee of the Courts of Justice and all that they are equipped to carry out psychological study under judicial determination with involved in legal proceedings who have never had previous contact, and also conducting criminological examination the psychologist who works in the prison system. We conclude that psychological practice is judicial when performed under the obligation to support a judicial decision, being subject to the principle of impartiality, having as beneficiary the duty to decide to judge; Forensics will be when, for professional commitment to power, take in order to influence a court decision in accordance with the interests of involved, being intrinsically part, having as beneficiary the person served; It will be legal when to dodge influence court decisions and benefit the person served

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This discourse accosts the construction of the watched liberty educator s professional identity, from the contraposition between assigned and social constructed identity, taking as a starting point the operationalization of the socioeducation admeasurement of watched liberty in its modality of watched liberty - LAC. Starting form the presupposition that the professional identity is a social constructed phenomenon. The theoretic, which base us was the social theory developed by Marx, specially as regards to the category totality and world vision . In this sense, we start from the beginning, according to the professional identity composes a unity of different people, with the personal identity and the individual political identity and, even more, expressing itself into social relationship, revealing that professional choices are not neutral, otherwise, they mean politics engagement with determined social class. The study of the educator s professional identity sent us, therefore to a complex field of meanings and determinations such as economic conditions, sociotechinic division is knowledge and experiences, history and world vision, that is the educator specific case, gets together to the adolescence conception, the family, the infringer adolescent and the social education. This research had as base, the result of the raise of secondary and primary data. We have used, supported in this principle, more than an instrument to the data collecting, semistructured along with the coordinator of the project of watch liberty, focal group with educators and documental analysis. We could conclude that the process of social education is initially imputed to the educator by legislation, but it will be the particular mode that each educator group will resignify this attribution, which one, through its turn, will depend on world vision and the assumed positions by everyone and by each one that it will give the constructed/reconsctructed meaning of the professional identity of this function
Esta dissertação aborda a construção da identidade profissional do orientador de liberdade assistida comunitária, a partir da contraposição entre identidade atribuída e identidade socialmente construída, tomando como ponto de partida a operacionalização da medida sócio-educativa de liberdade assistida, em sua modalidade de liberdade assistida comunitária LAC. Partimos do pressuposto de que a identidade profissional é um fenômeno socialmente construído. A vertente teórica na qual nos fundamentamos é a teoria social desenvolvida por Marx, em especial no que se refere à categoria totalidade e visão de mundo . Nesse sentido, partimos do princípio, segundo o qual, a identidade profissional compõe uma unidade de diferentes, com a identidade pessoal e a identidade política do indivíduo e, mais ainda, expressando-se nas relações sociais, revelando que as escolhas profissionais não são neutras, pelo contrário, trazem consigo um compromisso político com determinada classe social. O estudo da identidade profissional do orientador nos remeteu, portanto, a um campo complexo de significados e de determinações, tais como: condições econômicas, divisão sócio-técnica de saberes e de práticas, historicidade e visão de mundo, que no caso específico do orientador junta-se à concepção de adolescência, de família, de ato infracional e de sócio-educação. Esta pesquisa teve por base o resultado do levantamento de dados primários e secundários. Utilizamos, para tanto, mais de um instrumento para a coleta de dados, entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto à coordenadora do projeto de liberdade assistida comunitária, grupo focal com os orientadores e análise documental. Pudemos concluir que o processo de sócio-educação é inicialmente atribuído ao orientador pela legislação, porém será o modo particular com que cada grupo de orientadores ressignificará essa atribuição, a qual, por sua vez, vai depender das visões de mundo e das posições assumidas por todos e por cada um, o que dará o sentido construído/reconstruído da identidade profissional dessa função

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2007
Bibliografia: f. 98-107
A biotecnologia e a medicina, ao propiciarem novas formas de proteção à saúde, acabam por expandir o alcance do próprio direito à saúde. O direito à saúde, consagrado na Constituição Federal de 1988 no rol dos direitos sociais, somente se efetivará em sua
The biotechnology and the medicine expand the reach of the right to health as they propitiate new protection forms to health. This right, consecrated by the Federal Constitution of 1988 in the list of the social rights, will only be executed in its totali

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This paper is the result of daily observations during the exercise of supervisory functions at the Probation Facility of Grande Norte for the State Foundation of Well-Being of the Minor FEBEM-SP (the acronym corresponds to the Portuguese original). It intends to examine the relationship between subalternity and the commission of offences. The subjects studied are juveniles residing in Guarulhos who are currently on probation. One cannot simplify the complex phenomenon that is the commission of offences by juveniles by attributing it solely to poverty or to the life conditions to which they have been submitted along with their families. What has been observed during the treatment of juveniles on probation is that the subalternity inherent in their lives is often a defining factor to their behavior. This paper aims at revealing the truth beyond first impression and determining the role of subalternity in this process as a link between the conditions of life of these juveniles and the offences committed by them. The methodology used for data collection included participatory observation, bibliographical research, documental analysis and verbal history; and for data analysis the method used was materialist-historical Dialectic with a view to uncovering the object of study
O presente projeto de pesquisa foi elaborado partindo das observações feitas na prática cotidiana no exercício da função de coordenador do Posto Grande Norte de Liberdade Assistida, da Fundação Estadual do Bem Estar do Menor FEBEM-SP. Esta pesquisa pretende analisar a relação entre a condição de subalternidade e o cometimento de ato infracional. Os sujeitos a serem pesquisados são adolescentes domiciliados no município de Guarulhos e em cumprimento da medida socioeducativa de liberdade assistida. Não podemos reduzir o fenômeno complexo que é o fato de adolescentes cometerem atos infracionais à pobreza ou somente às condições de vida a que estes jovens e suas famílias estão submetidas. Observamos no atendimento aos adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa de liberdade assistida que a condição de subalternidade é uma realidade presente na vida destes adolescentes e de suas famílias, e, que é muitas vezes, esta posição frente à vida que determina suas atitudes. Buscaremos com esta pesquisa um desvelamento da aparência imediata, buscando determinar o papel da subalternidade neste processo como uma mediação entre a condição de vida destes jovens e o ato infracional por eles praticados. Utilizaremos como metodologia para a coleta de dados observação participante, pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental e história oral; e para a análise dos dados, o método materialista histórico dialético no sentido de desvelar o objeto da pesquisa

Depuis leur exclusion du délibéré de la Cour de cassation, les avocats généraux du quai de l’Horloge cherchent à réinventer leur identité. Partant du constat que leur dans la procédure de la QPC n’avait pas été discuté lors des débats ayant précédé sa mise en œuvre, la présente thèse interroge les présupposés qui sous-tendent cette évidence. En effet, le Parquet général de la Cour de cassation se distingue fondamentalement des parquets des autres juridictions judiciaires, et son intervention en QPC ne peut être assimilée à sa fonction dans les autres contentieux. À l’image de la Cour de cassation dans son ensemble, l’office de l’avocat général a été profondément renouvelé par la procédure de la QPC. Son office traditionnel, caractérisé par un apport juridictionnel et doctrinal, est modifié par la spécificité du contentieux constitutionnel, qui créé, en sus, une nouvelle fonction de conseiller constitutionnel. De plus, la QPC a modifié la place du Parquet général dans le paysage institutionnel. Les délais de la QPC modifient l’organisation matérielle du processus décisionnel de la Cour de cassation, ce qui offre aux avocats généraux l’opportunité de renouveler leur utilité auprès du siège. Avec la QPC, les avis des avocats généraux atteignent désormais de nouveaux acteurs, ce qui élargit l’horizon de leur utilité. Dès lors, il apparaît que la procédure de la QPC est une opportunité pour le Parquet général de gagner en visibilité et en légitimité auprès des autres juridictions
Since their exclusion from the Court of cassation’s decision-making reunions, the Court of cassation’s advocates generals seek to reinvent their identity. After noticing that their role on the QPC hadn’t been discussed during the debates preceding its instauration, this work tends to question the suppositions that underlie that evidence. Indeed, the advocates generals of the Court of cassation are nothing like the prosecutors of the other jurisdictions, and their intervention in QPC can’t be assimilated to their role in other disputes. Like the judges of the Court of cassation, de role of the advocates generals has been deeply renewed by the QPC. Their traditional role, defined by a jurisdictional and doctrinal contribution, has been modified by the specificity of the constitutional litigation, which also creates a new function of constitutional adviser. In addition, the QPC changed the place of the advocate genal in the institutional landscape. The delays of the QPC modify the organization of the Court of cassation’s decision-making process, which offers to the advocates generals the opportunity to renew their usefulness with the judges. With the QPC, the opinions of the advocates generals now reach a new audience, which broadens the horizon of their usefulness. Therefore, it appears that the procedure of the QPC is an opportunity for the advocates generals to gain visibility and legitimacy from other jurisdictions

碩士
淡江大學
國際商學碩士在職專班
99
In 2008, Taiwan government expended the underwriter’s responsibility for foreign issuers which may apply for primary listing or primary OTC listing, required the foreign issuers should retain a lead underwriter, and should continue to retain the lead underwriter to assist in matters such as compliance with the relevant securities laws of Taiwan, the regulations and public announcements of the TWSE or GTSM and the listing contract for a period from the date of listing to the subsequent 2 fiscal years. Given that the jurisdictions in which overseas corporations principally operate and are established are located abroad, Taiwanese underwriters cannot firmly grasp, as they would purely domestic underwriting work, the laws of jurisdictions where overseas companies are established and the legal risks stemming from their operations. Where the underwriters alone draft the overseas company’s prospectus, they are unable to control the compliance risk of the overseas companies, and the underwriters themselves would also be exposed to high levels of risk. This thesis will explore the importance of underwriters in the financial intermediates position. Discussing under the relevant securities laws of Taiwan, the regulations of the TWSE and GTSM what the underwriters’ duties, responsibilities and legal risks are during the period of a foreign enterprises applying for primary listing and primary over-the-counter (OTC) listing in Taiwan. And then, this thesis will explore that Taiwan government expended the underwriter’s responsibility for foreign issuers which may apply for primary listing or primary OTC listing, required the foreign issuers should retain a lead underwriter, and should continue to retain the lead underwriter to assist in matters such as compliance with the relevant securities laws of Taiwan, the regulations and public announcements of the TWSE or GTSM and the listing contract for a period from the date of listing to the subsequent 2 fiscal years. This thesis will also refer the sponsor institutions of Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, expecting some suggestions in this aspect for reference.

In this study, an analysis and an evaluation of the feedback comments made by fourth year law students on legal writing assignments of first year law students is made. The purpose is to formulate a sense of the student tutors' shared capacity to critique legal writing, and thereby assist in developing the writing skills of first year students at one South African law school. A review of the literature on legal writing from the United States of America suggests that there has been a shift away from the current-traditional paradigm, which focussed on formal features of legal writing. The 'new legal rhetoric' approach, based on research and theoretical understandings which view writing as a recursive process , has now been widely adopted. This approach has been further extended by the 'social perspective,' which acknowledges writing as a social practice. which novice writers can learn from experts within the legal discourse community. Finally, critical reading and writing theorists propose a politicised approach to writing, encouraging critiques of alienating discourse practices. Legal writing pedagogy in the United States has reflected these changing theoretical perspectives. The 'process' approach to teaching writing requires intensive writing instruction and practice by novices. Several drafts of assignments are submitted, and instructors respond with appropriate written (and verbal) feedback comments, which are intended to motivate revisions. The implications of this approach are that increased numbers of trained writing instructors are required to implement such a labour-intensive pedagogy. Resource constraints, and the difficulties of staffing such programmes, have resulted in innovative models being devised. The use of student tutors to assist in teaching legal writing inspired the introduction of a comparable tutor-training course at the University of Natal, Durban Law School, in 1999. In this study, eighteen pieces of writing: three different examples of first year law students' writing, on which six tutors had each written feedback comments, were analysed. The number, accuracy and type of comments were tabulated, and the tone and quality of the responses were evaluated against the theoretical frameworks reviewed above. A descriptive, qualitative interpretation of their commenting practice develops a detailed sense of their successes and deficiencies. The conclusions which emerged suggest that modifications to the tutors' education and training , and closer supervision/monitoring procedures would enhance the tutors' theoretical understandings, as well as their commenting practice. The value and viability of such a programme is confirmed by the empirical information, and indicates that student tutors can extend teaching resources, to provide the assistance necessary to implement intensive legal writing instruction. In a South African context, where academic literacy skills are so often deficient in first year students, a programme which builds capacity and extends limited teaching resources can be extremely beneficial.
Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of Natal, 2001.

Em Portugal, a Lei 32/2006 regulamenta, a par de outras questões controversas, a procriação heteróloga e as condições pessoais para aceder às técnicas de procriação assisitida. As potencialidades decorrentes das tecnologias de procriação com recurso a dador, designadas heterólogas, são fonte de perturbação para a sociedade. Proliferam discussões políticas e jurídicas sobre, por um lado, a interferência de um estranho na relação conjugal e o estatuto que este, enquanto dador, deve ter relativamente ao nascituro, ou seja, problematiza-se a relevância do vínculo genético na determinação da relação de filiação. Por outro, relaciona-se a procriação com os modelos de família, ou seja, discute-se a aceitação social e jurídica de famílias que escapam ao modelo biparental, de sexo diferente e em contexto de casamento. A análise que apresento neste texto tem três propósitos principais: (1) identificar as tensões entre concepções de parentalidade evidenciadas nos debates político e jurídico a propósito da aplicação das técnicas heterólogas de procriação assistida; (2) explicitar as soluções legislativas encontradas na ordem legal portuguesa; (3) compreender o modo como as esferas política e jurídica influenciaram as soluções legais encontradas. Pretendi analisar a discussão política e jurídica em torno de três tópicos: (a) deve ser admitida a procriação heteróloga? (b) Sendo admissível, deve garantir-se o anonimato do dador ou deve salvaguardar-se o direito a conhecer a identidade do dador? (c) Quem deve poder aceder às técnicas? Apenas casais heterossexuais estáveis? Qualquer pessoa fora de uma relação de conjugalidade? Casais do mesmo sexo?
In Portugal, Law 32/2006 regulates, along with other controversial issues, procreation with donor gametes and the personal conditions for access to assisted procreation techniques. The potential generated by procreation technologies with donor are a source of disturbance to society. There are political and legal discussions about the interference of a stranger in the conjugal relationship and his status, as donor, for the unborn child, i.e., it’s questioned the relevance of the genetic link determining the filial relationship. Moreover, the procriation it’s related with family patterns, i.e., it’s questioned the social and legal acceptance of family that diverge from the biparental, married and heterosexual family model. My analysis has three main purposes: (1) identify tensions within the parenthood conceptions in political and legal debates about the application of assisted procreation techniques with donor; (2) present the solutions drawn in Portuguese legal order; (3) understand how political and legal system influenced the legal solutions. I wanted to analyze political and legal discussion about three topics: (a) procreation with donor should be allowed? (b) law should protect the anonymity of the donor or should allow donor identification? (c) Who should have access to the techniques? Only heterosexual couples? Anyone outside of a conjugal relationship? Same-sex couples?

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito das Crianças, Família e Sucessões
O trabalho desenvolvido tem como objetivo analisar o regime jurídico da procriação medicamente assistida homóloga post mortem. Sendo assim, o estudo se divide numa primeira parte que trata a procriação medicamente assistida, sua admissibilidade, os beneficiários das técnicas de PMA e o tratamento dado pela Lei n.º 32/2006, de 26 de julho, com uma apreciação sobre a necessidade ou não de regulamentação legal e aspetos jurídicos. A segunda parte do estudo centra-se sobre a problemática decorrente da procriação medicamente assistida homóloga post mortem e todas as implicações ligadas à técnica, como por exemplo a questão do estatuto jurídico do embrião humano e o destino dos embriões excedentários. A terceira e última parte do presente trabalho desenvolve os aspetos sucessórios da procriação medicamente assistida homóloga post mortem, analisando-se a vocação sucessória, dando relevo para a titularidade de uma designação prevalente e para o pressuposto de existência da pessoa que sucederá ao autor da herança, de forma a determinar a tutela sucessória da pessoa gerada após a morte daquele que forneceu o material genético e contribuiu para a sua formação e nascimento através de um projeto parental. Assim, a evolução da ciência coadjuvada com os avanços tecnológicos e científicos permitiu à sociedade o acesso à procriação medicamente assistida para os casos em que a procriação de forma natural se mostra impossível de alcançar. Porém, a legislação atual não é capaz de responder a questões importantes confrontadas com a realidade presente, como é o caso da problemática do reconhecimento de efeitos legais de filiação do novo ser em relação ao beneficiário da técnica de PMA. Enquanto ser humano é digno de tutela jurídica e merece o respeito e a igualdade que a lei permite. Estas questões são cruciais para a vida futura do nascituro, desde logo nos seus direitos sucessórios.
The work aims to analyze the legal framework for medically assisted procreation homologous post mortem. Thus, the study is divided in a first part dealing with medically assisted procreation, its admissibility, the beneficiaries of PMA and the treatment given by Law No. 32/2006 of 26 July, with an assessment of the need or not for legal regulations and legal aspects. The second part of the study focuses on the problems resulting from medically assisted procreation homologous post mortem and the implications linked to the technique, such as the question of the legal status of the human embryo and the fate of surplus embryos. The third and final part of this work develops the succession aspects of assisted homologous procreation post mortem, analyzing the succession vocation, paying attention to the ownership of a prevalent designation and the person's existence assumption to succeed the author heritage in order to determine the succession conservancy generated person after the death of the one who provided the genetic material and contributed to its formation and birth through a parental project. Thus, the evolution of science assisted with the scientific and technological advances allowed the company access to medically assisted procreation for cases where procreation naturally proves impossible to achieve. However, the current legislation is not able to answer important questions facing this reality, as is the case of the recognition of legal effects issue of new born filiation in relation to the beneficiary of the PMA technique. As a human being is worthy of legal protection and deserves the respect and equality that the law allows. These issues are crucial for the future life of the unborn child, immediately in their inheritance.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
A gestação de substituição consiste em um acordo pelo qual uma mulher, a gestante de substituição, se compromete a gerar uma criança para terceiros, nomeadamente para o casal beneficiário, sendo que, após o parto renuncia aos poderes-deveres que dispõe sobre a criança. Por outras palavras, renuncia à condição jurídica de “mãe”.No ordenamento jurídico português, a regra é a de que estes contratos são nulos, podendo os intervenientes incorrer em sanções criminais. Todavia, o legislador admitiu que, em casos muito específicos, estes fossem admitidos, pela Lei nº 25/2016, de 22 de agosto. Como se trata de uma questão bastante sensível, houve a necessidade de consagrar regras e esclarecer algumas que já constavam do diploma legal que a admitiu, tendo o legislador feito no Decreto-Regulamentar nº 6/2017, de 31 de julho.Várias questões emergem no âmbito destes contratos, nomeadamente, quais os requisitos que devem ser observados para que possa existir um contrato de acordo com a lei, quais as fases do processo, quem pode, efetivamente, recorrer a estes contratos e, por último, quais os direitos e deveres dos intervenientes neste processo. Os direitos e deveres das partes são, sem dúvida, a matéria mais importante de todo o processo, mas que não foram tutelados exaustivamente pelo legislador, como seria expectável. Existem direitos previstos na legislação laboral, que podem gerar dúvidas sobre quem são os verdadeiros destinatários. Fica, em nota de pesar, o desejo de uma regulamentação mais exaustiva, principalmente dos direitos da gestante de substituição, visto ser esta a que mais necessita de proteção legal, de forma a evitar a instrumentalização do corpo da mulher.
Gestational Surrogacy consists of an agreement, in which a woman, the surrogate, pledges to gestate a child for a third party, namely the beneficiary couple. After the birth of this child, the surrogate renounces any rights she has over the child; she renounces her legal right as a mother. In the Portuguese Legal System, these contracts of surrogacy are null and void. Entailing their celebration, possible criminal sanctions. With the Law nº 25/2016, August 22nd, lawmakers admitted in specific circumstances such contracts. Because of the sensitive nature of the subject, there was a need to establish certain rules and clarify some issues raised by the text of law; such was done through the Implementing Decree nº 6/2017, July 31st.Several issues emerged with these contracts one of them being which requisites must be uphold, so this agreement can be seen as a legal contract, what are the stages of the process, who can resort to such contracts and which are the rights and obligations of each party. The rights and obligations are, without a doubt the most important part of all this process, but the lawmakers, as expected, did not thoroughly protect these. Within such contracts there are labour rights that suggest doubt to whom they may apply.It is with a sad note, that I yearn that a more extensive regulation should be taken, considering the rights of the surrogate, since she is the most vulnerable party in the contract, so that, not to allow a instrumentalization of the female body.

The purpose of this study is to explore the EAP environment and provide a better understanding of the related roles of the Employee Assistant Practitioners/Professionals (EAPs) in respect of their treatment of various forms of illnesses in the workplace – particularly HIV and AIDS. The EAP role is not aligned to any individual profession, as it is designed to match employees’ holistic needs. It is in this context that the repertoire of EAP roles would include caring, psycho-social, therapeutic and technical skills. The EAP role is therefore endowed with the potential to meet a range of inter-departmental and multi-disciplinary needs – such as Nursing, Allied Health Professions, and Healthcare Sciences. A generic Assistant Practitioners Performance Management system (scorecard) had to be developed and agreed to with the City of Johannesburg’s (CoJ) Management in order to maintain consistency when developing APE programmes and roles. Notwithstanding the fact that the Employee Assistant Practitioners do also address the growing HIV/AIDS concerns in the workplace – including psycho-social problems of employees and their families – there is minimal acknowledgment of the EAPs’ roles, and little recognition of their welfare and well-being programmes. Drawing eclectically from various inter-related disciplinary terrains, the study centripetally explores the roles of EAPs as well as HIV/AIDS frameworks in the workplace. Quantitative and qualitative descriptive research methods were employed to assess challenges encountered by the City of Johannesburg (C.o.J) employees and their dependants. Questionnaires were used for the data collection of this study. The repertoire of participants in the study (n=55) comprised of doctors, social workers, nurses, HR officers, and other CoJ employees themselves. vi The questionnaire became the pivotal quantitative data analysis reference point ias it focused on numbers or quantities, and less on the qualitative analysis, which focused on differences in quality. The results of the study are based on numeric analysis and statistics to quantify the qualitative analysis. The prevalence of fewer participants was largely influenced by the depth of the data collection process, which did not allow for large numbers of research participants. The findings of the study revealed, amongst other factors, that there was an unsurpassed need to integrate different HIV/AIDS frameworks in order that the roles of EAPs becomes more effectively and efficiently defined and executed. The roles of EAPs were hitherto not well defined, resulting in duplication and confusion of service delivery to some employees utilising the EAP services. However, some of the EAP roles are highly appreciated and increasingly supported by managers and employees. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made for clarifying and extending the criticality of EAP roles and functions.
Health Studies
Ph. D. (Health Studies)

Dissertação de Mestrado em Comunicação Educacional Multimédia apresentada à Universidade Aberta
A presente dissertação realiza-se no âmbito do Mestrado em Comunicação Educacional Multimédia, da Universidade Aberta. Investiga a utilização da plataforma Moodle numa escola do ensino secundário, quais os efeitos resultantes da forma como está a ser utilizado este recurso no processo de ensino/aprendizagem no contexto do ensino presencial e quais as razões que levam muitos professores a não utilizarem a Plataforma Moodle. Neste estudo optámos por uma metodologia mista recorrendo a dois métodos de recolha de dados: Quantitativo (questionários) e Qualitativo (entrevistas e análise documental). O nosso principal objectivo foi responder à pergunta: Como está a ser utilizada a Plataforma Moodle pelos Professores da Escola Secundária de Leal da Câmara. Aplicámos o questionário a 54 professores que constituem uma amostra de conveniência de cerca de 30% da totalidade dos professores da escola. Entrevistámos 9 professores: 3 utilizadores da plataforma Moodle, 4 não utilizadores, um dos Administradores da Plataforma Moodle e o Director da Escola. Do ponto de vista dos procedimentos técnicos, utilizámos a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental associada a uma lógica analítica e descritiva que nos permitem descrever que tipo de utilização da Plataforma Moodle e quais as estratégias usadas por este grupo de professores do Ensino Secundário. Após a análise dos dados, concluímos que a maioria dos professores da Escola não utiliza a plataforma Moodle na sua prática lectiva. Existem diversos factores que contribuem para a não utilização deste ambiente: alguns professores consideram-no pouco intuitivo e apelativo, principalmente para os alunos; a sua utilização representa uma tarefa trabalhosa e morosa porque implica a concepção dos espaços disciplinares e a produção dos materiais necessários à “alimentação” dos mesmos; a falta de formação dos professores. No entanto todos os professores, utilizadores e não utilizadores, consideram que a utilização deste tipo de ambientes no ensino presencial, tem um papel importante na motivação dos alunos e que pode contribuir para diminuir as taxas de insucesso escolar e promover a aprendizagem. Os professores que utilizam a plataforma Moodle acreditam que o trabalho colaborativo estabelecido entre: alunos/alunos e entre alunos/professor, contribui para melhorar o processo de ensino aprendizagem.
The present paper is held under the Master in Multimedia Educational Communication, Open University. It Investigates the use of Moodle in a school of secondary education, detects the effects resulting from the way it is being used this feature in the teaching / learning in the classroom teaching and the reasons that lead many teachers not to use the Moodle Platform. In this study we chose a mixed methodology using two methods of data collection: Quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (interviews and document analysis). Our main objective was to answer the question: How is the Platform Moodle being used by the teachers of the Secondary School Leal da Câmara. We applied the questionnaire to 54 teachers who represent a convenience sample of approximately 30% of all school teachers. We interviewed 9 teachers: 3 Moodle users, 4 non-users, one of the administrators of the Moodle Platform and the Director of the School. From the standpoint of technical procedures, we used the researched findings and used the document associated with a descriptive and analytical logic that allows us to describe what kind of use of the Moodle Platform is done and what are the strategies used by this group of secondary school teachers. After analyzing the data, we conclude that most school teachers do not use the Moodle platform in their teaching. There are several factors that contribute to non-use of this environment: some teachers consider it non-intuitive and appealing, especially for students; their use represents a laborious and time consuming because it involves the design of disciplinary spaces and the production of materials needed to "feed" them; the lack of teacher training. However, all teachers, users and nonusers, consider that the use of such environments in the classroom teaching has an important role in student motivation and can contribute to lower rates of school failure and promotes learning. Teachers who use Moodle believe that the collaborative work between students / students and between students / teacher helps to improve the teaching-learning process.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Tradução apresentado à Faculdade de Letras
Um estágio curricular realizado numa clínica dedicada a tratamentos de Procriação Medicamente Assistida serviu de base à redação do relatório aqui apresentado, o qual se centra na definição do conceito de consentimento informado enquanto instrumento legal e género textual autónomo. Ao longo do texto será feito um resumo da evolução histórica do conceito, com especial enfoque nas situações legais portuguesa e alemã, tanto no que diz respeito ao consentimento informado no geral como no caso particular da Procriação Medicamente Assistida.De uma perspetiva mais linguística, serão discutidos os conceitos de linguagem e texto especializados, bem como de linguagem e texto médicos e linguagem e textos jurídicos; tal discussão servirá de base à definição de consentimento informado enquanto texto jurídico. Para além disto, será feita uma análise textual de alguns exemplos de consentimentos informados. Numa perspetiva comparatística, será utilizado um modelo de análise textual produzido a partir da conjugação do modelo apresentado por Christiane Nord, no âmbito da teoria funcionalista, e do modelo de análise de textos de especialidade desenvolvido por Guiomar Ciapuscio e Inés Kuguel – será feita a análise textual de um texto de partida português, um texto de chegada traduzido para alemão e um texto original em língua alemã, de modo a poder retirar conclusões sobre as expectativas de um leitor alemão perante uma tradução de um consentimento informado português, assim como sobre os problemas de tradução enfrentados ao longo do estágio.
This report is the result of a 300-hour curricular internship carried out at a clinic dedicated to fertility treatments located in Coimbra, Portugal. The work presented here will discuss and define the concept of 'informed consent', both as a legal instrument and as an independent textual genre. After a brief historical overview of the concept’s evolution, the report will also concisely present the legal situation of the informed consent in Portugal and in Germany, both regarding the informed consent as such and in the particular case of medically assisted reproduction.From a more linguistic perspective, the report will discuss the concepts of specialized language and text, as well as those of both medical language and text and legal language and text – this discussion will serve as basis for the definition of informed consent as a legal text. Furthermore, the report includes a textual analysis of some informed consent texts, through means of a comparative model based on Christiane Nord's functionalist theory and Guiomar Ciapuscio and Inés Kuguel's analysis model for specialized texts. The analysis will be carried out for a Portuguese source text, a German translation of this text and an original German informed consent, with the aim of drawing some conclusions regarding the expectations of a German reader when faced with a translation of a Portuguese informed consent. The report will also include the description of some translation problems encountered during the internship.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Visando cumprir os princípios que a Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência impõe aos Estados que a assinaram e ratificaram, Portugal criou um mecanismo que veio observar essas intenções. Isto porque a CDPD é um instrumento de hard law, vinculativo para Portugal e outros que a assinaram e ratificaram. Depois deste momento,as antigas figuras, que vigoraram no Direito Português durante mais de cinquenta anos tornaram-se obsoletas, na medida em que não se coadunavam com aquelas novas exigências. O Novo Regime Jurídico do Maior Acompanhado implica mudanças significativas na forma como se perspetiva a capacidade jurídica daquelas pessoas que, por motivos de saúde, deficiência ou comportamento, se encontrem impossibilitadas de exercer plena, pessoal e conscientemente, os seus direitos e deveres. Pretende-se, com este instituto, que pessoa com capacidade diminuída, seja dotada de uma maior liberdade de ação. Por isso, esta nova figura implica que as medidas de acompanhamento sejam adequadas e proporcionais às pessoas que irão delas beneficiar - podem estas ir desde um simples acompanhamento na tomada da decisão, até à representação geral. Ora, importa, pois, verificar de que modo esta mudança de paradigma veio interferir com as pessoas e a sua capacidade de autodeterminação, nunca perdendo de vista os seus Direitos Fundamentais e a necessidade da sua proteção. Mais, terão que se analisar algumas das especificidades do novo regime e averiguar da sua adequação, face às exigências do novo instituto.
Aiming to achieve the goals established by the Convention on The Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Portugal decided to create a new regime that would match its core intentions. This is like that, because the CRPD is a hard law instrument, binding to Portugal and others who signed and ratified it. After this moment, the ancient figures that were in force in Portuguese Law for over fifty years, became obsolete, to the extent that they did not fit in with the new requirements. The New Legal Regime of The Accompanied Adult implies significant changes in the way that legal capacity is perceived, when it comes to those persons whose health, impairment or behavior prevent them from exercising their rights and duties in a personal and conscious manner. It is intended, with this institute, that people with diminished capacity are endowed with a bigger freedom of action. Because of that, this new figure implies that the accompanying measures are suitable and proportionate to those people who will benefit from them - those measures may vary from one of assisted decision-making to one of general representation. Therefore, there is a need to ascertain how this change in paradigm came to interfere with people and their ability to be self-determined, never losing out of sight their Fundamental Rights and the need to protect them. Furthermore, some of the specificities of the new regime will have to be analyzed and ascertained of their adequacy, while tsking into account the requirements of the new institute.