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Sourprae, Karn, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, Nussana Lehman, Arthittaya Chuaybamrung, Akarapong Tuljittraporn, Yeampon Nakaramontri, Apinya Krainoi, Jobish Johns, Ladawan Songtipya und Nattapon Uthaipan. „Leather-Like Material Based on Natural Rubber Composites“. Journal of Physical Science 33, Nr. 1 (25.04.2022): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/aos2022.33.1.5.
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This research was conducted to study x-ray and gamma radiation shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, mean free path, half value layer, tenth value layer, effective atomic numbers, effective electron density for the xBi2O3-(95-x)B2O3-5BaO (where x = 20 mol%, 35 mol%, 50 mol%, and 70 mol%) glass systems with different molar composition. The studied ceramic specimens were denoted by BB20, BB35, BB50 and BB70 and their density values were 4.438 g/cm3, 5.973 g/cm3, 7.156 g/cm3, and 8.005 g/cm3, respectively. Radiation shielding parameters of the samples were investigated by using web based XCOM programme. The obtained results revealed that the highest mass attenuation coefficients were reported for BB70 sample, which has the highest Bi2O3 additive in its chemical structure. At 7 MeV photon energy, half value layer (HVL) values were reported as 5.7812 cm, 3.8065 cm, 2.8533 cm, and 2.2457 cm for BB20, BB35, BB50 and BB70, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the present bismuth sesquioxide based glasses in the Bi2O3-B2O3-BaO glass system have a good quality in radiation protection purposes. Therefore, this glass system can be used as an alternative to conventional materials with the right molar compositon in its chemical formation.
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Schnabel, T., M. C. Barbu, E. Windeisen-Holzhauser, A. Petutschnigg und G. Tondi. „Impact of Leather on the Fire Resistance of Leather-Wood Fibreboard: FT-IR Spectroscopy and Pyrolysis-GC-MS Investigation“. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (10.04.2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2473927.
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Leather-wood fibreboards are innovative composite materials, which combine together the high mechanical properties of wood with the superior fire behaviour properties of leather. This study deals with the understanding of the combustion mechanism of the wet-white leather panel. During burning, an overlay coating-like surface is formed on top of a foamy structure that creates the heat transfer barrier. The FT-IR spectroscopy results of the leather show the rearrangement of the proteins and the formation of an increasing amount of acid groups when the exposure to hot gun at over 530°C was prolonged. These acid moieties can react with amino groups of other peptide chains, building a protective polymer network which hinders the oxygen to reach the core of the panel. Simultaneously, the gases produced during rearrangement cannot easily leave the material, producing a foamy structure which slows down the heat transfer to the core of the material. The Py-GC-MS analysis shows that the gases produced by the wet-white leather-type protein-based boards were amino-aromatic compounds like the diketopiperazine (DKP), which do not burn easily. The combination of the effects of (i) formation of the overlay coating-like surface, (ii) establishment of the foamy structure, and (iii) degassing of DKP explains the outstanding fire properties of leather and wood-leather fibreboards.
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Byun, Hee-Guk, Jae-Young Je und Se-Kwon Kim. „Preparation and Characteristics of Leather-like Material from Shark Intestines“. Fisheries and aquatic sciences 5, Nr. 2 (01.06.2002): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/fas.2002.5.2.136.
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Serweta, Wioleta, Małgorzata Matusiak, Zbigniew Olejniczak, Jolanta Jagiełło und Justyna Wójcik. „Proposal for the Selection of Materials for Footwear to Improve Thermal Insulation Properties Based on Laboratory Research“. Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, Nr. 5(131) (31.10.2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2535.
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The aim of this study was the analysis of the thermal resistance of upper textile materials combined with leather or textile linings. Following a comparative analysis of the combinations of materials tested, the best insulators werre recommended. Footwear material packages were created on the basis of the analysis of hygienic properties of textile and leather materials, which were available on the market. Hygienic properties like water vapour permeability and water vapour absorption gave information about the possibility to apply these materials from a microclimate point of view.
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Grabowska-Polanowska, Beata, Joanna Kwiecień und Robert Gajewski. „Measurement of the Inside Microclimate of Footwear Constructed from Different Material Sets“. Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 28, Nr. 6(144) (31.12.2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3801.
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The aim of the research was to determine the effect of footwear materials used on the microclimate inside shoes and to identify which material set provides optimal comfort to users. The microclimate of the interior of 21 pairs of footwear was tested. Selected nonwovens, natural leather, and leather-like materials were used to make the upper, lining and insole lining. Determined was the amount of water absorbed on the sock fibres, and measurement was taken of the relative humidity and temperature, as well as the permeability and sorption of outer materials and lining elements.Results of the researches carried out showed that in order to ensure adequate footwear comfort, materials for the upper should have high permeability, while lining materials should have both high sorption and permeability.
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Asabuwa Ngwabebhoh, Fahanwi, Nabanita Saha, Hau Trung Nguyen, Urška Vrabič Brodnjak, Tomas Saha, Anežka Lengalova und Petr Saha. „Preparation and Characterization of Nonwoven Fibrous Biocomposites for Footwear Components“. Polymers 12, Nr. 12 (16.12.2020): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12123016.
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Chromium-tanned leathers used in the manufacture of footwear and leather goods pose an environmental problem because they contain harmful chemicals and are very difficult to recycle. A solution to this problem can be composite materials from tree leaves, fruit residues and other fibrous agricultural products, which can replace chromium-tanned leather. The present study describes the preparation of biocomposite leather-like materials from microbial cellulose and maple leave fibers as bio-fillers. The formulation was optimized by design of experiment and the prepared biocomposites characterized by tensile test, FTIR, DMA, SEM, adhesion test, volume porosity, water absorptivity, surface wettability and shape stability. From the viewpoint of future use in the footwear industry, results obtained showed that the optimized material was considerably flexible with tensile strength of 2.13 ± 0.29 MPa, elastic modulus of 76.93 ± 1.63 MPa and porosity of 1570 ± 146 mL/min. In addition, the material depicted good shape stability and surface adhesive properties. The results indicate that a suitable treatment of biomass offers a way to prepare exploitable nonwoven fibrous composites for the footwear industry without further burdening the environment.
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Jakab, K., F. Marga, R. Kaesser, T. H. Chuang, H. Varadaraju, D. Cassingham, S. Lee, A. Forgacs und G. Forgacs. „Non-medical applications of tissue engineering: biofabrication of a leather-like material“. Materials Today Sustainability 5 (September 2019): 100018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2019.100018.
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Kiraye, Michael, Mwinkione Mwinyihija, William Wanasolo und Rosemary Nalwanga. „The Uganda’s perspective, status and implementation of the National leather value chain Strategies“. Journal of Africa Leather and Leather Producuts Advances 4, Nr. 1 (31.12.2018): 13–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15677/jallpa.2018.v4i1.15.
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Uganda is transforming her leather value chain to a modern and competitive sub-sector, aiming at production of value-added leather materials and leather products from the abundant raw hides and skins at the slaughter houses and abattoirs. The challenge though is the exportation of about 95% of the wet blue product, which is the only processed leather material for export from Uganda. More still, the quantity of wet blue produced and exported from Uganda stands at 1.08 million pieces from hides and 2.01 million pieces from goats and sheep skins amounting to 17.28 m sq. ft and 7.04m sq. Ft, respectively. In total this translates to about 24.32m sq. ft of finished leather if it was to be processed from within Uganda. Taking an average square foot of 2.5 sq. ft per pair of shoes, then this output would give about 9.73m pairs of leather shoes. Since Uganda needs about 25 m pairs of leather shoes per annum, it implies that there would be a deficit of about 16.88 m pairs of shoes per annum. This deficit has been covered by importing about 0.5 m pairs of leather shoes per annum and about 23.5 m pairs of synthetic leather shoes and second-hand shoes combined. Now Uganda exports about 24.32 m sq. ft worth of leather (about 9.73m pairs of shoes) and imports about 0.5 m pairs of leather shoes which is a sixteenth of what is exported. Exportation of unfinished products for processing elsewhere goes with jobs and services as well. For this reason, wet blue product made in Uganda need to be further processed in the country to avail leather and leather products, service like Design Studios, facilities, e.g., incubation centers and jobs. The information about tanneries was obtained by use of a questionnaire in which respondents were tannery industry production managers. In addition, documentary review of the world population on Uganda, Ministry of Trade Industry and Cooperatives (MTIC) abstracts and UBOS census 2014 reports were also used as the source of data. According to the Uganda census 2014, the country’s primary and secondary going children are 10,113,201 students. If for example these students wear leather shoes at 35,000/= per pair per annum then the leather Sector would earn 353bn UGX per annum. This contribution would be about 56 times that which tourism is contributing towards the GDP of Uganda, implying that the leather sector in Uganda, if emphasised could stimulate economic growth of the country.
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Mazari, Adnan, Funda Buyuk und Antonin Havelka. „Testing the car seat's comfort“. Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products 1, Nr. 2 (13.12.2020): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2020.1.p141-147.
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In this paper, four commonly used car seat covers, made from leather as well as from woven, knitted and 3D spacer fabrics are tested as sandwiched and separate layers to determine the effect of the lamination and layers on air and water vapor permeability. Different combinations of interlining materials are also tested to obtain the optimum comfortable car seat cover. This analysis gives us a real idea of which layer negatively affects the breathability of the car seat. The focus of this part of research was to identify the issues within the car seat material instead of factors like external cooling or the clothing of the driver. It was observed that the polyurethane (PU) foam and lamination significantly reduce the permeability of the car seats. The 3D spacer fabric shows the best top layer properties as compared to classical woven, leather or knitted car seat covers. The research shows how layers and lamination cause thermo-physiological discomfort of car seats.
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Hellat, Triin. „Bellows-type tobacco pouches from the perspective of native crafts“. Studia Vernacula 8 (07.09.2017): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2017.8.158-173.
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Among the collections of ethnographic artefacts in Estonian museums, there can be found several tobacco pouches, made from textile as well as leather. While tobacco pouches can vary greatly depending on the cutting method, sewing technique, and decoration, it is the technique and design of the bellowstype pouches which make them the most fascinating kind. These pouches gain their name from the inset that has been folded together like a pair of bellows; this inset allows one to open the pouch more conveniently when stuffing the pipe. Such pouches typically consist of three pieces. The front and back sides (‘cheeks’) are usually fastened together, and the pieces with a curved shape (whether of the same leather or of a different kind) are sewn on to the two sides between the cheeks, and folded to make a bellows. It is running or overcast stitch using linen thread that have chiefly been used. Machine-sewn pouches also exist. Leather patches, which are round, or which may resemble a rhombus or a heart, etc. in shape, are referred to as ‘ears’ when attached to the front and back of the pouch. They may be of the same leather as the cheeks or can be extras sewn onto the sides. Among the decorations that have been used we can find debossed ornamentation, copper rings, appliqué, and cut-out. The combination of the main material with seal fur and with fabrics or leather of a contrasting colour has also been used. Pouches that are lavish and require a technically more elaborate method of preparation are often embellished with bead embroidery. A floral ornament similar to that which appears on the beaded belts fashionable in the same period was usually used. Tobacco pouches were made at home for personal use, or could be ordered from craftsmen, and could be purchased at fairs and from pedlars. In addition to the collections explored in this article, leather tobacco pouches can be found in several museums across Estonia, and these pouches too warrant closer examination in the future.Keywords: ethnographic leather bags, tobacco pouch, bellows-type tobacco pouch, purse, leather, bead embroidery
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Hellat, Triin. „Bellows-type tobacco pouches from the perspective of native crafts“. Studia Vernacula 8 (07.09.2017): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2017.8.158-173.
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Among the collections of ethnographic artefacts in Estonian museums, there can be found several tobacco pouches, made from textile as well as leather. While tobacco pouches can vary greatly depending on the cutting method, sewing technique, and decoration, it is the technique and design of the bellowstype pouches which make them the most fascinating kind. These pouches gain their name from the inset that has been folded together like a pair of bellows; this inset allows one to open the pouch more conveniently when stuffing the pipe. Such pouches typically consist of three pieces. The front and back sides (‘cheeks’) are usually fastened together, and the pieces with a curved shape (whether of the same leather or of a different kind) are sewn on to the two sides between the cheeks, and folded to make a bellows. It is running or overcast stitch using linen thread that have chiefly been used. Machine-sewn pouches also exist. Leather patches, which are round, or which may resemble a rhombus or a heart, etc. in shape, are referred to as ‘ears’ when attached to the front and back of the pouch. They may be of the same leather as the cheeks or can be extras sewn onto the sides. Among the decorations that have been used we can find debossed ornamentation, copper rings, appliqué, and cut-out. The combination of the main material with seal fur and with fabrics or leather of a contrasting colour has also been used. Pouches that are lavish and require a technically more elaborate method of preparation are often embellished with bead embroidery. A floral ornament similar to that which appears on the beaded belts fashionable in the same period was usually used. Tobacco pouches were made at home for personal use, or could be ordered from craftsmen, and could be purchased at fairs and from pedlars. In addition to the collections explored in this article, leather tobacco pouches can be found in several museums across Estonia, and these pouches too warrant closer examination in the future.Keywords: ethnographic leather bags, tobacco pouch, bellows-type tobacco pouch, purse, leather, bead embroidery
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MARJANSKI, WOJCIECH, ВOGUMILA MASIULANIS, ANTONI RUDNICKI und ALEKSANDER KWIATKOWSKI. „Solvent less processes of preparation of a polyurethane layer of leather-like poromeric material. Part I. Preliminary studies“. Polimery 30, Nr. 01 (Januar 1985): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1985.025.
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Wenig, Charlett, John W. C. Dunlop, Johanna Hehemeyer-Cürten, Friedrich J. Reppe, Nils Horbelt, Karin Krauthausen, Peter Fratzl und Michaela Eder. „Advanced materials design based on waste wood and bark“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, Nr. 2206 (02.08.2021): 20200345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0345.
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Trees belong to the largest living organisms on Earth and plants in general are one of our main renewable resources. Wood as a material has been used since the beginning of humankind. Today, forestry still provides raw materials for a variety of applications, for example in the building industry, in paper manufacturing and for various wood products. However, many parts of the tree, such as reaction wood, branches and bark are often discarded as forestry residues and waste wood, used as additives in composite materials or burned for energy production. More advanced uses of bark include the extraction of chemical substances for glues, food additives or healthcare, as well as the transformation to advanced carbon materials. Here, we argue that a proper understanding of the internal fibrous structure and the resulting mechanical behaviour of these forest residues allows for the design of materials with greatly varying properties and applications. We show that simple and cheap treatments can give tree bark a leather-like appearance that can be used for the construction of shelters and even the fabrication of woven textiles. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)’.
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MASIULANIS, ВOGUMILA, PIOTR SIWEK und ALEKSANDER KWIATKOWSKI. „Solventless processes of preparation of a polyurethane layer of leather-like poromeric material. Part II. Preparation and some properties of microporous polyurethane-urea layers“. Polimery 30, Nr. 02 (Februar 1985): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1985.069.
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Hojerová, Jarmila, Martina Beránková, Zuzana Peráčková und Simona Birbičová. „Protective gloves use and work habits of non-professionals handling agricultural pesticides – a survey“. Acta Chimica Slovaca 8, Nr. 2 (01.10.2015): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acs-2015-0023.
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AbstractAs many chemicals, also agricultural pesticides (APs) can be hazardous if not used safely. Under typical working conditions, the majority of exposure to the APs is through the hand-skin. Wearing appropriate gloves should be a standard practice when handling the APs. Unlike professionals, amateurs applying the APs in their gardens or vineyards are not trained for the workplace hygiene. In this survey conducted in the spring 2015 across the Slovak Republic, practices regarding the use of protective gloves were obtained. 520 copies of the “paper-and-pencil” questionnaire were distributed to amateur users and specialized stores selling the APs (return rate of 59 %). A set of ten questions a “closed-ended” or “multiple-choice” type was offered. 75 % of respondents wear gloves when handling the APs. Regrettably, among users wearing gloves, 58 % use the same disposable gloves repeatedly, 67 % wear the reusable gloves from last season, and 53 % do not wash outside of the reusable gloves with detergent before removing them. 30 % of glove users wear all available gloves including absolutely inappropriate materials like fabric and leather, 28 % do not recognize the glove material which they use, 20 % use disposable Latex and 3 % Vinyl and Polyethylene gloves. Only 19 % of glove users wear a material that is generally considered a good choice for handling the APs (7 % Neoprene & Latex, 5 % Neoprene, 5 % Nitrile, and 2 % Butyl rubber). The survey showed the need for better education about adequate protective gloves not only for amateur users but also for retailers selling the APs and protective equipment.
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Ashraf, Muhammad Waqar, Nidal Abulibdeh und Abdus Salam. „Adsorption Studies of Textile Dye (Chrysoidine) from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Sawdust“. International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2019 (13.03.2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9728156.
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Chrysoidine is a type of industrial azo dye and a well-known toxicant. Due to its good dyeing characteristics, it is widely used for dyeing leather, paper, feather, grass, wood, bamboo, etc. Hence, it is very important to remove or reduce its concentration below the contamination level in the waste line by using low-cost technologies. Sawdust is a plentiful material available very cheaply from sawmills and woodworks. Therefore, the present work was conducted to study sorption ability of both raw sawdust and chemically activated sawdust carbon on the removal of chrysoidine from the aqueous solutions. Adsorption isotherms of the dye on sawdust were determined and correlated with usual isotherm equations like Freundlich and Langmuir. Experimental results have shown that sawdust has a high adsorption efficiency, and the adsorption of chrysoidine followed Freundlich’s isotherm. Although raw sawdust proved to be slightly less efficient in comparison to chemically treated sawdust but in economic terms, raw sawdust is more cost-effective as the difference in the percent dye removal is less than the difference in the manufacturing costs. The influence of several parameters such as effect of temperature, adsorbent dose, adsorption time, etc., on the adsorption process was studied along with thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°).
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Wirpsza, Zygmunt, Agata Pobidel und Maria Nowocien. „Hygienic leather-like materials from crosslinked PVC“. Polimery 42, Nr. 11/12 (November 1997): 690–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1997.690.
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Mogas-Soldevila, L., G. Matzeu, M. Lo Presti und F. G. Omenetto. „Additively manufactured leather-like silk protein materials“. Materials & Design 203 (Mai 2021): 109631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109631.
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Xiao, Xu, Niu, Zhu und Kou. „Effects of Surface Functional Groups on the Adhesion of SiO2 Nanospheres to Bio-Based Materials“. Nanomaterials 9, Nr. 10 (03.10.2019): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101411.
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The interactions between nanoparticles and materials must be considered when preparing functional materials. Although researchers have studied the interactions between nanoparticles and inorganic materials, little attention has been paid to those between nanoparticles and bio-based protein materials, like leather. In this study, organically modified silica nanospheres (SiO2 nanospheres) loaded with rose fragrance were prepared using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), (3-mercaptopropyl) triethoxysilane (MPTES), or 3-(2, 3-epoxypropyloxy) propyl triethoxysilane (GPTES) using the sol-gel method. To study the interactions between the modified SiO2 nanospheres and leather, a non-cross-linking adsorption experiment was conducted. According to the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm calculation, we found that the adsorption process of leather fiber and organically modified silica nanospheres is physical. The average adhesion energies of APTES-, MPTES-, and GPTES-modified SiO2 nanospheres on the leather are 1.34016, 0.97289, and 2.09326 kJ/mol, respectively. The weight gain, adsorption capacity, and average adhesion energy show that the modified SiO2 nanospheres can be adsorbed on leather in large quantities. The sensory evaluation confirmed that GPTES-modified SiO2 nanospheres endowed the leather with an obvious rose aroma.
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Gawande, S. H. „Performance Evaluation of Mechanical Power Amplifier for Various Belt Materials“. Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 12, Nr. 1 (30.04.2018): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01812010095.
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Background: In many applications, it is required to control a large output load using a relatively low control force. To satisfy such purposes, a device like mechanical power amplifier can be used which generally gives a very fast response. As per the requirement of the system, power can be instantaneously available from continuously rotating drums of the mechanical power amplifier. Objective: This paper focuses on the computation of amplification factor of the mechanical power amplifier for different rope materials like leather, woven cotton and steel rope. Method: In this study the experimental analysis is performed. A capstan is a simple mechanical amplifier-rope wound on a motor-driven drum. The drums rotate continuously but communicate torque only when the input shaft is rotated to constricts drum A as shown in Fig. (3). Results: From the experimental analysis, it endorses that when the optimal number of turns tend to two, power amplification factor is to be 2.23 for leather contact, 1.867 for woven cotton contact, 1.32 for steel contact of rope. Conclusion: From the experimental analysis, it is seen that power amplification is higher for leather as compared to woven cotton and steel. The results are remarkably consistent with experimental measurements including favorable calculation of amplification factor.
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Madera-Santana, T. J., M. J. Aguilar-Vega, A. Márquez, F. Vázquez Moreno, M. O. W. Richardson und J. L. Cruz Machin. „Production of leather-like composites using short leather fibers. II. Mechanical characterization“. Polymer Composites 23, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2002): 991–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10495.
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Osypenko, Maksym. „Horse Whip Pommels With a Special Protrusion of the XI—XIII Centuries (Based on the Materials of the National Museum of History of Ukraine)“. Archaeology, Nr. 1 (16.03.2021): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2021.01.054.
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To bridge a riding war horse and subordinate it to the will of the rider is possible through the usage of harness and other special equipment, which were fixed on an animal or operated by a person. In addition, a whip was used to execute the orders of the rider more effectively. The whip occured in the complex of weapons of the Ancient Rus warrior from a nomadic environment, where it simultaneously acted as a cult attribute and a kind of amulet. The structure of the whip provided the following components: a whip woven made of leather straps, a whip-handle, which ended with a knob at the pommel. Nowadays, there are different whip pommels according to their shape, material of manufacture and construction. The parts of the handle are divided into groups due to the material of manufacture (bone/horn, metal), into types according to the body shape, and into ornamental schemes if possible. All of them are connected by the presence of a typical protrusion, which prevented the whip from falling out of the rider’s hand and, in some cases, acquired a certain visual similarity to the head of a bird, or had specific zoomorphic (ornithological) features. Four types are distinguished for bone knobs (group I): spherical flattened; barrel-shaped rounded and with elongated proportions; with zoomorphic features; attached to the heads of the natural curves of the horny outgrowth. Metal knobs are of five types (group II): spherical; barrel-shaped elongated; zoomorphic; with cut corners; star-shaped. In the Eastern European region, finds of whip pommels with somewhat flattened forms and small beak-like outgrowths begin to be recorded from the X c. and all items are exclusively made of bone. The round, spherical and barrel-shaped knobs with elongated projections appear in the second half of the XI c. and continue to exist in the next two centuries. Zoomorphic knobs in the shape of a bird’s head of small proportions existed for a relatively short time — XI — first half of the XII c., and items on an elongated socket – from the XII — first half of the XIII c. The knobs with cut corners are dated more widely, within the XII—XIII/XIV c. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine contains eight items representing the corresponding pommels or their parts. Two finds are of unknown origin, and six are identified and come from Ancient Rus settlement structures of the XI—XIII c. from the territory of the Ros River region: Nabutiv, Kononcha, Sharky, Kniazha Hora.
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Shakil, Md Saidur Rhaman, Sobur Ahmed und Estehad Pathan. „Tannery Solid Waste into Wealth by Non-Edible Gelatin Production from Raw Trimmings“. European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, Nr. 10 (30.10.2019): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1593.
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During the conversion of raw hides or skins into leather involves generation of enormous amount of solid waste which has been major concern for environment and cause detrimental effect on it. In leather industry solid wastes can be generated almost from all operations including pre-tanning, tanning, and even post tanning operation. Solid wastes are mainly raw trimmings, fleshing, chrome shaving, buffing dust, keratin, finished scraps etc. The economic development of a country depends on the utilization of indigenous raw materials and their by-products. This paper focuses on utilization of raw trimmings into useful product like non edible gelatin those demand is going up day by day due to its versatile application in various fields. Raw trimmings are mainly originated during sorting of leather before actual tanning process happens and best for non- edible gelatin production as it does not contain any harmful chemicals. This study will also describe the chemical properties of gelatin, gelatin manufacturing process, manufacturing parameters from the leather wastes like raw trimmings. Optimum extraction of non-edible gelatin from raw trimmings found at 75-85ₒC for 12 hours in slightly basic condition. This study found that huge amount of raw trimmings which generally thrown directly to environment can serve as potential raw materials for the manufacture of non-edible as well as edible gelatin.
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Shakil, Md Saidur Rahman, Sobur Ahmed und Estehad Pathan. „Tannery Solid Waste into Wealth by Non-Edible Gelatin Production from Raw Trimmings“. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, Nr. 10 (30.10.2019): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.10.1593.
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During the conversion of raw hides or skins into leather involves generation of enormous amount of solid waste which has been major concern for environment and cause detrimental effect on it. In leather industry solid wastes can be generated almost from all operations including pre-tanning, tanning, and even post tanning operation. Solid wastes are mainly raw trimmings, fleshing, chrome shaving, buffing dust, keratin, finished scraps etc. The economic development of a country depends on the utilization of indigenous raw materials and their by-products. This paper focuses on utilization of raw trimmings into useful product like non edible gelatin those demand is going up day by day due to its versatile application in various fields. Raw trimmings are mainly originated during sorting of leather before actual tanning process happens and best for non- edible gelatin production as it does not contain any harmful chemicals. This study will also describe the chemical properties of gelatin, gelatin manufacturing process, manufacturing parameters from the leather wastes like raw trimmings. Optimum extraction of non-edible gelatin from raw trimmings found at 75-85?C for 12 hours in slightly basic condition. This study found that huge amount of raw trimmings which generally thrown directly to environment can serve as potential raw materials for the manufacture of non-edible as well as edible gelatin.
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Xia, Liangjun, Chen Li, Sijie Zhou, Zhuan Fu, Yun Wang, Pei Lyu, Jiajing Zhang, Xin Liu, Chunhua Zhang und Weilin Xu. „Utilization of Waste Leather Powders for Highly Effective Removal of Dyes from Water“. Polymers 11, Nr. 11 (01.11.2019): 1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111786.
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As a natural polymer, leather and its associated industries are known to be the leading economic sector in many countries. However, the huge amounts of leather waste generated from the leather industry causes severe environmental pollution. Herein, cow leather (CL) powders were prepared using a homemade machine and used as a low-cost adsorbent for the effective removal of reactive dyes from wastewater. The as-prepared CL powders exhibited dot-like, rod-like, and fiber-like morphologies. A Fourier transform infrared analysis and an x-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the CL powders retained the main structure of the protein contained in it. In addition, an improvement in thermal stability was also observed for the CL powders. Dye adsorption experiments indicate that the CL powders showed the highly effective removal of C.I. Reactive Red 120 (RR120), C.I. Reactive Yellow 127 (RY127), and C.I. Reactive Blue 222 (RB222) with the adsorption capacity of 167.0, 178.9, and 129.6 mg·g−1, respectively. The Langmuir, pseudo-second order, and intraparticle diffusion models could well depict the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of CL powders toward the investigated reactive dyes. The as-prepared CL powders can be used as a potential adsorbent in the treatment of dye contaminated wastewater. Future studies will mainly focus on the application of the adsorbed CL powders for the pigment printing of textile materials.
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Durst, Peter. „PU Transfer Coating of Fabrics for Leather-Like Fashion Products“. Journal of Coated Fabrics 14, Nr. 4 (April 1985): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152808378501400403.
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Soni, Roby, Siddheshwar N. Bhange und Sreekumar Kurungot. „A 3-D nanoribbon-like Pt-free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst derived from waste leather for anion exchange membrane fuel cells and zinc-air batteries“. Nanoscale 11, Nr. 16 (2019): 7893–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr00977a.
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Cartabia, Marco, Carolina Elena Girometta, Chiara Milanese, Rebecca Michela Baiguera, Simone Buratti, Diego Savio Branciforti, Dhanalakshmi Vadivel et al. „Collection and Characterization of Wood Decay Fungal Strains for Developing Pure Mycelium Mats“. Journal of Fungi 7, Nr. 12 (25.11.2021): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121008.
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Wood decay fungi (WDF) seem to be particularly suitable for developing myco-materials due to their mycelial texture, ease of cultivation, and lack of sporification. This study focused on a collection of WDF strains that were later used to develop mycelium mats of leather-like materials. Twenty-one WDF strains were chosen based on the color, homogeneity, and consistency of the mycelia. The growth rate of each strain was measured. To improve the consistency and thickness of the mats, an exclusive method (newly patented) was developed. The obtained materials and the corresponding pure mycelia grown in liquid culture were analyzed by both thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the principal components and texture. TGA provided a semi-quantitative indication on the mycelia and mat composition, but it was hardly able to discriminate differences in the production process (liquid culture versus patented method). SEM provided keen insight on the mycelial microstructure as well as that of the mat without considering the composition; however, it was able to determine the hyphae and porosity dimensions. Although not exhaustive, TGA and SEM are complementary methods that can be used to characterize fungal strains based on their desirable features for various applications in bio-based materials. Taking all of the results into account, the Fomitopsis iberica strain seems to be the most suitable for the development of leather-like materials.
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Madera-Santana, T. J., M. J. Aguilar-Vega, Alfredo Márquez-Lucero und F. Vázquez-Moreno. „Production of leather-like composites using chemically modified short leather fibers. I: Chemical modification by emulsion polymerization“. Polymer Composites 23, Nr. 1 (Februar 2002): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10411.
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Han, Seong-Sik, Hyun-jin Eom, Min-Su Lee, Tai-Hong Yim und Heung-Kyu Kim. „Design of wood-like metallic material using metal sheet architecture“. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 8, Nr. 5 (11.09.2021): 1290–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwab048.
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Abstract This study proposed a new metal-based material design with a modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity comparable to that of wood by architecturing of metal sheets. The proposed new material is designed in a form in which metal sheets of the same shape with beads are repeatedly stacked. In order to find a design with the target modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity values, designs were derived using the Design of Experiment (DOE) and the material properties were predicted accordingly. For the prediction of material properties designed in the shape of a metal sheet architecture, finite element analysis combined with the homogenization method was used in consideration of the repeatability of the material microstructure. The reliability of the prediction of material properties based on the finite element analysis using a unit cell was verified by comparison with the results obtained from the compression test and the temperature wave method for the specimen. By analysing the modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity data corresponding to the designs derived by DOE, we evaluated the effect of the design variables of the metal sheet architecture on the material properties. In addition, we investigated whether the material properties comparable to wood or leather were included within the derived design domain, and presented detailed design data of a metal sheet architecture that provides targeted material properties. It can be inferred from this study that the use of architecturing of metal sheets enables the development of new metal-based materials that can simulate the properties of other materials while utilizing the advantages of fire resistance and recyclability inherent in metals.
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Wang, Yang, Zhe Li und Yang Cao. „Design of an environmentally friendly leather-like fabric based on thermoplastic polyurethane covered yarn“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2256, Nr. 1 (01.04.2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2256/1/012032.
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Abstract By means of knitting and weaving, the new yarn was woven into a new eco-friendly leatherette. A series of research methods and data are summarized through the optimization and improvement of the design process and the heat-setting treatment of the fabric after weaving, which will bring a breakthrough in the reform of the preparation, research and development of new environmentally-friendly materials and product application. The new environmentally-friendly imitation leather fabrics is superior to similar products and boasts advantages in product application, such fabric is comfortable, breathable, waterproof, windproof, folding-resistant, wear-resisting and biodegradable. The cost of its production is much lower than expensive leather products, in the meantime, the space for design and development in the aspect of fabric texture, pattern, and color can be expanded more compared with other leather and imitation leather products.
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Mannering, Ulla, Margarita Gleba, Göran Possnert und Jan Heinemeier. „Om datering af mosefundne lig og beklædningsdele“. Kuml 58, Nr. 58 (18.10.2009): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v58i58.26391.
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Dating of human corpses and clothing found in bogsIt is well known that human remains, textiles and hides like all kinds of organic material, are subject in most cases to rapid decomposition, rarely found in archaeological contexts. Their preservation requires special environmental conditions to prevent their destruction by micro-organisms. North European peat bogs constitute an environment which is particularly conducive to preservation of organic materials, and Denmark possesses a unique and very rich collection of prehistoric bodies and garments found in bog deposits. Especially on the Jutland peninsula, where the special environment of raised bogs preserves proteinaceous materials, an impressive group of human remains with well-preserved soft tissues and hair, woollen textiles and objects of animal hide and leather has survived almost intact. Many of these finds were unearthed prior to 1900, and all before 1953. They constitute a very special group of archaeological artefacts which have both fascinated and repelled scientists and laymen alike. However, they also constitute an unprecedented source of information that allows us to take a more detailed look at prehistoric individuals, their tastes and beliefs. This article presents the results of 46 new radiocarbon (14C) analyses of textiles and hides from Danish bogs. In all, 80 radiocarbon dates are presented (table 1). Out of a total of 54 Danish bog finds containing items of hides and textile, 29 are associated with bog bodies. Until now, only 18 of these had been dated. The results show that the custom of depositing clothed bodies in bogs is a phenomenon associated with the Scandinavian Pre-Roman Iron Age. A further important result is that finds previously dated to the Late Bronze Age have now been dated later in time and cluster with the majority of other finds. Accordingly, the Borremose I, II and III finds, previously dated to 920-200 BC, are now dated to a much narrower period of 483-95 BC. Yet another important new result is the re-dating of the Huldremose woman. She was previously dated to 200 BC-AD 350, but the new date of 210-41 BC securely links her with the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Most of the bog bodies were carefully placed in the bog – wrapped or dressed in various garments of woollen textile or hide (table 1 and figs. 1-9). As it has now been confirmed that most of the textiles and items of clothing from the bog finds belong to a Pre-Roman tradition, this gives a whole new perspective for our understanding of costume development in Scand inavia. This would not have been possible based on the scattered and much more fragmented textile finds recovered from grave contexts. The complete series of dates now available provides a new tool for the interpretation of textile and hidetechnology, which is clearly different from the preceding Bronze Age and the subsequent Late Iron Age costume traditions. The many new dates demonstrate that hides and woven textiles were an important part of the Early Iron Age costume tradition and they necessitate a revision of our understanding, not only of costume history, but Danish Pre-Roman Iron Age society in general. These research developments would not have been possible without the radiocarbon dating method and its current level of precision.Ulla Mannering & Margarita GlebaDanmarks GrundforskningsfondsCenter for Tekstilforskning, Københavns UniversitetJan HeinemeierAMS 14C Daterings Laboratoriet,Institut for Fysik og Astronomi,Aarhus UniversitetGöran PossnertTandemlaboratoriet, Uppsala Universitet
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Ayyappan, Vijaya Gowri, Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar, Somashree Bose, Srinivasan Sampath, Sujoy K. Das, Debasis Samanta und Asit Baran Mandal. „Incorporations of gold, silver and carbon nanomaterials to kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose: Development of antibacterial leather-like materials“. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 99, Nr. 1 (Januar 2022): 100278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100278.
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Xavier, A., D. Usha, J. Gandhi Rajan und M. Malarvizhi. „Studies on the Removal of Malachite Green Dyes by Adsorption onto Activated Carbons – A Comparative Study“. Materials Science Forum 671 (Januar 2011): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.671.165.
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Malachite Green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff for the materials like silk, leather and paper. As a part of removal of malachite green dye from textile and leather industrial wastes, using activated carbon as adsorbents namely, commercial activated carbon (CAC), rose apple carbon (RAC), coconut shell carbon (CSC) and saw dust carbon (SDC). The percentage of malachite green adsorbed increases with decrease in initial concentration and particle size of adsorbent and increased with increase in contact time, temperature and dose of adsorbent. The pH is highly sensitive for dye adsorption process. The adsorption process followed first order kinetics and the adsorption data with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The first order kinetic equations like Natarajan Khalaf, Lagergren, Bhattacharya and Venkobhachar and intra particle diffusion were found to be applicable. A comparative account of the adsorption capacity of various carbons has been made. These activated carbons are alternative to commercial AC for the removal dyes in General and MG is particular. These results are reported highly efficient and effective and low cost adsorbent for the MG. The thermodynamics parameters are also studied and it obeys spontaneous process. The results are confirmed by before and after adsorption process with the help of the following instrumental techniques viz., FT-IR, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and SEM photos.
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Li, Jing, Mengjie Cui, Jiating Wen, Yi Chen, Bi Shi, Haojun Fan und Jun Xiang. „Leather-like hierarchical porous composites with outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and durability“. Composites Part B: Engineering 225 (November 2021): 109272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109272.
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Babu, Ninisha, Ammu Dinakaran, Maya Raman, Akshaya Ravindran, T. V. Sankar und T. K. Srinivasa Gopal. „Development of jackfruit leather and its shelf-life analysis in different packaging materials“. FOOD SCIENCE RESEARCH JOURNAL 11, Nr. 2 (15.10.2020): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/fsrj/11.2/158-168.
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Post-harvest loss is very common in seasonal fruits due to its high perishability even under refrigerated conditions. Value addition and processing is the best solution to overcome this problem and it also ensures the availability of the product round the year. This study is to develop jackfruit leather that replicates the natural fruit taste and is shelf stable at room temperature (28 ± 2°C). The product contributes 3.63Kcal/g to the energy requirement and is rich in minerals like potassium and sodium (7442μg/g and 1842μg/g, respectively). Sorption isotherm studies showed a sigmoid characteristic for the product. It has a critical moisture content of 48.39±0.44% with respect to 96% relative humidity and a water activity of 0.47. The product was packed in different packaging materials like 220-gauge polyethylene laminated with 50-gauge metalized polyester (Met PE) and 150 gauge Biaxially Oriented Poly Propylene (BOPP) laminated with 50-gauge polyester to study and compare its shelf-life in both the packaging materials at room temperature (28 ± 2°C). Physical and chemical parameters of the product was analyzed during the period of storage and the results revealed a shelf stability for 90 days for the product packed in both the packaging materials.
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Bashmakov, I. „Will Russia Have Economic Growth in the Mid-XXI Century?“ Voprosy Ekonomiki, Nr. 3 (20.03.2011): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-3-20-39.
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Discussions on Russia´s modernization paths specify that conservation of existing institutions along with the raw materials export-based model of development cannot sustain high economic growth rates. The article spells out this statement by expanding the analysis horizon to 2050. The model runs demonstrate that modernization failure in the 2010s may stipulate the loss by Russia´s economy of the ability to expand or even transition to the shagreen-leather-like economy (a model of constantly declining GDP accompanied by reduced oil production) in the 2030s or 2040s. The analysis shows that without effective modernization aimed at enhancing productivity of all production factors there will be no economic growth in Russia in the middle of the XXI century.
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Georgieva-Gushtanova, Boryana. „Tangram based technology for clothing design“. E3S Web of Conferences 327 (2021): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132703005.
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The trends in the society regarding environment protection and more optimized production are reason for the research of the author in this direction. The technology of the item connect with the stamina of the product. Within the report, there is an author’s development for series of clothing presented in the context of the steady design. Using zero-waste technology aims the improvement of the functional characteristics, as it is being experiment with different textile materials like artificial leather, cotton, wool, spandex and others. The design through transformation of square into other figure through cutting connect with the Chinese tangram game. Problems are included, such as construction, functional, and aesthetic character, as well social and ecological aspect.
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Jo, Byeongwook, Minghao Nie und Shoji Takeuchi. „Manufacturing of animal products by the assembly of microfabricated tissues“. Essays in Biochemistry 65, Nr. 3 (August 2021): 611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20200092.
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Abstract With the current rapidly growing global population, the animal product industry faces challenges which not only demand drastically increased amounts of animal products but also have to limit the emission of greenhouse gases and animal waste. These issues can be solved by the combination of microfabrication and tissue engineering techniques, which utilize the microtissue as a building component for larger tissue assembly to fabricate animal products. Various methods for the assembly of microtissue have been proposed such as spinning, cell layering, and 3D bioprinting to mimic the intricate morphology and function of the in vivo animal tissues. Some of the demonstrations on cultured meat and leather-like materials present promising outlooks on the emerging field of in vitro production of animal products.
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Yavorskaya, Liliya. „New Data on the Role of Madzhar in Golden Horde Trade of Skin and Leather Products: Archeozoological Aspect“. Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, Nr. 1 (Juli 2020): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.11.
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Documentary sources on Italian sea trade of the 13th – 14th centuries report about the export of large volumes of animal skins and processed leathers from the Golden Horde. A significant problem was the finding out places of slaughtering livestock and processing raw materials of animal origin by archaeological methods, since organic remains are not preserved in the cultural layers of settlements and cities of the Golden Horde. The article analyzes three collections of animal bones from archaeological excavations in the craftsmen’s quarter of the Golden Horde city of Madzhar during 2014–2017. In the 2014 year’s collection at excavation site no. X (10), where the master of bone carving lived, a fact of special selection of goat and ram horns for products being manufactured of their horn covers was identified, aside from production wastes of a dense horn. In pit no. 2 (2016), an archaeozoological research has revealed a specific anatomical set of domestic ungulates remains: shattered heads and distal parts of the legs, which can be formed only as a result of massive slaughter of livestock to obtain skins. At excavation site no. XIII of 2017, archaeozoological research was able to record not only a specific anatomical set, but also traces of the use of small cattle bones in leather processing devices, which, combined with the archaeological context, made it possible to identify the presence of a specialized seasonal leather workshop on this site. It was established that cattle was slaughtered right in the cities, as well as artisans processed the obtained skins on specially equipped seasonal workshop sites. Thus, archaeozoological research showed that Madzhar, like other cities, participated in the production of animal skins and leather, which subsequently became the most important export products of the Golden Horde state.
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Angelova, Yordanka, Silvija Mežinska und Lyubomir Lazov. „INNOVATIVE LASER TECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY: MARKING AND ENGRAVING“. Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (15.06.2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2610.
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The advent of laser technology in textiles industry has established a new innovative solution, which successfully prevents some of the weaknesses in the conventional technologies. Lasers are being used in Laser Marking (Only the surface of fabric is processed, fading), Laser Engraving (Controlled cutting to depth). It has been used extensively as the replacement of some conventional dry processes like sand blasting, hand sanding, destroying, and grinding etc., which are potentially harmful and disadvantageous for the environment.
The article considers some innovative laser technologies, such as marking and engraving on various textile materials. The laser applications for leather and textile processing were analysed. The report overviews systems and ways of laser marking and engraving implementations. Classification of markings was proposed. The advantages of laser marking and engraving technologies in textile fields were pointed.
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Pfaff, Gerhard, Michael R. Bartelt und Frank J. Maile. „Metal effect pigments“. Physical Sciences Reviews 6, Nr. 6 (06.05.2021): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0182.
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Abstract Metal effect pigments are luster pigments consisting of platelet-like metallic particles, mostly of aluminum (so-called silver bronzes), copper, copper/zinc (so-called gold bronzes), and zinc flakes. After parallel orientation in their application medium, they show a metal-like luster by reflection of light at the surface of the flat metal particles in one direction. Thus, the pigment particles act similar to small mirrors and lead when orientated parallel in the application system to a reflecting metal luster (metallic effect). Metal effect pigments are used in all relevant application systems such as coatings, paints, plastics, artist paints, cosmetics, printing inks, leather, construction materials, paper, glass, and ceramics. Specific composition, particle size distribution and surface quality determine the coloristic and application technical properties of the individual pigments. Many pigments are coated with a specific surface treatment to improve the quality concerning the stability and the compatibility with the application system. Metal effect pigments are offered in form of powders, pastes, pellets, suspensions or color concentrates. They are manufactured starting from a metal granulate (grit), which is ground under formation of flakes.
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Jana, Sourita, Debasis Samanta, Mir Muhammad Fahad, Sellamuthu N. Jaisankar und Hongdoo Kim. „Blocking and Deblocking of Diisocyanate to Synthesize Polyurethanes“. Polymers 13, Nr. 17 (27.08.2021): 2875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172875.
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Diisocyanates, particularly toluene diisocyanate (TDI), are useful for the preparation of various polyurethanes with specific applications as leather-like materials, adhesives and insoles, etc. Blocking agents can be used for the operational simplicity and to reduce the hazards of TDI. In this paper, we reported the use of 3-(4-bromo-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole to block toluene diisocyanate (TDI). FTIR, NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used for the characterization. The effectiveness of the blocking was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. The DSC thermogram showed that blocked adducts deblock at 240 °C, causing the regeneration of TDI, and causing the diisocyanates to react with polyols of different molecular weights, forming polyurethanes. The characterization of the polyurethanes was performed by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and a contact angle study.
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Prysyazhnyuk, V. „Medical treatment of animals in slavs in the middle ages“. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, Nr. 96 (14.12.2019): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9612.
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How the treatment of animals in Galicia evolved before the first printed veterinary works appeared today is little known to tell. The reason for this is the lack of relevant historical research in this area. However, this gap will no doubt be widened over time. This work is long and exhausting, since it is based on archival research and also on literature, which refers to a specific period. These will be pieces from different spheres of life, which, after proper segregation, will make it possible to complete this chapter. The above mentioned text of the treatment of horses by Slavs since 1394 is the oldest known mention of an equine doctor, as well as the salary for surgery and payment for medication. Confirming that in medieval Galicia, both the forging and the treatment of horses belonged to the blacksmith's duties. Preparation of medicines for horses was carried out by those who treated them. The blacksmiths, who were treated, began to be called Konoval. The oldest mention is recorded on parchment in 1505, also there is a guild sign of people of this profession. This is also evidenced by the engraving, whose origins date back to the Middle Ages. Blacksmiths are in the first place in the Middle Ages like equestrian doctors, they are already mentioned in the literature from the XI century. The grooms appear near the blacksmiths, but the name of the groom began dating only in the early 13th century. Since then, there are the first written mentions of poultry, falconers and dog-keepers. They were responsible for the care and treatment of the poultries or animals that had been cared for. In addition to agricultural content, there were also guidelines for the treatment and breeding of pets. In very few cases, veterinary writers describe the signs or causes of diseases, mainly by continuing to give the name of the disease and method of treatment. Therefore, treatment is empirical in the full sense of the word. Following the custom at the time of treatment, describe the treatment of each disease, as it is today in surgery, that is, starting from the head and ending at the feet. When the doctor could not make the correct diagnosis, he called the horse sick and recommended to treat it with a mixture consisting of butter, eggs and salt. By the term “attack” the author understood the signs of a very acute and usually fatal illness. Since drugs that deserve attention, we recommend sulfur, copper greens, turpentine, mustard, quicklime, mercury, tar, used as an ointment or liniment for external treatment. In addition to the aforementioned measures, the burning of the ferrous iron of the tumors was applied and then sprinkled with green copper, indicating the treatment of cutaneous form of sap. Medicines can be divided into three groups, namely: Medicinal products of vegetable, animal and mineral origin. The medicines were mixed and prepared mainly by the horse doctor, the medicines consisted mainly of home remedies and were readily available to anyone. In the liquid form were infused into the mouth, nose, enemas, ablution, bathing. Water, wine, vinegar and olive oil are the basis for liquid medicines. Ointments, suppositories, patches, pastes and poultices were used in the condensed form, Ointments are often used in a warm state. The basis for this was fats and wax. In the form of powdered substances that have blown into the eye or wounds. In addition to the above remedies, medicinal products and magical procedures were used for therapeutic purposes: words with superstitious signs related to religious worship were used to achieve treatment. Dressings and surgical instruments. A horn was served to deliver the medication, with certain preparations filled in the horn. Wounds were washed using a copper syringe. A leather bag made of the same material has replaced today's pourer. A hoof knife, a blood dispenser, a razor to remove hair are also mentioned, and also iron for burning ulcers and eczema. The dressing material is hemp yarn, scarves, mostly blue, spartan shale.
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Zhou, Chenying, Hongyu Zhou, Yue Yuan, Jiali Peng, Gang Yao, Peng Zhou und Bo Lai. „Coupling adsorption and in-situ Fenton-like oxidation by waste leather-derived materials in continuous flow mode towards sustainable removal of trace antibiotics“. Chemical Engineering Journal 420 (September 2021): 130370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130370.
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Sakthivel, S., B. Neppolian, M. Palanichamy, B. Arabindoo und V. Murugesan. „Photocatalytic degradation of leather dye over ZnO catalyst supported on alumina and glass surfaces“. Water Science and Technology 44, Nr. 5 (01.09.2001): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0289.
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The photocatalytic degradation of leather dye, Acid green 16, has been investigated over a ZnO catalyst supported on two different materials, namely alumina and glass beads (3-5 mm diameter). Sunlight was used as the energy source. The alumina-supported ZnO outperformed the glass-supported ZnO under identical operational conditions suggesting that the dye molecules are adsorbed on the alumina supports to make a high concentration environment around the loaded ZnO. The degradation efficiency was greater at pH = 4 compared to other acidic and neutral pH. Also, the degradation efficiency was a little bit higher in alkaline medium, which correlates with the adsorption behaviour of acid green 16 on the alumina supported ZnO. The influence of inorganic oxidants like H2O2, FeCl3 and Fenton reagent on the degradation efficiency were systematically studied. The decolourisation and extent of degradation of the dye were determined by UV-VIS spectroscopy and COD reflux methods, respectively. Complete mineralisation of the dye was conformed by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
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Puccini, Monica, Maurizia Seggiani, Domenico Castiello und Sandra Vitolo. „Use of Tannery Sludge Ash as Filler in Waterproofing Membranes“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 467 (Dezember 2013): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.467.240.
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Tannery effluent treatment plant sludge is a by-product of leather-making industry in which chrome compounds are the most common used materials. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects and feasibility in the use of tannery sludge ash as a partial or totally replacement of usual mineral filler such as CaCO3in manufacture of waterproofing membranes. The effects of sludge ash on the morphology and mechanical properties of membranes were investigated. Leaching tests were carried out in order to guarantee that the fulfillment of filler function was done in respect with environmental criteria. The results in terms of performances and leaching tests indicate that tannery sludge ash could be used as total replacement of CaCO3for waterproofing membranes. This work has to be intended as the first step of a study whose final goal is to find an effective, industrially applicable, way to improve recycling capabilities of tannery effluent treatment plant sludge in systems like roofing and waterproofing membranes thus solving an economical and environmental problem.
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Rabo, P. D., D. U. Zarmai, B. A. Jwanya und S. H. Dikwahal. „The Role of Fisheries Resources in National Development: A Review“. International Letters of Natural Sciences 18 (Juli 2014): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.18.20.
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This paper on the role of Fisheries resources in National development is aimed at highlighting the role of Fishery products in Nation building. Fishery products of finned Fish species like Cod, Flounder, Salmon, Catfish, Goldfish, Sea urchins, Shrimps, King crab, Halibut, Mollusk and Echinoderms that come from both capture Fisheries and Aquaculture provide employment, food security, improves welfare, nutrition and a healthy population. Also serve for International trade and foreign exchange in goods like Leather and polishing materials that come from the skin of Cartilagenous Fishes. Ice Fish, dried and canned Fishery products, Salmon roe (egg) and Fish oil used for the manufacture of Soap and Medicinal Oils like the Cod Liver Oil. Fish intake also reduces the condition atherosclerosis thereby combating cardiovascular diseases. However, the Fishery Subsector has some constraints such as by Catch, improper funding, poor input Facilities, Poverty in Fishing Communities, Water barriers, effect of climate change and lack of comprehensive Man power development and training programmes. It is therefore recommended that Government, Donor agencies and international trade unions make effort to increase the educational and capital base of small-scale Farmers; distinguish between Farmed and Wild products, provides Comprehensive Man power and training programmes for all Cadre, providing transportation systems for better appreciation and Productivity in the fishery sub-sector. Laws and by-laws should also be enacted to prevent indiscriminate fishing to avoid over exploitation and extinction of our Aquatic Species.
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Dominic, Shimawuah. „ARTS, CULTURE AND TOURISM AS VERITABLE INSTRUMENTS OF A STABLE NIGERIAN POLITY: THE NEED FOR AN INCLUSIVE PUBLIC POLICY“. International Journal of Innovative Research in Arts, Education and Technology 2, Nr. 1 (05.01.2021): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijiraet.v2.i1.02.
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Like in most other nations of the world, the round leather game (football) is one sport that triggers the display of solidarity among Nigerians irrespective of tribe, religion and other social affiliations. Another experience of a similar magnitude of show of solidarity in this country is the Festivals of Arts and Culture which also displays the potentials in tourism. This study examined the potentials of Arts, Culture and Tourism as instruments of unification of Nigerians for purposes of a stable Nigerian political environment as well as the need for an inclusive public policy. Data was obtained from secondary materials while the mode of analysis was content analysis. The secondary materials include – books, journals, periodicals, newspapers, the internet, etc. The sociological and anthropological modernized theory, Durkheim (1997) was adopted as the theoretical framework of the study. Findings showed that, the Festivals of Arts and Culture across this country are often associated with so much fanfare, enthusiasm, relaxation, show of solidarity, oneness, that people tend to forget their social identities, groups, ethnicities, religions and other social inclinations. Hence, this paper suggested that government evolves an inclusive policy that would regularize and formalize the organization of Festivals of Arts and Culture in this country. The paper came to the conclusion that such festivals with great potentials for the unification of nationals should be harnessed for purposes of the peaceful co-existence of all Nigerians. The paper noted that this could only be realized through a well-articulated and inclusive public policy on Arts, Culture and Tourism.
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De Oliveira Martinez, Juan Pinheiro, Guiqin Cai, Matthias Nachtschatt, Laura Navone, Zhanying Zhang, Karen Robins und Robert Speight. „Challenges and Opportunities in Identifying and Characterising Keratinases for Value-Added Peptide Production“. Catalysts 10, Nr. 2 (03.02.2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020184.
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Keratins are important structural proteins produced by mammals, birds and reptiles. Keratins usually act as a protective barrier or a mechanical support. Millions of tonnes of keratin wastes and low value co-products are generated every year in the poultry, meat processing, leather and wool industries. Keratinases are proteases able to breakdown keratin providing a unique opportunity of hydrolysing keratin materials like mammalian hair, wool and feathers under mild conditions. These mild conditions ameliorate the problem of unwanted amino acid modification that usually occurs with thermochemical alternatives. Keratinase hydrolysis addresses the waste problem by producing valuable peptide mixes. Identifying keratinases is an inherent problem associated with the search for new enzymes due to the challenge of predicting protease substrate specificity. Here, we present a comprehensive review of twenty sequenced peptidases with keratinolytic activity from the serine protease and metalloprotease families. The review compares their biochemical activities and highlights the difficulties associated with the interpretation of these data. Potential applications of keratinases and keratin hydrolysates generated with these enzymes are also discussed. The review concludes with a critical discussion of the need for standardized assays and increased number of sequenced keratinases, which would allow a meaningful comparison of the biochemical traits, phylogeny and keratinase sequences. This deeper understanding would facilitate the search of the vast peptidase family sequence space for novel keratinases with industrial potential.