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Claes, Frans M. W. „Über die verbreitung lexikographischer werke in den Niederlanden und ihre wechselseitige beziehungen mit dem ausland bis zum jahre 1600“. Historiographia Linguistica 15, Nr. 1-2 (01.01.1988): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.03cla.
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Summary The earliest Netherlandic lexicographical works were not only strongly influenced by foreign vocabularies and dictionaries, but they also strongly influenced lexicography abroad. Adaptations of the earliest vocabularies, which mainly aimed at the learning of Latin, were produced in various countries, with the vernacular language adapted to the idiom of each country. In German speaking regions originated for instance the Vocabularius Ex quo (ca. 1400), the Liber Vagatorum> (ca. 1509) and the Synonymorum Collectanea (1513) of Hieronymus Cingularius (ca. 1464–1558), and in Italian speaking regions the polyglot Dilucidissimus Dictionarius (1477 Introito e porta), which afterwards in the Netherlands were provided with a Netherlandic text. In the middle of the 16th century Netherlandic lexicography was strongly influenced by the already modern looking, in a humanistic spirit fashioned and very copious dictionaries of the Italian Ambrosius Calepinus (ca. 1440–1510) and the Frenchman Robert Estienne (1503–1559). But it is also true that several Netherlandic lexicographical works were adapted into other languages. There are for instance German adaptations of the Latin-Netherlandic vocabularies Gemmula Vocabulorum (1484), Vocabularius Optimus (1495), Dictionarium Gemmagemmarum (1511) and Curia Palacium (ca. 1477–85), of the topical dictionary of Petrus Apherdianus (ca. 1520–1580) and of the conversation book of Simon Verepaeus (1522–1598), there are German and Czech adaptations of the topical dictionary of Johannes Murmellius (1480–1517) and German and English adaptations of the synonym dictionary of Simon Pelegromius (ca. 1507–1572). In the Netherlands originated polyglot works, such as the Vocabulare (ca. 1530) of Noel de Berlaimont (died 1531), the Nomenclator (1567) of Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575), as well as the Calepinus Pentaglottos (1545), experienced a large international diffusion. This survey suggests that the initial phase of lexicography in Western and Central European languages can only be adequately understood if seen within an international context.
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Lakhtionova, Kateryna. „NEOLOGISMS IN THE MODERN ITALIAN LANGUAGE“. PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, Nr. 41 (2022): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2022.41.13.
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The article considers and analyzes the appearance of modern neologisms in the Italian language, the first references to the fixation of such neologisms, their use in the scientific and linguistic environment (modern lexicology). The structure of recorded new words is studied using the most common prefixes of Latin and Greek origin, nouns, adjectives and adverbs. The analysis of such vocabulary aims to explain their meaning and excludes words such as snobbery, linguistic doublets, slang and vulgarisms. Italian language, as any other language has its mechanisms of word formation and composition related to the enrichment of the vocabulary and the resolution of its lexical problems. It is not easy for Italian language to administer these mechanisms, its structures and microstructures of word formation. It is in a situation which it has to deal with the systems of word formation, which come from Latin, and also that derives from and functions from the nature of Italian. The systems of word-formation, which come from Latin, can be called to be in a “numb” situation, but also in a state that can be used dynamically in Italian language. The phenomenon of word formation stats as a morphological one, but certainly it develops and interferes as a lexical-semantic phenomenon, too. Neologisms in Italian, as in other languages, come from other foreign languages that are called “borrowed words”. Italian language, concerning neologisms, that derive other languages, has a special “attitude”, compared to other European languages. Some European languages have a more refraction attitude in relation to neologisms and their reaction is very interfering and modifying, even alternating. Whereas, concerning Italian, there is a specific reaction, which comes from the phonetic aspect. Surprisingly, phonetics seems to have a very affective role in lexicology and semantics of a language, in our case of Italian, but that does not result like this. The author's personal contribution consists in the study and systematization of modern Italian neologisms, which are recorded in modern basic dictionaries.
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Moroianu, Cristian. „Connexions interlinguistiques reflétées de manière lexicographique. Regard comparatif : roumain, italien et français“. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, Nr. 4 (30.10.2020): 281–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.17.
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"Interlanguage Connections Reflected Lexicographically. A Comparative Study of Romanian, Italian and French. The present article focuses on the concept of etymological word family and the way in which it is reflected in three Romance languages – Romanian, Italian and French – by comparing the historical and cultural journey of one single Latin etymon. I have turned my attention to the Latin verb currere and its family, which have been inherited or borrowed in the three languages under discussion. Analysing the way in which these words are presented in the representative etymological and historical dictionaries (DELR for Romanian, DHLF for French and VLI for Italian), the productivity of the main etymon and its family and, implicitly, the underlying Latin model are discussed. The analysis emphasises both the situation from each individual language, and the inter-linguistic reality, making reference to the cultural contacts existing between the three languages and societies. Starting from an individual case, the main purpose of this study is to show the hereditary and cultural unity of Romanian, Italian and French and the way it has been reflected diachronically via linguistic means. Keywords: etymological word family, borrowing, inherited word, analogy, lexical derivation."
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Chouchen, Samed. „“Ceramic” in Arabic dictionaries and some foreign dictionaries In addition to specialized investigations“. International Uni-Scientific Research Journal 5, Nr. 1 (2024): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.59271/s45296.024.1405.4.
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The term “ceramic” is still a problematic topic in the visual arts at the level of concept and terminology, specially at the level of what is related to the primary ceramic materials, its techniques, and its many and varied aesthetics. This requires putting some matters related to its connotations and meaning into perspective. For example, the word “porcelain” in the Arabic language needs some clarification, because of the generalizations it denotes, and what its synonyms mean in terms of similarity, difference, convergence, and contrast in meaning between the various dictionaries of the Arabic language, or between the dictionaries of neighboring languages of Greek and Latin origins. French, Italian, Greek, or even English itself. In view of the disparity in accuracy between Arabic dictionaries in particular, and the developments that have occurred in the concept of the word and its synonyms in them throughout the ages of the language, and the interaction between its systems and adjacent linguistic systems, it has become a necessity for research to monitor the differences in the uses of the word “porcelain” and its synonyms, in order to control Its connotations historically, and scrutinizing its concept linguistically and terminologically. In order to define this term, limit its meaning, and monitor the development that has occurred in the history of the Arabic language, this research relies on the most important Arabic dictionaries. By arranging them chronologically, he seeks to highlight similarities and differences historically, and the surrounding considerations that go back to the reality of employing the concept of “ceramics” and its fields and developments. To link the word to its era, this research refers to the dictionary and the history of its adoption in the language. The research seeks to monitor the diachronic contents of these dictionaries in order to clarify the similarities, differences, differences, and developments dictionary by dictionary, and chronologically according to chronological order.
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Morozov, Nikita V. „THE HISTORY OF BORROWINGS FROM ARABIC INTO RUSSIAN“. Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Nr. 2 (2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2018_4_2_69_78.
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Lexical level of a language is represented by authentic words and a number of loanwords from other languages. The present article focuses upon the Arabisms and the history of their appearance in the Russian language. The material for the study were etymological dictionaries. The result of the analysis enabled to compile a list of the indirect Arabisms consisting of 41 units for which it was possible to trace the stages of their introduction into Russian; these units were further sorted into subject groups. It was found that that introduction had occurred via Turkish, Latin, French, English, German, Spanish, Italian and Polish reflecting economic, political and cultural interaction of Russia with those countries. The sources of a number of Arabisms are still arguable and need further research.
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Krauze, Julia. „O najdawniejszej włoskiej leksykografii dwujęzycznej, znanej i nieznanej“. Załącznik Kulturoznawczy, Nr. 10 (31.12.2023): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zk.2023.10.20.
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On the Earliest Italian Bilingual Lexicography, Known and Unknown Since the Latin language became part of the education system, all kinds of grammatical compendiums, dictionaries, and commentaries on classical works of Greco-Roman literature have been an indispensable tool for exploring its intricacies. The turn of the 14th and 15th centuries was extremely interesting in this respect as it abounded in diverse and original works of this type, especially in Italy. The issues of studiorum humanitatis are discussed in such works as Elegantiae Linguae Latinae by Lorenzo Valle, Regulae grammaticales by Guarino Guarini, Epitoma seu Regulae constructionis and Latini sermonis emporium by Antonio Mancinelli, or the less known bilingual Glossarium by Jacopo Ursello from Roccantica. The books testify to teachers’ intentions to respond to the specific educational needs existing at that time, when it was necessary to educate students in written, spoken, and—to an increasing extent—Vulgar Latin. This article analyzes the above-mentioned Latin textbooks by Antonio Mancinelli and Jacopo Ursello, in which various aspects of Italianization operate in the light of the most important lexicographic sources of the era.
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Galati, Dario, Barbara Sini, Carla Tinti und Silvia Testa. „The lexicon of emotion in the neo-Latin languages“. Social Science Information 47, Nr. 2 (Juni 2008): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018408089079.
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This article represents the conclusion of a wide-ranging European project concerning the lexical structure of emotion in the neo-Latin languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese and Romanian. Intended to bring to light common features in these languages, as well as any peculiarities, the research project selected representative samples of emotional terms from the dictionaries of the six languages studied and analysed the similarity between these words using Scaling procedures. The graphic outputs of the Scaling procedures appear to organize the neo-Latin emotion lexicons in respect of three major dimensions that are similar to those already found in other languages: `hedonic value', `potency' and `physiological activation'. Interesting peculiarities emerged in relation to the salience of the dimensions, mainly for Romanian and Portuguese.
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Frenademez, Ulrike. „La redazione di dizionari bilingui. Confronto fra differenti sistemi linguistici sull’esempio dei recenti dizionari editi dall’Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü“. Ladinia 48 (2024): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.48.103-117.
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Although the advantages of multilingualism are important, recent studies have shown that those who interact with several idioms on a daily basis may perceive insecurities in practising the languages they know. The daily confrontation of different idioms may even compromise the correct use of one’s own idiom, considering the many linguistic interferences. The article illustrates examples of this phenomenon by examining the editing of some entries in the latest bilingual dictionaries of the Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü. The focus is on the comparison of different language systems – Ladin, Italian and German. Comparing the different idioms contributes to the development of greater metalinguistic capacity and a deeper analysis of one’s own language.
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Köning, Dirk. „Germanismen in Lo slang di Bolzano“. Ladinia 46 (2022): 137–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.46.137-188.
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This contribution discusses a dictionary analysis of Germanisms in Lo slang di Bolzano by Paolo Cagnan 2011, the first study of German lexemes in the informal registers of this variety. The aim is to determine the degree of integration into the Italian language and to compare the Germanisms with those in other specialised dictionaries. A comparison with the semantic correspondences of previous research contributions is also made. It shows that results show that the vast majority of the lexemes studied have a low degree of integration into Italian and can hardly be found in other dictionaries of neighbouring dialects or languages. This suggests that they occur exclusively in the lower registers of Bolzano Italian and indicates that the Germanisms in Lo slang di Bolzano may be highly volatile. Most of them are nouns and interjections, and only a few of them are verbs. Interestingly these verbs are mostly loan translations of particle verbs with aus- as the first element, such as ridere fuori or fare fuori; a tendency that is also evident in the Ladin rì ora and se fé ora. Compared to previous studies, mostly based on newspaper corpora, there are also considerable semantic differences because most borrowings in slang refer to the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, such as bere ad ex or monoschluck. Cagnan’s dictionary thus represents an enormous enrichment for research into the vocabulary of Bolzano and Italian in South Tyrol in general.
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Mitić, Marija. „PRIMERI EVROPSKIH IZVORA NA ROMANSKIM JEZICIMA U SLUŽBI KULTURNE BAŠTINE LESKOVCA I OKOLINE“. Leskovački zbornik LXII (2022): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lz-lxii.061m.
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e period of the establishment of fruitful trade relations between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, from the 15th to the 18th century, is actually the period when many envoys and travel writers wrote in their reports about the Balkans, including the south of Serbia, which was under foreign rule at that time. Speaking about the sources important for the study of Leskovac and its surroundings, we can say that they represent a fertile and very diverse material and we can categorize them into travel reports, travel diaries, chronicles, epistles, dictionaries and lists. Their charm is all the greater because they are written in different European languages. The largest number of sources are in the Latin language, while a certain number of sources were written and published in other Romance languages, such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, as well as in varieties of the Old Italian language. This fact sheds light on some new research that goes beyond previous conclusions based only on the analysis of Ottoman and Cyrillic sources and opens the door to some new research based on the study f sources on Roman sources that are important testimonies and an important part of the cultural heritage of the South of Serbia
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Tsybova, I. A. „On Debov’s dictionary“. Philology at MGIMO 6, Nr. 4 (28.12.2020): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2020-4-24-167-169.
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B.M. Debov’s dictionary Romanic component in rhymes of French rap (On the specificity of youth’s word-creation)”. Ivanovo: Publishing House of Ivanovo State University, 2020. – 221 p. is the continuation of the preceding works of the author – dictionaries of abbreviations and deviating from norm vocabulary of youth (verlan, rap). The selection and analysis of Romanic (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Provensal) vocabulary is an evident quality of the dictionary. Among the words forming the rhymes are internationalisms (maestro, opera, villa, etc), names of well-known national dishes (macaroni, pizza), popular Latin American dances (lambada, samba, tango) and also the names of drugs used by some youngsters (cocaїna, marijuana). One can consider rap as a source to supplement vocabulary. The dictionary by V.M. Debov is undoubtedly interesting for those who study Romanic languages.
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Štefan, Željka. „ITALIAN ENOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES - ON LINE“. Tourism and hospitality management 8, Nr. 1-2 (23.05.2017): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.8.1-2.17.
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The field of etiology abounds in technical terms. These terms are defined, explained and interpreted in terminological dictionaries of enology. The development of technology and the new media opened up the possibility for publications of dictionaries on-line. In this work we researched the dimension and the way Italian language enological dictionaries are presented on-line. We will show different approaches authors of dictionaries have when presenting enological terms. The choice of terms is approached in different ways, in its numerical proportion as in its relationship with the thematically choice and the dimension of each entry.
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Horvat, Marijana. „Glazbeno nazivlje u hrvatskim dopreporodnim rječnicima“. Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 44, Nr. 2 (2018): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31724/rihjj.44.2.7.
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U radu se istražuju primjeri glazbenoga nazivlja u dopreporodnim rječnicima s obzirom na njihova jezična obilježja, prije svega s obzirom na fonološka i tvorbena svojstva odabranih potvrda. Također su predmet analize podrijetlo naziva i načini prilagodbe stranih naziva, potvrđenost određenih naziva i njihov status u jeziku pisaca (na temelju usporedbi s pojavnicama koje donosi Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika JAZU), višeznačnost riječi općega leksika i prijenos značenja, odnosno terminološka funkcija riječi općega leksika u određenim kontekstima (npr. udarati u egede). Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni ovi rječnici: Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europae linguarum, latinae, italicae, germanicae, dalmaticae et ungaricae (1595.) Fausta Vrančića, Blago jezika slovinskoga (1649./1651.) Jakova Mikalje, rukopisni rječnik Vocabolario di tre nobilissimi linguaggi, italiano, illirico e latino (kraj 17. i početak 18. st.) Ivana Tanzlinghera Zanottija, Dizionario italiano, latino, illirico (1728.) Ardelija Della Belle, Svašta po malo iliti kratko složenje imena i riči u ilirski i njemački jezik (1761.) Blaža Tadijanovića i Ričoslovnik (Vocabolario – Wörterbuch) illiričkoga, italijanskoga i nimačkoga jezika (1803.) Josipa Voltića te u posebnom poglavlju rječnik Adama Patačića Dictionarium Latino-Illyricum et Germanicum (između 1772. i 1779.). Ovim se radom nastojalo pridonijeti dosadašnjim spoznajama o razvoju hrvatskoga glazbenog nazivlja, kao i utvrđivanju zaključaka o kontinuitetu hrvatskoga dopreporodnog glazbenog nazivlja.
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Sclafani, Marie-Denise. „Terms of Trade in Bilingual and Multilingual Dictionaries“. Verbum 12 (30.12.2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.26.
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In this article, we analyze a corpus made up of two general French-Italian and Italian-French bilingual dictionaries and two multilingual dictionaries. We take into account, in particular, the macrostructure, the microstructure, the technical terminology and the phraseology of these dictionaries. Using a magnifying glass metaphorically, we focus on the treatment of the specialty language of commerce within the articles of the general bilingual dictionaries. With regard to plurilingual dictionaries, we try to show the lexicographical choices dictated by a requirement of extreme synthesis; the size of a dictionary, especially for schools, influences not only the convenience of consultation but also the price. The prodromes of the first business specialty language dictionaries represent an interesting corpus for understanding the first steps taken by lexicographers who decided to include specialty terminology in general bilingual dictionaries or to write multilingual business dictionaries.
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Duska, Joanna, und Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld. „Parę uwag dotyczących leksemu subsumpcja i wyrazów pokrewnych“. Język Polski 101, Nr. 1 (Mai 2021): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31286/jp.101.1.9.
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The aim of this article is to present different views on the forms of the lexeme subsumpcja (‘subsumption’) and some cognate words found in Latin lexicons, the most influential dictionaries of the Polish language, Polish etymological lexicons and dictionaries of foreign words as well as The Oxford English dictionary. It is concluded that the correct form of the word is subsumpcja and it is of Latin origin.
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Bukies, Gudrun. „Die Größe ‚Gewicht‘ im deutsch-italienischen Sprachvergleich“. Linguistik Online 111, Nr. 6 (11.12.2021): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.111.8242.
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The topic of this article is ‘weight’ in the German-Italian language comparison. Which linguistic means are used to refer to weight in German (Gewicht) and what are the Italian equivalents? The material which has been collected is based on monolingual German and Italian dictionaries, reference works and text corpora as well as on bilingual German-Italian dictionaries and text excerpts.
The classification of the so-called weight designations including derivatives, composites and word combinations is carried out from an etymological and lexical perspective. In addition to the dictionary entries, German-Italian translation examples show further equivalents of terms and expressions with regards to ‘weight’ in this language pair.
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Nurieva, Fanuza Shakurovna, Gulshat Raisovna Galiullina und Airat Faikovich Yusupov. „G.F. Miller’s Dictionary “Description of Pagan Peoples Living in Kazan Province, such as Cheremis, Chuvash and Votyaks...” as a Valuable Source for Studying the Tatar Language of the 18th Century (based on LingvoDoc material)“. Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 35, Nr. 6 (2023): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2023-35(6)-17.
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This article presents the results of an analysis of three dictionaries by G.F. Miller, which were created in the 18th century and are hosted on the LingvoDoc platform (lingvodoc.ispras.ru). Miller’s manuscript dictionaries from the collection of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents (RSAAD) are introduced into scholarly discourse for the first time. The analysis reveals: 1) in the 18th century, all consonant transitions in the Tatar language had already been completed; 2) at this time, some vowels (known as the Volga region vowels) had not yet completed their transition process, and for [*o] and [*u], this process had not even begun; 3) in the 18th century, dialectal zones were already identified in the Tatar language; 4) the 1791 period Cyrillic-script dictionary differs in innovations from modern Tatar language and Latin-script dictionaries; 5) Latin-script dictionaries are closer to the modern Tatar literary language.
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Kinder, John J. „Auxiliary verbs, dictionaries and the late evolution of the Italian language“. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. Series S 18 (01.01.2004): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.18.08kin.
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The use of be as an auxiliary verb with intransitive verbs has declined in all the Romance languages over the past five centuries. Today, Spanish and Portuguese use only have, in Catalan and Romanian be occurs in marginal contexts, and in French, be is used with approximately 40 verbs. Italian is a notable exception, since be is still used as the auxiliary of nearly 300 intransitive verbs, as well as with all transitives in the passive and with all reflexives. This well-known fact is a notorious source of difficulty for language teachers and students, partly because there have been few adequate descriptions or even taxonomies of the semantic classes of intransitive verbs which take be. This paper reports an attempt to describe the selection of auxiliary verbs in Italian in terms of contemporary dictionaries of Italian. The paper offers a description of auxiliary selection based on the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy proposed by Sorace (2000), using some recent monolingual dictionaries as sources. This raises some issues about the use of dictionaries as source material for grammatical descriptions.
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Marello, Carla. „New Words and New Forms of Linguistic Purism in the 21st Century: The Italian Debate“. International Journal of Lexicography 33, Nr. 2 (25.01.2020): 168–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecz034.
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Abstract Unlike communities of speakers of other Romance languages such as French and Spanish, it has often been noticed that many Italian speakers are not particularly concerned by the inflow of foreign (mainly English) words. One reason for this, according to some scholars, is that standard Italian does not stir up linguistic identity for many native users, while English enjoys great prestige as the international language. In this paper, positions on neologisms of foreign origin are illustrated, using recently updated monolingual Italian dictionaries and also comments on neologisms collected from blogs and websites. Although they have a different status and degree of representativeness, the latter respond faster than dictionaries to doubts concerning the use of loans in Italian texts.
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Palmarini, Luca. „I toponimi nei dizionari bilingui italiano-polacco, polacco-italiano in un contesto diacronico di apprendimento“. Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 47, Nr. 2 (15.06.2020): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2020.472.007.
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The purpose of this is to analyze the toponyms present in some Italian-Polish and Polish-Italian bilingual dictionaries. After selecting a “skeleton” of the dictionaries that trace part of the history of the bilingual lexicography in question, we move on to the analysis of the toponyms used in the dictionaries. In a lexicultural context, understood as the transfer of the cultural elements of a given language, we observe the choices made by lexicographers of the different eras and try to understand the reasons, sometimes of a personal nature or dictated by the historical context, or sometimes influenced by the political system in a given country. At the same time, we want to highlight the evolution in the diachronic field that toponyms and their equivalents have had in the dictionaries in question, as well as their value in teaching a particular foreign language.
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Stray, Christopher. „Lex Wrecks: A Tale of Two Latin Dictionaries“. Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 32, Nr. 1 (2011): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dic.2011.a464160.
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Jankowiak, Lucyna Agnieszka, und Elżbieta Kędelska. „Adama Stanisława Krasińskiego zapomniany Słownik synonimów polskich i jego poprzednicy“. Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 47 (25.09.2015): 39–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2012.002.
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On Adam Stanisław Krasiński’s forgotten Słownik synonimów polskich and its predecessorsThe paper consists of two parts. The first one covers characteristics of dictionaries (dated from XVIth to XIXth century), groups of synonyms regarding mainly the Latin (e.g. Gradus ad Parnassum), which also include equivalents of national languages (especially the Calagius three-language dictionary was examined and Czech-Latin dictionaries of synonyms dated XVIth century). The second part of the paper is a discussion over methodology of the first Slavic dictionary of synonyms (Słownik synonimów polskich [Dictionary of Polish Synonyms]) by A. S. Krasiński. Not-elaborated in details so far (in the subject-matter literature) the dictionary combines a few types of dictionaries (apart from the dictionary of synonyms): general dictionary of Polish language, dictionary of phrasal verbs, language correctness dictionary, book of quotations and proverbs and translational dictionary.
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Montanay, E. A. „History of the development ofdictionaries and dictionaries ofthe Turkic language“. Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 134, Nr. 1 (2021): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2021-134-1-122-129.
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The article provides a comprehensive scientific and theoretical study of the types of dictionaries and their use from the earliest times of the Turkic languages to the present day. After the adoption of Islam, Arabic and Persian became one of the most important languages. Later, with the development of science in the West, the use of Latin and Greek languages became a trend. The article describes the internal structure and features of dictionaries used in the Ottoman era and the Turkic world. It also explains the importance of dictionaries in the Chagatai language. Dictionaries ensure thepreservation ofthe country as a nation, the steady transfer ofthe spiritualriches of people to the future.The author considers that grammar books and dictionaries are two important factors that preserve the grammatical rules and system of the language. The dictionaries of a particular language are valuable historical monuments as a study of the nature of the language of that time, as evidence ofthe level ofdevelopment ofdoctrines, andauxiliarydata showing the activevocabulary ofthattime
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Amanbayeva, A. Zh. „FEATURES OF THE ORTHOEPIC DICTIONARY IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE BASED ON THE LATIN ALPHABET“. Tiltanym, Nr. 3 (25.08.2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2020-3-46-50.
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The problem of transition of the Kazakh writing system to the Latin script is very important in modern linguistics. In this regard, there is a need to issue dictionaries in Latin script. Currently, the work “Development of a parallel orthoepic dictionary in Cyrillic and Latin graphics» is being carried out. The article deals with the features of the orthoepic dictionary in the Kazakh language based on the Latin alphabet
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Pryimak, Dmytro. „Exotic Plural Forms of Foreign Currency Names in English, French, and Italian: Grammatical, Lexicographical, and Translation (from/into Ukrainian) Perspectives“. Studies About Languages, Nr. 35 (05.12.2019): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.35.21962.
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This article analysed exotic plural forms of loanwords denoting foreign currency names in the English, French, and Italian languages, the specificities of their translation from/into Ukrainian and presentation in Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries. The findings of the research prove that there is no unequivocal approach to the use of either exotic or adapted plurals in the names of foreign currencies and coins in English, French, and Italian. The analysis of academic materials within this research allows a recommendation to consult dictionaries for correct exotic plural forms in all the three languages, recognising the appropriateness of the adaptation of borrowed plurals to the native morphological model in the French and Italian languages. In Ukrainian translations and the presentation in Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries, this approach should be preserved, with additional information provided on the donor language from which the exotic form was borrowed to ease the reader’s comprehension and choice of the plural to be used.
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Grošelj, Robert. „La pronuncia italiana per i giovani apprendenti sloveni: che cosa ne dicono i dizionari?“ Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 47, Nr. 2 (15.06.2020): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2020.472.004.
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The article deals with the representation of Italian pronunciation in five contemporary dictionaries for young Slovenian learners. As the use of a dictionary not only stimulates the development of lexical competence, but can also serve as a useful means for pronunciation learning, the article investigates five categories representing phonetic-phonological features in a dictionary: introduction to phonetics/phonology (e.g. a pronunciation guide), phonetic transcription, phonemes, consonant length and accent. The representation of these features in a dictionary for young learners should be clear and coherent, and in some cases a dictionary (especially a dictionary intended for the youngest users) should also featureaudio pronunciations. The five dictionaries analysed are fragmentary with regard to the pronunciation: only one dictionary includes audio recordings (although the relation between the spelling and the pronunciation remains unclear, as it does not include a pronunciation guide); two dictionaries include deficient phonological transcriptions and incomplete pronunciation guides; one dictionary contains only the Italian alphabet with corresponding phonemes, while another dictionary is without any elements that could familiarize a Slovenian learner with Italian pronunciation.
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Ghezzi, Chiara, und Piera Molinelli. „Politeness markers from Latin to Italian“. Periphery – Diachronic and Cross-Linguistic Approaches 17, Nr. 2 (31.12.2016): 307–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.17.2.07ghe.
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This study compares the development of the Latin and Italian politeness markers quaeso and prego (‘please’). The markers, originally performative verbs meaning ‘I ask, I pray’, have developed politeness-related functions which index the action structure (i.e., polite requests) and the exchange structure (i.e., management of turns). Such developments correlate closely with the degree of integration of the markers and with their position within the sentence. In our analysis we describe these developments in both languages using diachronically balanced corpora of texts compiled at regular intervals. We discuss the pragmaticalization paths of politeness markers considering the role of left and right peripheries against the background of Schiffrin’s (1987) model of discourse and subsequent developments (the Val.Es.Co. model). The emergence of politeness-related functions can be accounted for by considering the interaction of exchange and action structures, the type of unit of discourse where prego and quaeso appear, and the position they occupy.
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ten Hacken, Pius, und Maria Koliopoulou. „Dictionaries, Neologisms, and Linguistic Purism“. International Journal of Lexicography 33, Nr. 2 (27.05.2020): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecaa011.
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Abstract A discrepancy between the perceptions of the dictionary as gatekeepers and the dictionary as a description of the language can be observed among the general public and lexicographers. This discrepancy is particularly obvious when we consider the inclusion of neologisms. Linguistic purism is generally seen by its advocates as an effort to protect a language. It is particularly relevant when we consider borrowings. These considerations serve as a background for the special issue on New Words and Linguistic Purism, which consists of an article on the background theory, three case studies focused on German, Italian, and Slovak, and a contrastive study of German and Greek which also adds some further theoretical considerations on linguistic purism.
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WILLIAMS, D. J. „Some words used in scale insect names (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)“. Zootaxa 3087, Nr. 1 (01.11.2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3087.1.3.
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In the Introduction to the present International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) (herein referred to as the Code), there is a remark that few zoologists today or in the future can have any knowledge of the Latin language although there is adherence to Latin grammar in the Code. The present Code, nevertheless, retains the requirement that Latin or latinized adjectival species-group names must always agree in gender with the generic name with which they are combined. Furthermore, Article 30 of the Code states that a genus-group name takes the gender given for that word in standard Latin dictionaries. Moreover, Article 39.1.2.a. states that a genus-group name that is, or ends in, a Greek word transliterated into Latin without change takes the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionaries. However, such dictionaries may not be readily available to some people. The third edition of the Code, published in 1985, contained an appendix with recommendations on the formation of names that proved useful, but this section was omitted from the present edition of the Code.
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Autelli, Erica. „Genoese-Italian “vulgar” phraseology in GEPHRAS and GEPHRAS2“. Linguistik Online 118, Nr. 6 (26.12.2022): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.118.9046.
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Vulgar terms have often been avoided in language and dialect dictionaries, although one can already find many of them in historical dictionaries and they have a century-long lexicographic tradition. There is a desideratum for further studies from a contrastive perspective as only certain languages or varieties have been analysed in more detail. This paper will focus on Genoese-Italian phraseology and in particular on GEPHRAS and GEPHRAS2, which represent two new phraseographical projects that will result in one unique phraseological dictionary, which will also collect such vulgar expressions. In particular, the phrasemes based on the headwords BELLIN, BAGASCIA, CÛ, MOSSA (usually ‘cock’, ‘whore’, ‘ass’ and ‘pussy’ or ‘bollocks’) will be compared.
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Förster, Hans. „Translating from Greek as Source Language? The Lasting Influence of Latin on New Testament Translation“. Journal for the Study of the New Testament 43, Nr. 1 (September 2020): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142064x20949384.
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Translational choices in New Testament translation appear to be influenced far more strongly by the Latin tradition and Martin Luther’s towering translation than hitherto acknowledged. This contribution uses examples from the synoptic gospels to trace the influence of Martin Luther, the Vulgate, Erasmus and the Old Latin version of the New Testament in current dictionaries like the Bauer/Aland and BDAG.
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Heinz, Matthias. „Il contatto linguistico nel dizionario: italianismi e lessicografia digitale“. Ladinia 48 (2024): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.48.163-178.
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Linguistic contact manifests itself primarily in the vocabulary, giving rise to phenomena of loanwords of various kinds. Like few other languages, Italian has had and continues to play a prominent role as a contact language. As a consequence many Italian loanwords can be found in the world’s languages, enriching both sectorial languages and the common vocabulary. The preferred place to document lexical influences from other idioms are dictionaries, especially dictionaries of loanwords, now available in digital format. A new type are parallel digital repertoires such as the Osservatorio degli Italianismi nel Mondo (OIM), which, based on interconnected databases, make it possible to observe the importance of the phenomenon in a given language and to make interlinguistic comparisons with respect to the results and specific factors of historical-cultural contacts. The contribution describes the phenomenology of Italianisms, the methodology and structure of the database, and some exemplary cases of borrowings from Italian by other languages, including German.
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Merida, Raphael. „Vicissitudini lessicografiche di cocoggio e di acudia“. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 136, Nr. 1 (06.03.2020): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2020-0010.
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AbstractThe word cocuyo ‘luminous insect originating from central America’ appears in Italian texts of the last few centuries in a variety of forms. In the article, we analyse the historic events that allowed the creation and spread of the ghost-word acudia (from the original word cocuyo) and how this is present in various Italian dictionaries.
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Klosa-Kückelhaus, Annette, und Ilan Kernerman. „Converging Lexicography and Neology“. International Journal of Lexicography 34, Nr. 3 (01.09.2021): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab018.
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Abstract: This introduction summarizes general issues combining lexicography and neology in the context of the Globalex Workshop on Lexicography and Neology series. We present each of the six papers composing this Special Issue, featuring two Slavic languages (Czech and Slovak) and two Romance ones (Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish in its European and Latin American varieties) and their diverse lexicographic research and representation, in specialized dictionaries of neologisms or general language ones, in monolingual, bilingual and multilingual lexical resources, and in print and digital dictionaries.
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Dirckx, John H. „Recurring errors in medical Latin“. Terminology 4, Nr. 1 (01.01.1997): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.4.1.04dir.
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This paper records and classifies a number of common errors in the grammar and pronunciation of medical Latin, including several that appear in medical dictionaries. Most of these errors arise through mistaken analogy with unrelated grammatical forms or phonetic patterns. A discussion of their implications for communication leads to the conclusion that, although they pose little threat to the accurate preservation and transfer of data, they represent a breakdown in the coherence and consistency of a unified language system and, in some instances, a violation of internationally codified nomenclatural rules.
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Micheli, M. Silvia. „Compounding in Old Italian“. Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 44, Nr. 1 (20.09.2021): 66–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00057.mic.
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Abstract This paper provides a corpus-based analysis of compounding in Old Italian. The semantic and formal properties of compound words attested in Old Italian are described and discussed through the theoretical tools provided by Construction Morphology. The analysis confirms that compounding is exploited since the earliest attestations of the language. It reveals that Old Italian compounds are mostly right-headed endocentric or exocentric: particularly, endocentric [ADV-Y]Y, [A-N]N|A and exocentric [V-N]N are the most productive schemas. Moreover, this study highlights a significant influence of Latin on Italian compounding, whereby many Old Italian compounds are Latin loanwords and calques which served as a model for the creation of new native compounds.
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Villalva, Alina, und Esperança Cardeira. „The Compass Rose Names: Portuguese Data from Early Dictionaries and Textual Sources“. Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 44, Nr. 1 (2023): 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dic.2023.a904540.
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ABSTRACT: This paper explores the origins and evolution of cardinal point names in Portuguese. The authors draw on historical dictionaries and corpora to hypothesize that the shift from Latin to Germanic names was due to the changing paradigm of navigation across the Atlantic Ocean. The text discusses the history of the compass rose and the succession of borrowings in nautical terminology, as well as the importance of studying early dictionaries and corpora to understand lexical change over time. Ultimately, the authors conclude that the adoption of Germanic names was necessary due to the inadequacy of the old names for a new world.
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Greco, Matteo. „From Latin to Modern Italian: Some Notes on Negation“. Languages 7, Nr. 1 (24.02.2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010046.
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This article aims at investigating some diachronic aspects of the Italian negative system, considering a time span ranging from Old Latin to Modern Italian. Most of the negative polarity phenomena populating the Modern Italian system are consequences of a crucial change that occurred in Old Latin: The Latin negative morpheme nōn (“not”), which initially displayed a maximal projection status, and became a syntactic (negative) head. This change caused the shift from a double negation system to a negative concord one, which affects many Romance languages (and their dialects). It also determines the availability of the expletive reading of negation in Italian, as well as in other Romance languages (ex. French), calling for a new generalization: only languages (and structures) displaying a negative head allow the expletive interpretation of negation, languages displaying a maximal projection status do not.
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Beltrami, P. G. „ITALIAN HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES: FROM THE ACCADEMIA DELLA CRUSCA TO THE WEB“. International Journal of Lexicography 17, Nr. 4 (01.12.2004): 357–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/17.4.357.
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Greco, Paolo. „Fenomeni di Elabor Azione Sintattica in Italiano Antico: Il caso della subordinazione a verbo non finito“. Romanische Forschungen 135, Nr. 3 (01.12.2023): 283–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3196/003581223837771517.
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This paper aims at providing a discussion on ’Ausbau‘ phenomena and on the influence of Latin syntactic models in the development of ancient Italian in the 14th century. This subject is addressed through the analysis of the characteristics of non-finite subordinate clauses in five ancient Italian texts: three translations from Latin classical texts and two ’original‘ chronicles. The comparison between these two types of texts will highlight the interactions between translations and ’original‘ texts and the relevance of the notion of discourse tradition in the analysis of ’Ausbau‘ phenomena in Medieval Italian texts. Finally, a general typology of the processes of syntactic elaboration and of the relationships between Medieval Italian syntactic structures and Latin models is also provided.
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Vietri, Simonetta. „The construction of an annotated corpus for the analysis of Italian transfer predicates“. Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 37, Nr. 1 (05.09.2014): 69–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.37.1.03vie.
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I have presented in this paper some research carried out with the help of the electronic dictionaries and grammars that I built for the automatically recognition and annotation of Italian transfer predicates with a software called NooJ. The analysis of the nominal and verbal dative constructions has been carried out on the basis of the lexicon-grammar classification of Italian verbs, focusing on the various constructions produced by the application of transformations. Furthermore, particular attention has been given to the ambiguity of some dative nominal sequences. I have proposed a hypothesis that accounts for the fact that these structures, though in principle ambiguous, usually have a preferential reading, due to the adjacency of the complements. This hypothesis has been verified by applying the electronic dictionaries and grammars to an Italian corpus and the results drawn up with the automatic corpus analysis show that the most frequent dative constructions are those involving only the object. Finally, the results of this research have been compared to those drawn up by T. De Mauro (1965) in his study on the dative in classical Greek. Both results not only confirm the linguistic intuition on the preferred vs. the non-preferred interpretation, but also show the discrepancy between the theoretical dative constructions and the real usage.
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Morin, Regina. „Evidence in the Spanish language press of linguistic borrowings of computer and Internet-related terms“. Spanish in Context 3, Nr. 2 (30.08.2006): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.3.2.01mor.
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With the rise of the Internet, English has become a source of borrowing of computer terms in many languages, including Spanish. Many of these borrowings are rapidly making their way into the Spanish language press. A survey of newspapers from eight Latin American countries yielded a total of 231 lexical borrowings of different types, all related to broad fields, such as software, hardware, data, and Internet-related terms. These borrowings can be classified as loanwords, calques of various kinds, including loan translations and semantic extensions, and loanblends. Many have already appeared in monolingual Spanish dictionaries, such as the Diccionario de la Real Academia, and in a number of dictionaries of Hispanic Anglicisms.
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Seliverstova, Anastasiia. „NEOLOGISMS IN THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE AS A SOCIOLINGUISTIC PHENOMENON“. PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, Nr. 44 (2023): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2023.44.04.
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The continuous development of the language contributes to the emergence of new lexical units in it. The article is devoted to neologisms of Italian language. During the last time, a lot of new neological units appeared in the Italian language, which was due to the development of new technical terms or lexical units of social networks. Pretty often there are words in the language with a synonymous meaning, but borrowings and neologisms make the description more accurate or modern. The article describes studying the sociolinguistic aspect of Italian neologisms. The peculiarities of the classification of neologisms are indicated, and the options of the origin of neologisms are given. It is also noted that some neologisms are borrowed from English or other languages, while others are formed using word formation methods. The article examines two main groups of neologisms – combinatorial and semantic. The examples for each of the groups are given and explained. Moreover, it is mentioned how neologisms appear in dictionaries and become official lexical units.
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Yu, Elena D. „Representation of Latin American Sociolects in a Culturally Common Language Area“. Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Nr. 4 (26.08.2023): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v284.
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The article presents an overview of the most widespread Latin-American sociolects (Argentine Lunfardo, Colombian Parlache and Costa Rican Pachuco-Malespin) as well as a comparative analysis of the reflection of social realia based on them. Currently, the existing methodological framework of sociolect studies is being enriched. The emergence, functioning and influence of sociolects as factors of the society’s development are not only indicators of the ethnocultural evolution, but also signs of social transformations, which are reflected in culture and dictionaries, thus requiring turning to the theory of nominative acts. Word formation is represented by various techniques, such as syllabic inversion, truncation and lengthening of a stem, word composition, word doubling, and resemantization. The processes of sociolect dialogical interaction in the thematic lexicons of Lunfardo, Parlache and Malespin are considered. The taxonomy, usage and spread of these sociolects emphasize the social markedness they have acquired as numerous neologisms are produced: from universals to notions of various spheres of human activity. The practice-oriented study of the emergence and development of sociolects confirmed their use as a language-game, a secret language as a strategic tool in wartime, a conspiratorial language as a sign of belonging to a certain closed social group, etc. The functionality of sociolects has led to the creation and updating of specific dictionaries. Another thing Lunfardo, Parlache and Malespin have in common is cumbia, which is а popular genre of folk music in Latin America that originated in Colombia, but gained recognition throughout the continent. Its several variations reflect the identity of social environments, of which particular genres of cumbia are characteristic. The material under study is a rich palette for further interdisciplinary research with its obvious relevance considering the current conditions and trends in international relations.
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Curcio, Martina Nied. „Der Gebrauch zweisprachiger Wörterbücher aus der Sicht italienischer Gemanistikstudierender“. Lexicographica 29, Nr. 1 (November 2013): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi-2013-0009.
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AbstractThe article analyzes the use of bilingual dictionaries in the translation process of polysemic verbs from Italian into German. The polysemic verbs are described in a contrastive way in order to highlight the specific difficulties of Italian speakers who are learning German as a foreign language. The empirical research focuses on how the Italian students use their dictionary when faced with translation difficulties presented by polysemic verbs. The results show the relationship between difficulties, errors in translation and the use of the bilingual dictionary. A retrospective questionnaire demonstrate what students think about their own use of dictionary, how they approach specific hurdles in the process of translation and how a high language awareness correlates to an effective use of the dictionary.
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Słapek, Daniel. „Doppia coniugazione regolare del passato remoto in italiano contemporaneo“. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 136, Nr. 1 (06.03.2020): 246–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2020-0009.
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AbstractThe Italian preterite (passato remoto, PR) is the only verb tense that has two series of equivalent endings for a single group of verbs ending in -ere. In the PR’s actual use, one notes, however, a strong preference for choosing one of the two inflexional paradigms of a given verb, which remains unattested in Italian grammatical studies. With this article, then, I intend to examine 1) what the actual usage is of the regular inflected forms of the PR in the largest corpora of written Italian; 2) how the regular second conjugation of the PR is presented in the most important Italian dictionaries. I believe that the results of this examination provide an important contribution regarding the formation of grammatical rules pertaining to the PR, but they also contribute to the debate on grammatical norms and on the actual usage of the Italian language.
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Tintemann, Ute. „The Traditions of Grammar Writing in Karl Philipp Moritz’s (1756–1793) Grammars of English (1784) and Italian (1791)“. Historiographia Linguistica 42, Nr. 1 (26.05.2015): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.1.03tin.
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Summary Until the late 18th century, authors of vernacular grammars often adopted the categories of Latin grammar to describe these languages. However, by adapting the Latin system to English, German or Italian, grammarians could succeed only in part, because these languages work in different ways. In the present paper, the author discusses the solutions that Karl Philipp Moritz (1756–1793) proposes in his Englische and Italiänische Sprachlehre für die Deutschen, textbooks for German learners. The author analyses to what extent Moritz’s grammar descriptions were influenced by the Latin model as well as by the traditions of English and Italian grammar writing that he encountered in his sources. It will be demonstrated that he translated extensively from the works of other authors: For his English textbook (Moritz 1784), he mainly used James Greenwood’s (1683?–1737) The Royal English Grammar (1737), and for Italian (Moritz 1791), he profited especially from Benedetto Rogacci’s (1646–1719) Pratica, e compendiosa istruzione circa l’uso emendato, ed elegante della Lingua Italiana (1711).
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B. E. Borankulova. „CHALLENGES RELATED TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY“. Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Philology series, Nr. 2.2024 (28.06.2024): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/pteg8036.
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The article discusses the current state of Kazakh medical vocabulary, more specifically, its fixation in bilingual or multilingual paper or online dictionaries, as well as translation problems. This is done by overview of the translations of medical vocabulary presented in existing bilingual and multilingual (translation) printed medical dictionaries and the web-based bilingual dictionary of the Termincom.kz portal. The results of the research are as follows: First, our research identified a lack of specialized bilingual and multilingual medical dictionaries. Second, in the analyzed dictionaries, we defined several Kazakh translations for a given Russian or English medical word. Third, the source languages of most bilingual or multilingual dictionaries are Russian, English, or Latin. Finally, despite the State Terminology Committee’s approval of the term, there is a discrepancy in the use of translated terms in phrases. This phenomenon demonstrates the lengthy processes of codification, unification, and standardization of medical terms in the Kazakh terminology system. These shortcomings provide crucial insights for future research. Keywords: language policy, standardization, web-based platform, linguistic aspect, inconsistency.
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Viola, Lorella. „On the diachrony of giusto? (‘right?’) in Italian“. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 21, Nr. 1 (28.08.2020): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00037.vio.
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Abstract In Italian, the adjective giusto (‘right’) has performed the discourse function of response marker since at least 1613 (DELI 2008: 671). In this paper, I argue that the adjective has recently undertaken a new process of discoursivization, defined as the diachronic process that ends in discourse (Ocampo 2006: 317). In particular, I maintain that giusto may also serve the function of invariant tag (Andersen 2001), a linguistic item appended to a statement for the purpose of seeking mutual agreement, verification or corroboration of a claim (Millar and Brown 1979). Through diachronic lexicographic, quantitative and qualitative analyses carried out over a range of historical and contemporary dictionaries and language corpora of different varieties, the results will show that, although the use of giusto? as invariant tag is currently undocumented, records of such a use are in fact found since 1990. I explore whether there are positive correlations between the use of right? in English and the use of giusto? in real use Italian and AV dialogues.
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Camugli Gallardo, Catherine. „Niveaux de langue et variations linguistiques dans la comparaison interlangue de tables du Lexique-Grammaire“. Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 28, Nr. 2 (28.03.2006): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.28.2.02cam.
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The purpose of this study is to solve translation problems between French and Italian as they appear on the tables of the Lexique-Grammaire. These difficulties are originated by differences in speech level ; others stem from the specific usages of the Italian language (caused by regional variation, or due to specific cultural references). After reexamining the criteria traditionally used by the community of the Lexique-Grammaire, the author proposes returning to the criterium of frequency which enables one to draw a distinction between panregionalims and less extensive diatopic data and to identify specific dialectal variations. This encoding is complementary to the three usual layers of electronic dictionaries.