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1
Claes, Frans M. W. „Über die verbreitung lexikographischer werke in den Niederlanden und ihre wechselseitige beziehungen mit dem ausland bis zum jahre 1600“. Historiographia Linguistica 15, Nr. 1-2 (01.01.1988): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.03cla.
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Summary The earliest Netherlandic lexicographical works were not only strongly influenced by foreign vocabularies and dictionaries, but they also strongly influenced lexicography abroad. Adaptations of the earliest vocabularies, which mainly aimed at the learning of Latin, were produced in various countries, with the vernacular language adapted to the idiom of each country. In German speaking regions originated for instance the Vocabularius Ex quo (ca. 1400), the Liber Vagatorum> (ca. 1509) and the Synonymorum Collectanea (1513) of Hieronymus Cingularius (ca. 1464–1558), and in Italian speaking regions the polyglot Dilucidissimus Dictionarius (1477 Introito e porta), which afterwards in the Netherlands were provided with a Netherlandic text. In the middle of the 16th century Netherlandic lexicography was strongly influenced by the already modern looking, in a humanistic spirit fashioned and very copious dictionaries of the Italian Ambrosius Calepinus (ca. 1440–1510) and the Frenchman Robert Estienne (1503–1559). But it is also true that several Netherlandic lexicographical works were adapted into other languages. There are for instance German adaptations of the Latin-Netherlandic vocabularies Gemmula Vocabulorum (1484), Vocabularius Optimus (1495), Dictionarium Gemmagemmarum (1511) and Curia Palacium (ca. 1477–85), of the topical dictionary of Petrus Apherdianus (ca. 1520–1580) and of the conversation book of Simon Verepaeus (1522–1598), there are German and Czech adaptations of the topical dictionary of Johannes Murmellius (1480–1517) and German and English adaptations of the synonym dictionary of Simon Pelegromius (ca. 1507–1572). In the Netherlands originated polyglot works, such as the Vocabulare (ca. 1530) of Noel de Berlaimont (died 1531), the Nomenclator (1567) of Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575), as well as the Calepinus Pentaglottos (1545), experienced a large international diffusion. This survey suggests that the initial phase of lexicography in Western and Central European languages can only be adequately understood if seen within an international context.
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Novikova, Tatiana. „Etymological dictionaries about the sources of church Slavonic vocabulary“. Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine 29, Nr. 1 (25.02.2021): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2021.238.
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The article analyses the Church Slavonic vocabulary, which in the Ukrainian language, according to etymological dictionaries, were gone in different ways: 1) directly from the Church Slavonic language or through the literary language of the period of Kievan Rus; 2) from the Church Slavonic language through other languages: Russian, Czech or Slovak; 3) from the Church Slavonic language by the method of tracing; 4) from other languages through Church Slavonic mediation: from Ancient Greek, from Middle Greek, from Modern Greek, from Latin, from Turkic, from Hebrew, from German. The relevance of the article is determined by the need of a comprehensive analysis of Church Slavonic, which is an organic component of the Ukrainian language. The urgency of this issue in modern Ukrainian linguistics is due not only to its insufficient coverage and a certain fragmentation of the results, but also to the fact that in addition to linguistic and historical and cultural aspects, it has a certain rehabilitation orientation. The following scientific methods were used in the study: descriptive, comparative, statistical. The scientific novelty of the work is that for the first time the linguistic and extralinguistic factors of the appearance of Church Slavonic borrowings in the modern Ukrainian language, the main ways of entry of Church Slavonic into the Ukrainian language are systematically described. The results of the work show that discussions on the emergence of Church Slavonic in the Ukrainian language continue among industry experts and linguists.
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Prillop, Külli, und Kristel Ress. „Vanade sõnastike veebiandmebaas ja mida sealt leida“. Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 4, Nr. 3 (18.12.2013): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2013.4.3.08.
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Eesti keele kolm vanimat trükitud sõnastikku pärinevad 17. sajandist ja nende aines oli 21. sajandi alguseni uurijatele kättesaadav üksnes faksiimileväljaannetena. Tartu Ülikooli vana kirjakeele töörühmas on viidud need sõnastikud elektroonilisele kujule, märgendatud ja analüüsitud, samuti on publitseeritud kahe sõnastiku (Heinrich Stahli 1637. aasta saksa-eesti sõnastik, Heinrich Gösekeni 1660. aasta saksaladina- eesti sõnastik) uusväljaanded (vastavalt 2002, 2012). Uusväljaandeid koostades saadud andmekogu on rakendatud sõnastike veebiversioonide loomiseks olemasoleva vana kirjakeele andmebaasi juurde (http://www.murre.ut.ee/vakkur/sonastikud). Artiklis kirjeldatakse Stahli ja Gösekeni sõnaraamatute põhjaeestikeelse ainese uurimise eripära, piiranguid ja tulevikuvaateid rõhuasetusega pooleliolevate veebisõnastike koostamisele. Tuuakse näiteid nii algsetest 17. sajandi sõnastikest kui ka nende uusversioonidest pabersõnastikuna ja veebis. Esimest korda esitatakse võrdlevaid arvandmeid nende kahe praeguseks põhjalikumalt läbi töötatud sõnastiku kohta. Antakse ülevaade Stahli ja Gösekeni sõnaraamatu märksõnadest, korduvatest ja ainukordsetest vastetest, sõnaliigilisest koosseisust ja muutevormidest.Online database of old Estonian dictionaries and what is to be found there. The three oldest printed dictionaries of Estonian originate from the 17th century. Their contents were available only in the form of facsimiles until the 21st century. The Old Literary Estonian working group of the University of Tartu has digitalised the dictionaries and published novel paper versions of two dictionaries (Stahl’s German-Estonian dictionary of 1637 and Göseken’s German-Latin-Estonian dictionary of 1660). The work was based on a methodology developed by the working group for the compilation of new versions with reversed language pairs. The data sets so created were used to produce the online versions of the dictionaries (http://www.murre.ut.ee/vakkur/sonastikud) to offer enthusiasts more ways to access the unique subject matter of the dictionaries. This article describes the nature, limitations and prospects of studying the Estonian language material of the Stahl and Göseken dictionaries, focusing on the current compilation of online dictionaries. For the first time, comparative figures are provided on the two German-Estonian dictionaries, which have been thoroughly studied: an overview is given of keywords, recurring and unique matches, parts of speech and inflections.
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Morozov, Nikita V. „THE HISTORY OF BORROWINGS FROM ARABIC INTO RUSSIAN“. Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Nr. 2 (2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2018_4_2_69_78.
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Lexical level of a language is represented by authentic words and a number of loanwords from other languages. The present article focuses upon the Arabisms and the history of their appearance in the Russian language. The material for the study were etymological dictionaries. The result of the analysis enabled to compile a list of the indirect Arabisms consisting of 41 units for which it was possible to trace the stages of their introduction into Russian; these units were further sorted into subject groups. It was found that that introduction had occurred via Turkish, Latin, French, English, German, Spanish, Italian and Polish reflecting economic, political and cultural interaction of Russia with those countries. The sources of a number of Arabisms are still arguable and need further research.
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Haldenwang, Sigrid. „Zu den Bedeutungen einiger im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen bezeugten Substantive: Fisimatenten, Kramantes, Mäuse, Schnörkel, Spamponaden; Ambāgesz, Fortomäntul, Matāni (Matānyǝ)“. Germanistische Beiträge 49, Nr. 1 (01.12.2023): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gb-2023-0010.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to elaborate on the nouns listed in the title based on selected vernacular records, which in a certain phrase, but also by themselves, express the meanings making troubles/difficulties and seeking excuses/evasions . First of all, Transylvanian Saxon and High German respectively the German colloquial language have these lexemes in common, as well as vernacular words that do not belong to this linguistic level. Furthermore, it should be clarified that these vernacular words are attested in different sound variants from case to case in the Rhenish, in the Palatine and in the Bavarian-Austrian vernaculars, in the same or similar meanings in corresponding vernacular dictionaries. Transylvanian Saxon proper vocabulary is represented by a borrowing from Latin and two borrowings from Romanian. The dialect documents presented in the article are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary, its archive, the North Transylvanian Dictionary as well as from dialect and specialist literature. The etymological explanations respectively the etymological considerations of the analyzed lexemes have been prepared mainly based on relevant specialist dictionaries.
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Frenademez, Ulrike. „La redazione di dizionari bilingui. Confronto fra differenti sistemi linguistici sull’esempio dei recenti dizionari editi dall’Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü“. Ladinia 48 (2024): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.48.103-117.
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Although the advantages of multilingualism are important, recent studies have shown that those who interact with several idioms on a daily basis may perceive insecurities in practising the languages they know. The daily confrontation of different idioms may even compromise the correct use of one’s own idiom, considering the many linguistic interferences. The article illustrates examples of this phenomenon by examining the editing of some entries in the latest bilingual dictionaries of the Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü. The focus is on the comparison of different language systems – Ladin, Italian and German. Comparing the different idioms contributes to the development of greater metalinguistic capacity and a deeper analysis of one’s own language.
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Merše, Majda. „Bohoričev prispevek slovenskemu slovaropisju“. Stati inu obstati, revija za vprašanja protestantizma 16, Nr. 32 (20.12.2020): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2590-9754.16(32)247-267.
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Bohorič’s Contribution to Slovene Lexicography Lexicography was one of Bohorič’s central activities devoted to the 16th-century Slovene literary language. He is believed to be the author of three types of dictionaries: (1) a lost trilingual glossary with Latin as the source language, compiled for pedagogical use (Nomenclatura trium linguarum, ca. 1580); (2) the index in DB 1584 (perhaps also the shorter one in DB 1578), which contains also dialectal synonyms as well as equivalents from Croatian dialects and thus enables understanding of the central-Slovene lexicon; (3) six Slovene-Latin-German glossaries included in the grammar Arcticae horulae ſucciſivae (1584): the first three described nomina (nouns and adjectives) of all three genders, while the other three described verbs of the main three conjugation types (-am, -em, -im). In terms of their informativity, the glossaries included in the grammar are of several different types. In addition to grammatical information contributing to a better knowledge of the 16th-century Slovene literary language, they also provide lexicological information closely related to the modes of lexicographic presentation. Both features are an important contribution to the beginnings and further development of Slovene lexicography. Slovene headwords are semantically defined by their foreign-language equivalents. In addition, their semantic structure is outlined by one-word or phraseological subentries (with attested meanings, sub-meanings, and terms for specific types, such as štala ‘barn’—volovska štala ‘oxen barn’, ovčja štala ‘sheep barn’, kozja štala ‘goat barn’; set phrases with established use). Entries with subentries and the order of entries itself also bring into focus various types of semantic relations between lexical items, including synonymy, where pairs of loan and native synonyms stand out in particular (e.g. punt—zaveza ‘bond’, gmerati—množiti ‘to multiply’); antonymy (e.g. čast ‘honor’—nečast ‘disgrace’); the semantic difference between the source word and its derivative (e.g. kamen ‘stone’—kamčič ‘little stone’). Verbal entries with added subentries demonstrate various types of formation of aspectual pairs, e.g. sejati—obsejati ‘to sow’, nagniti—nagibati ‘to lean’. In cases where members of the pair differ by the type of action (e.g. gibati se—ganiti se ‘to move’), the semantic difference is added to the aspectual one. A re-comparison of Bohorič’s glossaries and Megiser’s dictionaries—his quadrilingual dictionary with German as the source language (MD 1592) and multilingual dictionary with Latin as the source (MTh 1603)—that included data on how widely the usage of this lexicon was spread, confirmed the hypothesis that the glossaries were one of Megiser’s main lexicographic sources of Slovene equivalents. (This data is one of the results of the complete excerption of the Slovene texts in book publications in the period of 1550–1603). Megiser’s consideration of Bohorič’s glossaries is most clearly evident in approximately 90 words that cannot be found in other works. In addition, the glossaries proved to be a useful reference work for citing widespread and commonly used lexicon. A typological difference between the compared lexicographic works is reflected in differences in their informativity as well as in the number of foreign-language equivalents and included Slovene equivalents. The increased number of Slovene synonyms in Megiser’s multilingual dictionaries was the result of Megiser’s inclusion of the Register (1584) and his ever-improving knowledge of the Slovene literary language and some Slovene dialects (e.g., Carinthian). Keywords: Adam Bohorič, lexicography, glossaries in Bohorič’s grammar, dictionary informativity, Megiser’s multilingual dictionaries
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Rusnak, Natalia, und Yulia Rusnak. „BORROWINGS IN THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF YUZHINETS DIALECT OF THE KITZMAN DISTRICT OF CHERNOVTSI REGION“. Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 2, ezs.swu.v18i2 (30.06.2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i2.3.
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In modern society there are two ambivalent trends – globalization and humanization. In the humanization line we observe an interest to such linguistic fields as dialectology. Research of dialect speech has become especially relevant. Nowadays dictionaries and monographic descriptions of individual dialects are made. The village Yuzhinets of the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region as part of Northern Bukovina has passed a difficult historical path. The course of historical events left traces in the vocabulary of Bukovinian dialects. A specific feature of Yuzhinets dialect vocabulary is borrowed dialectisms. In Yuzhinets dialect a lot of dialectisms which were borrowed from the Romanian, Polish, German languages function; they also have preserved the Turkic, Greek, Latin, Russian, Czech and Bulgarian elements. A large number of Yuzhinets dialectisms of the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region are original Ukrainian words whose source is the Pre-Slavic language, which testify to a single linguisticshaped world of the Ukrainian nation. Among the borrowed dialectisms of the village of Yuzhinets we can distinguish several groups: words which were borrowed with the same meaning and adapted to the phonetic and grammatical patterns of the dialect language; words, whose meaning was changed and adapted by the lexico-semantic dialect system. Some dialecticisms have come a long way in forming, getting from one language to another, changing their meaning. For some borrowed dialectictisms of the village of Yuzhinets the Bulgarian language has become an intermediary language.
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Dzhusupov, Mahabet. „Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language — heritage of the Russian and world linguistics (pro-Fasmer)“. Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, Nr. 3 (Mai 2019): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.3-19.068.
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The article deals with the problem of culture of scientific discussion on the material of antifasmer content of V.L. Pisanov’s article in the “Literaturnaya gazeta” “The mine, which was planted by Max Fasmer”. The author of the article attributes antirussism, adherence to fascist ideology, extensive to Indo-European bias of M. Fasmer in the process of creating four-volume Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language. All topics above do not content in the Dictionary. Compliance with a culture of the scientific discussion is the basis of a scientific development. It is observed in all works, including in V.V. Ivanov’s, O.O. Suleymenov’s investigations of the ancient origin of a word and script. The Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language is the unique work, which was created by the great scientist, humanitarian scientist, who stands on a fundamental platform of objectivity and verity of science. M. Fasmer considers a science as supranational, supraindividual, supraideological occurrence of an attitude reality and its relation to humanity on the whole. M. Fasmer appeals to living and dead languages: Slavic, German, Roman, Turkic, Latin, Greek etc. to define an ethymon of a word. Ethymon of a word could be found not only in the Russian or another Slavic languages, but also in languages of other families (Indo-European, Ural-Altai etc.). Such objective scientific analysis, scientific search of M. Fasmer is necessity for carry outing an ethymological investigavtion, thus mutual action, mutual influence of languages and cultures rest indelible mark from the ancient times in modern national languages and cultures. Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language of M. Fasmer is a model for creating ethymological dictionaries on the material of other languages. Antifamerity of V.L. Pisanov in scientific terms is antiobjective, antievidential, anticultural, antihumane statement. M. Fasmer and his four-volume Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language is pro-Fasmer, pro-ethymology, pro-scientifity, pro-humanity.
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Alber, Birgit, Joachim Kokkelmans und Stefan Rabanus. „Preconsonantal s-retraction in the Alps: Germanic, Romance, Slavic“. STUF - Language Typology and Universals 74, Nr. 1 (29.03.2021): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2021-1022.
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Abstract Middle and Upper German dialects exhibit a phonological process of s-retraction neutralizing alveolar [s] to palatoalveolar [ʃ] in preconsonantal contexts. Based on a corpus of dialect data from own fieldwork, dialect atlases and dictionaries, we examine this process in Germanic, Romance and Slavic varieties of the Eastern Alps. It is attested in most Germanic varieties and in Ladin and Rumantsch, but not in other Romance varieties or in the Slovenian dialects of the region. We propose that the emergence of s-retraction may be supported by language contact, but crucially relies on specific diachronic changes affecting the sibilant inventories of the varieties displaying it.
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Köning, Dirk. „Germanismen in Lo slang di Bolzano“. Ladinia 46 (2022): 137–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.46.137-188.
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This contribution discusses a dictionary analysis of Germanisms in Lo slang di Bolzano by Paolo Cagnan 2011, the first study of German lexemes in the informal registers of this variety. The aim is to determine the degree of integration into the Italian language and to compare the Germanisms with those in other specialised dictionaries. A comparison with the semantic correspondences of previous research contributions is also made. It shows that results show that the vast majority of the lexemes studied have a low degree of integration into Italian and can hardly be found in other dictionaries of neighbouring dialects or languages. This suggests that they occur exclusively in the lower registers of Bolzano Italian and indicates that the Germanisms in Lo slang di Bolzano may be highly volatile. Most of them are nouns and interjections, and only a few of them are verbs. Interestingly these verbs are mostly loan translations of particle verbs with aus- as the first element, such as ridere fuori or fare fuori; a tendency that is also evident in the Ladin rì ora and se fé ora. Compared to previous studies, mostly based on newspaper corpora, there are also considerable semantic differences because most borrowings in slang refer to the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, such as bere ad ex or monoschluck. Cagnan’s dictionary thus represents an enormous enrichment for research into the vocabulary of Bolzano and Italian in South Tyrol in general.
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Chusuwan, Kritsada, und Andrey Ivanov. „Determining and Establishing A General Classification of Prefixes and Prefixoids for Nouns in Multistructural Languages (A Case Study of Russian, German, and Thai Languages)“. Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, Nr. 50 (30.06.2020): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-50-2-91-110.
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This article examines the problem of classifying prefixes and prefixoids or half-prefixes for nouns in multistructural languages. The concept of prefixes and prefixoids in multistructural languages is debatable due linguists’ different points of view, therefore, the same word-formation formant (prefix for nouns, in this context) can receive different names, such as prefix, prefixoid, confix, preconfix, initial or the first part of compound words or an element of compound words; in addition, in multistructural languages the same word-formation formant of foreign origin, especially Greek and Latin, may be considered and classified according to many other different criteria, proposed by linguists. The relevance of the study is enhanced by the need to define and classify prefixes and prefixoids for nouns in multistructural languages (namely in Russian, Thai, and German) in a new way. The authors seek to determine and classify prefixes and prefixoids by establishing the most suitable criteria in the languages under analysis after an in-depth review of existing systems proposed by other linguists. As material for selective analysis, they use lexemes recorded in word-formation and explanatory dictionaries as well as data from relevant research by Russian and foreign linguists. Using the comparative approach, they attempt to establish the general criteria that would enable scholars to define and classify noun prefixes and prefixoids in multistructural languages, thus simplifying the existing system of analysis and classification. The results of this study may be used both as a tool for modeling prefixal derivatives of nouns in multistructural languages and as a constructive stepping stone for further similar research in word formation of multistructural languages.
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Волкова, Алевтина Борисовна, und Юрий Викторович Кобенко. „PSEUDO-BORROWED ONYMS IN THE GERMAN LITERARY LANGUAGE: ASPECT OF WORD FORMATION“. Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, Nr. 4(222) (15.07.2022): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2022-4-7-14.
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Введение. Онимная лексика в разряде немецких псевдозаимствований представляется в настоящее время малоизученной. Если псевдозаимствования традиционно рассматриваются в этимологическом и словообразовательном аспекте, то в практике анализа онимного разряда и его этимологических сегментов большую роль играет выделение ономастических субклассов псевдозаимствованных онимов, констелляция которых определяется характером эмпирического материала. Обращение к способам и моделям словообразования обусловлено необходимостью выделения структурно-системных признаков исследуемых единиц и их роли в псевдоиноязычном имяречении средствами немецкого литературного языка.Цель – определить способы и модели образования онимов в классе немецких псевдозаимствований.Материал и методы. Эмпирической базой исследования являются 190 псевдозаимствованных онимов, отобранных с учетом критериев апостериорности, нарушенной обратимости и принадлежности к классу nomina propria из ряда немецкоязычных печатных и онлайн-изданий, среди которых переводные комиксы, ономастические регистры и регулярно обновляемые словарные издания Duden и DWDS. Словарный поиск велся преимущественно при использовании слов-маркеров, содержащих немецкий конфикс «pseudo-». В качестве эпистемологического фундамента анализа избран структурно-системный подход, целью имплементации которого выступает раскрытие структурных особенностей исследуемого словарного множества. Для анализа материала использован корпус обще- и частнонаучных методов. Общенаучными методами выступили приемы логики (анализ, синтез, сравнение, обобщение) и статистики (квантитативные методы, метод группировки), частнонаучными (лингвистическими) – методы структурной лингвистики (метод компонентного анализа и традиционно-комплексный метод).Результаты и обсуждение. Большую часть сегментов эмпирического корпуса данного исследования составляют псевдогаллицизмы первой и второй групп, а также псевдолатинизмы. Несмотря на то, что галлицизмы второй группы и псевдолатинизмы образованы от элементов, заимствованных из мертвых галльского и латинского языков, они продолжают использоваться в немецкой литературной речи. Большое разнообразие субклассов представляют псевдолатинизмы, среди которых встречаются антропонимы, большое количество эргонимов, прагматонимы, пейзонимы и разряд фикционимов в субклассе антропонимов. Имена героев комиксов в переводе на немецкий язык, представленные разрядом фикционимов и субклассом антропонимов, образованы с помощью разнообразных словообразовательных моделей. Кроме того, одно из рассматриваемых в данной работе вымышленных имен героев в сегменте псевдоиспанизмов, обладает наибольшей лексической длиной (11 элементов). Таким образом, можно сделать предположение о том, что благодаря такому разнообразию способов образования лексических единиц авторам и переводчикам комиксов удается передать экспрессию и в определенной степени отличительные черты некоторых героев. Словообразовательные возможности псевдозаимствованных онимов в немецком языке в значительной степени зависят от того, какие сегменты и субклассы образуют эмпирический корпус.Заключение. Предлагаемый материал призван расширить представления о природе псевдозаимствований в немецкой литературной речи и углубить дифференциацию онимного и апеллятивного разрядов данного класса лексики. Результаты могут быть использованы в лексикографических и учебных целях, в практике перевода и преподавания современного немецкого языка. Introduction. The onymic vocabulary in the category of German pseudo-borrowings is currently understudied. While pseudo-borrowings are traditionally considered in the etymological and word-formation aspect, in the practice of analysis of the onymic category and its etymological segments a great role is played by the selection of onomastic subclasses of pseudo-borrowed onyms, the constellation of which is determined by the nature of the empirical material. The appeal to ways and models of word formation is conditioned by the necessity to highlight the structural and systemic features of the studied units and their role in the pseudo-foreign naming by means of the German literary language.The aim of the paper is to identify the ways and models of onym formation in the German pseudo-borrowings class.Material and research methods. The empirical basis for the study is 190 pseudo-borrowed onyms, selected according to the criteria of posteriority, impaired reversibility and belonging to the class nomina propria from a number of German-language print and online editions, including translated comics, onomastic registers and regularly updated dictionaries Duden and DWDS. The dictionary search was carried out mainly with the use of marker words containing the German confix “pseudo-”. The epistemological basis of the analysis is the structural-systems approach, the implementation of which is aimed at revealing the structural features of the studied vocabulary set. A corpus of general and special scientific methods was used to analyze the material. General scientific methods were the methods of logic (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization) and statistics (quantitative methods, the method of grouping), private scientific (linguistic) – methods of structural linguistics (method of component analysis and traditional-complex method). Results and discussion. Most of the empirical corpus segments of this study consist of pseudo-Gallicisms of the first and second groups as well as pseudo-Latinisms. Although the Gallicisms of the second group and Pseudo-Latinisms are derived from elements borrowed from dead Gallic and Latin, they continue to be used in German literary speech. A great variety of subclasses are represented by pseudo-Latinisms, among which there are anthroponyms, a large number of ergonyms, pragmatonyms, peisonyms and a class of fictionyms in the subclass of anthroponyms. The names of comic book characters translated into German, represented by the class of fictionyms and the subclass of anthroponyms, are formed using a variety of word-formation models. In addition, one of the fictional character names considered in this paper, in the segment of pseudo-Hispanisms, has the greatest lexical length (11 elements). Thus, it can be assumed that thanks to such a variety of ways to form lexical units the authors and translators of comics manage to convey the expression and, to a certain extent, the distinctive features of certain characters. The word-formation possibilities of pseudo-usage onyms in German depend on which segments and sub-classes form the empirical corpus.Conclusion. The proposed material is intended to expand the understanding of the nature of pseudo-borrowings in German literary speech and to deepen the differentiation of onymic and appellative categories of this class of vocabulary. The results can be used for lexicographical and educational purposes, in translation practice and in the teaching of modern German.
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Zharov, Boris. „From the history of Danish-Russian bilingual lexicography. Ivan Stscelkunoff (1870–1966) and his dictionary“. Scandinavian Philology 20, Nr. 1 (2022): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.112.
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The first Danish-Russian dictionary (Dansk-Russisk Ordbog) was published in Denmark in 1949. Author Ivan Stchelkunoff was born in Copenhagen to a family that moved from Russia. He received a good education, studied at the prestigious Metropolitan School, then at the University of Copenhagen, majoring in Latin, Greek and English. In 1901–1910 he was an Orthodox deacon in Athens. The years after returning to Denmark until 1917 were very successful. He was priest of the Imperial Diplomatic Mission of Russia, priest of the Alexander Nevsky Church in Copenhagen. He implemented several projects related to Russia. He published a book based on the history of Russia, Letters of Empress Catherine to the Dowager Queen Juliane Maria, a translation of I. S. Turgenev’s novel The Day Before, Russian Textbook for Beginners, Russian Commercial Correspondence, and two pocket dictionaries: Danish-Russian and Russian- Danish. In the early 1920s he moved from Copenhagen to Bornholm, where he became a teacher. He told about his life in the book Fifty years under the golden domes. Denmark, Greece, Russia. The publication of translations of L. N. Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina and two Ehrenburg books belongs to this period. In 1945, after the surrender of Germany, Soviet soldiers had to liberate the island due to the ridiculous orders of the German command. In 1945–1946, when they were on the island, Stchelkunoff was “an interpreter for Russian soldiers.” The Danish-Russian dictionary was created for a long time, from 1934 to 1946. In the preface, the author expresses gratitude to professor Holger Pedersen, who helped him. The dictionary was published in 1949 shortly after the adoption of changes in Danish spelling, but they could not be taken into account. Danish-Russian Dictionary is aimed at Danish users “who want to learn Russian, but it can be useful for Russians who want to get directly acquainted with Danish literature while reading.” Therefore, the author made do with minimal grammatical explanations. There are no lists of abbreviations and geographical names that are given in the corpus. The dictionary is satisfactory for this volume (about 30.000 words), although there are non-obvious lexemes for this pair of languages. In general, the dictionary can be assessed as reliable, conscientiously made and very timely appeared.
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Ūdre, Sandra. „LATGALIAN, LITHUANIAN AND BELORUSIAN LEXICON, CONNECTED WITH TRADE“. Via Latgalica, Nr. 6 (31.12.2014): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2014.6.1664.
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<p>Market as a cultural and historical social phenomenon enchains researchers in many respects. There must be mentioned significant studies on the market in Latgalian and Lithuanian culture, carried out by Angelika Juško-Štekele, Daina Kraukle and Gintautas Mažeikis, but Sylvia Papaurėlytė has focused on the market in the aspect of language world, particularly paying attention to trade-related Belarusian lexicon in transaction documents of the 15–17th century. The goal of the study is applying linguo-cultural approach to compare contrastively the designation of trading process, the persons, involved in trade, currency, as well as related phraseology parallels in Latgalian, Lithuanian and Belarusian language. The selected sources are most significant lexicography literature, modern electronic dictionaries and contemporary text corpora and Latgalian press.</p><p>The lexeme торгъ ‘market’ frequently used in Belarusian transaction documents of the 15–17th century maintains its topicality in Latgalian and Lithuanian literature.The lexeme of the same root torgi ‘auction’ is frequently used in Latgalian press in the 20s–30s of the 20th century. With the strengthening of Catholicism, in the 17th century market process was related to the church rebate and the Belarusian word кiрмаш ‘market’ (< German Kirchmesse) was introduced into Latgalian language.</p><p>The synonyms of the designation of the person, who is engaged in trading, form several lexical thematic groups (distinguished as a basic occupation, by the sold goods, by trading type, by the function to be performed). Trade-related denotative components do not appear in Latgalian lexicon, but the lexical meaning of Latgalian lexeme žyds ‘Jew’ is associated with the Jewish basic occupation.</p><p>Both in archaeological and ancient texts there can be found the names of the coins, which demonstrate a great diversity of monetary units, but only a few historical monetary unit names are used in the recent time language and are well-established in phraseology. The most popular name in Latgalian, Lithuanian and Belarusian language is grass–grošis–грош ‘groat’.</p><p>The word index of the first Latgalian book “Evangelia toto anno 1753”, which is the New Testament excerpta, shows, that the word grass, that is indistinctive to biblical texts, is found 12 times. This lexeme can also be found in Jan Kurmin’s Polish-Latin-Latvian dictionary: Grosz. Nummus. Groszys, v. Dzienuszka (Kurmin 1858: 36). In Latgalian and Lithuanian texts the word grass–grošis is used with the meaning ‘small amount of money’.</p><p>A phraseological component grass–grošis–грош maintains the semantics of a small amount of money and something worthless. There can be found parallels of a variety of phraseological units in all three languages, which most directly shows the common understanding of the value of money. The word skatikas appears in Lithuanian phraseological units as a synonym of the same semantics of worthless money.</p><p>A kopeck–kapeika–капейкa unlike grass–grošis–грош is a small unit, but a ruble, rublis–rublys–рубль is a large monetary unit (sova kapeika lobuoka par cara rubli ‘own kopeck is better than the tsar’s ruble’). In phraseological units with the component kopeck–kapeika–капейкa there appears the motive of saving and earning money, though it is a small amount of money (sova kapeika teik ‘some kopeck is gotten’; kapeika įkrito į delną ‘a little money is earned’; капейкa ў капейку ‘kopeck to kopeck’; жывая капейкa ‘profitable’).</p><p>Historicisms such as červoncs ‘tenner’ and dukats ‘ducat’ are less popular in Latgalian texts.</p><p>There can be concluded, that Latgalian language of three languages discussed above reflects the least trade-related nuances and Latgalians feel themselves as passive victims of transactions done by others.</p>
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Jankowiak, Lucyna Agnieszka. „Leksykografia Andrzeja Calagiusa. Uwagi wstępne“. Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 28, Nr. 2 (27.12.2021): 43–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2021.28.2.3.
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The aim of this article is to review the lexicography of Andrzej Calagius, to present a list of his dictionaries of synonyms and to correct the misinformation about his dictionaries. The article describes three German-Polish-Latin editions (1579, 1595, 1602), one German-Latin edition (1597), and two Latin editions (1592 and 1594). It also proves that these multilingual editions are not revised versions of the 1579 edition but independent dictionaries.
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Sadivakasovna, Rahimova Shaxlo. „DESCRIPTION OF GERMAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES“. European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 4, Nr. 4 (01.04.2024): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-04-04-28.
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The functioning of language is associated with the disappearance of certain words, with the emergence of new ones, with the change in the meaning or stylistic status of words. Each of the ways of developing the vocabulary of the German language has its own characteristics. The paper draws attention to these features. The paper describes verbal neoplasms not registered in dictionaries until the middle of the 20th century, selected from the texts of the German newspapers “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, “Frankfurter Allgemeine”, “Der Spiegel”, “Joe”, “Alles für die Frau”, “GEO” and others. The study considers the linguistic material of some dictionaries published in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, including dictionaries of colloquial youth vocabulary. So, the main idea of this article is to highlight the peculiarities of word formation in German linguistics through the history.
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Sadivakasovna, Rahimova Shaxlo. „DESCRIPTION OF GERMAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES“. European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 4, Nr. 4 (01.04.2024): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-04-04-29.
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The paper defines the ways and peculiarities of word formation in modern German language. The paper deals with one of theways of enriching the verb vocabulary in the modern German language, in particular wordbuilding. In the result of the analysis of the language material, the most productive models and means of the word-building of the verbs are emphasized including word-building models borrowed from other languages. The vocabulary of the language, being a system, is in constant motion. The functioning of language is associated with the disappearance of certain words, with the emergence of new ones, with the change in the meaning or stylistic status of words. Each of the ways of developing the vocabulary of the German language has its own characteristics. The paper draws attention to these features. The paper describes verbal neoplasms not registered in dictionaries until the middle of the 20th century, selected from the texts of the German newspapers “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, “Frankfurter Allgemeine”, “Der Spiegel”, “Joe”, “Alles für die Frau”, “GEO” and others. The study considers the linguistic material of some dictionaries published in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, including dictionaries of colloquial youth vocabulary. So, the main idea of this article is to highlight the peculiarities of word formation in German linguistics through the history.
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Akhmetsagirova, Leysan I. „Phonetic information in Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries compiled in Germany in the 19th century“. Voprosy leksikografii, Nr. 23 (2022): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/23/3.
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The article presents the results of the study of phonetic information provided in Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries which were compiled in Germany in the 19th century. The relevance of this research is determined by the lack of metalexicographic works on a detailed analysis of this issue. According to their title pages and prefaces, most of the Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries were addressed equally to Germanspeaking and Russian-speaking users. The comparative study applied in this research shows how German lexicographers meet the need of both target groups for pronunciation information. In the course of the research, we studied the bilingual Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries in relation to the formats of presenting phonetic information, the sound composition of Russian and German words, and of recording their prosodic characteristics (stress). The research reveals that German lexicographers of the 19th century paid considerable attention to the elaboration of phonetic information which was presented in the analyzed dictionaries in two formats. Information on pronunciation was either shown in dictionary entries or given separately outside the lemma list in the surrounding text (in phonetic appendices and tables). The most commonly used format is the presentation of the pronunciation directly in dictionary entries. By the end of the century, phonetic information was additionally introduced in the macrostructure of the dictionaries in the form of phonetic appendices/notes or alphabet tables with pronunciation rules. The problem of the accurate representation of the sound composition of words was not acutely posed in the dictionaries. Apparently, the reason is that pronunciation in Russian and German was quite in line with spelling so that why this type of information could be basically left out. Nevertheless, in some dictionaries, this phonetic parameter found some elaboration. In most cases, the sound composition was represented only for Russian words. All Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries indicated word stress. But in most dictionaries, stress is placed only on Russian words. Only in three dictionaries, lexicographers indicated the position of stress on words of both languages. The analysis shows that information on pronunciation recorded for Russian words was slightly more elaborated than for German ones. It means that the main target group of these dictionaries were still German-speaking users. Based on the results of the research, a conclusion is made that German lexicographers tried in their own way to meet the requirements of the users and to make their dictionaries as user-friendly as possible. This experience is very valuable and of undoubted interest for contemporary lexicography. Therefore, there is a need in further special investigations dealing with these dictionaries. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
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Duska, Joanna, und Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld. „Parę uwag dotyczących leksemu subsumpcja i wyrazów pokrewnych“. Język Polski 101, Nr. 1 (Mai 2021): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31286/jp.101.1.9.
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The aim of this article is to present different views on the forms of the lexeme subsumpcja (‘subsumption’) and some cognate words found in Latin lexicons, the most influential dictionaries of the Polish language, Polish etymological lexicons and dictionaries of foreign words as well as The Oxford English dictionary. It is concluded that the correct form of the word is subsumpcja and it is of Latin origin.
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Minuț, Ana-Maria, und Ion Lihaciu. „Observații cu privire la unele dicționare germano-române din secolul al XIX-lea“. Anuar de lingvistică şi istorie literară 63, Nr. 2023 (30.11.2023): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/alil.2023.02.
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The observations stated in this article focus on the composition of the word lists and the way of organizing the lexical material in some German-Romanian dictionaries from the 19th century. On the one hand, we analyse the role of German-Romanian dictionaries in putting into circulation and popularizing in Romanian a large number of Latin-Romanic neologisms. On the other hand, we focus on their different ways of organizing the dispersed lexical material by the separate registration of the polysemantic, or concentrated word meanings, by including words from an entire lexical family in the same lexicographic article.
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Nurieva, Fanuza Shakurovna, Gulshat Raisovna Galiullina und Airat Faikovich Yusupov. „G.F. Miller’s Dictionary “Description of Pagan Peoples Living in Kazan Province, such as Cheremis, Chuvash and Votyaks...” as a Valuable Source for Studying the Tatar Language of the 18th Century (based on LingvoDoc material)“. Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 35, Nr. 6 (2023): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2023-35(6)-17.
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This article presents the results of an analysis of three dictionaries by G.F. Miller, which were created in the 18th century and are hosted on the LingvoDoc platform (lingvodoc.ispras.ru). Miller’s manuscript dictionaries from the collection of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents (RSAAD) are introduced into scholarly discourse for the first time. The analysis reveals: 1) in the 18th century, all consonant transitions in the Tatar language had already been completed; 2) at this time, some vowels (known as the Volga region vowels) had not yet completed their transition process, and for [*o] and [*u], this process had not even begun; 3) in the 18th century, dialectal zones were already identified in the Tatar language; 4) the 1791 period Cyrillic-script dictionary differs in innovations from modern Tatar language and Latin-script dictionaries; 5) Latin-script dictionaries are closer to the modern Tatar literary language.
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Bukies, Gudrun. „Die Größe ‚Gewicht‘ im deutsch-italienischen Sprachvergleich“. Linguistik Online 111, Nr. 6 (11.12.2021): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.111.8242.
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The topic of this article is ‘weight’ in the German-Italian language comparison. Which linguistic means are used to refer to weight in German (Gewicht) and what are the Italian equivalents? The material which has been collected is based on monolingual German and Italian dictionaries, reference works and text corpora as well as on bilingual German-Italian dictionaries and text excerpts.
The classification of the so-called weight designations including derivatives, composites and word combinations is carried out from an etymological and lexical perspective. In addition to the dictionary entries, German-Italian translation examples show further equivalents of terms and expressions with regards to ‘weight’ in this language pair.
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Hartmann, R. R. K. „On some discrepancies in our German dictionaries.“ International Journal of Lexicography 3, Nr. 3 (1990): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/3.3.218.
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ten Hacken, Pius, und Maria Koliopoulou. „Dictionaries, Neologisms, and Linguistic Purism“. International Journal of Lexicography 33, Nr. 2 (27.05.2020): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecaa011.
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Abstract A discrepancy between the perceptions of the dictionary as gatekeepers and the dictionary as a description of the language can be observed among the general public and lexicographers. This discrepancy is particularly obvious when we consider the inclusion of neologisms. Linguistic purism is generally seen by its advocates as an effort to protect a language. It is particularly relevant when we consider borrowings. These considerations serve as a background for the special issue on New Words and Linguistic Purism, which consists of an article on the background theory, three case studies focused on German, Italian, and Slovak, and a contrastive study of German and Greek which also adds some further theoretical considerations on linguistic purism.
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Stray, Christopher. „Lex Wrecks: A Tale of Two Latin Dictionaries“. Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 32, Nr. 1 (2011): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dic.2011.a464160.
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Jankowiak, Lucyna Agnieszka, und Elżbieta Kędelska. „Adama Stanisława Krasińskiego zapomniany Słownik synonimów polskich i jego poprzednicy“. Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 47 (25.09.2015): 39–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2012.002.
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On Adam Stanisław Krasiński’s forgotten Słownik synonimów polskich and its predecessorsThe paper consists of two parts. The first one covers characteristics of dictionaries (dated from XVIth to XIXth century), groups of synonyms regarding mainly the Latin (e.g. Gradus ad Parnassum), which also include equivalents of national languages (especially the Calagius three-language dictionary was examined and Czech-Latin dictionaries of synonyms dated XVIth century). The second part of the paper is a discussion over methodology of the first Slavic dictionary of synonyms (Słownik synonimów polskich [Dictionary of Polish Synonyms]) by A. S. Krasiński. Not-elaborated in details so far (in the subject-matter literature) the dictionary combines a few types of dictionaries (apart from the dictionary of synonyms): general dictionary of Polish language, dictionary of phrasal verbs, language correctness dictionary, book of quotations and proverbs and translational dictionary.
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Montanay, E. A. „History of the development ofdictionaries and dictionaries ofthe Turkic language“. Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 134, Nr. 1 (2021): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2021-134-1-122-129.
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The article provides a comprehensive scientific and theoretical study of the types of dictionaries and their use from the earliest times of the Turkic languages to the present day. After the adoption of Islam, Arabic and Persian became one of the most important languages. Later, with the development of science in the West, the use of Latin and Greek languages became a trend. The article describes the internal structure and features of dictionaries used in the Ottoman era and the Turkic world. It also explains the importance of dictionaries in the Chagatai language. Dictionaries ensure thepreservation ofthe country as a nation, the steady transfer ofthe spiritualriches of people to the future.The author considers that grammar books and dictionaries are two important factors that preserve the grammatical rules and system of the language. The dictionaries of a particular language are valuable historical monuments as a study of the nature of the language of that time, as evidence ofthe level ofdevelopment ofdoctrines, andauxiliarydata showing the activevocabulary ofthattime
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Amara, Yamina. „Zum Einfluss des Lateins auf die althochdeutsche“. Traduction et Langues 15, Nr. 2 (31.12.2016): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v15i2.707.
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On the Influence of Latin on Old High German
In this article I have given a historical overview of the influence of Latin on the German language at the different stages of its development. But, a special attention was given to Old High German, because both have common roots. At the beginning I explained the most important background about Latin and Old High German to better understand the development of the German language gradually. Then, I have explained the influence of Latin on Old High German through the relationship between Latin and Old High German from a religious perspective. At the end I explained the features and the different changes that affected the lexical items of Old High German, with a particular emphasis on linguistic and phonetic changes. Not only Latin influenced German, but also French, Greek, Ancient Greek, and English have had the greatest impact. We end up with a question to open other avenues for research: what would the German language be like if Latin had never existed? It is difficult to answer this question, but what is important is that Latin served the German language as a unified language and culture.
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Lipczuk, Ryszard, und Katarzyna Sztandarska. „WORDS OF ARABIC ORIGIN IN DICTIONARIES OF GERMAN LANGUAGE“. Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia 24 (2015): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/cgs.2015.24-06.
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Sztandarska, Katarzyna. „Germanizing dictionaries (Verdeutschungswörterbücher) of terminology in the German language“. Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia 27 (2018): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/cgs.2018.27-12.
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Amanbayeva, A. Zh. „FEATURES OF THE ORTHOEPIC DICTIONARY IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE BASED ON THE LATIN ALPHABET“. Tiltanym, Nr. 3 (25.08.2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2020-3-46-50.
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The problem of transition of the Kazakh writing system to the Latin script is very important in modern linguistics. In this regard, there is a need to issue dictionaries in Latin script. Currently, the work “Development of a parallel orthoepic dictionary in Cyrillic and Latin graphics» is being carried out. The article deals with the features of the orthoepic dictionary in the Kazakh language based on the Latin alphabet
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Hanks, P., A. Urbschat und E. Gehweiler. „German Light Verb Constructions in Corpora and Dictionaries“. International Journal of Lexicography 19, Nr. 4 (28.10.2006): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecl027.
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Mengelkamp, Aaron, Kevin Koch und Matthias Schumann. „Creating Sentiment Dictionaries: Process Model and Quantitative Study for Credit Risk“. European Conference on Social Media 9, Nr. 1 (28.04.2022): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecsm.9.1.167.
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Since textual user generated content from social media platforms contains valuable information for decision support and especially corporate credit risk analysis, automated approaches for text classification such as the application of sentiment dictionaries and machine learning algorithms have received great attention in recent user generated content based research endeavors. While machine learning algorithms require individual training data sets for varying sources, sentiment dictionaries can be applied to texts immediately, whereby domain specific dictionaries attain better results than domain independent word lists. We evaluate by means of a literature review how sentiment dictionaries can be constructed for specific domains and languages. Then, we construct nine versions of German sentiment dictionaries relying on a process model which we developed based on the literature review. We apply the dictionaries to a manually classified German language data set from Twitter in which hints for financial (in)stability of companies have been proven. Based on their classification accuracy, we rank the dictionaries and verify their ranking by utilizing Mc Nemar’s test for significance. Our results indicate, that the significantly best dictionary is based on the German language dictionary SentiWortschatz and an extension approach by use of the lexical-semantic database GermaNet. It achieves a classification accuracy of 59,19 % in the underlying three-case-scenario, in which the Tweets are labelled as negative, neutral or positive. A random classification would attain an accuracy of 33,3 % in the same scenario and hence, automated coding by use of the sentiment dictionaries can lead to a reduction of manual efforts. Our process model can be adopted by other researchers when constructing sentiment dictionaries for various domains and languages. Furthermore, our established dictionaries can be used by practitioners especially in the domain of corporate credit risk analysis for automated text classification which has been conducted manually to a great extent up to today.
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Sviķe, Silga. „Vārdnīcu lietošana otrās un trešās svešvalodas apguvē: mācīšanās stratēģija“. Valodu apguve: problēmas un perspektīva : zinātnisko rakstu krājums = Language Acquisition: Problems and Perspective : conference proceedings 17/18 (13.09.2022): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/va.2022.17.18.279.
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Learning strategies are important for controlling and optimizing the acquisition and use of a foreign language. Regular use of strategies with specific work steps and tips helps students to become more independent and reach their learning objective quicker. This study provides an insight into one foreign language learning strategy – working with dictionaries. Dictionaries are not only a tool for translation, but also an important part of language learning. This foreign language acquisition tool is often undervalued, although proficient and appropriate use of dictionaries not only strengthens the learner’s self-directed learning skills, but also their confidence in using the foreign language. The research question: how can students acquire the learning strategy of using a dictionary to enhance their foreign language skills and self-directed learning? The aim of the study is to explore whether and how the use of dictionaries can contribute to learning a second and third language by summarizing theory and developing and validating techniques and appropriate tasks for this strategy to make the dictionary an important tool for language learning, as well as for the development of self-directed learning skills. The research has resulted in a summary of the theory on the chosen topic and the development of materials for an introductory lesson on working with dictionaries. The study concludes with a number of conclusions. The most significant of these are as follows. The use of dictionaries as part of foreign language acquisition must be included in the group of resource use strategies, which can be metacognitive or cognitive. First, students need to learn how to work with printed dictionaries, which is also a good basis for future work with electronic dictionaries. Printed dictionaries should be available in the lecture room to build the habit of using them. If they are not available, students should be allowed to use electronic dictionaries. Vocabulary skills will certainly improve language acquisition and give learners the confidence to make their own decisions about the choice of language unit in their speech or a written text in a foreign language. The materials developed under the research can be used in German language classes for beginners learning German as a second or third foreign language. Acquiring this learning strategy will not only be useful for students at school, but also later at university.
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Khidirova, Gulzoda, und Gavhar Tilovova. „Lexicographic foundations of agricultural terminology in German and Uzbek languages“. E3S Web of Conferences 497 (2024): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449703056.
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Each field develops within its own domain, and during this process, new concepts emerge within the field. The development of a field enriches its vocabulary, and these terms are included in dictionaries as field-specific terminology by linguists. The inclusion of field-specific terms in dictionaries, their entry into the sphere of usage, and their presentation in the dictionary are of significant importance. This is particularly relevant for comparative studies of field-specific terms and their translation processes. The classification of field-specific terms based on the extent of the field's importance assists experts in foreign language acquisition and the generation of knowledge and practices through foreign languages. In the process of such development, it is essential to conduct linguistic and lexicographic research on each field's terminologies, test them in practice, conduct statistical analysis in language sections, demonstrate the formation, structure, and usage of field-specific terms through examples, and provide theoretical and practical foundations for their use. The inclusion of field-related lexemes in both oral and written speech, as well as their etymological, morphological, and word formation characteristics, is intended to be in line with the purpose of including terms in dictionaries. The compilation of terminological dictionaries requires the semantic investigation of field-specific terms, particularly in the agricultural field, which is one of the fields that form the basis of social life, analyzed in terms of branches, for the organization of terminological dictionaries.
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Janečková, Eva. „Deutschsprachige Lexikographie in den böhmischen Ländern und der Sprachpurismus. Sommers und Demuths Wörterbücher vor dem Hintergrund der Verdeutschungspraxis“. Acta Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Ostraviensis Studia Germanistica, Nr. 28 (September 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/studiagermanistica.2021.28.0001.
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This study focuses on two German dictionaries published in the Bohemian Lands during the 19th century, whose titles show their relatedness to language purism. In the first part of the study, both dictionaries are presented and compared based on various criteria such as their authors’ motivation for publishing them and the presence of any aspects of Germanisation processes. The second part contains an analysis of two parts of the dictionaries; the aim is to examine the dictionary entries and identify the authors’ personal stance on language purism.
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WILLIAMS, D. J. „Some words used in scale insect names (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)“. Zootaxa 3087, Nr. 1 (01.11.2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3087.1.3.
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In the Introduction to the present International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) (herein referred to as the Code), there is a remark that few zoologists today or in the future can have any knowledge of the Latin language although there is adherence to Latin grammar in the Code. The present Code, nevertheless, retains the requirement that Latin or latinized adjectival species-group names must always agree in gender with the generic name with which they are combined. Furthermore, Article 30 of the Code states that a genus-group name takes the gender given for that word in standard Latin dictionaries. Moreover, Article 39.1.2.a. states that a genus-group name that is, or ends in, a Greek word transliterated into Latin without change takes the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionaries. However, such dictionaries may not be readily available to some people. The third edition of the Code, published in 1985, contained an appendix with recommendations on the formation of names that proved useful, but this section was omitted from the present edition of the Code.
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Möhrs, Christine, und Sarah Torres Cajo. „The Microstructure of a Lexicographical Resource of Spoken German“. Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 46, Nr. 2 (30.10.2020): 921–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31724/rihjj.46.2.25.
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This paper presents the corpus-based lexicographical prototype that was developed within the framework of the project Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch (=LeGeDe) as a thirdparty funded project. Research results regarding the information offered in dictionaries have shown that there is a necessity for information on spoken lexis and its interactional functions. The resulting LeGeDe-prototype is based on these needs and desiderata and is thus an innovative example for the adequate representation of spoken language in online dictionaries. It is available online since September 2019 (https://www.owid.de/legede/). In the following sections, after first focusing on the presentation of the project’s goals, the data basis, the intended end user, and the applied methods, we will illustrate the microstructure of the prototype and the information provided in a dictionary entry based on the lemma eben. Finally, we will summarize innovative aspects that are important for the implementation of such a resource.
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Antonyuk, Halyna, und Lilia Chernysh. „DIDACTIC MEANS OF USING ELECTRONICDICTIONARIES IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING GERMAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE“. Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, Nr. 17(85) (22.06.2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2023-17(85)-3-9.
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The article analyzes the didactic principles of electronic dictionaries as a type of information and communication technologies when learning German as a second foreign language. The object of analysis was online dictionaries: ABBYY Lingvo, Multitran, Babylon NG, Duden online, Langenscheidt online. These electronic tools are effectively used at the Department of Applied Linguistics of the Lviv Polytechnic National University o in the process of teaching German as a sпecond foreign language and the cycle of translation disciplines for the training of specialists of the first (bachelor) level of higher education in the field 035 "Philology" (disciplines: "Modern German Language", "Practice of Speech", "Translation practice", "Translation workshop"), fields of knowledge 03 "Humanities" in face-to-face, distance and mixed learning conditions. It is noted that in the era of digitization, electronic means of education, in particular lexicographic sources, occupy a significant place in the educational process, becoming an integral part of it, which is explained by the successful competition of electronic sources with their paper counterparts. Electronic dictionaries make it possible to optimize the volume and composition of articles, combine different forms of information presentation (text, sound, graphics, animation), supplement and correct the content of databases, rationally structure information using hypertext technologies. The research is based on scientific and methodological principles regarding the use of electronic dictionaries in the process of learning foreign languages, developed in the works of domestic and foreign authors. It was concluded that the didactically correct use of digital tools (electronic dictionaries) in the process of learning foreign languages serves to form four types of speech activity and translation skills, contributes to the formation of universal language competence and innovative culture of the pupil/student and teacher/teacher.
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Schweickard, Wolfgang. „Ideologie im Wörterbuch. Beispiele aus deutscher und romanischer Sicht“. Lexicographica 38, Nr. 1 (01.11.2022): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2022-0004.
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Abstract Dictionaries are only marginally involved in the formation of ideologies. However, they reflect the values that are typical of individual epochs, and help to consolidate and spread ideological concepts. The analysis of dictionaries therefore has considerable heuristic potential for illustrating different forms of ideologies in their linguistic expression. The present paper exemplarily sheds light on the relationship of ideology and lexicography from a German and Romance point of view. It starts with 17th-century academy dictionaries, which mirror the elitist social realities of the time, and goes on with reflections on taboo vocabulary, feminine job titles and the lexical influence of English on French.
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Förster, Hans. „Translating from Greek as Source Language? The Lasting Influence of Latin on New Testament Translation“. Journal for the Study of the New Testament 43, Nr. 1 (September 2020): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142064x20949384.
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Translational choices in New Testament translation appear to be influenced far more strongly by the Latin tradition and Martin Luther’s towering translation than hitherto acknowledged. This contribution uses examples from the synoptic gospels to trace the influence of Martin Luther, the Vulgate, Erasmus and the Old Latin version of the New Testament in current dictionaries like the Bauer/Aland and BDAG.
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Hock, Hans Henrich. „Latin influence on German word order?“ Belgian Journal of Linguistics 33 (31.12.2019): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00027.hoc.
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Abstract Behaghel’s claim that verb finality in German dependent clauses (DCs) reflects Latin influence (1892, 1932) has been revived by Chirita (1997, 2003). According to Chirita, DC word order remains variable up to Early New High German, while in Latin, verb-finality is more frequent in DCs than main clauses (MCs); hence, she claims, German verb finality reflects Latin influence. This papers shows that the arguments for Latin influence are problematic and that the Modern German word order difference between MCs and DCs can be explained as the ultimate outcome of developments that started in early North and West Germanic. In the conclusion I briefly discuss similar developments in Western Romance and their implications for European contact linguistics.
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Pelevina, Ekaterina. „The Phraseological Expression of the Emotional Concept “Fear” in German and Russian“. Studia Neofilologiczne 17 (2021): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sn.2021.17.10.
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The study is dedicated to the research of the emotional concept “fear” from the linguocultural perspective, which is verbalized by the phraseological units of the Russian and German languages. The subject of the research is the universal and specific characteristics of language units that realize the meaning of the concepts “fear”. The sources of the linguistic material are Russian and German phraseological dictionaries, proverb and associative dictionaries. In the article it is shown that “fear” counts as one of the basic emotions in both cultures and has a wide range of expressions.
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Castell, Andreu. „El tractament de les construccions amb verb suport en els diccionaris monolingües i bilingües de l'alemany i el català“. Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 24 (01.07.2011): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2011.73-88.
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Summary: Taking as a starting point a corpus based on the most representative grammars of the German language, the aim of this paper is to analyze the treatment of support verb constructions in monolingual and bilingual dictionaries of German and Catalan. More specifically, the analysis will focus on the number of support verb constructions in the corpus that appear in these dictionaries and how they are then represented in the entries dedicated to both the participating verbs and nouns. [Keywords: Function verbs; support verbs; function verbs constructions; support verbs constructions; lexicography; phraseology]
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Metsmägi, Iris, und Vilja Oja. „Estonian words for ‘field’ in historical dictionaries“. Lexicographica 37, Nr. 1 (01.11.2021): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2021-0008.
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Abstract The article gives an overview of Estonian landscape terms meaning ‘field’ in historical dictionaries. The main equivalents for English field in Estonian are põld, nurm and väli. Neither in standard Estonian nor in the dialects, these three words are full synonyms. In the historical dictionaries, the Estonian words occur first in the 17th century as translations of German Acker, Feld and Ackerfeld. Later, for example in the Estonian-German dictionary, published in 1869, their meanings are more precisely defined. The semantic relations of the words in dialect speech and their interpretation in the historical dictionaries will be analysed. The three words are used in all Finnic languages. Comparing the words with dialect and cognate language data, their semantic differences and distribution in dialects will be introduced.
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Alsina, Victòria. „Les fórmules de resposta en català: presència i tractament en els diccionaris monolingües i bilingües català-alemany“. Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 29 (01.07.2016): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2016.5-21.
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Summary: This article examines Catalan formulaic responses, with special focus on those responses conveying an ironic or mocking attitude. 41 items of this set of formulaic expressions are examined to determine their treatment in general-language and in bilingual German-Catalan dictionaries. It is found that they can be divided into three different types: a) responses to general statements; b) responses to formulaic expressions, and c) ironic responses to concrete phrases. The three types receive different lexicographic treatment: type a) is widely present both in general and bilingual dictionaries, type b) less so, while type c) is almost totally absent from dictionaries. It is concluded that this type of expressions merits further study. [Keywords: formulaic expressions, formulaic responses, phraseology, lexicography, Catalan, German]
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Smolonogina, E. A., und I. O. Sitnikova. „Parameters of Lexicographic Description of New Vocabulary of Modern German in Electronic Dictionary of Neologisms of Leibniz Institute for German Language“. Nauchnyi dialog 11, Nr. 2 (19.03.2022): 140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-2-140-158.
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The problem of lexicographic fixation of neologisms at the present stage of development of German-language lexicography by private explanatory dictionaries of electronic format is considered. A fairly successful example of lexicographic practice was chosen as the object of the study — an electronic dictionary of neologisms of the modern German language on the lexicographic online portal of the Leibniz Institute for the German Language. The dictionary is a “living”, constantly updated edition, which is based on the criteria for the definition and classification of neologisms, developed by its compilers. The authors of the article performed an analysis of the parameters of the lexicographic description of neologisms in this dictionary. The question is raised about the mandatory or optional nature of the parameters used by the compilers of the dictionary when forming the microtext (dictionary entry). Standard and specific parameters of lexicographic description, which are profile for the dictionary of new words are distinguished: example-definition, first fixation, language reflection, encyclopedic information, representation in dictionaries, etc. The analysis of lexicographic practice sets the task of summarizing the practical experience of lexicographers in order to determine the optimal set of parameters for the codification of neology.
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Klosa-Kückelhaus, Annette, und Ilan Kernerman. „Converging Lexicography and Neology“. International Journal of Lexicography 34, Nr. 3 (01.09.2021): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab018.
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Abstract: This introduction summarizes general issues combining lexicography and neology in the context of the Globalex Workshop on Lexicography and Neology series. We present each of the six papers composing this Special Issue, featuring two Slavic languages (Czech and Slovak) and two Romance ones (Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish in its European and Latin American varieties) and their diverse lexicographic research and representation, in specialized dictionaries of neologisms or general language ones, in monolingual, bilingual and multilingual lexical resources, and in print and digital dictionaries.
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Veisbergs, Andrejs. „TRANSLATORS’ TOOLS: LATVIAN AND LITHUANIAN BILINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHICAL TRADITION COMPARED“. Vertimo studijos 3, Nr. 3 (06.04.2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2010.3.10595.
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Translation needs tools, the oldest and most widespread of which are (bilingual) dictionaries. In the absence of the necessary language pair dictionary, translators seek advice in foreign language dictionaries. Translators have frequently been the authors of dictionaries themselves. Latvian and Lithuanian nations and languages, though kindred, have had a rather different history. Both historically and politically, developments in Latvian have been more parallel to Estonian than Lithuanian as both fell under German and Lutheran influence while Lithuanian had a Polish-bound Catholic history. Yet the development of their writing, translation and lexicography has followed a remarkably similar process and testifies to the common space of knowledge (Wissensraum). As with their lexicography, their bilingual dictionaries grew out of a connection between translation and religion. Both countries underwent a national awakening/awareness in the 19th century that led to a greater variety of translations and dictionaries. Notably, monolingual Latvian and Lithuanian dictionaries appeared only in the 20th century, testifying to the importance of bilingual lexicography in ensuring language contact. Bilingual dictionaries have dominated the lexicography scene of Latvia and Lithuania from the start until the present day. The twentieth century, with its expanding translation needs, produced an even greater variety of translations and bilingual dictionaries in both countries.