Dissertationen zum Thema „Latin american photography“

This dissertation was designed using a qualitative research mode of inquiry that utilized a mixed methodology approach. This dissertation was an ethnographic narrative study tracking eight young women who were “aging out” or forced to leave their orphanage in Peru, where most of them had spent a majority of their lives. The study examined the way in which a collaborative art community could support the participants as they narrated their lives over a 16-month period of time through photojournaling and social media outlets.

This study relied upon interviews, on-site observations, personal journaling, and photographing, in addition to an overall thematic analysis of the output of each of the eight participants and two nuns. From these data, six key themes emerged concerning the outcomes of each young girl’s continuing life at the Hogar and their endeavors outside of the orphanage. The focal points of this study were community building via art making and building of personal aesthetic, community engagement, reflection on self-identity, cross-cultural art education, and shared experience via photo-art narratives and social media.

This research also examined the role of collaborative art experiences in helping these young women structure new identities and form collaborations with their peers designed to sustain them into their future lives. This dissertation studied not only the formation of singular identities but how these functioned within a collaborative identity that supported the young participants as they moved out of their orphanage and forward into the outside world.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser la violence dans les photographies des photojournalistes au Chili et au Mexique dans les années 1980 et 1990. La recherche portera sur quinze cas qui seront analysés d'un point de vue technique et sémiologique, sur la base du schéma esthétique de Luciano Nanni. La méthodologie utilisée est qualitative avec des généralités comparatives, afin d'aborder les deux types de cas, chiliens et mexicains, dans la recherche de l'analyse de la violence dans les photographies enregistrées dans le contexte chronologique susmentionné. La recherche considère un regard exhaustif sur la violence depuis le néolithique, détectant des faits de violence systématique, jusqu'à des faits contemporains tels que l'importance de l'image, de la photographie et des manières de l'interpréter dans l'antiquité, comme piliers pour la lecture actuelle des cas et l'interprétation en considérant la charge historique des faits visibles pour la société. L'interprétation sémiologique incorpore une analyse technique de la communication que les images nous fournissent éventuellement. La recherche n'est pas moins importante, étant donné qu'il existe peu de recherches dans ce domaine, soit parce qu'elles ont été menées séparément, soit parce qu'elles n'abordent pas spécifiquement le phénomène de la violence du point de vue de la visualité, Ces éléments deviennent donc prépondérants pour l'élaboration d'une catégorisation et d'une signification des cas présentés ici, en tant que facteurs déterminants pour comprendre pourquoi la violence a été enregistrée et les motivations que les photojournalistes chiliens et mexicains ont pu avoir pour le faire. A priori, on peut détecter que la réflexion personnelle sur les faits : l'injustice sociale, la polarisation socio-économique, comme la dictature civilo-militaire au Chili, ont été des déclencheurs pour la création d'images avec la charge personnelle de leurs auteurs, et il est également possible d'identifier des objectifs dissemblables et/ou dissemblables entre les deux
The objective of this thesis is to analyze violence in the photographs of photojournalists in Chile and Mexico in the years 1980 - 1990. The research will take fifteen cases that will be analyzed technically and semiologically, based on Luciano Nanni's aesthetic scheme. The methodology used was qualitative with comparative from generalities, as a way of approaching both types of cases, Chilean and Mexican, in the search for the analysis of violence in the photographs recorded in the chronological context mentioned above. The research considers an exhaustive look at violence from the Neolithic, detecting facts of systematic violence, to contemporary facts such as the importance of the image, photography and the ways of interpreting it in antiquity, as pillars for the current reading of the cases and the interpretation considering the historical load of the visible facts for society. The semiology interpretation, incorporates a technical analysis in post of the communication eventually delivered by the images, the research is of no lesser importance, since the scarce investigative heritage in this area, either because its treatment has been carried out separately or because it does not specifically address the phenomenon of violence, from the visuality, Thus, these elements become preponderant for the elaboration of a categorization and significance of the cases presented here, as determinants to understand why violence was recorded and to know the motivations that Chilean and Mexican photojournalists may have had to do so. A priori it can be detected that the personal reflection of the facts: social injustice, socioeconomic polarization, such as the civil-military dictatorship in Chile, were triggers for the creation of images with the personal charge of their authors, thus being able to identify dissimilar and/or dissimilar objectives between both

Les images exposées sous l’appellation de photographie latino-américaine varient selon les expositions où commissaires et critiques déterminent les critères qui légitiment la sélection et l’organisation des images. Seuls des partis pris curatoriaux semblent ainsi gouverner des choix dont les enjeux éthiques et esthétiques diffèrent et découper les expositions par des catégories thématiques et des textes exégétiques des œuvres où, depuis les années 1990, l’usage récurrent des termes « histoire », « mémoire » et « identité » contribue à attribuer des significations moins géographiques qu’historiques à l’adjectif latino-américain. Nous nous proposons de montrer comment des expériences du temps sont configurées par les artistes dans leurs images par bien des modalités plastiques, comment les images sont capables d’établir, depuis et en fonction du présent, des rapports avec le passé. Selon une approche sémantico-pragmatique, nous analysons les références employées dans les images et dans les textes pour mesurer les implications contextuelles des rapports temporels, tandis que les modalités plastiques qui les traduisent nous permettent d’en interpréter le sens
During an exhibition, images displayed under the rubric of Latin-American photography vary according to the criteria retained by both curators and critics who legitimate their selection as well as their organisation. Curatorial biases can on their own determine choices with changing ethical and aesthetic implications and thus influence the shape taken on by exhibitions according to the thematic categories retained and the textual commentaries proposed for works whose Latin-American meanings, ever since the 1990s, are less affected by geographical considerations than by historical ones. In this thesis, it is our intention to show, first, how artists, using a plethora of plastic means, impart shape and form to experiences of time and, second, how images, through and according to the present moment, can establish various relationships with the past. Enlisting a semantic-pragmatic approach, we analyse the references established by images and texts in order to measure the contextual implications borne by their temporal relations; at the same time, the plastic modalities given to these temporalities allow us to interpret their meaning

Photographs of the victims of Argentine state terrorism from 1972 to 1983, and most prominently those of the detained-disappeared victims of the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional dictatorship (1976-1983), have had a significant role in elucidating the demands of human rights activists since the aftermath of the Trelew Massacre in 1972. In this thesis I examine the role of photographs of victims of state terrorism in the construction of unofficial, or counter, narratives critical of those produced by two dictatorships and by elected democratic administrations in the demand for truth and justice, and in the construction of social memory. I discuss how the photographs have operated during distinct historical periods and the threads that have emerged in response to the longer timeframe of state terrorism (1972-1983), in terms of what sociologist Daniel Feierstein (2011) calls explanatory frameworks. Feierstein’s term looks at how state terrorism has been approached in distinct political periods. Those explanations include war and genocide In order to answer the questions; how do bodies of photographs articulate and at times drive political and social debates regarding state repression in Argentina, and how are they used to frame an understanding of state violence during changing political conditions?, the study embeds the use of photographs by artists and activists within an extensive historical narrative constructed from the data retrieved from a number of key publications from the 1970s and 1980s and archival documents and photographs held by human rights organisations in Argentina. The study addresses significant gaps in existing scholarship. Much existing literature focuses on the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo’s use of photographs of the detained-disappeared victims of the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional during that dictatorship. These analyses are dominated by the application of Barthesian photographic theory that rests on photography’s capacity to simultaneously represent absence and presence (Barthes, 1981; Longoni, 2010; Tandeciarz, 2006; Taylor, 2002). That period is one significant part of a longitudinal campaign conducted in Argentina from 1972. This thesis furthers the discussion, particularly in the examination of the continued use of photographs by one of the two factions of the organisation; the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo: Founding Line, following the organisation’s 1986 split, and by an examination of the role of a small number of photographs of victims taken in a Clandestine Detention Centre (CDC). From the Proceso the use of photographs has been informed by the imposition of limits with respect to information on the fate of victims and by the demand for information on the victims. The small number of state produced photographs or repressive photographs (Sekula, 1986) emerged into the public realm in 1984 and formed part of the records produced for all victims held in Clandestine Detention Centres. Allan Sekula’s honorific and repressive photographic poles underpins my analysis of the importance of photographs during distinct political periods and their uses in art works, the legal arena, and in demonstrations. I examine how those repressive and honorific (Sekula, 1986) and disciplinary photographs (Tandeciarz, 2006) which originated in the family realm or non repressive state agencies have underpinned the pursuit of truth and justice. Only through an extensive examination do core aspects of the uses of photographs of victims of state terrorism emerge with clarity.

L’arrivée de l’appareil photographique en Amérique latine au XIX siècle doit être considérée comme une problématique d’ordre techno-politique et pas seulement comme l’arrivée d’un nou-veau mode de représentation qui vient s’ajouter aux anciens types d’images déjà présentes dans le Nouveau Continent. À l’opposé, on considère que le mode de fonctionnement propre à l’appareil, en tant que producteur d’images techniques, a généré un changement dans le mode de perception et dans le mode de penser l’événement. Pour rendre compte de ce « changement du médium de la perception » comme le signalait Walter Benjamin, on abordera en premier lieu la problématique de l’appareil lui-même. On essa-yera de comprendre le fonctionnement propre à l’appareil photographique, son milieu d’émergence, et le contexte théorique dans lequel il est né, à savoir, les discussions autour de l’automatisme dans le cadre des techniques, mais également dans le cadre des théories physiolo-gistes qui ont essayé de rendre compte de l’automatisme psychique. Une fois établie cette problé-matique, on abordera la question de la situation de l’appareil photographique dans le contexte américain. C’est ainsi qu’on part de l’appareil, pour en suite réfléchir sur les conséquences de l’insertion de ce dernier dans un contexte complètement étranger à son milieu d’émergence. On abordera ainsi les images photographiques produites au XIX siècle en Amérique du point de vue de l’appareil, c’est lui qui aura permis les différents usages et pratiques photographi-ques. C’est son mode de fonctionnement qui aura transformé la perception en imposant en même temps une nouvelle temporalité, celle de la reproductibilité
The arrival of the photographic apparatus in nineteenth century Latin America must be considered as a technopolitical issue, and not only as the advent of a new form of representation that adds up to the old types of images already present in the New Continent. On the contrary, we consider that the apparatus’ inherent mode of functioning, as a maker of technical images, modified the way of perceiving and considering the event. In order to give an account of this “change in the means of perception” as Walter Benjamin stated, we will first of all tackle the issue of the apparatus itself. We will try to understand the mo-de of functioning inherent to the photographic apparatus, its means of emergence, and the theoreti-cal context from which it buds, this is, the discussions around automatism in the frame of techni-que, but also in the frame of physiology theories that tried to render account of psychic automa-tism. Once this issue is set, we will address the question of the photographic apparatus’ situation in the Latin American context. Thus, we will consider the apparatus as the starting point, in order to reflect later upon the consequences of its insertion into a context that is completely foreign to its means of emergence. We will thus approach the photographic images produced in nineteenth century Latin Ame-rica from the standpoint of the apparatus, since this is the one that made the various photographic uses and practices possible. It is its functioning mode which will have transformed perception, establishing, at the same time, a new temporality: the one of reproducibility

Short-term missions participants encounter difference in purportedly captivating ways. Current research, however, indicates the practice does not lead to long-lasting, positive change. Brian M. Howell (2012) argues the short-term missions experience is confined to the limitations of the short-term missions narrative. People who engage in short-term missions build assumptions, seek experiences, understand difference, and convey meaning, as a result of this narrative. The process of telling and retelling travel stories is integral to the short-term missions experience. Drawing upon literature on tourism, narrative, development, and photography, this study intends to evaluate the inefficacy of short-term missions through the stories which produce and are produced by photography. Through storytelling and photography from 21 short-term missions participants who have served in Ouanaminthe, Haiti, this project deconstructs the short-term missions narrative to understand, what is the relationship between the use of photography and the short-term missions experience? The results indicate a unique relationship between people, photography, and experiences within the framework of short-term missions.

Meztiso is an exploration of the artist’s identity as an individual born and raised in Guatemala; which is a country rich in natural resources where the majority of the population is native Maya yet the ruling class is majority white and poverty is widespread. The artist takes on this stunning contradiction using her own influences and views which were shaped by the political and economic upheaval and instability of her youth in Guatemala. The artist comments on her own identity as a person of mixed ancestry, a Meztiso, and because of her own family’s involvement in the capitalist government that has marginalized the Maya indigenous to this day.

L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier les stratégies inter- et transmédiales des littératures latino-américaines émergentes en lien avec les nouvelles technologies. Le corpus se compose de livres (prose et poésie) d’écrivains et écrivaines d’Argentine, du Chili et du Pérou qui ont été publiés en format papier entre 2000 et 2015 et qui introduisent internet et/ou l’image  la photographie, la vidéo et la visualité du texte lui-même qui émule des interfaces. Dans la première partie, nous proposons d’abord un état des lieux sur la relation entre technologie et littérature en Amérique Latine ; puis un autre sur les théories de l’intermédialité afin d’élaborer un propre modèle de stratégies inter- et transmédiales pour le corpus. Nous postulons que ces littératures sont une TransLittérature qui ne s’écrit pas seulement avec le verbal, mais avec et à travers l’autre médialité et ses logiques inhérentes. Le corpus est classifié et analysé selon : (1) la combinaison médiatique entre texte et photographie dans cinq publications de M. Bellatin (partie II) ; (2) la littérature en expansion, c’est-à-dire des livres-en-papier qui s’étendent vers internet avec des vidéos sur YouTube ou leur propre page internet, à partir d’artefacts d’A. López, de T. Rodríguez et de J. Pinos/A. Díaz (partie III) ; (3) l’évocation médiatique d’internet dans la littérature à travers l’esthétique digitale de la page (M. Raimon, D. Link, A. López, G. Viñao, I. Elordi, C. Ulloa Donoso, C. Apablaza), la logique narrative d’un jeux vidéo (E. Castromán) et des hyperliens (S. Sebakis, C. Apablaza), et la logique d’un « écrire sans écrire » qui prend sa source dans le geste du copier-coller et le fait de partager le discours d’autrui, si habituel des réseaux sociaux (C. Gradin, A. L. Caruso, L. Lutereau) (partie IV)
The general objective of this thesis is to study inter- and transmedial strategies in emerging Latin American literatures in relation to new technologies. The corpus is composed of books by authors from Argentina, Chile and Peru that have been published in paper format between 2000 and 2015 and that introduce the Internet and/or images  photography, video and the own visuality of the text that emulates interfaces. In the first part, a status of the issue reviews the relationship between technology and literature in Latin America and a second one the theories of intermediality in order to develop a model of inter- and transmedial strategies for the corpus. It is postulated that these literatures are TransLiteratures that are written not only with the verbal language, but also with and through the other mediality and its inherent logics. The corpus is classified and analyzed based on: (1) the media combination between text and photography in five publications by M. Bellatin (part II); (2) expanded literature, in other words paper-books that are expanded through videos on YouTube or their own website, therefore artifacts by A. López, T. Rodríguez, and J. Pinos/A. Díaz are considered (part III); (3) the media evocation of the internet in literature through the digital aesthetics of the page (M. Raimon, D. Link, A. López, G. Viñao, I. Elordi, C. Ulloa Donoso, C. Apablaza), the narrative logic of a video game (E. Castromán) and hyperlinks (S. Sebakis, C. Apablaza), and the logic of an uncreative writing that originates in the gesture of copying and pasting and sharing foreign discourses, frequently used on social networks (C. Gradin, A.L. Cauros, L. Lutereau) (part IV)
El objetivo general de esta tesis es estudiar las estrategias inter- y transmediales en literaturas latinoamericanas emergentes en relación con las nuevas tecnologías. El corpus se compone de libros de autores y autoras de Argentina, Chile y Perú que han sido publicados en formato papel entre el 2000 y el 2015 y que introducen internet y/o la imagen fotografía, video y la propia visualidad del texto que emula interfaces. En una primera parte se proponen dos estados de la cuestión: uno, respecto de la relación entre tecnología y literatura en América Latina; el otro, sobre las teorías de la intermedialidad, a fin de elaborar un propio modelo de estrategias inter- y transmediales para el corpus. Se postula que estas literaturas son unas TransLiteraturas que se escriben no solamente con lo verbal, sino con y a través de la otra medialidad y sus lógicas inherentes. Se clasifica y analiza el corpus en torno a: (1) la combinación mediática entre texto y fotografía en cinco publicaciones de M. Bellatin (parte II); (2) la literatura expandida, i.e., libros-en-papel que se expanden mediante videos en YouTube o una página de internet propia, a partir de obras de A. López, T. Rodríguez y J. Pinos/A. Díaz (parte III); (3) la evocación mediática de internet en la literatura mediante la estética digital de la página (M. Raimon, D. Link, A. López, G. Viñao, I. Elordi, C. Ulloa Donoso, C. Apablaza), la lógica narrativa de un videojuego (E. Castromán) y de los hiperenlaces (S. Sebakis, C. Apablaza), y la lógica de un escribir sin escribir que se origina en el gesto del copiar y pegar y el compartir de discursos de una autoría ajena tan habitual de las redes sociales (C. Gradin, A. L. Caruso, L. Lutereau) (parte IV)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo promover um maior debate e reflexão sobre a representação do feminino negro na fotografia no século XX e começo do século XXI, especificamente no Brasil, com o projeto fotográfico de Ricardo Teles (1966), na Colômbia com Hernán Díaz (1931-2009) e em Moçambique com Ricardo Rangel (1924-2009) tendo como base seus livros autorais, respectivamente: Terras de Preto: Mocambos, Quilombos: Histórias de Nove Comunidades Negras Rurais do Brasil, de 2004; Cartagena de Siempre, de 2002 e O Pão Nosso de Cada Noite. Our nightly bread, de 2004. Para tanto, comparamos a fotografia como linguagem técnica e artística com a iconografia previamente produzida nos referidos países. A análise da fotografia como um exercício objetivo mostra que a semiótica e a multidisciplinaridade podem ser instrumentos auxiliares na procura por responder a informações contidas na imagem. O fotógrafo encaminha a interpretação de uma narrativa visual, pois é responsável pela produção e a recepção da imagem, no entanto a imagem contém em si um conjunto complexo de interpretações e de construções de alteridades. Por isso, deve-se levar em consideração seu caráter tão subjetivo quanto artístico quando adotando uma metodologia de análise.
The present work aims to promote further debate and reflection on the representation of the black female in photography in the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty - first century, specifically in Brazil, with the photographic project of Ricardo Teles (1966), in Colombia with Hernán Díaz (1931-2009) and in Mozambique with Ricardo Rangel (1924-2009) based on their authorial books, respectively: Terras de Preto: Mocambos, Quilombos: Histórias de Nove Comunidades Negras Rurais do Brasil, 2004; Cartagena de Siempre, 2002 e O Pão Nosso de Cada Noite. Our nightly bread,2004. In order to do so, we compare photography as technical and artistic language with the iconography previously produced in those countries. The analysis of photography as an objective exercise shows that semiotics and multidisciplinarity can be auxiliary tools in the search for information contained in the image. The photographer directs the interpretation of a visual narrative, since it is responsible for the production and reception of the image, however the image contains a complex set of interpretations and constructions of alterities within itself. Therefore, its subjective as well as artistic character must be taken into account when adopting a methodology of analysis.

This dissertation presents a fresh approach to the study of Haitian art through research conducted in the emerging interdisciplinary field of exhibition history. In a deliberate attempt to move away from existing notions of Haitian art as a formal or aesthetic style of art practice associated with primitivism – based on mid-twentieth-century art historical narratives – I have opted to explore the display of works by Haitian artists outside of conventional museum and gallery settings. Taking a broader cultural studies approach centred on three case studies, I examine the exhibition of artworks within the transitory sites of national cultural display at two world’s fairs and an art biennial: the Haitian pavilion at the World’s Columbian Fair of 1893; Haiti’s “Little World’s Fair” officially titled Exposition Internationale du Bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince of 1949-50; and the Haitian pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 2011. These exhibitions overlap in the sense that they all claimed to present an official representation of the Haitian nation-state and therefore an authoritative vision of Haitian culture. However, when we peer behind this veneer of official national rhetoric it becomes clear that at each of these sites there were numerous images of Haitian nationhood, as well as notions of a national cultural essence referred to throughout as Haitian-ness, being produced by various agents. Across the course of this study these include: Haitian and foreign state representatives, curators, artists, academics and cultural professionals drawn from Haiti, Haiti’s diasporas and elsewhere, as well as NGOs and other international collaborators. In each case those curating Haiti’s national displays at these events balanced assertions of national sovereignty against international marketability: delicate negotiations that, I argue, can be discerned through analysis of the forms, aesthetics, subjects and contextualisation of the artworks displayed. Across the course of this dissertation therefore I chart a shift in the substance of these Haitian cultural displays, and the artworks presented within them, from a fin de siècle expression of Francophile neoclassicism, through an uneasy post-war coupling of folkloric exoticism and western modernity, to a fragmented picture of contemporary Haitian-ness articulated with reference to poverty and cultural otherness as well as cosmopolitanism. Through an examination of these case studies I have sought to explore how the visual arts intersected with expressions of Haiti’s postcolonial nationhood at exhibitions staged within events scattered across the Atlantic World. Further, by charting shifts in the production and projection of Haitian nationhood and art across these three sites I have attempted to grasp a fuller picture of how entangled ideas of nation and culture have had a bearing on exhibition histories, international institutional engagement with and the marketing and perception of the work of Haitian artists through the long twentieth century.

This study analyses the invisible forms of repression in the Bolivian art system by interpreting Roberto Valcárcel’s artwork in the light of Herbert Marcuse’s ideas on repression and liberation as expounded in Eros and Civilization. It considers, on the one hand, Valcárcel’s artwork in relation to the liberating role that Marcuse attributes to art (via phantasy, polymorphous eroticism, and Orphic paradigm). On the other hand, it explores the strategies devised by Valcárcel against repression, such as self-promotion, multiple texts, play, humour and unmasking certain repressive truths. The reading of Valcárcel’s work via Marcuse is supported by archival research from contemporary newspapers, exhibition documentation and Bolivian art history, which provide relevant information about the sorts of latent repression to which Valcárcel’s artworks responds. The dissertation is organised in five chapters in which examples of repressive beliefs are unveiled. Chapter One examines El Movimiento Erótico (The Erotic Movement, 1983) and the manifold strategies used by Valcárcel to escape the traps of a presumed type of sexual liberation (sexist and genital oriented) and capitalism’s culture industry. Chapter Two discusses artworks where the intentional construction of open meaning challenges the norm of a univocal creation and consumption of art. Chapter Three studies some of Valcárcel’s humorous identities in contrast with the dramatic, and overly serious self-perception of Bolivians artists. Chapter Four explores Valcárcel’s use of play, black humour and deceit as effective devices to escape hidden authoritarianism in society during dictatorial regimes. Chapter Five analyses how Valcárcel’s work unveils the latent repression in the idealisation of indigenous heritage through play and anti-thesis. The dissertation introduces a new topic into the study of art in Bolivia – veiled repression – at the same time that it sheds light on the potential of the artwork of Roberto Valcárcel to open new ways of historicizing and thinking about art in Bolivia.

Orientador: Claudia Valladão de Mattos
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: ¿Arte fotográfica e liberdade de expressão: um diálogo entre o Brasil e Cuba ¿ aborda o desenvolvimento da fotografia latino-americana na segunda metade do século XX, a partir de um estudo comparativo e da análise de obras de fotógrafos cubanos e brasileiros, atuantes durante o período 1960-1990. O texto se divide em três grandes partes, correspondentes, cada uma delas, a um decênio, tomando como ponto de partida os gêneros de destaque em cada etapa e as relações destas produções com o contexto histórico e sócio-político em que se desenvolvem. No primeiro capítulo, a partir do conceito de 'fotojornalismo' são analisadas as obras dos artistas cubanos Alberto Díaz Gutiérrez (Korda) e Raúl Corrales, conjuntamente com as dos criadores brasileiros Antônio Luiz Benck Vargas e Evandro Teixeira. No segundo capítulo, tomando como base o conceito de 'fotografia antropológica¿ são submetidas à análise as obras dos artistas brasileiros Walter Firmo, Assis Hoffmann e Claudia Andujar, assim como a produção da fotógrafa cubana María Eugenia Haya (Marucha). Por fim, o terceiro e último capítulo da dissertação parte do desenvolvimento de poéticas de autor por parte dos artistas da câmera na década de 80, e a partir de diversos critérios se aproxima de forma crítica à obra dos fotógrafos cubanos Rogélio López Marín (Gory), Ramón Martínez Grandal e Mario García Joya (Mayito), assim como do artista brasileiro Clóvis Loureiro Junior.
Abstract: ¿Photographic art and freedom of expression: a dialogue between Brazil and Cuba ¿ discusses the development of Latin American photography in the second half of the twentieth century, from a comparative study and the analysis of works of Brazilian and Cuban photographers, working in the period of 1960-1990. The text is divided into three major parts, corresponding, each of them, to a decade, taking as a starting point the notable genres featured at every stage, and the relationship of these productions with the historical and socio-political context in which they develop. In the first chapter, from the concept of 'photojournalism' the works of the Cuban artists Alberto Díaz Gutiérrez (Korda) and Raul Corrales, together with the Brazilian creators Luiz Antônio Vargas Benck and Evandro Teixeira are analyzed. In the second chapter, building on the concept of 'anthropological photography' the works of the Brazilian artists Walter Firmo, Assis Hoffmann and Claudia Andujar, as well as the production of the Cuban photographer Maria Eugenia Haya (Marucha) are put under analysis. Finally, the third and final chapter of the dissertation is based on the development of author poetics by the artists of the camera in the 80's, and using several criteria, we approaches critically to the work of the Cuban photographers Rógelio López Marín (Gory), Ramón Martínez Grandal and Mario García Joya (Mayito), as well as the Brazilian artist Clóvis Loureiro Junior.
Mestrado
Historia da Arte
Mestre em História

Through discursive essays and poetic narrative, Antithetical Commentaries on X, Y and the Disruption of Being explores the tenuous relationship between modes of measurement and the struggle for human relevance in the post-contemporary digital age. In the introductory essay, “Not the Feather, but the Bird”, I give an overview of the inherent problems of object-oriented ontology, and how it relates to aesthetics and social issues of our times. In the Developmental Overview, I detail how I developed my installation approach and techniques, particularly with regard to the three-way dynamic of the artist:work:viewer relationship and how it can encourage a ‘transgression’ that leads to the possibility of a transformative awareness of being. Subsequently, I present a series of ‘antithetical’ commentaries that neither explain nor expand the installation, rather, they create a non-binary duality that, through an entirely non-linear anti-narrative, work to erode the overlay of personal, civic and collective grids present in the memory space/time referenced in the video, TAG. Finally, in “Grid: Towards a Transgressive Humanism.” I propose a path by which installation art might serve to create transgressive opportunities for viewers, rather than the transcendence sought through religious rituals, which often reinforce stigmas, fears and authoritarian social dynamics, or worse, the reductive loop, of many contemporary approaches to art which proclaim their detachment in wordy displays, essentially leading to a form of aesthetic nihilism. This Transgressive Humanism is not presented as a dogma, but rather a revitalization of the work as a vessel of possibilities, an agent of creative growth for the artist and the viewer.

Während der letzten argentinischen Diktatur (1976-1983) wurden zehntausende Menschen in geheimen Lagern festgehalten, gefoltert und ermordet – dann ''verschwanden'' sie. Die meisten Fälle sind nur schwer rekonstruierbar, viele Täter kamen ungestraft davon. Für diese staatsterroristische Praxis wurde die Bezeichnung erzwungenes Verschwinden eingeführt (spanisch desaparición forzada). Die Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit medialen und ästhetischen Verfahrensweisen, die in Argentinien in der Auseinandersetzung mit der desaparición forzada entwickelt wurden. Im Vordergrund steht die These, dass die gewaltsame Depräsentation der Opfer zu einem gesellschaftlichen ''Wahrnehmungsmord'' ("percepticidio") geführt hat. Die medialen Strategien und ästhetischen Produktionen, die die Untersuchung analysiert, markieren den gegenwärtigen Stand einer transgenerationellen kulturellen Bearbeitung dieser wahrnehmungsrelevanten sozialen und politischen Erfahrung. Es handelt sich um Produktionen im Bereich Narrativik, Lyrik, Fotografie, Film und Theater, die im Kontext der Memoria-Hochkonjunktur nach 1989 und der digitalen Globalisierung stehen. Félix Bruzzone, Mariana Enríquez und Martín Gambarotta, Virginia Giannoni und Lucila Quieto sowie Albertina Carri und Lola Arias haben Kontra(re)präsentationen zum gewaltsamen Verschwinden entworfen, die materiell, meta-medial und kontrainformativ verfahren. Nach diskursanalytischen, repräsentations- und medientheoretischen Einführungen sowie einer Reihe terminologischer Definitionen arbeitet die Untersuchung an diesen Produktionen einer postdiktatorischen Generation, die als "Camada Cadáver" bezeichnet wird, heraus, dass ein ''Phänomen'' wie das erzwungene Verschwinden – das in vielfache Referenzlosigkeit führt – ästhetische Strategien motiviert hat, die als beispielhaft emergent und experimentell einzustufen sind, weil sie neue Erkenntnisse für die noch unabgeschlossene Erforschung eines der vielen Terrorregimes des 20. Jahrhundert liefern.
During the Argentinean dictatorship (1976-1983), tens of thousands of people were kept in secret camps, were tortured, murdered, and ''disappeared''. Most cases are difficult to reconstruct. Many of the offenders have remained unpunished. The term "forced disappearance" (Spanish desaparición forzada) was introduced for this act of state terrorism. This study addresses medial and esthetic processes that were developed in light of the debate on desaparición forzada in Argentina. At the heart of the study is the hypothesis that the violent ''depresentation'' of the victims has led to ''cognitive murder'' ("percepticidio"). The media strategy and esthetic productions analyzed in the study represent the current state of the art of the trans-generational cultural work on cognition relevant social and political experiences. The productions in the field of the study of narration, poetry, photography, film, and theater have emerged in context of the post 1989 memory-boom and digital globalization. Félix Bruzzone, Mariana Enríquez und Martín Gambarotta, Virginia Giannoni, and Lucila Quieto as well as Albertina Carri and Lola Arias have conceptualized counter(re)presentations to violent disappearance which proceed materially, meta-medially, and counter-informatively. Following introductions on discourse analysis, representation theory, and media theory as well as a number of terminology definitions, the study analyzes the above mentioned productions created by a post dictatorship generation, which are being referred to as the "Camada Cadáver", and shows that the ''phenomenon'' of forced disappearance, which leads to a repeated lack of reference, has motivated esthetic strategies that are to be classified as exemplarily emergent and experimental, because they have produced new insights for the unfinished research on one of the many terror regimes of the twentieth century.

Breaking the Frames of the Past examines recent visual and literary work about the periods of historical violence in Argentina, Chile, and Peru. In my dissertation, I argue that these cultural productions can challenge the linear conception of historical time, and reveal the existent tensions and blind spots present within the cultural memory realm of each nation. By examining the specificity of the materials and the aesthetic strategies present in the works, I hope to elucidate a necessary introspective turn in memory- what I have nominated metamemory, present in works that not only seek to interrogate official national paradigms, discourses of the past, productions of knowledge, and memorial imperatives, but also works that are profoundly aware of their condition as memory objects within a cultural memory realms. Breaking the Frames of the Past is divided into two parts, Part One: Images, engages with memory at a broader collective level, and analyzes the different ways the photographic medium has been used to represent the past and craft a sense of national belonging. Part Two: Texts is concerned with subjective memory, and the overlap between childhood memories lived simultaneously within the frame of a period of historical violence. I discuss literary work written by those born during these periods of violence in order to see how from their subjective experience and through their works they can assert to the existing tensions within cultural memory paradigms. In examining novels by those who are “the Secondary Characters” of history, I argue that their use of metafictional strategies is able to counter the feeling of displacement and sense of belatedness that is present in postmemory works.

abstract: This doctoral dissertation proposes an analysis of a selection of photographic series by a diverse group of Latin American photographers such as Argentinian Gustavo Di Mario, Brazilians Claudio Edinger and Alair Gomes, and Mexican Dorian Ulises López Macías. The analyzed material focuses on a revision of characteristics of masculinity and imperative heteronormativity in the discourses on their respective national identities. The projects put-fourth by these four artists represent a political proposal that unveals the homoaffective possibilities of their photographic referents. Susan Sontag postulates in her On Photography (1979) that “the powers of photography have in effect de-Platonized our understanding of reality, making it less and less plausible to reflect upon our experience according to the distinction between images and things, between copies and originals” (179). These artists understand the power of the image and, through its meticulous composition, they propose to not only photograph, but to also narrate the reality of dissident identities and their belonging to a collective national identity.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2019

This dissertation examines the use of visual media as a means of resistance to oppressive political narratives in five Mexican works from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Included are two novels: Nellie Campobello’s Cartucho: Relatos de la lucha en el Norte de México (1931), on the Mexican Revolution, and Elena Poniatowska’s La noche de Tlatelolco (1971), about the 1968 Mexican student movement and the October 2 massacre. I also analyze three projects, both visual and discursive, related to the 2014 forced disappearance of 43 students of the Ayotzinapa Teacher’s College in Guerrero, Mexico. The three historical moments the five texts explore are marked by particular trends in visual representation as well as by official narratives that manipulate or misrepresent history for political purposes. I analyze Cartucho and La noche de Tlatelolco with regard to their distinctive structures using theories on photography and cinematography, which help to describe the narrative dimensions of the works. The photography theory is primarily drawn from the work of Walter Benjamin, Susan Sontag, and Roland Barthes, while the cinematographic theory is drawn from Sergei Eisenstein’s work on intellectual montage. I argue that Cartucho functions as a textual “album,” in which each brief text (relato) presents a snapshot of a participant or moment during the Mexican Revolution related to the Villista forces. Campobello’s work responds to the commercial and political uses of photographic images of the time (1916-1920) and was written with the goal of refuting the “black legend,” which characterized the Villistas as criminals. Concerning La noche de Tlatelolco, I analyze the way in which early editions of the book incorporated images of 1968, and argue that the text is best understood as an intellectual montage, which communicates through interactions between the fragmentary and contradictory texts that comprise the book. I analyze the three Ayotzinapa projects, a museum exhibit, an online platform, and the Antimonumento +43, by considering how an audience must interact with each; my goal is to understand the discourse these works generate regarding the Ayotzinapa case, and I explore the problems of historicization and memorialization in relation to ongoing Ayotzinapa activism.

Realism, Race and Citizenship: Four Moments in the Making of the Black Body, Colombia and Brazil, 1853 - 1907 investigates the visual and literary mechanisms used to refurbish racial and social hierarchies in Brazil and Colombia in the aftermath of the abolition of slavery. Chorographic paintings, scientific photographs, identification documents, and naturalist literature are taken to together to argue that: on the one hand, the slave is the fleshy object that defines freedom and, in the postcolonial moment, citizenship. In "Realism, Race and Citizenship: Four Moments in the Making of the Black Body, Colombia and Brazil, 1853 - 1907," I propose that in geo-political spaces where the abolition of slavery and the re-branding of work were intensely debated and violently fought over, realist programs of representation facilitated the propagation of modern racializing schemas. Chapters 1 and 2 study the watercolors created for the Comisión Corográfica (the pre-eminent mapping project of nineteenth century Colombia) and scientific photographs produced in Brazil. These chapters uncover the stylistic conventions that make possible the staging of blackness as visible and immutable biological inferiority and as cumulative category that encompasses a variety of physical and social characteristics including but not limited to skin color, occupation, costume, and physical environment. Chapters 3 and 4 argue that the disavowal of slavery structures Brazilian naturalist novels such as O Cortiço (Aluísio Azevedo, 1890) as well as legislative debates about the nation and the citizen. By focusing on the visual and narrative orchestration blackness, my dissertation provides a critical framework for understanding how realist aesthetic conventions configured (and continue to animate) discourses of race and citizenship in Brazil and Colombia.

Dissertation

The following graduate report is the review of my artistic developments after three years of rigorous training in photography at The University of Texas at Austin. After a long period of not producing artwork, my entrance into graduate school at UT was the first step for beginning to take pictures and rethinking my objectives as an artist. I have to confess that when I was applying to graduate school I did not consider art as the profession I wanted develop in my life; instead, I applied to schools that had an strong focus in commercial photography. As a Colombian, most of my concerns were more about how to make a living. In my hometown, the only way to be independent is through a professional job, rather than what in the United States is called blue-collar work, including waiting tables or services in general. When I realized again that I was immersed in an endless dialogue about art, I had to reconsider my objectives to assume the idea of how I was going to combine my creative skills with a strong research in contemporary thinking about the visual image. My three biggest challenges when entering graduate school were finding a subject to begin to photograph again, exploring the idea of being part of a new community considering my arrival from a different country, and developing strong technical photographic skills. My relation to the United States in my artwork was the first thematic. Since I was a child and until my undergraduate research project, I always came to the United States as a spectator that experienced the country from the outside. My longest encounter as an observer was in 2004 when I came to do research on illegal immigrants for my undergraduate theses research. At that time, my approach to photography and art was mostly documentary where the visual result was based on video interviews and formal portraits of a minority I was interested in. I tried to find an explanation for the immense flow of people across the border between the United States and México. Once I was already here, after three years, living in a different city, I realized that I still was interested in photographing people and decided to focus on American stereotypes. Probably one of the issues I began to face was that I discovered that I was not enjoying carrying my camera all the time and thinking as a photographer that documented daily life. My interest was more in using the camera for specific projects rather than documenting my surroundings. At that point, I realized that staging was going to be the main modus operandi for creating artwork. From there I began to think in different projects that were developed throughout the three years of the program.
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Cette thèse analyse l’articulation de l’expérience de la perte d’expérience à laquelle donnent lieu les dictatures et les post-dictatures au Chili et en Argentine dans Lumpérica (1983) de Diamela Eltit, Los planetas (1999) de Sergio Chejfec, et Los rubios (2003) d’Albertina Carri. Les dernières dictatures militaires dans le Cône sud latino-américain imposent ou préparent le terrain pour l’implantation d’un nouvel ordre néolibéral qui s’intensifie sous les régimes démocratiques postérieurs. Au cours de cette transition, le terrorisme d’État au moyen duquel les gouvernements militaires visent à éliminer toute forme de résistance à la reconfiguration de la société nécessaire à la mise en place de politiques néolibérales, donne lieu à une expérience inédite, difficile à communiquer. De plus, autant les dictatures que les démocraties post-dictatoriales mettent en oeuvre des mécanismes d’oubli du passé, soit par la répression, le consensus politique ou les moyens de communication de masse. C’est dans ce contexte que l’expérience disparaît. Le questionnement sur l’expérience de la perte d’expérience est basé principalement sur deux axes théoriques: le concept de transition de l’État au Marché dans le Cône sud latino-américain développé par des intellectuels tels que Willy Thayer, Idelber Avelar ou Brett Levinson, parmi d’autres, ainsi que sur les réflexions sur l’expérience dictatoriale de Sergio Rojas et sur la crise de l’expérience dans la modernité de Walter Benjamin. Le premier chapitre, dédié à Lumpérica, interprète le rituel nocturne où la protagoniste, une femme appelée L. Iluminada, séduit le protagoniste masculin du roman, un panneau électrique appelé “el luminoso” qui projette des messages publicitaires au milieu d’une place publique de Santiago, pour que celui-ci la blesse et marque sa peau, comme la mise en scène d’un “désir photographique” de garder une empreinte de la transition que d’autres moyens de communication tendent à effacer. Le deuxième chapitre traite de la figuration de l’excès dans Los planetas et analyse comment l’écriture, la photographie et l’espace urbain, en assumant une fonction de suppléments de la voix et de la présence de M, séquestré et disparu pendant la dictature argentine, rendent compte de l’expérience de la perte de l’expérience d’une plénitude. Après avoir exposé le rôle des jouets dans la polémique générée par Los rubios, le troisième chapitre analyse comment le film de Carri sur la mémoire de ses parents disparus transmet l’expérience des générations post-dictatoriales et fait face à l’héritage du passé par le jeu.
This thesis analyzes how Diamela Eltit’s Lumpérica (1983), Sergio Chejfec’s Los planetas (1999), and Albertina Carri’s Los rubios (2003) articulate the experience of the loss of experience resulting from the dictatorships and post-dictatorships in Chile and Argentina. The last military dictatorships in the Southern Cone either impose or prepare the ground for the establishment of a new neoliberal order that deepens and intensifies with later democratic regimes. In this transition, the military governments deploy strategies of State terrorism that aim to eliminate all forms of resistance to the social reconfiguration necessary for the implementation of neoliberal politics, giving rise to an unprecedented kind of experience that is difficult to communicate. Moreover, both the dictatorships and the post-dictatorial democracies adopt strategies of forgetting, through either repression, political consensus or mass media communications. It is in this context that experience disappears. The discussion on experience of the loss of experience is based mainly on the concept of transition from State to Market in Latin America’s Southern Cone developed by thinkers such as Willy Thayer, Idelber Avelar or Brett Levinson, among others, as well as on Sergio Rojas’s considerations on dictatorial experience and on Walter Benjamin’s reflections on the crisis of experience in modern life. The first chapter, dedicated to Lumpérica, analyzes a nocturnal ritual where the protagonist, a woman named L. Iluminada, seduces the male protagonist, an electric billboard called “el luminoso” that projects publicity messages in the middle of a public square in Santiago; she hopes to make him wound and mark her skin, staging a “photographic desire” to keep a trace of the transition that other media push towards forgetting and erasure. The second chapter focuses on the figuration of excess in Los planetas, analyzing how writing, photography and urban space act as supplements to the voice and to the presence of M, a young man who disappeared during the Argentinian dictatorship, thus accounting for the loss of experience. After revisiting the debate incited by Los rubios, much of which centred on the film’s polemic use of toys, the third chapter analyzes how Carri’s film about the memory of her disappeared parents transmits the experience of post-dictatorial generations and confronts the heritage of the past through play.
En esta tesis se analiza la articulación de la experiencia de la pérdida de experiencia a la que dan lugar las dictaduras y las postdictaduras en Chile y Argentina, en Lumpérica (1983) de Diamela Eltit, Los planetas (1999) de Sergio Chejfec, y Los rubios (2003) de Albertina Carri. Las últimas dictaduras militares en el Cono Sur imponen o preparan el terreno para la implantación de un nuevo orden neoliberal que se intensifica durante los regímenes democráticos posteriores. En esta transición, el terrorismo de Estado mediante el cual los gobiernos militares buscan eliminar toda forma de resistencia a la reconfiguración de la sociedad que requiere la implementación de las políticas neoliberales, da lugar a una experiencia inédita, difícil de comunicar. Por otro lado, tanto las dictaduras como las democracias postdictatoriales ponen en marcha mecanismos de olvido del pasado, ya sea mediante la represión, el consenso político o los medios de comunicación de masas. Es en este contexto que la experiencia desaparece. Las premisas teóricas en que se basa el cuestionamiento sobre la experiencia de la pérdida de experiencia son el concepto de transición del Estado al Mercado en el Cono Sur latinoamericano desarrollado por intelectuales como Willy Thayer, Idelber Avelar o Brett Levinson, entre otros, así como las reflexiones sobre la experiencia dictatorial de Sergio Rojas y sobre la crisis de la experiencia en la modernidad de Walter Benjamin. El primer capítulo, dedicado a Lumpérica, interpreta el ritual nocturno en el que la protagonista, una mujer llamada L. Iluminada, seduce al protagonista masculino de la novela, un cartel eléctrico llamado “el luminoso” que proyecta avisos comerciales en el centro de una plaza de Santiago, para que este la hiera y marque su piel, como la puesta en escena de un “deseo fotográfico” de guardar una huella de la transición que otros medios tienden a borrar. El segundo capítulo enfoca la figuración del exceso en Los planetas y analiza cómo la escritura, la fotografía y el espacio urbano, al adquirir en la novela una función de suplementos de la palabra viva y de la presencia de M, secuestrado y desaparecido durante la dictadura argentina, dan cuenta de la experiencia de la pérdida de la experiencia de una plenitud. Después de exponer el rol de los juguetes en la polémica generada por Los rubios, el tercer capítulo analiza cómo el film de Carri sobre la memoria de sus padres montoneros desaparecidos transmite la experiencia de las generaciones postdictatoriales y se enfrenta al legado del pasado mediante el juego.

En 2003, la Commission de vérité et de réconciliation du Pérou (CVR) publie un rapport sur la période de guerre interne et de violence qui a déchiré le pays entre 1980 et 2000. Ce rapport étudie ces deux décennies pour faire la lumière sur les événements et évaluer la position de divers secteurs de la société afin que les Péruviens puissent se réconcilier avec un pan de leur histoire. Dans son rapport, la CVR consacre une section aux médias, notamment la presse écrite, et salue le rôle « important » qu’ils ont joué, tout en notant au passage que leur couverture du conflit n’a pas favorisé la pacification du pays et a même pu la compromettre par moments. Ce mémoire vise à étudier la couverture de la guerre interne par les trois quotidiens péruviens les plus importants pour le tirage, Expreso, El Comercio, et La República. Il porte surtout sur la période comprise entre le début des hostilités, le 17 mai 1980, et le massacre de huit journalistes dans le village andin d’Uchuraccay, le 26 janvier 1983. Un regard est également jeté sur l’évolution du journalisme au Pérou depuis les années 1960, marquées par l’élection d’un gouvernement démocratique et aussi par l’instauration d’un régime militaire qui se maintiendra au pouvoir pendant 12 ans. Les bouleversements au cours de cette période difficile expliquent, au moins en partie, le désintérêt initialement manifesté par ces quotidiens, au-delà des différences idéologiques manifestes, à l’endroit des premiers pas du Sentier Lumineux et de sa « guerre populaire ».
In 2003, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Peru published a report on the internal war and violence that tore the country apart from 1980 to 2000. The report studied those two decades in order to shed light on the events, investigating the involvement of different sectors of society, so that Peruvians would be able to come to peace with their recent history. In its report, the TRC had a section on the media – including the written press. The report underscored the “important” role the media had played, but also stated that their coverage of the war might not have helped bring peace and may have even at times worsened the situation. This thesis aims to study the coverage of the internal war by the three daily newspapers with the largest circulation, Expreso, El Comercio and La República. It focuses on the period between the start of the war on May 17, 1980 and the massacre of eight journalists in the Andean village of Uchuraccay on January 26, 1983. It also considers the evolution of Peruvian journalism since the 1960s, when a democratic government was elected and a military junta subsequently took power and held it for 12 years. Beyond the ideological differences that characterize the three papers studied, this rocky period accounts for, at least partially, the initial lack of interest shown by the newspapers towards the first guerilla actions of the Shining Path and its popular war.

This dissertation was designed using a qualitative research mode of inquiry that utilized a mixed methodology approach. This dissertation was an ethnographic narrative study tracking eight young women who were “aging out” or forced to leave their orphanage in Peru, where most of them had spent a majority of their lives. The study examined the way in which a collaborative art community could support the participants as they narrated their lives over a 16-month period of time through photojournaling and social media outlets. This study relied upon interviews, on-site observations, personal journaling, and photographing, in addition to an overall thematic analysis of the output of each of the eight participants and two nuns. From these data, six key themes emerged concerning the outcomes of each young girl’s continuing life at the Hogar and their endeavors outside of the orphanage. The focal points of this study were community building via art making and building of personal aesthetic, community engagement, reflection on self-identity, cross-cultural art education, and shared experience via photo-art narratives and social media. This research also examined the role of collaborative art experiences in helping these young women structure new identities and form collaborations with their peers designed to sustain them into their future lives. This dissertation studied not only the formation of singular identities but how these functioned within a collaborative identity that supported the young participants as they moved out of their orphanage and forward into the outside world.