Thematische Bibliographien / Large-Scale fire

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Large-Scale fire“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Large-Scale fire"

Flisi, Umberto. „Large-scale fire reaction tests“. Polymer Degradation and Stability 23, Nr. 4 (Januar 1989): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(89)90060-8.

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Steinhaus, Thomas, Stephen Welch, Richard Carvel und José Torero. „Large-scale pool fires“. Thermal Science 11, Nr. 2 (2007): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0702101s.

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A review of research into the burning behavior of large pool fires and fuel spill fires is presented. The features which distinguish such fires from smaller pool fires are mainly associated with the fire dynamics at low source Froude numbers and the radiative interaction with the fire source. In hydrocarbon fires, higher soot levels at increased diameters result in radiation blockage effects around the perimeter of large fire plumes; this yields lower emissive powers and a drastic reduction in the radiative loss fraction; whilst there are simplifying factors with these phenomena, arising from the fact that soot yield can saturate, there are other complications deriving from the intermittency of the behavior, with luminous regions of efficient combustion appearing randomly in the outer surface of the fire according the turbulent fluctuations in the fire plume. Knowledge of the fluid flow instabilities, which lead to the formation of large eddies, is also key to understanding the behavior of large-scale fires. Here modeling tools can be effectively exploited in order to investigate the fluid flow phenomena, including RANS- and LES-based computational fluid dynamics codes. The latter are well-suited to representation of the turbulent motions, but a number of challenges remain with their practical application. Massively-parallel computational resources are likely to be necessary in order to be able to adequately address the complex coupled phenomena to the level of detail that is necessary.

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Lönnermark, Anders, und Haukur Ingason. „Fire Spread and Flame Length in Large-Scale Tunnel Fires“. Fire Technology 42, Nr. 4 (24.04.2006): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-006-7508-7.

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Babrauskas, Vytenis, Richard H. Harris, Emil Braun, Barbara C. Levin, Maya Paabo und Richard G. Gann. „Large-Scale Validation of Bench-Scale Fire Toxicity Tests“. Journal of Fire Sciences 9, Nr. 2 (März 1991): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419100900203.

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Peacock, Richard D., und Vytenis Babrauskas. „Analysis of large-scale fire test data“. Fire Safety Journal 17, Nr. 5 (Januar 1991): 387–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(91)90019-u.

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Chernogor, L. F., A. N. Nekos, G. V. Titenko und L. L. Chornohor. „Simulation of large-scale forest fire parameters“. 26, Nr. 26 (30.05.2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/1992-4259-2022-26-04.

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Topicality. There is an urgent need to select the main energy, geometric and thermophysical parameters of forest fires, as well as to assess the main parameters of these fires, including unexplored fire tornadoes and wave processes caused by fires. Purpose. To develop mathematical models of physical processes caused by large-scale forest fires, evaluate the main parameters of these fires, including unexplored fire tornadoes and wave processes caused by fires. Methods. Analytical review of the research problem, theoretical and computational, mathematical modeling, systematic analysis of the set of physical effects. Results. The results of the analysis of the parameters of forest fires and related physical processes caused by large-scale fires are presented. The main energy, geometric and thermophysical parameters of large-scale forest fires are proposed. These include: energy, power, duration, area of fires, as well as the length, intensity and speed of the combustion front, heat flux density, power flux density, torch height, heat and smoke rise height, convection speed, etc. Simple analytical physical and mathematical models of the main parameters of large-scale forest fires have been created. A model of a fiery tornado is proposed. The obtained ratios allow us to estimate the main parameters of fire tornadoes that accompany large-scale forest fires. These include radius, angular velocity, tangential velocity, maximum height and rate of rise of the heated formation. It is shown that, depending on the size of the vortex, the parameters of the fiery tornado vary widely. These relationships make it possible to analyze and evaluate the main parameters of wave processes generated by forest fires. Such parameters are energy, relative share of energy, range of periods of acoustic radiation, etc. The main parameters of forest fires and related physical processes are calculated. It is shown that depending on the area of the fire, these parameters vary widely. Conclusions. Mathematical models of physical processes caused by large-scale forest fires have been developed, by means of which the parameters of the main effects have been calculated.

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Ingason, Haukur, Ying Zhen Li, Glenn Appel, Ulf Lundström und Conny Becker. „Large Scale Tunnel Fire Tests with Large Droplet Water-Based Fixed Fire Fighting System“. Fire Technology 52, Nr. 5 (22.03.2015): 1539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-015-0479-9.

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Ferraris, S., J. Wen und S. Dembele. „Large-eddy Simulation Of A Large-scale Methane Pool Fire“. Fire Safety Science 8 (2005): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.8-963.

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Koo, Eunmo, Patrick J. Pagni, David R. Weise und John P. Woycheese. „Firebrands and spotting ignition in large-scale fires“. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, Nr. 7 (2010): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07119.

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Spotting ignition by lofted firebrands is a significant mechanism of fire spread, as observed in many large-scale fires. The role of firebrands in fire propagation and the important parameters involved in spot fire development are studied. Historical large-scale fires, including wind-driven urban and wildland conflagrations and post-earthquake fires are given as examples. In addition, research on firebrand behaviour is reviewed. The phenomenon of spotting fires comprises three sequential mechanisms: generation, transport and ignition of recipient fuel. In order to understand these mechanisms, many experiments have been performed, such as measuring drag on firebrands, analysing the flow fields of flame and plume structures, collecting firebrands from burning materials, houses and wildfires, and observing firebrand burning characteristics in wind tunnels under the terminal velocity condition and ignition characteristics of fuel beds. The knowledge obtained from the experiments was used to develop firebrand models. Since Tarifa developed a firebrand model based on the terminal velocity approximation, many firebrand transport models have been developed to predict maximum spot fire distance. Combustion models of a firebrand were developed empirically and the maximum spot fire distance was found at the burnout limit. Recommendations for future research and development are provided.

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Ingason, Haukur, und Ying Zhen Li. „Large scale tunnel fire tests with different types of large droplet fixed fire fighting systems“. Fire Safety Journal 107 (Juli 2019): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.04.007.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Large-Scale fire"

McKenzie, Donald. „Modeling large-scale fire effects : concepts and applications /“. Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5602.

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Gales, John Adam Brian. „Unbonded post-tensioned concrete structures in fire“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8083.

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To achieve thinner and longer floor slabs, rapid construction, and tight control of inservice deflections, modern concrete structures increasingly use high-strength, posttensioned prestressing steel as reinforcement. The resulting structures are called posttensioned (PT) concrete. Post-tensioned concrete slabs are widely believed to benefit from ‘inherent fire endurance.’ This belief is based largely on results from a series of standard fire tests performed on simply-supported specimens some five decades ago. Such tests are of debatable credibility; they do not capture the true structural behaviour of real buildings in real fires, nor do they reflect modern PT concrete construction materials or optimization methods. This thesis seeks to develop a more complete understanding of the structural and thermal response of modern prestressing steel and PT concrete slabs, particularly those with unbonded prestressing steel conditions, to high temperature, in an effort to steer current practice and future research towards the development of defensible, performance-based, safe fire designs. An exhaustive literature review of previous experimentation and real case studies of fire exposed PT concrete structures is presented to address whether current code guidance is adequate. Both bonded and unbonded prestressing steel configurations are considered, and research needs are identified. For unbonded prestressing steel in a localised fire, the review shows that the interaction between thermal relaxation and plastic deformation could result in tendon failure and loss of tensile reinforcement to the concrete, earlier than predicted by available design guidance. Since prestressing steel runs continuously in unbonded PT slabs, local damage to prestressing steel will affect the integrity of adjacent bays in a building. In the event that no bonded steel reinforcement is provided (as permitted by some design codes) a PT slab could lose tensile reinforcement across multiple bays; even those remote from fire. Using existing literature and design guidance, preliminary simplified modelling is presented to illustrate the stress-temperature-time interactions for stressed, unbonded prestressing steel under localised heating. This exercise showed that the observed behaviour cannot be rationally described by the existing design guidance. The high temperature mechanical properties of modern prestressing steel are subsequently considered in detail, both experimentally and analytically. Tests are presented on prestressing steel specimens under constant axial stress at high temperature using a high resolution digital image correlation (DIC) technique to accurately measure deformations. A novel, accurate analytical model of the stresstemperature- time dependent deformation of prestressing steel is developed and validated for both transient and steady-state conditions. Modern prestressing steel behaviour is then compared to its historical prestressing steel counterparts, showing significant differences at high temperature. Attention then turns to other structural actions of a real PT concrete structure (e.g. thermal bowing, restraint, concrete stiffness loss, continuity, spalling, slab splitting etc.) all of which also play inter-related roles influencing a PT slab’s response in fire. A series of three non-standard structural fire experiments on heavily instrumented, continuous, restrained PT concrete slabs under representative sustained service loads were conducted in an effort to better understand the response of PT concrete structures to localised heating. To the author’s knowledge this is the first time a continuous PT slab which includes axial, vertical and rotational restraint has been studied at high temperature, particularly under localised heating. The structural response of all three tests indicates a complex deflection trend in heating and in cooling which differs considerably from the response of a simply supported slab in a standard fire test. Deflection trends in the continuous slab tests were due to a combination of thermal expansion and plastic damage. The test data will enable future efforts to validate computational models which account for the requisite complexities. Overall, the research presented herein shows that some of the design guidance for modern PT concrete slabs is inadequate and should be updated. The high temperature deformation of prestressing steel under localised heating, as would be expected in a real fire, should be considered, since uniform heating of simplysupported elements is both unrealistic and unconservative with respect to tensile rupture of prestressing steel tendons. The most obvious impact of this finding would be to increase the minimum concrete covers required for unbonded PT construction, and to require adequate amounts of bonded steel reinforcement to allow load shedding to the bonded steel at high temperature in the event that the prestressing steel fails or is severely damaged by fire.

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Klinck, Amanda. „An Experimental Investigation of the Fire Characteristics of the University of Waterloo Burn House Structure“. Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/774.

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This thesis reports on the procedure, results and analysis of four full scale fire tests that were performed at the University of Waterloo's Live Fire Research Facility. The purpose of these tests was to investigate the thermal characteristics of one room of the Burn House structure. Comparisons were made of Burn House experimental data to previous residential fire studies undertaken by researchers from the University of Waterloo. This analysis showed similarities in growth rate characteristics, illustrating that fire behaviour in the Burn House is typical of residential structure fire behaviour. The Burn House experimental data was also compared to predictions from a fire model, CFAST. Recommendations were made for future work in relation to further investigation of the fire characteristics of the Burn House.

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Henderson, Erik. „Metal Thermoelectrics: An Economical Solution to Large Scale Waste Heat Recovery“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1512038554977884.

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Foster, Andrew. „Understanding, predicting and improving the performance of foam filled sandwich panels in large scale fire resistance tests“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/understanding-predicting-and-improving-the-performance-of-foam-filled-sandwich-panels-in-large-scale-fire-resistance-tests(3dc4bf07-82f0-4e3e-9cab-37e9244fe2a2).html.

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This thesis presents the results of research on sandwich panel construction, with the aims of developing tools for modelling sandwich panel fire performance and hence to use the tools to aid the development of sandwich panel construction with improved fire resistance. The research focuses on sandwich panels made of thin steel sheeting and a polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam core. For non-loadbearing sandwich panel construction, fire resistance is measured in terms of thermal insulation and integrity only. However, these two parameters are affected by mechanical performance of sandwich panel construction due to the high distortion and large deformation nature of sandwich panel construction under fire attack. Therefore, it is necessary to consider both thermal and mechanical performances of sandwich panels under fire conditions. The work in this thesis includes development of a thermal conductivity model for PIR foam as this thermal property is one of the key values in determining heat transfer through sandwich panels; this thermal conductivity model is based on the effective thermal conductivity of porous foams proposed by Glicksman (1994) and includes the effects of polymer decomposition and increases in foam cell size. It is validated against fire tests carried out on PIR sandwich panels 80mm and 100mm thick with steel facings of thickness 0.5mm. A large 3D sequentially coupled thermal-stress model of a full scale fire test has been developed in the commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software ABAQUS to provide insight into the way sandwich panels behave in a fire resistance test and also to assess different modelling techniques. Aspects and stages of the simulation that agree well with test data are explained. Limitations of the ABAQUS software for simulating sandwich panel fire tests are highlighted; namely, it is not possible to simulate the correct radiation heat transfer through panel joints, as cavity radiation cannot be specified in a fully coupled thermal-stress analysis. Joints are key components of sandwich panel construction. In order to obtain temperature development data for modelling joints, a number of fire tests have been carried out. These fire tests were conducted with different joint configurations and panel thicknesses under realistic fire conditions using timber cribs. The joint fire tests revealed significant ablation of the foam core within the joints of sandwich panels at high temperatures. At the beginning of fire exposure, the joint temperature on the unexposed surface was lower than that on the panel due to the better insulation property of air compared to the foam. However, as the joint gap increased due to ablation of the foam, the joint temperatures became higher than in the panel. A numerical simulation model has been created to investigate this behaviour. Using the aforementioned thermal model, numerical simulations have been carried out to examine the influences of possible changes to sandwich panel design on sandwich panel construction fire performance. It was suggested that if the maximum gap in the joints can be limited to 5mm, for example, by applying intumescent coating strips within the sandwich panel joints to counter the increasing gap formed due to core ablation, then the joint temperature on the unexposed surface would not exceed that of the panel surface, hence the joint would cease to be the weak link. To increase the panel fire resistance, the use of graphite particles in the PIR foam formulation may be considered to lower the contribution of radiative heat transfer within the foam cells by reducing the transmissivity of the cell walls. Graphite particles may offer considerable increases in the thermal resistance of PIR foam at high temperatures by limiting the radiation contribution which dominates heat transfer above 300oC.

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Del, Valle Marcelo. „Benchmark sensitivity of the container analysis fire environment (CAFE) computer code using a rail-cask-size pipe calorimeter in large-scale pool fires“. abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1460792.

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Horvath, Istva'n. „Extreme PIV Applications: Simultaneous and Instantaneous Velocity and Concentration Measurements on Model and Real Scale Car Park Fire Scenarios“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209641.

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This study is a presentation of an instantaneous and simultaneous velocity and concentration measurement technique and its applications on car park fire scenarios.

In this actual chapter 1 general introduction is given to each chapter. Chapter 2 is dedicated to a detailed description of the instantaneous and simultaneous velocity and concentration measurement technique and its associated error assessment methodology. The name of the new technique is derived from the names of the acquired parameters (VELocity and COncentration) and shall be hereafter referred to as VELCO. After having validated and performed an error assessment of this technique, it is applied to an investigation of full-scale car park (30 m x 30 m x 2.6 m – Gent / WFRGENT) fire cases in chapter 3. The measurements were carried out with the financial support of IWT-SBO program. In the full-scale measurements only the velocity part is applied of VELCO, yet it can be considered as its application since the special data treating was developed and implemented in the Rabon (see: §2.1.2) program, which is the software of the new technique along with Tucsok (see: §2.1.1) and they will be both discussed in the related chapter. Here it is enough to mention that the concentration and velocity information can be obtained independently as well. During the full-scale measurements, beyond of VELCO the smoke back-layering distances (SBL) are also derived from the temperature values, which were measured by thermocouples under the ceiling in the midline of the car park. The critical velocity, which is an important measure of fire safety, can be obtained from the SBL results. In chapter 4, isothermal fire modeling is surveyed in order to present how full-scale fires are modeled in small-scale. In this part of the study the theory of fire related formulae and an isothermal model are described. Here it is important to stress the fact that the fire modeling is not directly related to the VELCO technique. However it connects the full-scale to the small-scale measurements, which the technique is applied on. Chapter 5 discusses small-scale measurements (1:25 – Rhode Saint Genese / VKI) on the car park introduced in chapter 3 and their validation. After the validation, more complex car parks scenarios are also investigated due to the easy to change layout in the small-scale model with respect to the full-scale car park. In this chapter the smoke back-layering distances are obtained by VELCO. Finally, in chapter 6 important conclusions are drawn with the objective of increasing fire safety.

Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Betting, Benjamin. „Etudes Expérimentales et lois prédictives des foyers d'incendies“. Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR054/document.

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Chaque année en France, les feux de compartiments donnent lieu à plus de 88 000 interventions impliquant plus de 15 000 personnes dont plusieurs centaines de décès et de blessés graves. Aujourd’hui, lors de ces feux, les prises de décision et les délais d’intervention des équipes de secours sont principalement basés sur des décisions humaines, fruits de l'expérience. Une connaissance parfaite de la situation, de son évolution dans le temps et des dangers qui peuvent apparaître est impossible. C’est en partie la cause majeure des mauvais chiffres répertoriés ci-dessus. En effet, les processus physicochimiques qui régissent les feux de compartiments et les situations collatérales extrêmement réactives et dangereuses sont complexes. La transition entre un feu localisé et un feu généralisé peut prendre plusieurs formes. L'un des vecteurs les plus importants dans la propagation de la combustion pour les feux de compartiments sont les fumées, du fait de leur température élevée (souvent supérieure à 600°C) et des quantités importantes d’énergie, sous forme de chaleur, qu'elles contiennent. Malgré leur extrême dangerosité, les fumées restent importantes à étudier car elles véhiculent de précieuses informations, notamment sur l’apparition de phénomènes thermiques redoutés par les pompiers. Afin de mener cette étude, une cellule expérimentale composé de deux containers maritimes a été installée sur le site de formation incendie des sapeurs-pompiers de Seine-Maritime. Cette plateforme va permettre, grâce à un brûleur alimenté en propane, de produire des fumées chaudes dans uneconfiguration dite « feu réel ». Elles seront analysées en partie grâce à une technique de mesure non intrusive, la PIV. Les mesures par PIV grands champs seront comparées à des simulations LES de l’expérience (FDS). La double compétence (numérique / expérimentale) est essentielle dans ce type d’étude où les données expérimentales souffrent d’un manque de résolution (spatiale et temporelle) mais pour autant représentent des informations nécessaires à la validation des codes
Each year in France, compartment fires result in more than 88,000 interventions involving more than 15,000 people, including several hundred deaths and serious injuries. Today, during fire compartments, the decision-making of the rescue teams is mainly based on human decisions, as a result of the accumulated experience. However, a perfect knowledge of the situation, its evolution over time and the dangers that may appear is impossible. Therefore, studying the fumes is of major interest. Indeed, smoke remains important to study because it conveys valuable information, especially on the appearance of thermal phenomena feared by firemen. In order to carry out this study, an experimental cell made up of two maritime containers was installed on the site of the Seine-Maritime fire brigade fire training. This platform will produce hot smokes in a configuration called "real fire" thanks to a propane burner. In this study, the smoke dynamics in a large scale experimental setup is analyzed using a non-intrusive measurement technique such as PIV (Particle Image Velocity). All the performed measurements are compared with LES (Large Eddy Simulation) simulations of the experiment using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The double expertise (numerical / experimental) is essential in this type of study where the experimental data suffer from a lack of resolution (spatial and temporal) but nevertheless represents an important source of information necessary for the validation of the codes

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Covi, Patrick. „Multi-hazard analysis of steel structures subjected to fire following earthquake“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/313383.

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Fires following earthquake (FFE) have historically produced enormous post-earthquake damage and losses in terms of lives, buildings and economic costs, like the San Francisco earthquake (1906), the Kobe earthquake (1995), the Turkey earthquake (2011), the Tohoku earthquake (2011) and the Christchurch earthquakes (2011). The structural fire performance can worsen significantly because the fire acts on a structure damaged by the seismic event. On these premises, the purpose of this work is the investigation of the experimental and numerical response of structural and non-structural components of steel structures subjected to fire following earthquake (FFE) to increase the knowledge and provide a robust framework for hybrid fire testing and hybrid fire following earthquake testing. A partitioned algorithm to test a real case study with substructuring techniques was developed. The framework is developed in MATLAB and it is also based on the implementation of nonlinear finite elements to model the effects of earthquake forces and post-earthquake effects such as fire and thermal loads on structures. These elements should be able to capture geometrical and mechanical non-linearities to deal with large displacements. Two numerical validation procedures of the partitioned algorithm simulating two virtual hybrid fire testing and one virtual hybrid seismic testing were carried out. Two sets of experimental tests in two different laboratories were performed to provide valuable data for the calibration and comparison of numerical finite element case studies reproducing the conditions used in the tests. Another goal of this thesis is to develop a fire following earthquake numerical framework based on a modified version of the OpenSees software and several scripts developed in MATLAB to perform probabilistic analyses of structures subjected to FFE. A new material class, namely SteelFFEThermal, was implemented to simulate the steel behaviour subjected to FFE events.

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Alcasena, Urdíroz Fermín J. „Wildfire risk management in southern European landscapes: Towards a long‐term comprehensive strategy“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667939.

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Pocs incendis grans i destructius representen els impactes més negatius en els valors socioeconòmics i naturals de les zones mediterrànies. Com a conseqüència de l’augment de l’acumulació de biomassa en els paisatges culturals prèviament elaborats, aquests esdeveniments no característics que es produeixen en condicions meteorològiques extremes són resistents als esforços de supressió a causa de les brases massives de dutxa, les intensitats de foc aclaparadores i les taxes d’expansió molt elevades. D'altra banda, l'augment de les àrees d'interfície de zones silvestres-urbanes representa un factor condicionant que exigeix protecció i augmenta substancialment la complexitat de la gestió d'emergències. Les polítiques de prevenció d’ignició i de supressió d’incendis només resulten ineficaces per mitigar les pèrdues dels focs contemporanis. En aquesta tesi he implementat un marc analític a escala múltiple per informar sobre la presa de decisions d’una estratègia de gestió de riscos d’incendis forestals amb l'objectiu de crear paisatges resistents al foc, restaurar el règim de foc cultural, donar suport a la supressió d’incendis segura i eficient i crear comunitats adaptades al foc. En descompondre el risc d'incendis forestals en els principals factors causals a les escales relacionades amb les capacitats de gestió dels diferents agents, des dels propietaris individuals fins als governs regionals, aquesta tesi intenta proporcionar una solució integral per aconseguir aquests objectius bàsics a mig termini a la Unió Europea del sud regions. Es va implementar un model de simulació contra incendis per obtenir els factors causals de risc requerits o els indicadors d’exposició. La propagació del foc i el comportament en grans àrees es van modelar tenint en compte els règims de bombers variables en termes d’estacionalitat, gran nombre de focs i distribució espacial. Les relacions de susceptibilitat definides per experts o models de mortalitat es van utilitzar per avaluar els efectes de foc com a possibles pèrdues econòmiques en valors de risc. A més, vam utilitzar una anàlisi de transmissió per definir els incendis de la comunitat i avaluar l'intercanvi de foc entre els municipis veïns. La gestió de combustibles és la principal estratègia de mitigació de riscos d'incendis forestals a escala paisatgística i s'han utilitzat models d'optimització espacial per ajudar en el disseny del tractament del paisatge estratègic i explorar les oportunitats de col·locació sota restriccions pressupostàries. Els resultats es van proporcionar a les escales operatives adequades per informar de diferents estratègies de gestió d’incendis forestals. Els perfils d’exposició i l’avaluació de riscos a escales finals per a les estructures d’habitatges individuals i els valors dels boscos de fustes intenten promoure la participació dels propietaris i exigir les bones pràctiques dels gestors forestals amb l'objectiu de mitigar les pèrdues derivades dels incendis en el mateix lloc (unitats de tractament) i les terres veïnes. Els esforços de gestió dins de les àrees de planificació articulats com a projectes de planificació col·laborativa entre diversos agents socioeconòmics inclouen tractaments sobre el combustible del paisatge en llocs estratègics que redueixen la probabilitat general d’incendis forestals i la intensitat del foc, la planificació del paisatge per excloure àrees perilloses per al desenvolupament urbà, la preparació de la comunitat reduint la vulnerabilitat social i les ordenances del municipi a reduir la vulnerabilitat de l’habitatge. La producció conjunta de tractaments representa una oportunitat en ecosistemes forestals mediterranis multifuncionals per organitzar solucions complexes. La formulació de polítiques a escala regional dóna prioritat a nivell municipal a les diferents estratègies de gestió, com ara programes de prevenció d'ignició, pre-posicionament de recursos, assignació de subvencions per a tractaments de combustible i aplicació de la llei per a la gestió de combustibles en comunitats d'interfície de zones silvestres-urbanes amb major risc. Els diferents treballs es van desenvolupar en diverses àrees mediterrànies per ressaltar l'aplicabilitat del marc en altres llocs.
Pocos incendios grandes y destructivos representan la mayoría de los impactos negativos sobre los valores socioeconómicos y naturales en las áreas mediterráneas. Como resultado de la creciente acumulación de biomasa en los paisajes culturales que antes eran de grano fino, estos eventos no característicos que ocurren en condiciones climáticas extremas son resistentes a los esfuerzos de supresión debidos a las brasas de lluvia masiva, las intensidades de fuego abrumadoras y las tasas de propagación muy altas. Además, el aumento de las áreas de interfaz urbano-forestal representa un factor de condicionamiento que exige protección y aumenta sustancialmente la complejidad de la gestión de emergencias. Las políticas de prevención de ignición y extinción de incendios por sí solas resultan ineficaces para mitigar las pérdidas de incendios contemporáneos. En esta Tesis, implementé un marco analítico de múltiples escalas para informar la toma de decisiones de una estrategia de gestión de riesgos de incendios forestales con el objetivo de crear paisajes resistentes a incendios, restaurar el régimen cultural de incendios, apoyar la supresión segura y eficiente de incendios y crear comunidades adaptadas a incendios. Al disolver el riesgo de incendios forestales en los principales factores causales en escalas relacionadas con las capacidades de gestión de los diferentes agentes, desde los propietarios individuales hasta los gobiernos regionales, esta tesis intenta ofrecer una solución integral para lograr esos objetivos centrales a medio plazo en el sur de la Unión Europea regiones. Se implementó un enfoque de modelado de simulación de incendios para obtener los factores causales de riesgo requeridos o las métricas de exposición. La propagación y el comportamiento de los incendios en grandes áreas se modelaron teniendo en cuenta los regímenes de incendios variables en términos de estacionalidad, gran número de incendios y distribución espacial. Las relaciones de susceptibilidad definidas por los expertos o los modelos de mortalidad se utilizaron para evaluar los efectos del fuego como posibles pérdidas económicas a valores en riesgo. Además, utilizamos un análisis de transmisión para delimitar las cuencas comunitarias y evaluar el intercambio de incendios entre los municipios vecinos. La gestión de combustibles es la principal estrategia de mitigación del riesgo de incendios forestales a escala del paisaje, y se utilizaron modelos de optimización espacial para ayudar en el diseño estratégico del tratamiento del paisaje y explorar oportunidades de colocación bajo restricciones presupuestarias. Los resultados se proporcionaron en escalas operativas apropiadas para informar diferentes estrategias de manejo de incendios forestales. Los perfiles de exposición y la evaluación del riesgo a escalas finas para las estructuras de viviendas individuales y los valores forestales de los bosques de madera intentan promover la participación de los propietarios y demandan las buenas prácticas de los administradores forestales con el objetivo de mitigar las pérdidas por incendios encendidos en el mismo sitio (unidades de tratamiento) y las tierras vecinas. Los esfuerzos de gestión dentro de las áreas de planificación articulados como proyectos de planificación colaborativa entre diversos agentes socioeconómicos incluyen tratamientos de combustible de paisaje en lugares estratégicos que reducen la probabilidad general de incendios forestales y la intensidad de incendios, la planificación del paisaje para excluir áreas peligrosas para el desarrollo urbano, la preparación de la comunidad para reducir la vulnerabilidad social y las ordenanzas municipales para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la vivienda. El tratamiento conjunto de la producción representa una oportunidad en los ecosistemas forestales mediterráneos multifuncionales para organizar soluciones complejas. La formulación de políticas a escala regional prioriza a nivel municipal las diferentes estrategias de manejo, como los programas de prevención de ignición, el posicionamiento previo de recursos de supresión, la asignación de subsidios para tratamientos de combustible y la aplicación de la ley para el manejo de combustibles en comunidades de interfaz urbano-forestal en mayor riesgo. Los diferentes documentos se desarrollaron en varias áreas mediterráneas para resaltar la aplicabilidad del marco en otros lugares.
Few large and destructive fires account for most negative impacts on socioeconomic and natural values in Mediterranean areas. As a result of an increasing amount of biomass accumulation on the previously fine-grained cultural landscapes, these uncharacteristic events occurring under extreme weather conditions are resistant to suppression efforts due to massive showering embers, overwhelming fire intensities, and very high spread rates. Moreover, increasing wildland-urban interface areas represent a conditioning factor demanding protection and substantially increasing emergency management complexity. Ignition prevention and fire suppression policies alone result ineffective to mitigate losses from contemporary fires. In this Thesis I implemented a multiple-scale analytical framework to inform the decision-making of a wildfire risk management strategy aiming at creating fire resilient landscapes, restoring the cultural fire regime, supporting safe and efficient fire suppression, and creating fire-adapted communities. By decomposing wildfire risk into the main causative factors at scales related to management capabilities for the different agents, from the individual homeowners to Regional Governments, this dissertation attempts to provide a comprehensive solution to achieve those core goals on the mid-term in southern European Union regions. A fire simulation modeling approach was implemented to obtain the required risk causative factors or exposure metrics. Fire spread and behavior in large areas were modeled accounting for variable fire regimes in terms of seasonality, large fire number, and spatial distribution. Expert-defined susceptibility relations or mortality models were then used to assess fire effects as potential economic losses to values at risk. Moreover, we used a transmission analysis to delineate community firesheds and assess fire exchange among neighboring municipalities. Fuels management is the main wildfire risk mitigation strategy at the landscape scale, and spatial optimization models were used to help in strategic landscape treatment design and explore collocation opportunities under budgetary restrictions. Results were provided at appropriate operational scales to inform different wildfire management strategies. Exposure profiles and risk assessment at fine scales for individual housing structures and timber stand forest values attempt to promote homeowners’ involvement and demand forest managers’ good practices aiming at mitigating losses from fires ignited on the same site (treatment units) and the neighboring lands. Management efforts within Planning Areas articulated as collaborative planning projects among various socioeconomic agents include landscape fuel treatments on strategic locations reducing overall wildfire likelihood and fire intensity, landscape planning to exclude hazardous areas for the urban development, community preparedness reducing social vulnerability, and municipality ordinances to reduce housing vulnerability. Treatment joint-production represents an opportunity in multi-functional Mediterranean forest ecosystems to arrange complex solutions. Regional scale policy-making prioritizes at municipality level the different management strategies such as ignition prevention programs, suppression resource pre-positioning, assignation of subsidies for fuel treatments, and law enforcement for managing fuels in wildland-urban interface communities at highest risk. The different papers were developed in various Mediterranean areas to highlight the applicability of the framework elsewhere.

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Bücher zum Thema "Large-Scale fire"

1942-, Keltner N. R., Alvares Norman J und Grayson S. J, Hrsg. Very large-scale fires. W. Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 1998.

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Kokkala, Matti. Five large-scale room fire experiments: Project 3 of the EUREFIC fire research programme. Espoo [Finland]: VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1992.

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McKenzie, Donald. Predicting the effect of fire on large-scale vegetation patterns in North America. Portland, Or. (333 S.W. First Ave., P.O. Box 3890, Portland 97208-3890): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996.

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McKenzie, Donald. Predicting the effect of fire on large-scale vegetation patterns in North America. [Portland, OR] (333 S.W. First Ave., P.O. Box 3890, Portland 97208-3890): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996.

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Keltner, NR, NJ Alvares und SJ Grayson, Hrsg. Very Large-Scale Fires. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp1336-eb.

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Addison Gallery of American Art., Hrsg. Large scale prints. Andover, Mass: Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, 2003.

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(Firm), RMJM. Master planning & large scale development. United States?]: RMJM, 2012.

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Lassettre, Neil S. Process based management of large woody debris at the basin scale, Soquel Creek, California: Report presented to California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection and Soquel Demonstration State Forest. [Sacramento, Calif.]: State of California, California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2003.

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Sandhu, Harjinder Singh. File replication and performance in large-scale distributed systems. Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of Computer Science, 1991.

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Apratim, Purakayastha, und United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. Characterizing parallel file-access patterns on a large-scale multiprocessor. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Large-Scale fire"

Jordanov, Georgi, Jonathan D. Beezley, Nina Dobrinkova, Adam K. Kochanski, Jan Mandel und Bedřich Sousedík. „Simulation of the 2009 Harmanli Fire (Bulgaria)“. In Large-Scale Scientific Computing, 291–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29843-1_33.

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Makovická Osvaldová, Linda, und Widya Fatriasari. „Large-Scale Test Methods“. In The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series, 249–62. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39711-0_15.

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Long, R. Thomas, Jason A. Sutula und Michael J. Kahn. „FM Global Large-Scale Fire Sprinkler Testing“. In SpringerBriefs in Fire, 17–19. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1077-9_4.

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Dobrinkova, Nina, und Georgi Dobrinkov. „FARSITE and WRF-Fire Models, Pros and Cons for Bulgarian Cases“. In Large-Scale Scientific Computing, 382–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43880-0_43.

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Dobrinkov, Georgi, und Nina Dobrinkova. „Input Data Preparation for Fire Behavior Fuel Modeling of Bulgarian Test Cases“. In Large-Scale Scientific Computing, 335–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26520-9_37.

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Sotirova, Evdokia, Emilia Velizarova, Stefka Fidanova und Krassimir Atanassov. „Modeling Forest Fire Spread Through a Game Method for Modeling Based on Hexagonal Cells“. In Large-Scale Scientific Computing, 321–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43880-0_36.

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van der Meer, Sven, Eduard Grasa, Leonardo Bergesio, Miquel Tarzan, Diego Lopez, Dimitri Staessens, Sander Vrijders, Vincenzo Maffione und John Day. „Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (ARCFIRE, Large-scale RINA benchmark on FIRE)“. In Building the Future Internet through FIRE, 575–85. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003337447-23.

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Delichatsios, Michael A. „Prediction of Large Scale Fire Behavior Using Nuterial Flammability Properties“. In Prevention of Hazardous Fires and Explosions, 29–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4712-5_3.

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Coetzee, Louis, Marisa Catalan, Josep Paradells, Anastasius Gavras und Maria Joao Barros. „Large Scale Testbed for Intercontinental Smart City Experiments and Pilots – Results and Experiences“. In Building the Future Internet through FIRE, 211–41. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003337447-9.

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Nepstad, Daniel C., Peter Jipp, Paulo Moutinho, Gustavo Negreiros und Simone Vieira. „Forest Recovery Following Pasture Abandonment in Amazonia: Canopy Seasonality, Fire Resistance and Ants“. In Evaluating and Monitoring the Health of Large-Scale Ecosystems, 333–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79464-3_21.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Large-Scale fire"

E.S., Oran. „Large-Scale Transition to Detonation“. In Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7724-8_02-01.

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Satoh, Kohyu, Liu Naian, Masahiko Shinohara und K. T. Yang. „Large-Scale Laboratory Fire Whirls and Their Numerical Simulations“. In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/htd-24242.

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Abstract Fire whirls have been observed in large-scale forest and city fires, which are likely accompanied by strong winds and heavy damages such as loss of lives and physical properties. Despite the general interest in the research of fire whirls, their detailed mechanisms and physical effects still remain largely unknown. One reason is that such real fire whirls are of large size and their direct studies are obviously not feasible. On the other hand, CFD-based fire field models, despite their inherent deficiencies, do provide a rational means to scale the fire sizes. It is desirable, or even necessary, to study larger-scale fire whirls with higher whirling flames in the laboratory, along with their numerical simulations. If success in the numerical simulations for the larger fire whirls can again be demonstrated, we will then approach more closely to have a quantitative tool in the use of the fire field model to simulate and study the truly large real-life fire whirls. The purpose of the present study is to attempt to create a stable six-meter class whirling flame in the laboratory, and then compare the measured data with what can be simulated with a fire field model.

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Urban, David L., Gary A. Ruff, Olivier Minster, A. Fernandez Pello, James T`ien, Jose Torero, Guillaume Legros et al. „Development of Large-Scale Spacecraft Fire Safety Experiments“. In 43rd International Conference on Environmental Systems. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-3410.

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Satoh, Koyu, Domingos Viegas, Claudia Pinto und Ran Tu. „CFD Study of Generation Process and Stability of a Fire Whirl in Large-Scale Fires“. In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10173.

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Abstract Large-scale urban and forest fires, especially earthquake-induced fires may produce huge fire whirls and cause serious damage, due to the involved tornado-like strong wind, together with radiation and swirling flame. If fire whirls are generated, the danger to firefighters increases extremely. Many small-scale experiments and CFD simulations on fire whirls have already been conducted and also our previous numerical studies examined the generation of a large fire whirl in an oil tank. However, details of large-scale fire whirls have not been clarified yet. In this study, developing the previous works, additional CFD simulations are conducted to examine the generation process and particularly the stability of fire whirls. Three schemes to generate fire whirls are employed, using the 15 × 15 PMMA fuel array in windy conditions and n-heptane burning in a steel pan placed centrally on the floor in a tall channel with staggered four corner gaps, also using a channel with a single corner gap. The numerical results showed that the relationship between the fire area and the wind blowing area is important on the fire whirl generation in the PMMA scheme and n-heptane fire burning scheme in a channel. In addition to the channel gap size to produce a maximum fire whirl, the effects of channel height and horizontal channel area upon the fire whirl are examined. The wall temperatures of the channel are important to keep the swirling motion stably, particularly the wall temperature at about 300°C can stabilize the fire whirl in a channel. Also multiple small fires placed surrounding the central swirling fire can increase the stability of the fire whirl, although too strong multiple fires may destroy the stability. These phenomena may be related to the real fire whirl generation in the natural environment.

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Feldkamp, Martin, Thomas Quercetti und Frank Wille. „Outcomes of Three Large Scale Fire Reference Tests Conducted in BAM Fire Test Facility“. In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21245.

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Abstract Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials. One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated.

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D., Makarov, Verbecke F., Keenan J. und Molkov V. „On Unresolved Mechanisms of Large Scale Deflagrations in Complex Geometries“. In Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7724-8_02-02.

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Rawat, Rajesh, Jennifer P. Spinti, Wing Yee und Philip J. Smith. „Parallelization of a Large Scale Hydrocarbon Pool Fire in the Uintah PSE“. In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33105.

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Realistic simulation of complicated systems such as large-scale pool fires requires the representation of relevant physical processes such as turbulent reacting flows, convective and radiative heat transfer, and fundamental gas-phase chemistry. Resolution of the length and time scales responsible for controlling the dynamic features of fire are also required to capture important fire physics. Resolving these length and time scales, however, requires massively parallel computations. To achieve coupling of these complicated processes in a massively parallel environment, software components that reuse physics-based, legacy fire codes (written in Fortran) are developed and integrated with Uintah, a component-based, visual Problem Solving Environment (PSE) [1]. Uintah provides the framework for large-scale parallelization for different applications. The integration of the new fire code in Uintah is built on three principles: 1) Develop different, reusable, physics-based components that can be used interchangeably and interact with other components, 2) reuse the legacy fire code as much as possible, and 3) use components developed by third parties, specifically non-linear and linear solvers designed for solving complex-flow problems. The simulation of a 10-m heptane pool fire illustrates the parallel scalability obtained with the integrated fire code. Linear scalability to 1000 processors is obtained on the SGI Origin 2000 at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

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McGrattan, Kevin, Jason Floyd und Simo Hostikka. „A Mixture Fraction Combustion Model for Large Scale Fire Modeling“. In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/htd-24251.

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Abstract A numerical fire model, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), is being developed at NIST to study fire behavior and to evaluate the performance of fire protection systems in buildings. To date, about half of the applications of the model have been for design of smoke handling systems and sprinkler/detector activation studies. The other half consists of residential and industrial fire reconstructions. Improvements are being made to address the second set of applications, most importantly a mixture fraction combustion model and a finite volume radiation transport algorithm using either a gray gas or a wide band assumption. The methods will be discussed and a sample calculation presented.

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Tiwari, Mahesh Kumar, Akhilesh Gupta, Ravi Kumar und Pavan Kumar Sharma. „Numerical Study on Large Scale Pool Fire in a Compartment“. In Proceedings of the 25th National and 3rd International ISHMT-ASTFE Heat and Mass Transfer Conference (IHMTC-2019). Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihmtc-2019.1150.

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Surzhikov, Sergey T., und Pierre Labourdette. „RADIATION-CONVECTION INTERACTION IN LARGE-SCALE OXYGEN-HYDROGEN FIRE BALLS“. In Radiative Transfer I. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Radiation Transfer. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.1995.radtransfproc.510.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Large-Scale fire"

Braun, Emil, Barbara C. Levin, Maya Paabo, Joshua L. Gurman, Helena M. Clark und Margaret F. Yoklavich. Large-scale compartment fire toxicity study :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.88-3764.

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Simpson, Richard B., Richard Pearson Jensen, Byron Demosthenous, Anay Josephine Luketa, Allen Joseph Ricks, Marion Michael Hightower, Thomas K. Blanchat et al. The Phoenix series large scale LNG pool fire experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Dezember 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1044989.

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Yang, J. Re-evaluation of the 1995 Hanford Large Scale Drum Fire Test Results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Mai 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/908131.

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McKenzie, Donald, David L. Peterson und Ernesto Alvarado. Predicting the effect of fire on large-scale vegetation patterns in North America. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-489.

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Ohlemiller, T. J., und D. M. Corley. Estimation of the rate of heat release and induced wind field in a large scale fire. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4430.

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Zevotek, Robin, Keith Stakes und Joseph Willi. Impact of Fire Attack Utilizing Interior and Exterior Streams on Firefighter Safety and Occupant Survival: Full-Scale Experiments. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Januar 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/dnyq2164.

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As research continues into how fire department interventions affect fire dynamics in the modern fire environment, questions continue to arise on the impact and implications of interior versus exterior fire attack on both occupant survivability and firefighter safety. This knowledge gap and lack of previous research into the impact of fire streams has driven the need for further research into fire department interventions at structure fires with a focus on hose streams and suppression tactics. As the third report in the project “Impact of Fire Attack Utilizing Interior and Exterior Streams on Firefighter Safety and Occupant Survival”, this report expands upon the fire research conducted to date by analyzing how firefighting tactics, specifically suppression methods, affect the thermal exposure and survivability of both building occupants and firefighters in residential structures. • Part I: Water Distribution • Part II: Air Entrainment • Part III: Full-Scale Residential Fire Experiments. This report evaluates fire attack in residential structures through twenty-six full-scale structure fire experiments. Two fire attack methods, interior and transitional, were preformed at UL’s large fire lab in Northbrook, IL, in a single-story 1,600 ft2 ranch test structure utilizing three different ventilation configurations. To determine conditions within the test structure it was instrumented for temperature, pressure, gas velocity, heat flux, gas concentration, and moisture content. Ad- ditionally, to provide information on occupant burn injuries, five sets of instrumented pig skin were located in pre-determined locations in the structure. The results were analyzed to determine consistent themes in the data. These themes were evaluated in conjunction with a panel of fire service experts to develop 18 tactical considerations for fire ground operations. As you review the following tactical considerations it is important to utilize both these research results and your per- sonal experience to develop your department’s polices and implement these considerations during structural firefighting.

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Douglas, Thomas A., Christopher A. Hiemstra, Stephanie P. Saari, Kevin L. Bjella, Seth W. Campbell, M. Torre Jorgenson, Dana R. N. Brown und Anna K. Liljedahl. Degrading Permafrost Mapped with Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Airborne Imagery and LiDAR, and Seasonal Thaw Measurements. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Juli 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41185.

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Accurate identification of the relationships between permafrost extent and landscape patterns helps develop airborne geophysical or remote sensing tools to map permafrost in remote locations or across large areas. These tools are particularly applicable in discontinuous permafrost where climate warming or disturbances such as human development or fire can lead to rapid permafrost degradation. We linked field-based geophysical, point-scale, and imagery surveying measurements to map permafrost at five fire scars on the Tanana Flats in central Alaska. Ground-based elevation surveys, seasonal thaw-depth profiles, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements were combined with airborne imagery and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) to identify relationships between permafrost geomorphology and elapsed time since fire disturbance. ERT was a robust technique for mapping the presence or absence of permafrost because of the marked difference in resistivity values for frozen versus unfrozen material. There was no clear relationship between elapsed time since fire and permafrost extent at our sites. The transition zone boundaries between permafrost soils and unfrozen soils in the collapse-scar bogs at our sites had complex and unpredictable morphologies, suggesting attempts to quantify the presence or absence of permafrost using aerial measurements alone could lead to incomplete results. The results from our study indicated limitations in being able to apply airborne surveying measurements at the landscape scale toward accurately estimating permafrost extent.

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Sarin, N. K. Operating procedures - flame tests on rigid ducts used for mine ventilation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331775.

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Flammability tests are carried out on a variety of flexible and rigid duct materials used for mine ventilation in order to evaluate their fire-resistance and their suitability in a mining environment. Several tests are available for this purpose, however, CEAL has been using CSA standard C22.2 No. 30 for at least 10 years as part of its program for certification of various mining products. An interim large scale gallery test has been introduced since July, 1985 in order to determine if better repeatability of test results can be obtained. The aim is to eliminate threats to health and safety resulting from the use of such products in the mines. Special attention has been given to the safety precautions and sequence of operations necessary while conducting tests. A standard test recording sheet and test layout diagrams are also presented.

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Doo, Johnny. Unsettled Issues Concerning eVTOL for Rapid-response, On-demand Firefighting. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021017.

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Recent advancements of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry, and many novel applications have been identified and are in development. One promising application for these innovative systems is in firefighting, with eVTOL aircraft complementing current firefighting capabilities to help save lives and reduce fire-induced damages. With increased global occurrences and scales of wildfires—not to mention the issues firefighters face during urban and rural firefighting operations daily—eVTOL technology could offer timely, on-demand, and potentially cost-effective aerial mobility capabilities to counter these challenges. Early detection and suppression of wildfires could prevent many fires from becoming large-scale disasters. eVTOL aircraft may not have the capacity of larger aerial assets for firefighting, but targeted suppression, potentially in swarm operations, could be valuable. Most importantly, on-demand aerial extraction of firefighters can be a crucial benefit during wildfire control operations. Aerial firefighter dispatch from local fire stations or vertiports can result in more effective operations, and targeted aerial fire suppression and civilian extraction from high-rise buildings could enhance capabilities significantly. There are some challenges that need to be addressed before the identified capabilities and benefits are realized at scale, including the development of firefighting-specific eVTOL vehicles; sense and avoid capabilities in complex, smoke-inhibited environments; autonomous and remote operating capabilities; charging system compatibility and availability; operator and controller training; dynamic airspace management; and vehicle/fleet logistics and support. Acceptance from both the first-responder community and the general public is also critical for the successful implementation of these new capabilities. The purpose of this report is to identify the benefits and challenges of implementation, as well as some of the potential solutions. Based on the rapid development progress of eVTOL aircraft and infrastructures with proactive community engagement, it is envisioned that these challenges can be addressed soon. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

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Leon Glicksman, Hesham Younis, Richard Hing-Fung Tan, Michel Louge, Elizabeth Griffith und Vincent Bricout. THE SCALE-UP OF LARGE PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED BEDS FOR ADVANCED COAL FIRED PROCESSES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815225.

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