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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Large animal experiment“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Large animal experiment"
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Lewejohann, Lars, Kerstin Schwabe, Christine Häger und Paulin Jirkof. „Impulse for animal welfare outside the experiment“. Laboratory Animals 54, Nr. 2 (12.02.2020): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219891754.
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Animal welfare is a growing societal concern and the well-being of animals used for experimental purposes is under particular scrutiny. The vast majority of laboratory animals are mice living in small cages that do not offer very much variety. Moreover, the experimental procedure often takes very little time compared to the time these animals have been bred to the desired age or are being held available for animal experimentation. However, for the assessment of animal welfare, the time spent waiting for an experiment or the time spent after finishing an experiment has also to be taken into account. In addition to experimental animals, many additional animals (e.g. for breeding and maintenance of genetic lines, surplus animals) are related to animal experimentation and usually face similar living conditions. Therefore, in terms of improving the overall welfare of laboratory animals, there is not only a need for refinement of experimental conditions but especially for improving living conditions outside the experiment. The improvement of animal welfare thus depends to a large extent on the housing and maintenance conditions of all animals related to experimentation. Given the current state of animal welfare research there is indeed a great potential for improving the overall welfare of laboratory animals.
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Popa, V. I., I. Lascar, M. Valcu, Ioana Teona Sebe, B. Caraban und Arina Cristiana Margina. „Bioethics in animal experimentation“. ARS Medica Tomitana 21, Nr. 4 (01.11.2015): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arsm-2015-0041.
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Abstract Animal experiments are used on a large scale worldwide in order to develop or to refine new medicines, medicinal products or surgical procedures. It is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer, this is why animal experimentation causes serious moral problems. We must realize that we have moral and legal obligations when dealing with animals in our care, and this should become our high priority before any experiment. We have to take responsibility for the life of the animals and we have to act honorably regarding this issue because we have been given a trust by society in general which is not to be taken lightly. There is an ongoing societal debate about ethical issues of animal use in science. This paper is addressed to current and future researchers and is an appeal for them to (re)consider their personal views concerning the issue under scrutiny and their responsibility in ensuring that results would make the sacrifice worthwhile.
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Oliverius, Martin, Dušan Král, Eva Honsová, Alena Lodererová, Michal Kudla, Petr Baláž, Alexandros Valsamis und Jiří Čáp. „Surgical Technique of Small Bowel Transplantation in a Large Animal Model“. Acta Veterinaria Brno 79, Nr. 2 (2010): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201079020281.
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An experiment was carried out on pigs during preparation of a clinical project of intestinal transplantation. The objective of this study was to find the best surgical technique of vascular and intestinal anastomosis in different experimental settings (animals with and without immunosuppression) which could have a major impact on everyday veterinary practice. Transplantation was performed in 43 pigs. In the surgical part of the experiment we examined the most suitable surgical technique of vascular anastomosis. A running continuous single-layer seromuscular suture was used for all types of intestinal anastomoses. With regard to vascular anastomosis, the animals were divided into two groups. In group 1 (n = 18) one animal was both donor and recipient of the intestinal graft. Anastomoses were constructed to the mesenteric vessel bed. In group 2 (n = 25), one animal was the graft donor and another was the graft recipient, with revascularization to the central vessel bed. In the second part of the study, we examined the impact of immunosuppressive drug administration on acute cellular rejection and animal survival. Animals that died due to technical failure and reasons unrelated to transplantation were excluded from the evaluation (19 pigs). A total of 24 pigs were included in the second part of the study. The animals were divided into four experimental groups. Group A - autotransplantation (n = 3), group B - allotransplantation on tacrolimus monotherapy (n = 7), group C on combined immunosuppression with tacrolimus and sirolimus (n = 8), and control group D - without immunosuppression (n = 6). Results: A high rate of vascular complications occurred in the first group; 67% (12 out of 18). In the second group, the rate of complications was reduced to 12% (3 out of 25). In the second part of the study the shortest survival was found in group D and the longest in group A. In neither of the immunosuppressed groups (B + C) did we find any significant difference in survival. No complication with the healing of intestinal anastomosis was found in any group. In conclusion we can state the single-layer continuous running suture was safe for all kinds of intestinal anastomoses. Vascular reconstruction to the central vessels was safer for graft survival.
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Festing, Michael F. W. „Reduction of animal use: experimental design and quality of experiments“. Laboratory Animals 28, Nr. 3 (01.07.1994): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367794780681697.
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Poorly designed and analysed experiments can lead to a waste of scientific resources, and may even reach the wrong conclusions. Surveys of published papers by a number of authors have shown that many experiments are poorly analysed statistically, and one survey suggested that about a third of experiments may be unnecessarily large. Few toxicologists attempted to control variability using blocking or covariance analysis. In this study experimental design and statistical methods in 3 papers published in toxicological journals were used as case studies and were examined in detail. The first used dogs to study the effects of ethanol on blood and hepatic parameters following chronic alcohol consumption in a 2 × 4 factorial experimental design. However, the authors used mongrel dogs of both sexes and different ages with a wide range of body weights without any attempt to control the variation. They had also attempted to analyse a factorial design using Student's t-test rather than the analysis of variance. Means of 2 blood parameters presented with one decimal place had apparently been rounded to the nearest 5 units. It is suggested that this experiment could equally well have been done in 3 blocks using 24 instead of 46 dogs. The second case study was an investigation of the response of 2 strains of mice to a toxic agent causing bladder injury. The first experiment involved 40 treatment combinations (2 strains × 4 doses × 5 days) with 3-6 mice per combination. There was no explanation of how the experiment involving approximately 180 mice had actually been done, but unequal subclass numbers suggest that the experiment may have been done on an ad hoc basis rather than being properly designed. It is suggested that the experiment could have been done as 2 blocks involving 80 instead of about 180 mice. The third study again involved a factorial design with 4 dose levels of a compound and 2 sexes, with a total of 80 mice. Open field behaviour was examined. The author incorrectly used the t-test to analyse the data, and concluded that there was no dose effect, when a correct analysis showed this to be highly significant. In all case studies the scientists presented means α standard deviations or standard errors involving only the animals contributing to that mean, rather than the much better estimates that would be obtained with a pooled estimate of error. This is virtually a universal practice. While it is not in itself a serious error, it may lead scientists to design experiments with group sizes of at least 3 animals, which may result in an unnecessarily large experiment if there are many treatment combinations. In conclusion, all 3 papers could have been substantially improved, with higher precision and the use of fewer animals if more attention had been paid to better experimental design.
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Ranc, Nathan, Paul R. Moorcroft, Federico Ossi und Francesca Cagnacci. „Experimental evidence of memory-based foraging decisions in a large wild mammal“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, Nr. 15 (09.04.2021): e2014856118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014856118.
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Many animals restrict their movements to a characteristic home range. This constrained pattern of space use is thought to result from the foraging benefits of memorizing the locations and quality of heterogeneously distributed resources. However, due to the confounding effects of sensory perception, the role of memory in home-range movement behavior lacks definitive evidence in the wild. Here, we analyze the foraging decisions of a large mammal during a field resource manipulation experiment designed to disentangle the effects of memory and perception. We parametrize a mechanistic model of spatial transitions using experimental data to quantify the cognitive processes underlying animal foraging behavior and to predict how individuals respond to resource heterogeneity in space and time. We demonstrate that roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) rely on memory, not perception, to track the spatiotemporal dynamics of resources within their home range. Roe deer foraging decisions were primarily based on recent experience (half-lives of 0.9 and 5.6 d for attribute and spatial memory, respectively), enabling them to adapt to sudden changes in resource availability. The proposed memory-based model was able to both quantify the cognitive processes underlying roe deer behavior and accurately predict how they shifted resource use during the experiment. Our study highlights the fact that animal foraging decisions are based on incomplete information on the locations of available resources, a factor that is critical to developing accurate predictions of animal spatial behavior but is typically not accounted for in analyses of animal movement in the wild.
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Eldridge, GA, CG Winfield und DJ Cahill. „Responses of cattle to different space allowances, pen sizes and road conditions during transport“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, Nr. 2 (1988): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880155.
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Angus x Shorthorn heifers weighing about 350 kg were used to study the responses of heart rate and behaviour to different pen sizes, space allowances and road conditions during transport. In experiment 1, 6 groups of 9 heifers were transported at contrasting space allowances (0.9 and 1.1 m2/animal) on two 135- km journeys over a predetermined route of country, highway and suburban roads. Space allowance was varied by adjusting pen size. In experiment 2,4 groups of 8 heifers were used in a 2 (space allowances [0.8 and 1.0 m2/animal])x2 (pen sizes [8 and 16 m2]) factorial experiment to determine animal responses during a 31 km journey over sealed suburban roads. Space allowance was adjusted by adding non-experimental animals from the same herd. In experiment 3,6 groups of 7 animals were used to study the response of cattle to 2 space allowances (0.89 and 1.14 mVanima1) during a journey of 424 km. Space allowance was adjusted by using non-experimental animals from the same herd. In all experiments, animals transported at the lower space allowances had 3.9-6.7% lower heart rates (P < 0.05) and l27-260% lower movement scores (P < 0.05) than did animals transported at higher space allowances. In experiment 1, road type significantly affected heart rate (P<0.05) but not movement. In experiment 2, both heart rate and movement were significantly (P<0.01) less in small pens compared with large pens (heart rate 68.8 v. 71.7 bpm; number of movements 7.1 v. 15.8). There was a significant (P<0.05) interaction between space allowance and pen size on heart rate, but not on the amount of movement. In experiment 3, the stage of the journey did not affect the difference in heart rate between space allowance treatments. It is concluded that, within the ranges of the variables examined, road transport was less demanding on cattle in small pens with a small space allowance. It is suggested that space allowances can be more readily manipulated in transport vehicles with small pens and so minimise risks to animal welfare during rapid changes in vehicle motion.
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Lee, Byunghun, und Yaoyao Jia. „Wirelessly-Powered Cage Designs for Supporting Long-Term Experiments on Small Freely Behaving Animals in a Large Experimental Arena“. Electronics 9, Nr. 12 (25.11.2020): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9121999.
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In modern implantable medical devices (IMDs), wireless power transmission (WPT) between inside and outside of the animal body is essential to power the IMD. Unlike conventional WPT, which transmits the wireless power only between fixed Tx and Rx coils, the wirelessly-powered cage system can wirelessly power the IMD implanted in a small animal subject while the animal freely moves inside the cage during the experiment. A few wirelessly-powered cage systems have been developed to either directly power the IMD or recharge batteries during the experiment. Since these systems adapted different power carrier frequencies, coil configurations, subject tracking techniques, and wireless powered area, it is important for designers to select suitable wirelessly-powered cage designs, considering the practical limitations in wirelessly powering the IMD, such as power transfer efficiency (PTE), power delivered to load (PDL), closed-loop power control (CLPC), scalability, spatial/angular misalignment, near-field data telemetry, and safety issues against various perturbations during the longitudinal animal experiment. In this article, we review the trend of state-of-the-art wirelessly-powered cage designs and practical considerations of relevant technologies for various IMD applications.
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Gaponov, N. V., O. P. Neverova, O. V. Gorelik und A. V. Stepanov. „Probiotics and animal feed in primates feeding“. E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022202006.
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This paper presents the results of experiments on primates feeding. In diet structures that were used animal feed, of which fish flour is the most valuable, as found, for monkeys, due to its unique chemical composition. And the effect of the probiotic complex “Bactistatin” on the digestibility of feed in the diet of rhesus monkeys was studied. This preparation belongs to the new generation of probiotics. It is a biological product with immobilized probiotic strains and their metabolites. The study was conducted on a large population of male rhesus macaques in enclosure conditions. Feeding diets, their nutritional value as a result of the inclusion of fish flour in the amount of 18% were studied. And also, the effect of “Bactistatin” in the amount of 3 g/head, on the formation of symbiotic microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, was studied in order to improve the absorption of nutrients in complete feed. Changes in homeostasis during the experiment were controlled by hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood of both experimental and control primates. At the end of the experiment, the cost of feed, nutrients, and exchange energy per head was calculated. The experimental data obtained were analyzed and mathematically processed.
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Tang, Qing Guo, Shang Yue Shen, Bao Xia Teng, Li Juan Wang und Fei Wang. „Effect of Large Dose of Attapulgite on Animal Growth and Blood Microenvironment“. Advanced Materials Research 96 (Januar 2010): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.96.41.
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Effect of acute toxicity and chronic toxicity on attapulgite for animal was studied by Kunming mice and SD rats experiment through administering intragastrically with large dose of attapulgite suspension. The results showed that the mice were normal and grew well, and they did not appear death and toxicity symptoms when they received the same amount as 286 times of the adult dose, indicating that attapulgite mineral powders did not contain acute toxicity and administering intragastrically with large dose of attapulgite suspension had no obvious influence on blood environment and normal growth of rats, and attapulgite did not contain chronic toxicity.
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Hegel, U., M. Fromm, K. M. Kreusel und M. Wiederholt. „Bovine and porcine large intestine as model epithelia in a student lab course.“ Advances in Physiology Education 265, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1993): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1993.265.6.s10.
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A short-circuit current experiment on epithelial ion transport is described that is suitable for student classes in human and animal physiology. Segments of late distal colon from either pig or cow are obtained from the slaughterhouse depending on the animals' daily schedule. Initial tissue preparation already in the slaughterhouse, cold storage, and proper choice of bath solutions are essential prerequisites for success. Students monitor spontaneous transepithelial voltage and short-circuit current (Isc) by use of manually operated voltage clamp units. Two main transport mechanisms are studied, electrogenic Na+ absorption and Cl- secretion. Electrogenic Na+ absorption is studied by measuring the Isc drop after amiloride. Then Cl- secretion is stimulated by theophylline and subsequently inhibited by furosemide. In some experiments K+ secretion can be detected by the blocking effect of mucosal Ba2+. Response of tissues from pig and cow is qualitatively similar but quantitatively different. The equipment is sturdy and inexpensive, can be provided by most departmental workshops, and has been tested for 3 yr in regular lab courses. Observations made during these experiments are closely related to clinical states, such as secretory diarrhea, cystic fibrosis, and hyperaldosteronism, as well as to the mechanisms of clinically used diuretics.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Large animal experiment"
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Pálek, Richard. „Možnosti rekonstrukce portálního řečiště v rámci chirurgického řešení pokročilého karcinomu pankreatu - experiment na velkém zvířeti“. Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445810.
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Possibilities of Portal Vein Reconstruction during Surgical Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer - Experiment on a Large Animal Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is a fatal malignancy that is known as one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. The only potentially curative treatment is radical surgical resection. Because of the lack of early symptoms, the diagnosis is usually made in advanced stages of the disease. In the majority of patients, the tumor is already locally advanced or it has distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. Pancreatic cancer tends to infiltrate the portal vein (PV) or the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Nowadays, resection of infiltrated parts of PV/SMV is recommended in specialized centers. There are several established techniques of PV/SMV reconstruction. The use of allogeneic venous grafts seems to be a method with minimal risk of adverse effects but there is only limited experience with these grafts. The optimal anatomical origin of allogeneic venous grafts for PV/SMV reconstruction remains unknown. Aims: The aim of this experiment was to compare two types of allogeneic venous grafts used for PV reconstruction in a large animal model of pancreatico- duodenectomy. These grafts were harvested from the systemic venous system (inferior caval vein grafts - IVC grafts) and...
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Leenen, Andrea. „Taphonomic contribution of large mammal butchering experiments to understanding the fossil record“. Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10280.
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The primary goal of this project is to create a modern comparative collection of complete large bovid skeletons that record butchery marks made by stone tools. Four different raw materials commonly found in the southern African archaeological record (chert, quartzite, dolerite and hornfels) were selected for flake production. Butchery was conducted on three cows by modern Bushmen subsistence hunters skilled in the processing of animal carcasses. They form part of a relatively isolated group of !Xo-speaking Bushmen resident in the village of Kacgae in the Ghanzi district of western Botswana.
The study focuses on characterising the type and conspicuousness of stone-generated butchering marks on bones under low magnification, and documenting patterning including anatomical location, number and orientation. Due to the fact that numerous natural events and human practices modify bones, unequivocal interpretation of bone modifications is sometimes difficult. Further to this, mimics, which are a result of non-human activity, produce the same or qualitatively similar patterns that complicate positive identification of butchery marks made by hominins. Reliable measures are required for interpretation of fossil bone modifications, and controlled actualistic observations provide a direct link between the process of modification (stone tool butchery aimed at complete flesh removal) and the traces produced. A number of taphonomic processes, including bone modification by various animals and geological processes are recorded in comparative collections housed at institutions in the province of Gauteng in the Republic of South Africa. These provide reference material for taphonomists attempting to identify agents responsible for the modification and accumulation of fossil bone assemblages, particularly from early hominin cave sites in the Sterkfontein Valley. However, no reference material exists for hominin modification of bone, and thus motivates for the collection of such traces.
The modern comparative collection produced by this study shows butchery marks inflicted exclusively by habitual hunters who are also skilled butchers, and provides a resource for researchers to help accurately identify hominin-produced butchery marks on fossil bones. The accompanying catalogue records the type and conspicuousness, anatomical location and orientation of the butchery marks and provides a controlled sample against which a fossil assemblage can be compared.
Results indicate no consistent patterning in the intensity of butchery marking with regard to the type of stone tool material that is utilised. However, a high number of butchery marks per surface area were recorded for most stone tool materials for certain skeletal elements including the mandible, ribs, scapula and humerus. Overall, there are indications that raw material influences butchery marking, however, the small sample size hinders the potential of an identifiable pattern with regard to the type of raw material from which the stone tools responsible for the butchery marks were produced. Furthermore, the vast range of variables that can exist during the butchery process contribute to the equivocal nature of the results. Additional research is required, some of it ongoing, which expands the sample of stone tool butchering, utilises iron tools and investigates ethnographic differences in butchering techniques.
Bücher zum Thema "Large animal experiment"
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Bates, Gillian P., und Christian Landles. Preclinical Experimental Therapeutics. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0016.
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This chapter begins by reviewing the mammalian models of Huntington’s disease (HD) that have been developed using mice, rats, and a number of large animals, including sheep, pigs, and nonhuman primates. Analysis of these models, together with genetically engineered mice created through specific manipulations of the mouse genome, has provided considerable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of HD. The number of potential therapeutic targets that have been proposed for HD is considerable, and their preclinical evaluation in HD mouse models is being used to select targets that should be pursued in drug development programs. Hence, mouse models have been used extensively to validate therapeutic targets and in the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies. The limitations of these studies are discussed, and best-practice approaches are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a summary of the gene therapy approaches that are being developed, including strategies to lower the levels of huntingtin.
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Summerson, Samantha R., und Caleb Kemere. Multi-electrode Recording of Neural Activity in Awake Behaving Animals. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0004.
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Systems neuroscience is being revolutionized by the ability to record the activity of large numbers of neurons simultaneously. Chronic recording with multi- electrode arrays in animal models is a critical tool for studies of learning and memory, sensory processing, motor control, emotion, and decision-making. The experimental process for gathering large amounts of neural ensemble data can be very time consuming, however, the resulting data can be incredibly rich. We present a detailed overview of the process of acquiring multichannel neural data, with a particular focus on chronic tetrode recording in rodents.
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Ishiguro, Akio, und Takuya Umedachi. From slime molds to soft deformable robots. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0040.
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An autonomous decentralized control mechanism, where the coordination of simple individual components yields non-trivial macroscopic behavior or functionalities, is a key to understanding how animals orchestrate the large degrees of freedom of their bodies in response to different situations. However, a systematic design methodology is still missing. To alleviate this problem, we focus, in this chapter, on the plasmodium of a true slime mold (Physarum polycephalum), which is a primitive multinucleate single-cell organism. Despite its primitiveness, and lacking a brain and nervous system, the plasmodium exhibits surprisingly adaptive and versatile behavior (e.g. taxis, exploration). This ability has undoubtedly been honed by evolutionary selection pressure, and there likely exists an ingenious mechanism that underlies the animals’ adaptive behavior. We successfully extracted a design scheme for decentralized control and implemented it in an amoeboid robot with many degrees of freedom. The experimental results showed that adaptive behaviors emerge even in the absence of any centralized control architecture.
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Beerling, David. The Emerald Planet. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192806024.001.0001.
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Global warming is contentious and difficult to measure, even among the majority of scientists who agree that it is taking place. Will temperatures rise by 2ºC or 8ºC over the next hundred years? Will sea levels rise by 2 or 30 feet? The only way that we can accurately answer questions like these is by looking into the distant past, for a comparison with the world long before the rise of mankind. We may currently believe that atmospheric shifts, like global warming, result from our impact on the planet, but the earth's atmosphere has been dramatically shifting since its creation. This book reveals the crucial role that plants have played in determining atmospheric change - and hence the conditions on the planet we know today. Along the way a number of fascinating puzzles arise: Why did plants evolve leaves? When and how did forests once grow on Antarctica? How did prehistoric insects manage to grow so large? The answers show the extraordinary amount plants can tell us about the history of the planet -- something that has often been overlooked amongst the preoccuputations with dinosaur bones and animal fossils. David Beerling's surprising conclusions are teased out from various lines of scientific enquiry, with evidence being brought to bear from fossil plants and animals, computer models of the atmosphere, and experimental studies. Intimately bound up with the narrative describing the dynamic evolution of climate and life through Earth's history, we find Victorian fossil hunters, intrepid polar explorers and pioneering chemists, alongside wallowing hippos, belching volcanoes, and restless landmasses.
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Elwood, Mark. Critical appraisal of a retrospective cohort study. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0015.
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This chapter presents a retrospective cohort study of workers from 10 countries exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, assessing cancer mortality. It shows the need for large collaborative international studies, and the methods used. The results are not clearly supported by toxicological and animal experimental evidence, and the question remains open. The critical assessment follows the scheme set out in chapter 10: describing the study, assessing the non-causal explanations of observation bias, confounding, and chance variation; assessing time relationships, strength, dose-response, consistency and specificity, and applying the results to the eligible, source, and target populations; and then comparing the results with evidence from other studies, considering consistency and specificity, biological mechanisms, and coherence with the distribution of exposures and outcomes. The chapter gives a summary and table of the critical assessment and its conclusions; and comments on the impact of the study and research carried out since.
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Hoffman, Ralph E., und Arielle D. Stanford. TMS clinical trials involving patients with schizophrenia. Herausgegeben von Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann und Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0042.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ((r)TMS) is being studied as an experimental intervention for patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. These approaches have been informed by animal studies of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). They show that repeated stimulation of neural circuits could exert effects on synaptic efficacy, for varying amounts of time, beyond the period of stimulation. Few studies using rTMS as a potential clinical intervention for schizophrenia have been carried out. They show promise in terms of advancing the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and developing alternative interventions. These studies, considered together, suggest that rTMS holds promise as an intervention strategy for patients with schizophrenia. Rigorously designed trials with larger numbers of subjects are indicated in order to take into account nonspecific factors that could add noise to outcome data.
Buchteile zum Thema "Large animal experiment"
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McMillan, D. Randy, und Perrin C. White. „Studies on the Very Large G Protein-Coupled Receptor: From Initial Discovery to Determining its Role in Sensorineural Deafness in Higher Animals“. In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 76–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7913-1_6.
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Ku, Min-Chi, María A. Fernández-Seara, Frank Kober und Thoralf Niendorf. „Noninvasive Renal Perfusion Measurement Using Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI: Basic Concept“. In Methods in Molecular Biology, 229–39. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_13.
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AbstractThe kidney is a complex organ involved in the excretion of metabolic products as well as the regulation of body fluids, osmolarity, and homeostatic status. These functions are influenced in large part by alterations in the regional distribution of blood flow between the renal cortex and medulla. Renal perfusion is therefore a key determinant of glomerular filtration. Therefore the quantification of regional renal perfusion could provide important insights into renal function and renal (patho)physiology. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) based perfusion MRI techniques, can offer a noninvasive and reproducible way of measuring renal perfusion in animal models. This chapter addresses the basic concept of ASL-MRI.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
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Liska, Vaclav, Vladislav Treska, Hynek Mirka, Ondrej Vycital, Jan Bruha, Pavel Pitule, Jana Kopalova et al. „Liver Parenchyma Regeneration in Connection with Extended Surgical Procedure - Experiment on Large Animal“. In Liver Regeneration. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/38130.
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Shamsuddin, A. K. M. „Comparative Pathology — Human Large Intestinal Cancer And Animal Models“. In Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis, 125–38. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429263781-11.
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Whitford, Walter G., und Brandon T. Bestelmeyer. „Chihuahuan Desert Fauna: Effects on Ecosystem Properties and Processes“. In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0016.
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This chapter focuses on the direct and indirect effects of animals on ecosystem processes and/or their effects on ecosystem properties. This set of effects has been the primary focus of animal studies on the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) during the twentieth century. Early studies dealt with animal species that were thought to reduce the amount of primary production that was available to support livestock. With the establishment of the International Biological Programme (IBP) in the late 1960s and its premise that ecosystems could be modeled based on energy flow, animal studies were designed to measure energy flow through consumer populations. Those studies yielded estimates of consumption of live plant biomass between 1% and 10% of the annual net primary production (NPP) (Turner and Chew 1981). From these studies Chew (1974) concluded that in most ecosystems consumers process only a small fraction of the NPP as live plant material but play important roles in ecosystems as regulators of ecosystem processes rather than energy flow. Chew’s hypothesis was then the focus of animal studies in the Jornada Basin for nearly 30 years. Studies of animals as regulators of ecosystem processes led to the expansion of Chew’s hypothesis to include the effects of animals on ecosystem properties, such as patchiness. Many of the studies examined in this chapter support the hypothesis that animals affect spatiotemporal heterogeneity and in turn are affected by it. Because this research focused on the role of animals in ecosystems, studies of animal populations were conducted simultaneously with functional studies. Population and behavioral studies were considered an integral part of the central theme because they supported an understanding of the spatial and temporal variation of desert ecosystem properties. We review animal studies that focused on spatial patterns in the distribution and ecosystem effects of several taxa and guilds. Large-scale ecosystem degradation and vegetation changes in the Jornada Basin occurred prior to studies of animal populations (Buffington and Herbel 1965). Therefore, it is important to bear in mind that the published data on animal populations reflect vegetation and ecosystem conditions that are very different from the conditions in which many Chihuahuan Desert species existed only a century before (see chapter 10).
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Moiseienko, Tetiana, Gennadiy Khrystian und Inna Torianyk. „HOP-PLANT CARBONATE EXTRACT. TOXICITY. ORGANIC CHANGES“. In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional aspect. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-3-12.
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Acne is a leading player in the spread of skin diseases. Epidemiological studies conducted in industrialised Western countries have estimated the prevalence of acne in adolescents at between 50% and 95%, depending on the method used to calculate the lesions. Acne, a disease that most often befalls teenage faces, occurs in children after the onset of adrenal and gland androgens production and subsides after growth. However, it may continue to manifest itself in a large proportion of adults, especially women. Even after recovery, negative effects such as scars and pigment spots remain. Acne (L.70, eels, ICD-10) is a chronic polymorphic multifactorial inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and periglandular tissue that develops mainly in young people. To date, the causes of etiopathogenesis of BX have not been sufficiently investigated. According to ICD-10, the following factors are important in the development of the disease: 1) increase in skin fat production 2) excessive follicular hyperkeratosis; 3) microflora (Propionibacterium acnes) influence 4) inflammation development. Patients suffering from acne have significantly increased skin fat production, which is usually correlated with the severity of the disease. Changes in the physiological state of the seborrhea glands, which is the basis of seborrhea, develop under the influence of neuroendocrine system dysfunction. Hyperplasia and sebaceous gland hyper-secreting occur, the physical and chemical composition of seborrhea changes and its bactericidal properties are reduced. The imbalance of the autonomic nervous system is important, which leads to a temporary or permanent increase in the tone of the vagus innervation of the sebaceous glands and, as a result, hyperproduction of sebum. A number of researchers consider follicular hyperkeratosis to be one of the leading links in the pathogenesis of acne. The aim of the study was to study the chronic toxicity of a gel with an extract of carbon dioxide hops and to determine the effect of the latter on organ changes in laboratory animals. The methodological basis was microbiological, cultural, morphological and biochemical research methods. The duration of observation was 30 days. Both experimental prototypes of gel preparations and placebo were studied in the study groups. The results in the experiments were compared with intact controls. In an animal experiment (laboratory rats), it was found that gels with carbon dioxide hop extract do not exhibit toxic (chronic) effects on the body. Dynamics of the body mass of the individuals studied, blood parameters, including the constituent elements of the blood serum, CNS functioning parameters, structural and functional state of the urine and kidney systems are the objective evidence base for the use of the medicinal substance after the clinical stage of the studies. Based on the results of a pathomorphological study of the internal organs of experimental animals, it was established that the acne gel for long-term use in the studied dose does not affect the relative mass of the internal organs of rats and does not cause morphological and functional changes in them, does not lead to inflammatory reactions, destructive and degenerative processes and necrosis. Thus, the results of this study provide the basis for the treatment of acne with mudflow medications through their prolonged use. It has been determined that the gel does not have toxic effects on the skin and does not lead to negative effects on the internal organs of animals.
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LADIGES, WARREN C., RAINER STORB, TED GRAHAM und E. DONNEL THOMAS. „Experimental Techniques Used to Study the Immune System of Dogs and Other Large Animals“. In Research Surgery and Care of the Research Animal, 103–33. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-278009-7.50008-x.
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Sharples, Niall. „The House as a Cosmology“. In Social Relations in Later Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199577712.003.0008.
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One of the most popular sub-disciplines of archaeology is experimental archaeology, the re-creation of items, structures, and practices of past societies in the present day. This area of study has a long pedigree in Continental Europe, but was a relatively late development in Britain. One of the pioneers of this approach was Peter Reynolds, who created the Butser Ancient Farm Research Project to explore life in the Iron Age (Reynolds 1979). When it was set up, in the 1970s, experimental archaeology was undertaken with full scientific rigour. Important goals included the quantification of resources required to create a house, the management of ancient breeds of domestic animals, the productivity of Welds of ancient cereals, and the function of pits. All these tasks were carried out with a critical attention to detailed data recording and scientific rigour. More recently, experimental archaeology has become geared towards the general public, and though Butser Farm has retained a scientific core to its activities it also caters for a wider public, providing both knowledge and entertainment about past societies. I had a brief experience of this work in 1977 when I took part in a week-long Weld school at Butser Farm, organized by Glasgow University. This was a key period in the development of the Iron Age farm. The original farm had been created on a spur near the top of Butser, specifically away from easy public access and in a very exposed location. Public interest in the experiment had become difficult to manage and a new site had just been located in the Queen Elizabeth Country Park, a much more accessible location near the main road from Portsmouth to London. The new location was designed to be a public amenity that would attract visitors to the Country Park and represented a move from ‘Laboratory to Living Museum’ (Reynolds 1979: 93). The main job we were to undertake was to help with the construction of a large roundhouse that would form the centre of the new farm. Two previous timber houses had been built up on the hill, but both had been fairly modest affairs; one was based on a house plan from Wheeler’s excavation at Maiden Castle, the other was slightly larger and based on the excavation of a house in the Balksbury enclosure, Hampshire (Reynolds 1979).
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Thomson, Keith Stewart. „Example: Early Pattern Formation in Amphibia“. In Morphogenesis and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195049121.003.0007.
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The Amphibia has been one of the most important animal groups for the study of developmental biology, and a huge descriptive and experimental literature has accumulated over the years. While sea urchins, molluscs, and nematodes, and more recently, Drosophila, have each become an important vehicle for the study of different aspects of development, the Amphibia and chordates in general have been especially important as the vehicle for the study of inductive regulative mechanisms. The early development of all chordates is marked by two revolutions in the control of early pattern formation: dorsalization at the blastula stage and gastrulation—primary induction caused by the “organizer” —which was studied in great detail in Amphibia by Spemann and his coworkers and continues to be the subject of intense scrutiny. The early phases of development in Amphibia exemplify rather well some of the problems in discovering the causal processes in development, whether in the egg, at fertilization, in the blastula, or in gastrulation itself. The short discussion of early development in Amphibia that follows is meant to exemplify rather than catalogue these questions. The oocyte in amphibians is radially symmetrical. A first axis of symmetry is established between a more heavily pigmented animal hemisphere and a less pigmented vegetal hemisphere. Before fertilization the egg is covered with a transparent vitelline membrane. When fertilization occurs, the vitelline membrane lifts from the surface of the egg and the egg is then free to rotate inside it so that the animal hemisphere lies uppermost and the vegetal hemisphere is lowermost. This rotation is apparently a response to gravity, which means that the vegetal hemisphere is heavier, almost certainly a result of the concentration of more and larger yolk granules in the vegetal hemisphere. Therefore, if the egg rotates to a new orientation with the yolk down and the animal hemisphere up, it must be the case that at this point the yolk and other egg contents are not free to be redistributed within the egg but are secured in place. The animal vegetal axis now marks the future anteroposterior axis of the embryo.
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Yadav, Ashish, und Sunil Agrawal. „Two-Sided Assembly Line Balancing Optimization With Spider Monkey Optimization“. In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 19–40. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1626-3.ch002.
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Growing interests from customers in customized products and increasing competition among peers necessitate companies to configure and balance their manufacturing systems more effectively than ever before. Two-sided assembly lines are usually constructed to produce large-sized high-volume products such as buses, trucks, automobiles, and some domestic products. Since the problem is well known as NP-hard problem, a mathematical model is solved by an exact solution-based approach and spider monkey optimization (SMO) algorithm that is inspired by the intelligent foraging behavior of fission-fusion social structure-based animals. In this chapter, the proposed mathematical model is applied to solve benchmark problems of two-sided assembly line balancing problem to minimize the number of mated stations and idle time. The experimental results show that spider monkey optimizations provide better results.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Large animal experiment"
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Khvatov, Ivan A., Alexander N. Kharitonov und Alexey Yu Sokolov. „FERRETS MAY LEARN AWARENESS IF THEIR OWN BODY LIMITS“. In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact105.
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"The study of the ability of self-awareness (self-awareness, the ability to perceive one's own body and mental properties separately from objects of the external world) in animals contributes to the study of the specifics of human consciousness. One of the aspects of self-awareness is body-awareness, which is expressed in the ability of an animal to take into account the physical parameters of its body when regulating behavior. We studied the ability of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to be aware of the limits of their own bodies. To solve the experimental problem, the animals had to choose holes suitable in size for penetration in the partition that divided the sections of the experimental setup. The shapes and sizes of the holes varied. We have used both small area holes that are suitable for penetration and large areas that are not suitable for penetration. It was found that all 6 animals participating in the experiment were able to choose a hole suitable for penetration from the first trial, despite the fact that it was smaller than the unsuitable one in area. In 18 test trials, ferrets made 105 successful penetrations and 3 unsuccessful attempts. This distribution differs from the uniform one (?2 = 97.25; df = 2; p <0.01). None of the individuals showed a significant reduction or increase in unsuccessful attempts to penetrate the holes This data may indicate that ferrets have knowledge of the boundaries of their bodies and the ability to compare them with the parameters of the penetration hole."
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Aghabaglou, Fariba, Keely Buesing, Nathan D. Legband, Connor Slagle, Wanchuan Xie, Mark Borden, Craig Kreikemeier-Bower und Benjamin S. Terry. „Preliminary Investigation of the Mechanics of a Novel Thoracic Cavity Extra Pulmonary Oxygenation Device“. In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6908.
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) arising from trauma, sepsis, pneumonia or other diseases has been acknowledged to be a major clinical problem in respiratory medicine. Hypoxia and hypercapnia arising from ARDS are life-threating particularly in children and elderly people. The reported mortality rate for ARDS is high. Current methods for treating patients who have limited or no lung function are ineffective or insufficient and present additional risks to the patients. In this research, we have explored new methods of infusing phospholipid-coated oxygen microbubbles (OMBs) to the thoracic cavity in order to oxygenate patients suffering from ARDS and hypoxemia. In our previous work, OMBs have been shown to be effective in treating hypoxia in models of LPS lung injury and lung trauma in rats and rabbits. In this study, we have developed a novel thoracic cavity extrapulmonary oxygenation devices using OMBs and test this device in a benchtop test and in vivo experiment on a large animal (pig) right pneumothorax injury model.
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Ünlü, Elif Işılay, und Ahmet Çınar. „Lesion Detection on Skin Images Using Improved U-Net“. In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.022.
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The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein of feeds from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been an important topic since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated about risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and proteins to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, however, the reported data is at times controversial. Earlier reports showed that tDNA fragments or protein derived from GM plants have not been detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products of farm animals. Other researchers have come out to demonstrate that there is the possibility of small fragments leaking out into the animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed at assessing the likely transfer and accumulation of tDNA/ proteins from transgenic feeds to animal (ruminants and non-ruminants) samples through evaluating the available experimental scientific published studies. This study has found out that the tDNA or protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (Cattle), tDNA fragments/protein have been detected in the GIT digesta, ruminal fluid and feces. In small ruminants (Goats), traces of tDNA/proteins have been detected in the GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they have been detected in blood, spleen, liver kidney and in the GIT digesta. In poultry, traces have been seen in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and Eggs. Regardless of some studies that have shown the transfer of tDNA/protein fragments to animal samples, we cannot base on these few studies to give a piece of general evidence about their transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of livestock animals. However, this study clearly shows possible transfer, hence intensive and authentic research on GM crops should be done before they are allowed for commercial use, studying issues like the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effect of feeding GM feeds to livestock.
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Kafuku, Gerald, Makme Mbarawa, Man Kee Lam und Keat Teong Lee. „Optimized Preparation of Moringa Oleifera Methyl Esters Using Sulfated Tin Oxide as Heterogenous Catalyst“. In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90503.
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Fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel), prepared from transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, have gained great importance in substituting petroleum based diesel for combating environmental problems and higher diesel prices. Moringa oleifera fatty acids are among the newly investigated potentials for biodiesel production in recent years. In getting rid of soap formation and thus large waste washing water from biodiesel produced from homogenous catalysts, the use of heterogeneous catalysts is currently preferred due to easily separation and purification of the final products. In this study, biodiesel was produced from moringa oleifera oil using sulfated tin oxide enhanced with SiO2 (SO42−/SnO2−SiO2) as super acid solid catalyst. The experimental design was done using design of experiment (DoE), specifically, response surface methodology based on three-variable central composite design (CCD) with alpha (α) = 2. The reaction parameters in the optimization process were reaction temperature (60°C to 180°C), reaction period (1 to 3 hrs) and methanol to oil ratio (1:6 to 1:24 mol/mol). It was observed that the yield up to 84wt% of moringa oleifera methyl esters can be obtained with reaction conditions of 150°C temperature, 150 minutes reaction time and 1:19.5 methanol to oil ratio, while catalyst concentration and agitation speed are kept at 3wt% and 350 rpm respectively.
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Matovu, Jacob, und Ahmet Alçiçek. „Investigations and Concerns about the Fate of Transgenic DNA and Protein in Livestock“. In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.011.
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The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein from feed derived from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been a major issue since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated the risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and protein to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, but some of the reported data are controversial. Previous reports showed that tDNA fragments or proteins derived from GM plants could not be detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products from livestock. Other researchers have shown that there is a possibility of small fragments entering animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the probable transfer and accumulation of tDNA/proteins from transgenic feeds in animal samples (ruminant and non-ruminant) by evaluating the available experimental studies published scientifically. This study found that the tDNA/protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (cattle), tDNA fragments/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, rumen fluid, and faeces. In small ruminants (goats), traces of tDNA/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they were detected in blood, spleen, liver, kidney, and GIT digesta. In poultry, traces were detected in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and eggs. Notwithstanding some studies that have shown transfer of tDNA/protein fragments in animal samples, we cannot rely on these few studies to give general evidence for transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of farm animals. However, this study clearly shows that transfer is possible. Therefore, intensive and authentic research should be conducted on GM plants before they are approved for commercial use, investigating issues such as the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effects of feeding GM feed to livestock.
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Tan, X. Gary, Robert N. Saunders und Amit Bagchi. „Validation of a Full Porcine Finite Element Model for Blast Induced TBI Using a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach“. In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70611.
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Current understanding of blast induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) mechanisms is incomplete and limits the development of protective and therapeutic measures. Animal testing has been used as a surrogate for human testing. The correlation of animals to human responses is not well understood with a limited set of experimental data, because of ethical concerns and cost of live animal tests. The validated computational animal models can be used to supplement and improve the granularity of available data at a significantly reduced cost. A whole-body porcine high-fidelity computational model was developed based on the image data. The hyper-viscoelastic model was used for soft tissues to capture the rate dependence and large strain nonlinearity of the material. The shock wave interaction with a porcine subject in a shock tube was simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, via a combination of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D numerical techniques. The shock wave loads were applied to the exterior of the porcine finite element (FE) model to simulate the pressure wave transmission through the body and capture its biomechanical response. The CFD and FE problems are solved using the explicit Eulerian and Lagrangian solvers, respectively, in the DoD Open Source code CoBi. The computational models were validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental data at specific instrumented locations. The predicted brain tissue stress-strain fields were used to determine the areas susceptible to blast induced TBI by using published mechanical injury thresholds. The validated porcine model can be used to better understand TBI and how injury in animals corresponds to injury in humans. The coupled Eurlerian and Lagrangian approaches developed in this paper can be extended to other simulations to improve the solution accuracy.
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Mylonas, N., C. Damianou, Yoichiro Matsumoto, Lawrence A. Crum und Gail Reinette ter Haar. „MR-guided focused ultrasound robot for performing experiments on large animals“. In 10TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND (ISTU 2010). AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3607897.
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Juhan-Vague, I., J. M. Stassen, M. C. Alessi, L. Kieckens und D. Collen. „EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HEPARINS ON THROMBOLYSIS WITH t-PA AND scu-PA IN RABBITS WITH EXPERIMENTAL THROMBOSIS“. In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643792.
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Infusion of heparin or low-Mr heparin fractions in animals with experimental thrombosis or in patients with thromboembolic disease may result in a significant reduction of the thrombus size, without being associated with measurable changes in the blood fibrinolytic parameters.We measured the effect of clinical grade heparin (Hep) and of two low-Mr heparin fragments (CY216 and CY222 from Choay, Paris, France) on thrombolysis with t-PA and with scu-PA in a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model (Collen et al., J. Clin. Invest. 71, 368, 1983). After thrombus formation, t-PA (0.25 mg/kg) or scu-PA (0.5 mg/kg) were infused over 4 hours. The heparins were administered at hourly intervals at the start and during the infusion as bolus injections of the following amounts (expressed in anti-Xa units): Hep: 70 (A) or 200 (B); CY216: 30 (A) or 90 (B); CY222: 50 (A) or 150 (B). Results were (mean ± SEM): It is concluded that at sufficiently high doses, heparin and to a larger extent the two low-Mr heparin fractions CY216 and CY222, potentiate thrombolysis by rt-PA and scu-PA in this animal model of thrombosis.
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Abaid, Nicole, und Maurizio Porfiri. „Topological Analysis of Numerosity-Constrained Social Networks“. In ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2010-4099.
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In this study, we present a class of directed graphs with bounded degree sequences, which embodies the physical phenomenon of numerosity found in the collective behavior of large animal groups. Behavioral experiments show that an animal’s perception of number is capped by a critical limit, above which an individual perceives a nonspecific “many”. This species-dependent limit plays a pivotal role in the decision making process of large groups, such as fish schools and bird flocks. Here, we consider directed graphs whose edges model information-sharing between individual vertices. We incorporate the numerosity phenomenon as a critical limit on the intake of information by bounding the degree sequence and include the variability of cognitive processes by using a random variable in the network construction. We analytically compute measures of the expected structure of this class of graphs based on cycles, clustering, and sorting among vertices. Theoretical results are verified with numerical simulation.
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Gordillo, Gerardo, und Kalyan Annamalai. „Char and Tar Production From Dairy Biomass Gasification Using Air-Steam for Partial Oxidation“. In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44338.
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The increase in air pollution caused by combustion of fossil fuels demands the exploration of renewable energy sources in order to mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels. Research includes the efforts to partially replace fossil fuels with renewable energy-sources in thermal conversion processes in order to reduce the emission of CO2. The animal wastes can be considered as biomass fuels since their properties are almost similar to ration fed to animals. Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) such as cattle feedlots and dairies produce a large amount of feedlot manure or feedlot biomass (FB) and dairy manure or dairy biomass (DB), which may lead to land, water, and air pollution if waste handling systems and storage and treatment structures are not properly managed. Both FB and DB are grouped under cattle manure or cattle biomass (CB). The concentrated production of low quality CB at these feeding operations can serve as a good feedstock for locally based gasification for syngas (CO and H2) production and subsequent use in combined heat and power generation. If thermal gasification technology is developed for DB fuels, the environmental impact from both animal feeding operations and fossil-fuels could be mitigated. The current paper presents experimental results obtained from adiabatic fixed-bed gasification of DB using a 10 KW fixed bed counter-flow gasifier and air-steam for partial oxidation. A mass spectrometer (ProLab Thermo ONIX) was used to analyze the gas composition continuously and at real time. The effect of the operating parameters studied, which includes equivalence ratio (1.6 < Φ < 6.4) and steam to fuel (S:F) ratio (0.4 < S:F < 0.8, on the yields of gases, char, and tar are discussed. Also, results from gasification of dairy biomass–ash blend (DB-Ash) and dairy biomass Wyoming coal blend (DB-WYC) is presented for comparison effects. In general, for the set of experiments performed using DB, the gas yield was 1.54 to 5.30 dry tar-free kg of gases per each kg of DAF DB gasified while the char production ranged from 0 to 0.18 kg of char per DAF kg of DB gasified. The average of tar concentration in gases leaving the gasifier was about 80 g/ SATP m3.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Large animal experiment"
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Jung, Carina, Matthew Carr, Eric Fleischman und Chandler Roesch. Response of the green June beetle and its gut microbiome to RDX and phenanthrene. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38799.
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Green June beetles are a cosmopolitan pest in the United States. Adults are voracious consumers of tree and vine fruit, while their larvae can dam-age and inadvertently consume root systems, particularly those of grasses, as they move through the soil and forage for detritus. Larvae ingest and process large volumes of soil while in the process of feeding. Due to their intimate contact with the soil it was hypothesized that soil contaminants that are known animal toxins would perturb the larval and affect their overall health and survival. Studies of this kind are important contribu-tions to the development of new model organisms and our understanding of interactions between the environment, contaminants, gut microbiome, and animal development, health, and survival. It is important to continue to develop relevant model organisms for monitoring toxicity as regulations for working with vertebrates becomes more prohibitive. In this study green June beetle larvae were exposed to RDX and phenanthrene through-out their entire soil-bound development, starting within the first few days of hatching through to their emergence as adults. The overall findings included that even at high concentrations, RDX and phenanthrene (25 ppm) exerted no significant effect on body weight or survival. Also, there was lit-tle apparent effect of RDX and phenanthrene on the bacterial microbiome, and no statistical association with measurable health effects. Nevertheless, the green June beetle is an interesting model for soil toxicity experiments in the future as is it easy to collect, house, and handle.
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Hunter, Fraser, und Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world