Dissertationen zum Thema „Lapprya“

Since the beginning of the early 20th century bed rugs have been interesting research objects, but only in passing researchers have paid attention to rugs woven with rags. Noone has taken a closer look upon the reasons why people have woven these rugs. What does the materials of the rag – like recycled garments and interior textiles in the form of clothing rags – have to tell about the times when these rugs were woven? Did the rag rugs have any specific function or were the materials available and therefore used? The main sources of information are 21 rag rugs from Roslagen in Uppland, with a varied amount of rags. They were woven during the latter half of 19th century, and estate inventories from Väddö- and Häverö Ship District have altogether given some answers to the primary question of this paper: in wich way can the examined bed rugs bear witness to the use and value of recycled textile materials and the view of these in the context of the community where they were manufactured and used? This research doesn´t give an answer to whether these rugs have any particular function or not. Instead these rag rugs can be looked upon as representing a general development of the society towards an increasing amount of textiles surplus material. This being due an increasing consumption of factory-made clothing and textiles, manufactured in factories, as well as the paper mills development from producing paper made of cellulose rather than textile waste. To this we can add a principle lingering on from the 19th century, of domestic production and a thrift of resources. This resulted in an obvious recycling of discarded textiles. The home weaving of interior textiles was still strong by the end of the 19th century, and in Rosagen there was also a long tradition of weaving and of using rugs in the beds. At the same time there was, in the coastal regions of Roslagen, a local need for warming covers in boats and boat houses. This demand was related to the shooting of seals and other hunting in the coastal areas, as well as in the fishing- and maritime trades.

Doctor of Philosophy
Division of Biology
Carolyn J. Ferguson
The genus Lappula Moench is a diverse group of herbaceous plants in the large, cosmopolitan family Boraginaceae. Over sixty species are recognized in Eurasia; many are found in cold deserts, steppes, and semi-deserts of Central Asia. Fewer species were described from western North America, and compared with the Asian species they are poorly known. Various North American taxa have been placed into synonomy under Eurasian species, and complex patterns of variation have made species circumscription challenging. The goal of this dissertation was to explore phylogenetic relationships between North American and Eurasian species and to revise the taxonomy of the North American species. A molecular phylogenetic study was initiated in order to infer patterns of relationships among the North American species relative to Eurasian diversity. Samples were collected from throughout the western United States and from Siberia. Additional samples of Eurasian species were taken from herbarium specimens. Sequences were generated for three DNA regions (the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and chloroplast intergenic spacers trnS-trnG and rpl32-trnL) and phylogenies were generated using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Results were in general agreement among all analyses. The genus Lappula was recovered as a monophyletic group, with the exception of the morphologically anomalous L. sessiliflora (Boiss.) Gürke, which was sister to the genus Rochelia Rchb. The native North American species of Lappula and L. redowskii (Hornem.) Greene formed a clade. Samples of L. squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort., a Eurasian steppe plant with a wide introduced range in North America, grouped with samples from Eurasia. Sampled species of Hackelia Opiz, a genus sometimes treated as part of Lappula, formed a clade separate from the Lappula species sampled here. Herbarium and field studies resulted in a revised taxonomy for the North American Lappula. Nomenclatural problems were resolved; nine native species and four varieties were recognized along with the introduced Eurasian species L. squarrosa.

Orientador: Mary Anne Heidi Dolder, Mary Ann Foglio
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Cádmio (Cd) é um metal pesado associado a graves danos em vários órgãos, incluindo órgãos reprodutivos e fígado. Estudos farmacológicos indicam que Arctium lappa possue atividade hepatoprotetora, sequestradora de radicais livres e antiproliferativa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar: (1) as modificações nos túbulos seminíferos causadas por pequenas doses de Cd, (2) as propriedades antioxidantes de diferentes extratos de A. lappa, (3) a capacidade de A. lappa em atenuar os danos induzidos por cádmio no testículo, epidídimo e fígado. A capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres e quantidade de compostos fenólicos totais foram analisados nos extratos da raiz de A. lappa para determinação da capacidade antioxidante. A propriedade antiproliferativa in vitro de cada extrato foi avaliada em células tumorais. O extrato hidroetanólico apresentou alto rendimento e capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres, e juntamente com os diclorometânicos, maior teor de compostos fenólicos. Somente os extratos diclorometânicos apresentaram atividade antiproliferativa contra células tumorais. espectroscopia de massa revelou a presença dos compostos arctigenina, quercetina, ácido clorogênico e ácido caféico no extrato hidroetanólico. O extrato hidroetanólico liofilizado foi escolhido para os estudos in vivo. Para estudar os efeitos de Cd e A. lappa, ratos Wistar adultos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: controle (C), extrato de A. lappa (Al), cádmio (Cd) e cádmio e extrato de Al (CdAl). Os animais receberam água ou extrato de Al (300 mg/Kg BW) por gavagem e dose única i.p. de salina ou 1,2 mg/kg de cloreto de cádmio. Os animais foram sacrificados após 7 e 56 dias. O Cd causou redução do peso do testículo, epidídimo e vesícula seminal, na proporção dos túbulos seminíferos (TS), no comprimento total dos TS e no diâmetro dos TS. Células germinativas degeneradas e células gigantes multinucleadas foram observadas nos TS e os danos progressivos resultaram em túbulos preenchidos apenas com células de Sertoli. Nos grupos Cd e CdAl, houve diminuição da proporção tubular e aumento da altura do epitélio no epidídimo após 56 dias. Cd causou aumento no nível plasmático de TGO e TGP após 56 dias, mas o extrato de A. lappa amenizou estes efeitos. Nenhuma alteração relevante foi observada para as transaminases hepáticas. No grupo Cd 7 dias, a proporção de hepatócitos diminuiu, a de sinusóides aumentou e o número de núcleo de hepatócito reduziu, entretanto após 56 apenas o número de núcleos de hepatócitos diminuíram. Após 7 dias, nos grupos Al e CdAl, a proporção nuclear aumentou e a citoplasmática diminuiu, sem alteração dos capilares sinusóides. Após 56 dias, nos grupos Al e CdAl, a proporção nuclear aumentou e a proporção dos capilares sinusóides reduziu. Houve aumento na densidade de núcleos nos grupos Al e CdAl. Conclui-se que doses baixas de Cd causam alterações morfológicas e morfométricas no testículo e que o Cd tem sutil limiar tóxico. Os extratos diclorometânicos apresentaram atividade antiproliferativa contra as linhagens tumorais K562, MCF-7 e 786-0. O extrato hidroetanólico apresentou alto conteúdo fenólico e atividade antioxidante, portanto foi escolhido para os estudos in vivo. O extrato de A. lappa foi ineficaz na proteção do testículo e epidídimo contra danos induzidos pelo Cd, porém protegeu o tecido hepático.
Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal associated with severe damage in various organs, including male reproductive organs and liver. Arctium lappa is widely used in popular medicine for treating hypertension, gout, hepatitis and other inflammatory disorders. Pharmacological studies indicated that A. lappa roots have hepatoprotective, free radical scavenging and antiproliferative activities. The objectives of this work were evaluate: (1) histomorphometrically the threshold modifications of seminiferous tubules caused by single acute low doses of Cd, (2) antioxidant properties of different A. lappa extracts to choose the best one for "in vivo" study, (3) the ability of A. lappa to attenuate cadmium-induced damage to the testis, epididymis and liver of male rats. Dichloromethanic, ethanolic, aqueous extracts, hydroethanolic and total aqueous extract of A. lappa roots were investigated regarding radical scavenging activity and the total phenolic content. The extracts were tested for their antiproliferative activity in vitro using human cancer cell lines. The higher radical scavenging activity and yield were found in the hydroethanolic extract. Higher phenolic contents were found in the dichloromethanic and hydroethanolic extracts. Only the dichloromethanic extracts exhibited activity against cancer cell lines. Highresolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy for the hydroethanolic extract demonstrated the presence of: arctigenin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The hydroalcoholic lyophilized extract was chosen for the experiments in vivo. To study the association of Cd and A. lappa, adult Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: control (C), A.lappa extract (Al), cadmium (Cd) and cadmium plus A. lappa (CdAl). The animals received water or A. lappa hydroethanolic extract (300 mg/Kg BW) by gavage and i.p. injections of saline or 1.2 mg/Kg BW of cadmium chloride. The animals were sacrificed after 7 and 56 days of treatment. The Cd caused reduction in testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle weights, seminiferous tubule (ST) proportion, total length of ST and ST diameter. Degenerated germ cells and multinucleated aggregates were observed in ST and progressive damage resulted in tubules lined only with Sertoli cells. There was a decreased in tubular proportion and increased epithelial height in epididymis after 56 days. Cd caused an increase in plasma GOT and GPT levels after 56 days, but A. lappa extract improved these levels. No relevant alteration was observed in liver transaminase levels. After 7 days, the Cd group showed decrease in hepatocyte proportion and increase sinusoid capillary proportion, also the nuclear density decrease. However, after 56 days, only the hepatocyte nuclear density decreased. In Al and CdAl groups, after 7 days, the hepatocyte nuclear proportion increased and the cytoplasmic decreased, with no alteration in capillary sinusoid proportion. In Al and CdAl groups, after 56 days, hepatocyte nuclear proportion increased and the sinusoid capillary proportion decreased. Also, an increase of hepatocyte nuclear density was observed in Al and CdAl groups. This study revealed that low doses of Cd cause progressive morphological and morphometrical alterations on rat testis and that Cd has a subtle toxic threshold. The dichloromethanic extracts showed antiproliferative activity against K562, MCF-7 and 786-0 human cancer cell lines. The hydroethanolic extract showed higher free radical scavenger activity and higher phenolic content, and was chosen as the best extract for the "in vivo" studies. A. lappa hydroethanolic extract was ineffective in protecting the testis and epididymis against Cd-induced damage, however effectively protected liver tissue.
Doutorado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Orientador: Alba Regina Monteiro Souza Brito
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Onodorpicrina, uma sesquiterpeno lactona, presente nas folhas de Arctium Lapa L. demonstrou através dos estudos de Barbosa et at (1993) erficaz atividade farmacológica. Com base nesses resultados e, devido ao fato, de nosso laboratório possuir estudos em relação à atividade antiulcerogênica de outras sesquiterpeno lactonas (desidrocrotonina e crotonina) obtidas das cascas de Croton cajucara Benth, decidimos estudar a atividade antiulcerogênica e antiinflamtória intestinal da fração semi-purificada (ONP), cujo composto majoritário é a onopordopicrina. Primeiramente estudamos o efeito da citotoxicidade da ONP avaliado através da viabilidade celular em fibroblastos (V79) de pulmão de Hamster chinês. A ONP apresentou IC50 aproximadamente de 15µM nos ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro e conteúdo de ácido nucléico. Por ser uma substância com uma toxicidade relativa resolvemos estudar o efeito antitumoral dessa substância em linhagem celular de leucemia promielocítica (HL60) usada como modelo para estudos antitumorais. Da mesma forma que nos ensaios de citotoxidade, a ONP apresentou IC50 aproximadamente de 15 µM em ensaios de MTT e PTP. Para avaliar a atividade antiulcerogênica da ONP, foram utilizadas diferentes doses em modelos clássicos de indução de úlcera: etanol/HCl, estresse por imobilização e frio, indometacina e ligadura de piloro. Em todos os modelos a ONP apresentou atividade antiulcerogênica significativa. Nos procedimentos seguintes, avaliamos a atividade antisecretora da ONP através de ensaios de somatostatina e gastrina, nos quais a substância apresentou aumento da liberação e/ou produção de somatostatina e diminuição da produção e/ou liberação de gastrina. Em relação ao estudo da ONP em experimentos de muco e óxido nítrico, essa não apresentou diferença significativa. No entanto, promoveu diferença significativa no modelo de avaliação do envolvimento de radicais sulfidrila, indicando uma possível atividade antioxidante. Quando avaliada em modelo de colite ulcerativa induzida por TNBS, a ONP apresentou significativa proteção provavelmente pelo envolvimento da mieloperoxidase (MPO) e fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-alfa). Visto a atividade obtida com a ONP, resolvemos analisar a atividade do chá de Arctium lappa, o qual apresentou significativa envolvimento com óxido nítrico e grupamento sulfidrila para a obtenção da atividade antiulcerogência promovida pelo chá. Os resultados obtidos com a Arctium lappa são promissores, por causa de sua significativa proteção contra úlceras induzidas por diferentes agentes, sugerindo um efeito antisecretor mediado por sua ação na secreção de Somatostatina e Gastrina e um efeito protetor proporcionado pela propriedade antioxidante presente na ONP. Os dados também revelaram que o pré-tratamento com ONP é capaz de reduzir a inflamação intestinal produzida através do modelo de indução de colite ulcerativa por TNBS em ratos. O efeito agudo antiinflamatório provavelmente está relacionado com a diminuição de neutrófilos e diminuição da produção de TNF-a na mucosa intestinal. Nossos resultados sugerem um significativo potencial terapêutico da ONP na area gastrointestinal
Abstract: Onodorpicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, present in the leaves of Arctium lappa L., showed through the studies of Barbosa et al (1993) effective pharmacological activity. Based on those results and due to the fact that our laboratory has studies in relation to the antiulcerogenic activity of other sesquiterpene lactone (dehydrocrotonin and crotonin) obtained by barks of Croton cajucara Benth, we decided to study the antiulcerogenic activity and bowel antiinflamatory of the semi-purified fraction (ONP), which majority compound is the onopordopicrin. Firstly we studied the effect of the citotoxicity of appraised ONP through the cellular viability in fibroblast (V79) of lung of Chinese Hamster. ONP presented IC50 approximately of 15µM in the MTT, red neutral and content of nucleic acid experiments. For being a substance with a relative toxicity we decided to study the effect antitumoral of that substance in cellular lineage of promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) used as model for antitumoral studies. In the same way that in the citotoxicity experiments, ONP presented IC50 approximately of 15 µM in experiments of MTT and PTP. To evaluate the antiulcerogenic activity of ONP, different doses were used in classic models of ulcer induction: ethanol/HCl, stress for immobilization and cold, indometacin and pylorus ligature. In all of the models ONP presented significant antiulcerogenic activity. In the following procedures, we evaluated the activity antisecretory of ONP through somatostatin and gastrin experiments, in which the substance presented increase of the liberation and/or somatostatin production and decrease of the liberation and/or gastrin production. In relation to the study of ONP in mucus experiments and nitric oxide, that one didn't present significant difference. However, it showed significant difference in the model of evaluation of the involvement of radicals sulphydryl, indicating a possible antioxidant activity. When evaluated in model of colitis ulcerative induced by TNBS, ONP presented significant protection probably for the involvement of the mieloperoxidase (MPO) and factor of necrosis tumoral (TNF-alpha). Checked the activity obtained with ONP, we decided to analyze the activity of the tea of Arctium lappa, which presented significant involvement with nitric oxide and sulphydryl group for the obtaining of the antiulcerogenic activity promoted by the tea. The results obtained with Arctium lappa are promising, because the significant protection against ulcers induced by different agents suggesting a effect antisecretory mediated through somatostatin and gastrin secretion and protective effect by the antioxidant properties present in ONP. The data also reveals that pre-treatment with ONP is able to reduce intestinal inflammation in theTNBS model of colitis in rats.The acute antiinflamatory effects seem to be related to impairment of neutrophil function and absence of up-regulation of TNF-a production in intestinal mucosa. Our findings suggest that ONP shows an excellent potential for therapy in the gastrointestinal area
Doutorado
Fisiologia
Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Resumo: Arctium lappa, conhecida popularmente como bardana, é uma planta medicinal originária do Japão e aclimatada no Brasil. Ela é utilizada na medicina popular para tratamento de infecções, inflamações, febre, problemas crônicos de pele, gota, cálculo renal, úlcera gástrica, queimaduras e outras enfermidades. Este trabalho apresenta a extração, purificação, caracterização estrutural e avaliação da atividade gastroprotetora e anti-inflamatória de polissacarídeos das folhas de A. lappa. Além disso, mostra o fracionamento bioguiado por atividade antiúlcera gástrica dos compostos de baixa massa molar. De maneira geral, as frações polissacarídicas apresentaram-se constituídas majoritariamente pelos monossacarídeos Rha, Ara, Glc, Gal e GalA e, de acordo com análises de RMN e metilação, são compostas por dois polissacarídeos principais: ramnogalacturonana tipo I (RG I) e arabinogalactana tipo II (AG II). Polissacarídicas de A. lappa apresentaram atividade anti-inflamatória, mas não apresentaram nenhum efeito gastroprotetor. A fração contendo compostos de baixa massa molar (fração FSE) apresentou-se composta principalmente por ácidos fenólicos, entre os quais os ácidos 1-O-cafeoilquínico, neo-clorogênico, clorogênico, crypto-clorogênico, 1,3-O-dicafeoilquínico, 3,4-O-dicafeoilquínico, 3,5-O-dicafeoilquínico e 4,5-O-dicafeoilquínico, além dos flavonóides rutina e quercetina-ramnosídeo. Esta fração apresentou atividade antiúlcera gástrica de maneira dose dependente. O processo de fracionamento bioguiado de FSE gerou uma única fração com efeito antiúlcera gástrica, a fração FSE-AE, composta principalmente por ácidos dicafeoilquínicos.

Under andra världskriget vidtogs i Sverige ett antal åtgärder som gick på tvärs mot den traditionella svenska pressfriheten. Ett inslag i denna politik var inrättandet av Statens Informationsstyrelse, SIS, med uppgift att bland annat leda och övervaka den svenska pressen. Informationsstyrelsen har i efterhand blivit mest känd för de så kallade ”grå lapparna”, förtroliga meddelanden till tidningarnas redaktörer om vad som inte fick publiceras. Under kriget utkom på Gotland tre dagstidningar. Gotlänningen som ägdes av bondeförbundsintressen, konservativa Gotlands Allehanda vars huvudägare C E Ekman även var tysk konsul och tidningen har betraktats som mycket pronazistisk samt socialdemokratiska Gotlands Folkblad som framställts som ytterst anti-nazistisk. Utifrån SIS arkiv beskrivs SIS styrning av tidningarna genom de grå lapparna och påpekanden av överträdelser. Vidare har undersökts om SIS vidtog några åtgärder mot de gotländska tidningarna och om det i så fall var Gotlands Folkblads påstådda antinazism och/eller Gotlands Allehandas påstådda tyskvänlighet som SIS reagerade på. Resultatet visar att de allra mest som SIS reagerade på i de gotländska tidningarna var rena nyhetsartiklar. Inte i något enda fall klandrade SIS någon kommenterande artikel.
During World War II a number of actions were taken contrary to the traditional  Swedish freedom of the press. One of these actions was the establishment of “Statens Informationsstyrelse”, SIS,  the Gouvernment Board  of Information. SIS hade rhe task of managing and monitoring the Swedish press. It has subsequenly become known for the so-callade “grey notes”, cinfidential message to newspaper editors about what was not allowed to be published. There were three newspapers in Gotlands during World War II. “Gotlänningen” represented the farmer´s party. The right-wing Gotlands Allehanda, whose principal shareholder C E Ekman was also the German consul, was often portrayed as very pro-nazi. The social demofratic “Gotlands Folkblad” was, on the other hand, potrayed as anti-nazi. Based on the SIS archive, a review has been done about how SIS controlled the newspaperes and ruled through the greynotes and reprimands in case of transgressions. Furthermore an analysis has been done on the different reprimands SIS took aginst the Gotland newspapers and if the reprimands were taken in response to the alleged anti-nazism of Gotlands Folkblad or the allegeds pro-nazism of Gotlands Allehanda. The result show thar the vast majority of the articles SIS responded to in the Gotland newspapers were pure news articles. In no single case did SIS respond to a commentary article.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A esquistossomíase é considerada uma das doenças tropicais negligenciada mais significativa no mundo. Sendo que a presença de apenas um medicamento para o tratamento da infecção leva a busca por novos compostos esquistossomicidas, utilizando os produtos naturais como uma das principais fontes destas novas moléculas. Neste sentido, a lignana Arctiina extraída da espécie Arctium lappa, cujas funções anti-inflamatórias e antiproliferativas já foram descritas na literatura, se tornou alvo do nosso estudo. O nosso propósito foi pesquisar a sua ação esquistossomicida através de testes in vitro e em modelo murino. A substância foi utilizada nas concentrações de 30, 60, 120 e 240 µg/mL nos ensaios in vitro. Após o período de incubação, em nenhuma das concentrações, a molécula foi capaz de promover modificação na viabilidade do parasito em cultura quando comparado ao grupo controle. Após a administração por via intraperitoneal, para verificar a presença da substância no plasma murino, foi realizada uma análise cromatográfica. A análise da amostra de arctiina pura, diluída em metanol, e diluída em plasma murino não tratado mostrou um pico no cromatograma medido a 254 nm, com retenção de 5 minutos. A amostra de plasma animal coletada após uma hora de tratamento com arctiina, sob as mesmas condições experimentais, revelou um pico semelhante ao da amostra pura, confirmando que a arctiina está disponível no plasma após administração. Os testes in vivo, foram realizados em camundongos fêmeas da linhagem Swiis que receberam por via intraperitoneal duas dosagens de arctiina (50 mg/kg), sendo a primeira administrada 20 dias após a infecção e a segunda após duas semanas. Nos parâmetros analisados: peso hepático, leucometria global, redução da carga parasitária e alteração no oograma, não foi verificado nenhuma alteração significativa em relação aos parâmetros encontrados no grupo controle infectado, tratado com praziquantel (200 mg/kg) e Dimetilsulfóxido (0,5%). O resultado mais promissor foi uma redução das médias das áreas dos granulomas, a administração da arctiina provocou uma redução em torno de 20% em comparação com o controle infectado. Mais estudos devem ser realizados a fim de verificar o possível mecanismo de atuação sobre os componentes inflamatórios presentes na formação do granuloma.
Schistosomiasis is one of the most significant neglected tropical diseases in the world. Only one drug is currently available for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis, therefore there is an urgent need for the development of new schistosomicide compounds, being natural products an important source of these molecules. Hence, in this work we studied the lignan arctiin extracted from Arctium lappa species, whose anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative functions have been previously described. Our aim was to investigate in vitro and in vivo its schistosomicidal activity. We tested the compound in vitro at the follow concentrations 30, 60, 120 and 240 ug/ml. There was no difference in all tested concentrations in the viability of the parasite in the culture after the incubation when compared to the control group. In addition we verified the plasmatic concentration of arctiin after intraperitoneal administration in mice by chromatographic analysis. The analysis of pure arctiin diluted in either methanol or mouse plasma showed a peak in the chromatogram at retention time of 5 minutes, absorbance was measured at 254 nm. Animal plasma sample collected one hour after treatment with arctiin was analyzed under same experimental conditions and revealed a similar peak, confirming the availability of arctiin in the plasma following administration. The in vivo tests were performed in Swiss female mice, those were intraperitoneally injected with two dosages of arctiin (50 mg/kg) - the first administered 20 days after infection and the second two weeks later. The follow parameters were analyzed: liver weight, white blood cell count, parasitic load and oogram. We did not find any significant change in those parameters comparing infected control groups treated either with praziquantel (200 mg / kg) or dimethyl sulfoxide (0.5 %) to the group treated with arctiin. The most promising result was the reduction around 20% of the average area of the granuloma in the arctiin group compared with the infected control. More studies are needed to verify possible mechanisms of action of this molecule in inflammatory components that play a role in granuloma formation.

This thesis described the isolation and structure elucidation of secondary metabolites from three medicinal plants selected on the basis of their traditional use in the treatment of infectious diseases. The work also focused on the evaluation of the plant extracts and some of the isolated compounds for activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Compounds obtained in suffient yield were further tested for activity in vitro against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 27 pure compounds and two mixtures were isolated from the three plants investigated: Arctium lappa, Tussilago farfara and Verbascum thapsus. Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of A. lappa led to the isolation of four terpenoids (taraxasterol, taraxasterol acetate, isololiolide and melitensin), two steroids (sitosterol/stigmasterol mixture and daucosterol), three flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside), two phenolic acids or derivatives (caffeic acid and 1, 3-dicaffeoylquinic acid) and one alkane (n-nonacosane). Isololiolide, melitensin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and n-nonacosane are reported for the first time from this species, and daucosterol and kaempferol are first reported from the aerial parts of this plant. Phytochemical investigation of T. farfara aerial parts led to the isolation of a monoterpene lactone (loliolide), two steroids (sitosterol/stigmasterol mixture and daucosterol), three flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside), and six phenolic acids or derivatives (p-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid/4-hydroxybenzoic acid mixture, caffeic acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and methylcaffeate). Among them, loliolide is reported for the first time from this species. The aerial parts of V. thapsus afforded two pheophorbides (pheophorbide A and pheophorbide A ethyl ester), two pheophytins (pheophytin A and pheophytin B), one steroid (a-spinasterol), one known flavonoid (luteolin), one phenylethanoid glycoside (verbascoside), three simple pheonolic acids (trans-cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) and one fatty acid (1-monoacylglycerol). All compounds, except for a-spinasterol, luteolin and verbascoside, are reported for the first time from this species. a-Spinasterol is first reported from the aerial parts of this plant. When screened for activity against M. tuberculosis in the SPOTi assay, A. lappa n-hexane extract and dichloromethane phase of methanol extact, and T. farfara n-hexane and ethyl actate extracts were active at MICs of 62.5 μg/mL; A. lappa ethyl acetate extract and T. farfara methanol extract were active at MICs of 125 μg/mL; V. thapsus ethyl acetate extract was active at the concentration of 250 μg/mL. Among the tested compounds isolated from active extracts, p-coumaric acid displayed the highest activity (MIC=31.3 (So(Bg/mL, 190.7 μM); p-coumaric acid/4-hydroxybenzoic acid mixture showed good activity (MIC=62.5 μg/mL); sitosterol/stigmasterol mixture exhibited moderate activity (MIC=125 μg/mL); loliolide, caffeic acid and trans-cinnamic acid revealed weak activity (MICs=250 μg/mL, or 1273.9, 1387.6 and 1687.4 μM, respectively). This is the first time that the antitubercular acitivity of A. lappa, T. farfara and V. thapsus has been investigated. The anti-TB activity of all tested compounds is also first reported in the SPOTi assay. When initially screened for activity against M. tuberculosis in the MABA assay at the highest concentrations of 25 or 50 μg/mL, all plant extracts and tested compounds were identified as inactive at such concentrations. This is the first report of the screening of A. lappa, T. farfara and V. thapsus extracts and of all tested compounds in the MABA assay. Among the compounds screened for activity against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, luteolin exhibited good activity with an MIC valueof 62.5 μg/mL (218.3 μM), and a-spinasterol had an MIC of 500 μg/mL. No other compound was active at the highest concentration (500 μg/mL) used in this assay. This is the first report of the investigation of the anti-MRSA activity of kaempferol, a-spinasterol, 1, 3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1-monoacylglycerol, pheophorbide A ethyl ester, pheophytin A, pheophytin B and verbascoside.

Denna uppsats syfte är att se hur samer gestaltades i två norrbottniska tidningar under 1920-talet. Hur beskrevs samerna, användes några värdeladdade ord eller anlades några stereotyper? De två tidningarna som valts till undersökningen är Norrbotten-Kuriren en konservativ tidning och Norrländska Socialdemokraten, NSD en socialdemokratisk tidning. Dessa tidningar har valts för att de har samma upptagningsområde men har olika politisk inriktning. En fråga i denna uppsats är således om gestaltningen av samer skiljer sig åt mellan tidningarna beroende på deras politiska hemvist. Teorin som används i denna uppsats är Saids postkoloniala teori om utmålningen av ”den andra”. Med komplettering av Ania Loombas perspektiv på postkolonial teori, hon menar att det kan finnas lokala skillnader i hur ”Den andre” gestaltades. Det är detta, denna uppsats ska belysa hur samer gestaltades lokalt i Norrbottens län. Uppsatsens metod är kvalitativ innehållsanalys med nyanser av diskursteori, samernas subjektsposition under 1920-talet ska beläggas. Materialet som används till studien är 59 texter det är alla texter som publicerades om samer under den tid jag valt att undersöka, 22 artiklar analyseras på ett djupare plan och notiserna, texter under 15 rader, analyseras tematiskt. Studien är uppdelad i tre nedslag 1920, 1925 och 1930, där artiklarna från månaderna maj-juni har analyserats eftersom det var under maj-juni renflyttningen skedde. Studien visar att tidningarnas gestaltning av samer skiljer sig åt, Norrländska Socialdemokraten hade ett myndighetsperspektiv, de lade stor vikt vid statens utredningar om samerna i sina artiklar, och de hade en nedlåtande ton mot samerna, de sågs som svagare än andra, i många av sina artiklar. Medan Norrbotten-Kuriren anlägger en mer vi känsla i en del av sina artiklar, samerna fick vara med och vara en del av viet, de fick ibland komma till tals vilket de inte fick göra i Norrländska Socialdemokraten. Norrbotten-Kuriren har också samekritiska artiklar men denna tidning var mer närvarande, de såg samerna mer som en grupp än som några svagare personer som det ska stiftas lagar kring. Ämnena som präglade de olika nedslagen var tämligen lika i de båda tidningarna. 1920 var det nomadskolorna och kolonisationen av ”lappmarkerna”, 1925 var det renbeteslagstiftning och renskötseln och 1930 kritik mest mot renarna och den skadegörelse som de lämnade efter sig i jordbrukslandskapet. Alla artiklar rör renägande samer och inga kvinnor fick komma till tals.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The experiment was carried out at Medicinal Plant Garden of the Federal University of South Mato Grosso UFMS, in Dourados, from October, 2004 to April, 2005. The objective was to evaluate the effect of incorporating phosphorus (P) and chicken manure (CM) to the soil on growth and yield of bardana. Five doses of phosphorus (4.3; 25.8; 43.0; 60.2 and 81.7 kg ha-1) in triple super phosphate (TSP) form, and five doses of semi-decomposed chicken manure (1,000; 6,000; 10,000; 14,000 and 19,000 kg ha-1) were studied. Nine treatments were defined using III Plan Puebla experimental Matrix: 4.3 and 6,000; 25.8 and 1,000; 25.8 and 6,000; 25.8 and 14,000; 43.0 and 10,000; 60.2 and 6,000; 60.2 and 19,000 and 81.7 and 14,000 kg ha-1, P and CM respectively. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block experimental design with four replications. Every plot had 4.5 m2 of area and twelve plants arranged in double rows with spaces of 0.50 m between plants and 0.54 m between rows. Sixty days after transplantation DAT, at each 10 days, the height of each plant was measured. On harvest, two competitive plants were taken from each plot. Maximum height of bardana (129.87 cm) was reached on 113 DAT with 60.2 and 14,000 t ha-1 of phosphorus and chicken manure, respectively, treatment. Leaf area, fresh and dried mass of total aerial part and fresh mass of leaves showed positive reaction isolately answer in relation to the studied factors. The highest values were registered for 81.7 and 1.000 kg ha-1 of P and CM treatment, respectively: 19,822.86 cm2; 48,999.73 kg ha- 1; 8,287.24 kg ha-1 and 22,869.64 kg ha-1. The highest yields of dried mass of leaves were related to the highest doses of chicken manure, while the highest yields of fresh mass of roots (2,435.57 and 2,000.98 kg ha-1) were related to the highest used doses of P and CM. Yield of dried mass of roots increased with P doses and intermediary doses of CM. Diameter and length of roots did not show significative differences between treatment and they were, in average, 9.07 mm and 18.64 cm. N contents in leaves were the highest under the highest doses of P and CM, but in roots they did not show significative differences as a function of treatments. P contents in leaves were independent on treatments, but in roots, the highest contents of phosphorus were obtained with the highest doses of chicken manure interacting with intermediary doses of P
O experimento foi desenvolvido no Horto de Plantas Medicinais, da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul UFMS, em Dourados, no período de outubro de 2004 a abril de 2005. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação ao solo de fósforo (P) e de cama-de-frango (CF) sobre o crescimento e a produção da bardana. Estudaram-se cinco doses de fósforo (4,3; 25,8; 43,0; 60,2; e 81,7 Kg ha-1), na forma de superfosfato triplo, e cinco doses de cama-de-frango de corte semidecomposta (1.000; 6.000; 10.000; 14.000 e 19.000 kg ha-1). Os nove tratamentos resultantes foram definidos usando a matriz experimental Plan Puebla III: 4,3 e 6.000; 25,8 e 1000; 25,8 e 6.000; 25,8 e 14.000; 43,0 e 10.000; 60,2 e 6.000; 60,2 e 14.000; 60,2 e 19.000 e 81,7 e 14.000 kg ha-1 de P e CF, respectivamente. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Cada parcela teve área de 4,5 m2, com doze plantas arranjadas em fileiras duplas, com espaçamento de 0,50 m entre plantas e 0,54 m entre fileiras. A partir dos 60 dias após o transplante- DAT, a cada dez dias, foram medidas as alturas de todas as plantas. Por ocasião da colheita, foram arrancadas duas plantas competitivas de cada parcela. A altura máxima da bardana (129,87cm) foi alcançada aos 113 DAT, com o tratamento de 60,2 e 14.000 kg ha-1 de P e cama-de-frango, respectivamente. A área foliar, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea total e massa fresca das folhas apresentaram resposta positiva isoladamente em relação aos fatores estudados, sendo os maiores valores obtidos com o tratamento 81,7 e 1.000 kg ha-1 de P e CF, respectivamente, a saber: 19.822,86 cm 2; 48.999,73 kg ha-1; 8.287,24 kg ha-1 e 22.869,64 kg ha-1, respectivamente. As maiores produções de massa seca das folhas ocorreram sob as maiores doses de cama-de-frango, enquanto as maiores produções de massa fresca das raízes (2.435,57 e 2.000,98 kg ha-1) foram obtidas sob as maiores doses de P e CF utilizadas. A produção de massa seca das raízes aumentou com as doses de P e doses intermediárias de CF. O diâmetro e o comprimento das raízes não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e foram, em média, de 9,07 mm e 18,64 cm. Os teores de N nas folhas, foram maiores sob as maiores doses de P e de CF, mas nas raízes não apresentaram diferenças significativas em função dos tratamentos. Os teores de P nas folhas, foram independentes dos tratamentos, mas nas raízes, os maiores teores de fósforo foram obtidos com as maiores doses de cama-de-frango interagindo com as doses intermediárias de P

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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
A esquistossomíase, causada por parasitos do gênero Schistosoma, é uma doença que afeta cerca de 240 milhões de pessoas no mundo. O Praziquantel é o fármaco de escolha para o tratamento desta parasitose e, devido principalmente aos casos de resistência do parasito a esta medicamento, se faz necessária a busca de novas moléculas e/ou protótipos com potencial atividade esquistossomicida. Neste contexto, a pesquisa com produtos naturais desponta como uma alternativa para o descobrimento de novos fármacos para o tratamento da esquistossomíase. Entre as espécies vegetais de interesse para a produção de substâncias esquistossomicidas, destaca-se a Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae), a qual é reconhecida por biossintetizar lignóides, classe de metabólitos que tem demonstrado grande potencial esquistossomicida. O presente trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico do extrato hidroalcoólico dos frutos de A. lappa, bem como a avaliação da atividade esquistossomicida in vitro, frente aos vermes adultos de S. mansoni, do extrato e de seus metabólitos majoritários. O estudo fitoquímico de A. lappa L. resultou no isolamento de duas lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas, a arctiina e arctigenina. A análise dos resultados de avaliação esquistossomicida obtidos demonstrou que o extrato hidroalcoólico bruto na concentração de 200 mg/mL apresentou expressiva atividade esquistossomicida in vitro, sendo capaz de provocar a morte de 100% dos parasitos em até 24 horas de incubação. A arctiina, metabólito majoritário purificado do extrato, foi capaz de matar e provocar lesões tegumentares em 100% dos vermes adultos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a atividade esquistossomicida in vitro demonstrada pelo extrato hidroalcoólico pode estar relacionada à presença da arctiina, corroborando com o potencial esquistossomicida in vitro das lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas, frente aos vermes adultos de S. mansoni.
Schistosomiasis caused by the Schistosoma parasite is a disease that affects about 240 million people around the world. Praziquantel is the chosen drug for the treatment of this parasitosis. It is imperative to search for new molecules and / or prototypes with potential schistosomicidal activity. This requirement is due to the tough performance of the parasite against this medicine. In this context, the research with natural products has been recognized as an alternative to discover new pharmacos for Schistosoma treatment. Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae) stands out among vegetal plants of interest for the production of schistosomicidal substances. This is recognized for being able to biosynthesize lignoid, a kind of metabolite that has performed great schistosomicidal potential. This master thesis describes the phytochemical study of the hydroalcoholic extract from A. lappa L. fruit, as well the evaluation of the schistosomicidal activity evaluation in vitro, facing the adult worms of S. mansoni from the extract and from its majority metabolite. The phytochemical study of A. lappa L. resulted in the isolation of two dibenzyl butyrolactone lignan, a arctiin e arctigenin. The results obtained schistosomicidal evaluation showed that hydroalcoholic extract crude in concentration of 200 mg/mL showed significant antischistosomal activity in vitro and is capable of causing the death of the 100% of the parasites within 24 hours of incubation. The arctiin a major purified metabolite from the extract, was capable of killing by causing tegumentary lesions en 100% of the adult worms. The obtained results suggest that the schistosomicidal activity in vitro showed by the hydroalcoholic extract can be related to arctiin presence, supporting the potencial schistosomicidal in vitro of dibenzyl butyrolactone lignan, against the adult worms of S. mansoni.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The experiment was carried out in the medicinal garden of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados UFGD, in the period from February to October 2006. The survey aimed to study the growth, development and yield of Bardana responding to five different spacing rows between the plants (40,0; 47,5; 55,0; 62,5 and 70,0 cm) and to the use - CCF (10 t ha-1) or not - SCF - of semi-decomposed poultry litter. All ten experimental designs were arranged in a factorial scheme 5x2 in randomized blocks with four replications. Plants were initially propagated in sowing polystyrene plates and then they were placed in double rows 50 cm far of each other. Harvest was done 180 days after transplanting. Plants averages of height (172 cm) and foliar area (20.704 cm-2) and roots averages of length (23,6 cm) and diameter (16,2 mm) were neither significantly influenced by the spacing nor positively influenced by the use or not of the semi-decomposed poultry litter. Highest and lowest values of leaves fresh (25.676 kg ha-1 and 15.217 kg ha-1) and dry (1.941,02 kg ha-1 e 1.104,61 kg ha-1) masses, of root number (490.750 ha-1 and 272.120 ha-1) and roots fresh (5.080,35 kg ha-1 and 3.546,25 kg ha-1) and dry (1.448,91 kg ha-1 and 1.051,31 kg ha-1) masses were found in 40,0 and 70,0 cm spaces respectively, showing linear decrease as spacing was increased. Dry leaves (12,84 g kg-1 and 0,33 g kg-1) and roots (4,11 g kg-1 and 0,13 g kg-1) mass rates of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P), respectively, were not significantly influenced by spacing but they were by the covering or not with chicken manure respectively
O experimento foi desenvolvido no Horto de Plantas Medicinais, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2006. O objetivo foi estudar o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a produção da bardana em resposta a cinco espaçamentos entre plantas (40,0; 47,5; 55,0; 62,5 e 70,0 cm) e ao uso - CCF (10 t ha-1) ou não - SCF de cobertura do solo com cama-de-frango semidecomposta. Os dez tratamentos foram arranjados como fatorial 5x2, no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As plantas foram propagadas inicialmente em berços de isopor e, posteriormente, em canteiros, arranjadas em fileiras duplas, espaçadas de 50 cm entre elas. A colheita foi efetuada aos 180 dias após o transplante. As médias de altura (172 cm) e área foliar (20.704 cm-2) das plantas e as médias de comprimento (23,6 cm) e diâmetro das raízes (16,2 mm) não foram influenciadas significativamente pelos espaçamentos nem pela cobertura ou não do solo com cama-de-frango. Os maiores e menores valores para massas fresca (25.676 kg ha-1 e 15.217 kg ha-1) e seca (1.941,02 kg ha-1 e 1.104,61 kg ha-1) de folhas, para o número de raízes (490.750 ha-1 e 272.120 ha-1) e para as massas fresca (5.080,35 kg ha-1 e 3.546,25 kg ha-1) e seca (1.448,91 kg ha-1 e 1.051,31 kg ha-1) de raízes foram encontrados com os espaçamentos de 40,0 cm e de 70,0 cm entre plantas, respectivamente, mostrando decréscimo linear na medida em que aumentaram os espaçamentos. Os teores de nitrogênio (N) e de fósforo (P), respectivamente, nas massas secas de folhas (12,84 g kg-1 e 0,33 g kg-1) e de raízes (4,11 g kg-1 e 0,13 g kg-1) de bardana não foram influenciados significativamente pelos espaçamentos, mas sim pela cobertura ou não do solo com cama-de-frango respectivamente

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Radionuclides have been used in Nuclear Medicine for diagnostic and treatment. In basic research, cellular and molecular structures are labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) and used as radiobiocomplexes. Some natural or synthetic drugs are capable to alter the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, as well as in the biodistribution of radiobiocomplexes. Arctium lappa (Bardana) has been used to treat inflammatory processes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of an extract of Bardana on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, on the morphology of red blood cells, on the perimeter/area ratio of red blood cells and on the biodistribution of radiophamaceutical sodium pertechnetate in Wistar rats. Extract of Bardana was capable to alter the labeling of cellular compartment with 99mTc. Plasma and cellular proteins did not present alteration on the percentage of radioactivity (%ATI). Extract of Bardana was also capable to alter the morphology and the perimeter/area ratio of red blood cells. On the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate in animals treated with the extract of Bardana, it was observed a small and significant uptake in liver, tooth and tongue, and a high and a significant uptake in stomach, lung and testis (p<0.05). In conclusion, these findings could be justified due to the effects of some chemical compounds in the Bardana extract. This study was a multidisciplinary experimental research. It was developed with the contribution of the different Departments and Services of the Hospital Universit?rio Pedro Ernesto of the Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro
Radionucl?deos t?m sido utilizados em Medicina Nuclear para diagn?stico e tratamento de doen?as. Estruturas moleculares e celulares marcadas com tecn?cio-99m (99mTc) s?o utilizados como radiobiocomplexos, como acontece com alguns constituintes sang??neos. Algumas drogas naturais ou sint?ticas s?o capazes de alterar a marca??o de constituintes sang??neos com 99mTc, bem como a disponibilidade de radiobiocomplexos. Arctium lappa (Bardana) tem sido empregada para tratar processos inflamat?rios. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar efeitos de um extrato de Bardana na marca??o dos constituintes sang??neos marcados com 99mTc, na morfologia e na rela??o per?metro/?rea das hem?cias e na biodistribui??o do radiof?rmaco pertecnetato de s?dio (Na99mTcO4). O extrato de Bardana foi capaz de alterar a distribui??o 99mTc no compartimento celular. As prote?nas plasm?ticas e celulares n?o apresentaram nenhuma altera??o na fixa??o de radioatividade (%ATI). O extrato de Bardana tamb?m foi capaz de alterar a morfologia e a rela??o per?metro/?rea das hem?cias. Na biodistribui??o do pertecnetato de s?dio em animais tratados com o extrato de Bardana, foi observada uma redu??o significante na capta??o do f?gado, dente e l?ngua, e uma alta capta??o no est?mago, pulm?o e test?culo (p<0,05). Em conclus?o, o extrato de Bardana parece possuir subst?ncias em sua composi??o que podem ser respons?veis pelos achados experimentais. Desenvolvido em diferentes Departamentos e Servi?os da ?rea biom?dica do Hospital Universit?rio Pedro Ernesto, UERJ, atestando o car?ter multidisciplinar da pesquisa

Orientador: João Leonel Jose
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Foram estudadas as características fisico-químicas e teores de macro e micronutrientes das espécies das plantas medicinais Arctium lappa minor, Plantago major e Porophyllum ruderale. Através de aplicação de extratos aquosos das referidas plantas, efetuou-se testes de cicatrização em lesões nos dorsos de ratos Wistar, na dosagem de 1 gota ao dia, por quatorze dias. Usou-se os mesmos animais para controle com aplicação de água destilada em lesões-controle. Efetuou-se o sacrifício dos animais aos 3º, 7º, 11º e 14º dias e retirou-se os recidos tratados com os extratos e os tratados-controle para realizar-se os cortes histológicos, os quais foram histometrados em lentes Zeiss Kpl-W-10X, com 25 hits. Contou-se os fibroblastos, fibras colágenas e vasos sanguíneos para averiguação dos efeitos de cicatrização, confirmando que de fato as plantas em estudos atuam como cicatrizantes. Os dados levantados então, foram analisados estatisticamente, obtendo-se os resultados da eficácia do tratamento com os extratos comparados aos tratados-controle. Com respeito a atividade antimicrobiana, utilizamos os extratos hidroalcoólicos por maceração a frio, e constatamos a eficácia dos mesmos em relação a Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes tipo A e Streptococcus pyogenes tipo B, cedidos pelo Laboratório Prev Lab de Piracicaba. Tais testes foram efetuados de acordo com o método de difusão em discos (Método Kirbi-Bauer) pela técnica da diluição em tubos. Segundo, os dados obtidos nos testes de atividade antimicrobiana, os extratos deram prova de possuirem efeitos antimicrobiano
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Farmacologia
Mestre em Odontologia

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Arctigenina é uma lignana isolada da Arctium lappa L., planta esta, pertencente a família Asteraceae que é amplamente utilizada na Medicina Tradicional Chinesa. Publicações citam inúmeras atividades farmacológicas do extrato bruto dessa planta e também da substância arctigenina, como a atividade anti-inflamatória, hepatoprotetora, hipoglicemiante, antitumoral, antimicrobiana, mas, estudos detalhados da atividade hepatoprotetora ainda não foram amplamente desenvolvidos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento, a obtenção e identificação da arctigenina a partir dos frutos da Arctium lappa L., para avaliar a atividade citotóxica in vitro frente à cultura de células de carcinoma hepático (HepG- 2) e tambén avaliar os efeitos dessa substância isolada em lesão hepática por Ligação do Ducto Biliar (BDL). O extrato clorofórmico bruto da Arctium lappa L. foi obtido por soxhlet. Para isolar as substâncias, foi realizada coluna a vácuo e observou grande quantidade de arctiina, uma precursora da arctigenina. Para obter a arctigenina, foi necessário realizar uma hidrólise para retirada da molécula de glicose presente na arctiina. A mesma foi identificada por RMN de 1H e 13C obtendo excelente grau de pureza e adicionalmente também foi realizado um perfil cromatográfico por CLAE. Nos experimentos in vitro, a arctigenina diminuiu a viabilidade celular no teste por MTT e azul de Tripan sobre células HepG-2 e não causou citotoxicidade sobre células NIH/3T3. O teste de adesão por fornecimento de colágeno tipo I sobre HepG-2 também foi realizado para observar os mecanismos que envolvem a atividade antitumoral da arctigenina. Nos experimentos in vivo foram realizadas cirurgias de BDL em ratos Wistar, com n= 6 e grupos divididos em: sham controle, sham arctigenina, BDL controle, BDL arctigenina e BDL silimarina. O tratamento dos animais foi feitos por 48 horas e após esse período, eutanasiados e o sangue e fígado foram coletados para realizar avaliações bioquímicas séricas (AST, ALT, FA e TNF-α) e também avaliação tissular (MPO). A metodologia de extração, isolamento e obtenção da arctigenina desenvolvida foi eficaz, diminuiu gastos com solventes e com o tempo para se obter as susbstâncias. Os parâmetros de confiança analisados por CLAE demonstraram que o método analítico desenvolvido foi específico e reprodutível, o que contribui para estudos em controle de qualidade e ensaios bioanalíticos. A arctigenina demonstrou atividade citotóxica e antiadesão, sendo a atividade dose dependente para células HepG-2, com IC 50 de 90,8 μM. Nenhuma atividade sobre células NIH/3T3, o que demonstrou ação específica sobre a células HepG-2. Resultados do estudo in vivo de 48 horas não apresentaram resultados significantes quando comprados aos grupos controle e controle positivo, entretanto, levantamentos bibliográficos mostram que a arctigenina é uma substância promissora e estudos de hepatoproteção por períodos maiores complementariam a elucidação de sua atividade.
Arctigenin is a lignan isolated from Arctium lappa L., this plant, belonging to family Asteraceae is widely used in traditional chinese medicine. Publications suggest numerous pharmacological activities of crude extracts of this plant and arctigenin as anti-inflammatory activity, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anticancer and antimicrobial, however detailed studies of hepatoprotective activity have not yet been widely developed. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of arctigenin obtained from the fruits of Arctium lappa L., to evaluate the cytotoxic in vitro of arctigenin in cell culture of liver carcinoma (HepG-2) and assess the effects of this isolated compound on liver injury by ligation bile duct (BDL). The crude chloroform extract of Arctium lappa L. was obtained by soxhlet. To isolate the compounds was held vacuum column and observed high concentration of arctiin, a precursor of arctigenin. To obtain arctigenin, it was necessary to carry out a hydrolysis to remove the glucose molecule present in arctiin. After, the molecule was identified by 1H NMR and 13C, attaining excellent purity, and additionally, was carried out his chromatographic profile by HPLC.. In vitro experiments show that the arctigenin decreased cell viability by MTT assay and the Trypan blue on HepG-2 cells and did not cause cytotoxicity on NIH/3T3 cells. Adhesion testing by providing collagen type I on HepG-2 was also carried out to observe the mechanisms involving the antitumor activity of arctigenin. In vivo experiments were performed by surgery in BDL rats, with n = 6 and divided into groups: sham control, sham arctigenin, control BDL, arctigenin BDL and silymarin BDL. The treatment of animals was made for 48 hours and after this period, euthanized and blood and liver were collected for serum biochemical assessments (AST, ALT, FA and TNF-α) and also tissue rating (MPO). The methodology of extraction, isolation and obtaining arctigenin developed was effective, decreased spending solvents and the time to get compounds. The trust parameters analyzed by HPLC showed that the analytical method was specific and reproducible, which contributes to quality control studies and bioanalytical assays. The arctigenin demonstrated cytotoxic activity and anti-adhesion, and dependent dose activity in HepG-2 cells, with IC 50 of 90.8 μM. No activity on NIH/3T3 cells, demonstrating the specific action on HepG-2 cells. Results of BDL done in 48 hours showed no significant results when comparing with control groups and positive control, however, literature reports show that the arctigenin is a promising compound and hepatoprotection studies for longer periods would complement the elucidation of its activity.

Orientadora : Profª. Drª. Maria Fernanda de Paula Werner
Co-orientadora : Profª Drª Maria Consuelo de A. Marques
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 22/07/2014
Inclui referências
Área de concentração
Resumo: Este trabalho investigou o potencial terapeutico das folhas da Arctium lappa na prevencao e cicatrizacao de ulceras gastricas em condicoes normais e aumentadas de glicemia, bem como nas alteracoes da motilidade gastrica em ratas diabeticas. Tanto a administracao oral (v.o) como a intraperitoneal (i.p) do extrato soluvel em etanol (SE, DE50: 3,6 mg/kg) das folhas da bardana e de sua fracao soluvel em acetato de etila (SE-AE, 0,15 mg/kg) protegeu a mucosa gastrica contra ulceras induzidas por etanol P.A e a administracao previa de indometacina (10 mg/kg, i.p), visando a deplecao de prostaglandinas endogenas, aboliu a atividade gastroprotetora da fracao. No mesmo modelo, o acido 1,3-O-dicafeoilquinico (57 ƒÊg/kg), composto majoritario encontrado na fracao, tambem promoveu gastroprotecao contra o etanol. Ademais, a fracao SE-AE (0,15 e 1,5 mg/kg, v.o) tambem protegeu a mucosa gastrica exposta a indometacina. A quantificacao dos niveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e muco aderido evidenciaram que a manutencao desses fatores protetores esta envolvida no efeito gastroprotetor promovido pela fracao SE-AE contra etanol ou indometacina. Ademais, a fracao SE-AE (1 mg/kg, v.o) acelerou a cicatrizacao da ulcera gastrica cronica induzida por acido acetico 80% em ratas. A investigacao dos mecanismos envolvidos nesse efeito demonstrou a participacao do aumento do conteudo de mucina gastrica, GSH e gastrina serica e da reducao da atividade da mieloperoxidase (MPO) e do conteudo de especies reativas de oxigenio (EROs). Em continuidade, em ratas diabeticas a fracao SE-AE (10 mg/kg) tambem acelerou a cicatrizacao da ulcera gastrica cronica induzida por acido acetico, atraves do aumento do conteudo de mucina e de GSH, da reducao da atividade MPO e do conteudo de EROs e da restauracao da atividade das enzimas superoxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa-S-transferase (GST) e glutationaperoxidase (GPx). Todavia, nesses animais, a fracao SE-AE nao reduziu a hiperglicemia e nem os niveis de hemoglobina glicada. Ademais, a fracao SE-AE promoveu o sequestro do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e tambem inibiu a glicacao proteica in vitro, atestanto o efeito antioxidante e anti-glicacao da fracao SE-AE. Ratas diabeticas tratadas durante seis semanas com a fracao SE-AE (1 mg/kg) tiveram os niveis de hemoglobina glicada reduzidos, o esvaziamento gastrico, a contracao colinergica e o relaxamento nitrergico do fundo e do piloro normalizados, bem como a expressao da enzima NOS-1 e a densidade dos neuronios entericos NADPH-diaforase positivos no corpo gastrico preservados. Coletivamente, esses resultados mostram que a fração SE-AE das folhas da bardana possui atividade gastroprotetora e cicatrizante gástrica mediada pelo favorecimento de fatores protetores da mucosa gástrica como as defesas antioxidantes, o muco e as PGs. Adicionalmente, sob condições hiperglicêmicas é possível que a modulação das defesas antioxidantes e o potencial anti-glicação da fração também colaborem para sua atividade cicatrizante gástrica e para o restabelecimento da função motora gástrica de ratas diabéticas. Ademais, além do restabelecimento da resposta contrátil, a restauração do relaxamento nitrérgico de tecidos gástricos e a preservação da síntese e/ou viabilidade do óxido nítrico também estão relacionados com a atividade procinética da fração em ratas diabéticas. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para elucidar mais profundamente estes mecanismos e ainda outros envolvidos tanto na proteção gástrica promovida pela fração SE-AE em ratas normais e diabéticas, como no restabelecimento do esvaziamento gástrico sob condições hiperglicêmicas. Palavras-chave: Arctiumlappa L., gastroproteção, cicatrização gástrica, esvaziamento gástrico, diabetes.
Abstract: The therapeutic potential of the leaves of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) is still unexplored. Thus, this study investigated the therapeutic potencial of the leaves of this plant in prevention and healing of gastric ulcer under normal and altered glicemic condictions. In addition, the effects of burdock leaves on gastric motility of diabetic rats also were acessed. Oral (p.o) and intraperitoneal (i.p) administration of ethanol-soluble extract (SE ED50: 3.6 mg/kg) from leaves of burdock and its ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (SE-AE, 0.15 mg/kg) protected the gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced ulcers. However, prior administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o), to the depletion of endogenous prostaglandins, abolished the SE-AE gastroprotective activity. Moreover, the 1,3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (57 ìg/kg), major compound found in SE-AE fraction, also promoted gastroprotection against ethanol. Furthermore, the fraction SE-AE (1.5 mg/kg, p.o) also protected the gastric mucosa exposed to indomethacin (80 mg/kg, po). Maintaining the reduced glutathione (GSH) level and mucus adhered content are involved in gastroprotection promoted by the fraction against ethanol or indomethacin. In the chronic ulcer induced by acetic acid model 80%, the fraction SE-AE (1 mg/kg, po) accelerated the healing of ulcer by increasing the content of gastric mucin, GSH and serum gastrin and reduction in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In diabetic rats, the fraction SE-AE (10 mg/kg, p.o) also accelerated the healing of chronic ulcers induced by acetic acid, by increasing mucin and GSH content, reduced MPO activity and content of ROS and the restoration of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutationaperoxidase (GPx), but not reduce hyperglycemia or glycated hemoglobin in these animals. Furthermore, the SE-AE fraction promoted scanvenger of radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and also inhibited in vitro protein glycation. Additionally, diabetic rats treated by six weeks with the SE-AE fraction (1 mg/kg, p.o) had levels of glycated hemoglobin reduced and gastric emptying normalized. Cholinergic contraction and the nitrergic relaxation of the gastric fundus and pylorus of diabetic female rats treated with SE-AE fraction also was preserved, as well as the expression of NOS enzyme -1 and the density of NADPH-diaphorase positive enteric neurons in the gastric body. Collectively, these results show that the fraction SE-AE from leaves of burdock has gastroprotective and gastric healing activity mediated by gastric mucosal protective factors such as antioxidant defenses, mucus and PGs. Additionally, under hyperglycemic conditions is possible that modulation of antioxidant and anti-glycation effect of the fraction also collaborate for gastric healing activity and the restoration of gastric motor function in diabetic rats. Moreover, besides the restoration of contractile response, restoring nitrergic relaxation of gastric tissues and the preservation of the synthesis and/or viability of nitric oxide are also related with prokinetic activity of SE-AE fraction in diabetic rats. However, further studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms more deeply involved and still others both in gastric protection by fraction SE-AE in normal and diabetic rats, as in the restoration of gastric emptying under hyperglycemic conditions. Key-words:Arctiumlappa L., gastroprotection, gastrichealing, gastricemptying, diabetes.

Introducción: El carcinoma escamoso de cabeza y cuello (CECC) ocupa el sexto lugar en términos de incidencia. Su tratamiento incluye el uso de radioterapia o quimiorradioterapia, cirugía, o la combinación de ambos procedimientos. Actualmente no disponemos de factores pronósticos que puedan predecir eficazmente la respuesta a un tratamiento en particular. Existe una relación entre los fenómenos de inflamación crónica y la aparición de carcinomas que viene mediatizada por la alteración del factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB), un factor de transcripción que regula la expresión de genes que intervienen en la respuesta inflamatoria. Existe evidencias de que el NF-κB juega un papel crucial en la activación de oncogenes involucrados en la proliferación y supervivencia celular, regulación de la angiogénesis, invasión y metástasis, y resistencia a tratamientos con radioterapia y quimiorradioterapia en pacientes con CECC. Varios estudios han detectado una relación significativa entre la expresión del NF-κB (p65) y el control de la enfermedad en pacientes con CECC. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la capacidad de la expresión del NF-κB como un marcador biológico en la predicción del control local de la enfermedad en pacientes con CECC tratados con radioterapia o quimiorradioterapia. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo a partir de muestras de biopsia de 77 pacientes con carcinoma escamoso patológicamente confirmado, localizado en cavidad oral (n=7), orofaringe (n=26), hipofaringe (n=6), o laringe (n=38), tratados con radioterapia o quimiorradioterapia en el periodo 2004-2008. Los niveles de expresión mRNA del gen p65, un componente del complejo NF-κB, fueron determinados usando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa a tiempo real (RT-PCR). Resultados: No existieron diferencias significativas en los niveles de expresión del NF-κB (p65) de acuerdo a la localización del tumor primario, la categoría de extensión local o regional del tumor, o el grado histológico. Por el contrario, aparecieron diferencias significativas en el valor de la expresión del p65 en función del control local de la enfermedad. Los niveles de mRNA del NF-κB (p65) pretratamiento de los tumores se relacionó significativamente con el control local de la enfermedad (p=0.03). Después de la categorización de la expresión del NF-κB (p65) en función del control local de la enfermedad mediante un método de partición recursiva, se definieron dos grupos de pacientes, uno con baja expresión del NF-κB (n=42) y otro con altos niveles de expresión (n=35). La supervivencia libre de recidiva local a 5 años para los pacientes con niveles bajos de expresión del NF-κB (p65) fue del 79,9%, y del 42,1% para los pacientes con niveles altos de expresión. Existieron diferencias significativas en la supervivencia libre de recidiva local después de tratamiento con radioterapia o quimiorradioterapia de acuerdo al nivel de expresión del NF-κB (p65) (p=0.001). En un análisis multivariante, considerando la supervivencia libre de recidiva como la variable dependiente, sólo la categoría de expresión del NF-κB (p65) estuvo relacionada con el control local de la enfermedad. Considerando los pacientes con niveles bajos de expresión para el NF-κB (p65) como categoría de referencia, los pacientes con niveles de expresión altos contaron con un riesgo 4.4 veces superior de recidiva local después del tratamiento con radioterapia o quimiorradioterapia (p=0.001). Conclusión: Existe una relación significativa entre la expresión del NF-κB (p65) en términos de mRNA y el control local de la enfermedad en pacientes con CECC tratados con radioterapia o quimiorradioterapia. La sobreexpresión de NF-κB (p65) se relacionó con una reducción significativa del control local de la enfermedad. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, la expresión del gen NF-κB (p65) podría ser considerado como un marcador de radiosensibilidad en pacientes con CECC.
Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the sixth most common cancer worldwide in terms of incidence. Treatment includes the use of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, surgery, or a combination of these procedures. At the present time we do not dispose of prognostic factors that can efficiently predict response to a certain therapy. There link between the phenomena of chronic inflammation and the appearance of carcinomas, is supported by the alteration of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), a transcription factor that regulates expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response. There is evidence suggesting that the NF-κB plays a critical role in the activation of oncogenes involved in proliferation and cell survival, regulation of angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and resistance to treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with HNSCC. Several studies have found a significant relationship between the expression of NF-κB (p65) and disease control in patients with HNSCC. The aim of present study was to evaluate the capacity of NF-κB expression as a biological marker in predicting local control in patients with HNSCC treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Material and methods: We carried out a retrospective study with biopsy specimens from 77 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed squamous cell carcinomas located in the oral cavity (n 7), oropharynx (n 26), hypopharynx (n 6), or larynx (n 38), treated at our center with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy between 2004 and 2008. mRNA expression level of the p65 gene, a component of the NF-κB family, was determined using real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: There were no significant differences in mRNA expression of NF-κB according to the location of the primary tumor, the category of the local or regional expression of the tumor, or the histological grade. On the contrary, there were significant differences in the values of p65 expression in function of local control of the disease. mRNA NF-κB expression in pretreatment tumors was significantly related to local control (p=0.03). After categorization of NF-κB (p65) expression in function of the local control of the disease by use of the CRT method, two groups of were defined, one with a low expression level of NF-κB (n 42) and the other with had a high expression level (n 35). The 5-year local recurrence free-survival rate for patients with low level NF-κB (p65) expression was 79,9%, and it was 42,1% for patients with a high level of expression. There were significant differences in the local recurrence free-survival after treatment with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy according to the NF-κB (p65) expression level (p=0.001). In a multivariate analysis, considering the local recurrence free-survival as the dependent variable, only the NF-κB (p65) category expression was significantly related to the local control of the disease. Considering patients with a low level expression of NF-κB (p65) as the reference category, patients with a high level of expression had a 4.4 higher risk of local failure of the tumor after treatment with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (p=0.001). Conclusion: There was a significant relation between the expression of the NF-κB (p65) in terms of mRNA and local control after radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in patients with a HNSCC. Overexpression of NF-κB (p65) was related with a significant reduction in local control. According to our results we consider that expression of the NF-κB (p65) gene may be a radiosensitivity marker for patients with HNSCC.

Chen Feng.
"August 2004."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-178).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

碩士
東海大學
食品科學系
89
In the food industry, people use β-fructofruanosidase from Aspergillus niger to produce oligosaccharide which enhance the growth Bifidobacteria. The reaction starts only at the high sucrose concentration and there are still large amount sucrose in the product. The monosaccharide and disaccharide must be removed to obtain high concentration of oligosaccharide. In this research, we wished to find an enzyme from the burdock (Arctium lappa L.) to replace β-fructofruanosidase from Aspergillus niger to produce high concentration of oligosaccharides to be utilized in the food industry. An unknown oligosaccharide was found in the burdock extract and was identified as a tetrasaccharide which consisted of two fructosyl units linked to sucrose. The 20 ~ 65% of ammonium sulfate fraction of the enzyme was collected, and applied to a G-75 gel filtration column. Later, the partially purified enzyme was applied to another Sephadex G-200 gel filtration column. The optimum pH of the enzyme was about 6.0. The optimum temperature for enzyme reaction was 25 ℃. The Km value and the Vmax value of fructosyltransferase were determined to be 0.26 M and 13.00 μmole kestose / mL hr using sucrose as a substrate. Hg2+ and Cu2+ were apparent inhibitors, and Na+, K+, Fe2+ and Ca2+ were mild inhibitors. Iodoacetic acid and urea were also inhibitors. However, Mg2+ , Zn2+ , EDTA and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride were activators.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
90
The root of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) is a popular food material among consumers in Japan and Taiwan. It is usually consumed as afresh commodity, fried or pickled. It can also be dried and packed in tea bags. However, to brew the drink from burdock tea bag is not all convenient and from burdock tea bag the drink brewed has only weak flavor. This study is to develop low-acid a burdock drink with strong flavor. The antioxidative and antimutagenicity activities of the product will also be investigated. The result suggested that burdock dried in three steps then and extracted in boiling water produced a drink with good flavor. The drink containing Fructus arctii extract has more arctiin concentration, and its flavor can be improved by adding liquorice and sugar. The product’s shelf life in estimated to be over one year at room temperature by 37℃ incubation test. The burdock and Fructus arctii extracts exhibited marked antioxidative activity, by indicated by its inhibition peroxidation of linoleic acid in ferric thiocyanate test. It also exhibited a strong effect on the elimination of DPPH radicals, superoxides, hydrogen peroxide and a strong reducing power towards peroxides. In antimutagenicity test, the extract may inhibit the activity indirect mutagen NQNO the up to 50%, may inhibit the activity indirect mutagen B[a]P the up to 80%.

碩士
弘光科技大學
食品科技所
103
Arctium lappa L. (burdock) is a perennial herb which is popularly cultivated as a vegetable. The amount of chlorogenic acid and total polyphenol content in burdock (from market) and A. lappa extract were determined quantitatively. The results showed the chlorogenic acid amount in burdock skin is 677.13 ± 8.01 μg/g , burdock root is 448.15 ± 4.56 μg/g , and that in A. lappa extract is 722.55 ± 15.61 μg/g . Total polyphenol content in burdock skin is 22.20 ± 2.28 mg/g , burdock root is 9.28 ± 0.18 mg/g , and A. lappa extracts is 13.19 ± 0.23 mg/g . The influence of A. lappa extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats was evaluated. Six groups of rats are for 0.1g A.L./ kg bw, 0.5g A.L./ kg bw, CCl4, silymarin, control and Naive (non-treatment) groups. The rats were fed daily with A. lappa for 8 and a half weeks and induced twice a week with CCl4. The serum biochemistry were assayed on the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 8th and before sacrifice. Liver lipid peroxidation assay, antioxidant enzymes, hydroxyproline amount and histopathological diagnosis were performed. The elevated AST was decreased (p＜0.05) since the 1st week till end of experiment in silymarin and A. lappa does groups. The elevated ALT was decreased (p＜0.05) since the 3rd week till end of experiment in silymarin and A. lappa does groups. The level of hepatic lipid peroxidation was lower in silymarin and A. lappa does groups in comparing with CCl4 group (p <0.05). In the liver glutathione performance and antioxidant enzymes aspects, the glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in silymarin, low, high dose group were of no difference with CCl4 group (p >0.05). The amount of hydroxyproline was lower in silymarin and 0.5g / kg bw A. lappa dose group in comparing with CCl4 group (p <0.05). The level of cytoplasmic vacuolation / fatty change and bile duct hyperplasia in silymarin and A. lappa dose groups were less severe when comparing with CCl4 group (p＜0.05). The results above indicated A. lappa extract alleviate liver damage through decrease of serum AST, ALT, lipid peroxidation, liver hydroxyproline content and less severity of hepatic hyperplasia and bile duct hyperplasia were observed. Therefore A. lappa is of potential in ameliorating CCl4-induced liver injury in rats.

碩士
大仁科技大學
食品科技研究所
107
According to statistics from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, diabetes ranks fifth among the top ten death diseases in 106 years. The search of natural medicines for treating diabetes has become an urgent issue. It is currently known that about 90% of all diabetic patients are type 2 diabetes. If only suppressing blood glucose and not restoring insulin receptor sensitivity, it is impossible to cure the disease! Therefore, this study explored how he burdock compound (BUC) composed of burdock, puerariae radix, cablin patchouli herb, mulberry leaf, polygonati odorati rhizoma, raspberry and stevia rebaudiana leaves to improve type　2　diabetes. Long-term insulin resistance lead to the destruction of pancreatic cells and thus affect the secretion of insulin. In this experiment first take MTT test on rat pancreatic cells (RIN-m5f) to investigate the effect of BUC on the proliferation of β cells, and experiment with animals further. The study in-depth discuss on the effect of BUC on regulation of blood glucose. According to the experimental results, the proliferation rate of RIN-m5f can reach 124.40 ± 0.18 % after 24 hours of administration of BUC 25.0 μg/mL. In the animal experiment, after 28 days of continuous administration of BUC at two different doses (50.0, 100.0 mg/kg), the induced groups and 50.0 mg/kg were found to have statistically significant differences in biochemical parameters (total protein, blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol). In addition, insulin, insulin receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 proteins were used to investigate the mechanism of hypoglycemic activity. It was found that insulin receptors were significantly increased in the 50.0 mg/kg of BUC. Compared with the induction group, the insulin receptor contents were 0.76 ± 0.03; 0.95 ± 0.03 ng/mL, respectively. In order to further search the reasons for the increase in insulin receptor content, we took the follow-up pathway in mice. According to the experimental results, the induction group and the BUC 100.0 mg/kg group in the 28 days BUC treatment, there were also statistical differences in the biochemical indicators of the mice (total protein, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol). In order to investigate the cause of the increase in insulin receptor activity, the three proteins of insulin receptor substrate 2, serine/threonine protein kinase 1/2/3 and glucose transporter type 4 were used to analyze the effect of BUC on blood glucose regulation. Three proteins were found in BUC 100.0 mg/kg the content was higher than that of the induced groups, which increased respectively by 70.0, 66.9, and 72.7%, compared with the induced groups. Based on the above results, especially at the dose of 100.0 mg/kg, BUC exhibited the effect of regulating blood glucose. The mechanism of action of BUC regulates the proliferation of β cells by increasing the activity of IRS2. BUC through recover the insulin receptor content and activity of downstream protein AKT1/2/3、 GLUT4, that promoted glucose metabolism. BUC have the potential to develop health product for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

碩士
輔仁大學
生命科學系碩士班
96
The immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. However, overactive effector immune responses to autologous or allogeneic antigens can result in immune-mediated diseases such as hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases. One of the therapeutic objectives in autoimmune diseases is blocking of activation, proliferation and cytokine production in T lymphocytes. There are immunosuppressive drugs used for autoimmune diseases, but they almost accompany with serious side effects. Therefore, we attempted to identify other immunomodulators from natural products that could be as an adjuvant treatment for autoimmune diseases. The previous data indicated that the natural products kaempferol 3-O-a-L-[2,4-di-(E)-p-coumaroyl] rhamnopyranoside (C39H32O14; MW=724; K3), arctigenin (C21H24O6; MW=372; AC), and (±)-3,9-dihydroeucomin (C17H16O5; MW=300; DC) isolated from Cinnamomum kotoense, Arctium lappa and Agave sisalana, respectively, inhibited human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferation stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). In the present study, human T lymphocytes were purified from PBMC and used as target cells. The regulation of K3, AC, and DC in human T lymphocytes immune responses induced by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies (anti-CD3/CD28 Abs) was studied. The results indicated that (1) Primary human T lymphocytes has been isolated from PBMC by nylon wool method and their purities are about 80%. (2) Both IL-2 and IFN-r mRNA expression and protein production could be detected in T lymphocytes induced by anti-CD3/CD28 Abs at 2 hr and 24 hr postactivtion, respectively. The cell proliferation in T lymphocytes could be detected at 72 hr postactivation. (4) Both IL-2 and IFN-r gene expression in T lymphocytes activated anti-CD3/CD28 Abs were regulated by ERK, P38, NF-kB, and NF-AT signaling pathways. (5) All K3, AC and DC reduced IL-2 and IFN-rmRNA transcripts and protein production and cell proliferation in T cells induced by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies without cytotoxicity. (6) Both K3 and AC did not affect ERK and P38 activation in T lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs. DC decreased P38 phosphorylation in activated T lymphocytes. (7) The preliminary data from luciferase reporter assay showed that K3 and AC decreased NF-AT activation. (8) The results from electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that K3 impaired NF-AT and NF-kB DNA binding activities. We suggested that K3 suppressed IL-2 and IFN-r gene expression in T lymphocytes induced by anti-CD3/CD28 Abs related to reduction of NF-AT and NF-B activity. Furthermore, the detailed action mechanisms behind the differential effects of K3, AC, and DC on human T lymphocytes will be elucidated.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農藝學系
85
Three main great burdock (Arctium lappa L.)varieties, including 12 seed lots ,were used to conduct a serial experiments. The purposes of these studies wereto investigate the optimum germination conditions in standard germination test, seedling evaluation, the first and final time of investigation, accuracy ofTTC and conductivity testing for seed viability and the influence of temperat--ure on main root development of great burdock. Results of the experiments we--re summarized as follows: 1. Germination test using 5 seed lots of great burdock was proceeded at const--ant temperature between 4℃ and 43℃, divided into 14 levels, on two way the--rmo- gradient plate. According to the linear relationship between 50% germina-tion rate (y) and temperature (x), a regression equation y = -0.0515+0.017x, R*R = 0.9975 was obtained. In the regression model, the base (minimum) tempera--ture for germination was 3.03 ℃. The maximum temperature for germination was higher than 37℃. The optimum temperature for germination was 22-28℃ for rad--icle emergence or 25℃ for standard germination. The thermal time of physiol--ogical germination and normal seedling germination was ranged from 49.5 to 64.1℃d and from 208.9 to 278.2℃d respectively. 2. Germination test of 5 and 8 seed lots was performed under several combinat--ions of germination conditions, such as (1) temperature treatments including 30/20, 25/15, 35, 30, 25, 20 and 15℃; (2) light treatments including 8 hoursof light and dark; (3) substratum treatments including top of paper, between paper, rolled paper and in sand methods; and (4) seed pretreatments with or w--ithout 24 hours of imbibition in water. Results showed that the most suitablegermination conditions were 30/20 or 25℃, and theest substratum condition wastop of paper method. Concurrently, we suggest to imbibe the seeds for 24 hoursin water before incubation to break dormancy and promote germination. In addi--tion, the germination test requires light for promoting germination, and thelight is also favorable for seedling evaluation. 3. In seedling evaluation, a normal seedling of great burdock can be defined by the following characteristics: intact root system with one primary root (r--adicle) of no bifurcation, no observed decay or tightly twisted structure onhypocotyl, and cotyledons completely emerged from seedcoat but with no primaryinfection. When primary roots have bifurcation or crack, secondary roots can not be listed within the cognizance. 4. In germination test under the optimum germination conditions, according to the variation rate of accumulated normal seedling germination, the first and final investigated time were the 11th and 18th day after incubation respectiv--ely. 5. From 11 seed lots of great burdock, including 1100 grains, TTC staining di--agrams were divided into 10 classes. Based on RMS method, the model of TTC s--taining diagrams for living great burdock seeds could further be divided into5 classes. A significant positive correlation appeared between the rate of ge--rmination predicted by the judgement rule in TTC test and the real rate of g-ermination (r=0.9945). 6. In the viable test, the electrical conductivity of 11 seed lots of great b- urdock after 8-16 or 16-24 hours of imbibition was significantly negatively c--orrelated with the rate of germination. 7. During the great burdock cultivation period of the phytotron under 5 tempe--rature conditions including 15/13, 20/15, 25/20, 30/25 and 35/30℃, the resu--lt showed that the optimum temperature for the best development for leaves a--bove ground and main roots under ground were 25/20℃ and 20/15℃ respectively.Thus, with respect of the increasing harvest proportion of great burdock, theoptimum temperature during the cultivated period is 20/15℃.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy) - Dept. of Homoeopathy, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003 1 v. (various pagings)
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a herbal-complex consisting of (Arctium lappa, Berberis aquifolium, Echinacea purpurea and Taraxacum officinale), as compared to homoeopathic simillimum in terms of the clinical manifestations and the patients’ perception of response to the treatment

Mini-dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master's Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban Institute of Technology, 2002.
The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of certain Compositae species herbal extracts (Arctium lappa, Calendula officinalis and Echinacea purpurea) in the inhibition of in vitro growth of Candida albicans as compared to nystatin in terms of the disc diffusion test. Candida albicans was obtained from the Department of Biotechnology (Technikon Natal). Three components were tested on Candida albicans: namely the herbal extracts which were the experimental group, nystatin which was the allopathic component serving as a positive control and the 62% ethanol which was the negative control. Commercially available herbal extracts of Arctium lappa, Calendula officinalis and Echinacea purpurea respectively, with an ethanol concentration of 62% v/v, were purchased from Parceval (Pty) Ltd. The herbal extracts were prepared according to the German Herbal Pharmacopoeia (1991) standards. Commercially available nystatin suspension was obtained from \ Bristol-Myers Squibb (Pty) Ltd, 62% (vlv) ethanol was prepared according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (1991) standards. In carrying out the experiment, 5mm filter paper discs were placed on Sabouraud's dextrose agar plates which were streaked with Candida albicans. Thereafter 0.7 microlitres of the test and control substances were pipetted onto
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