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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Land man relationship“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Land man relationship"
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JIANG, Tao. „The man-land relationship in Qing China: an overview“. Journal of Modern Chinese History 16, Nr. 2 (03.07.2022): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2022.2147722.
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Tikere Moffor, Exodus, und Ndjalla Alexandre. „Man and land: The marriage between a man, a woman and land among the Beti of Cameroon“. Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences 9, Nr. 1 (05.01.2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2024.09.00293.
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Marriage is a sacred union between two families brought together by a man and a woman. All societies have a way of regulating marriage and when a man gets married in a family he is referred to as an in-law. Therefore in-law is a relationship which is established through marriage. To the Beti of Cameroon in particular to be considered as an in-law, a man has certain responsibilities to fulfil among which are the provision of an envelope and food to the family of the woman he wants to marry. Once these are done, he becomes an in-law. The purchase of land among most in not all cultures is very important but the peculiarity among the Beti is that when a man buys land in a Beti locality, he is regarded and treated as an in-law. This article seeks to answer one major question: what is the relationship between a woman and land among the Beti of Cameroon? To establish a relationship between these two (a woman and land), the objectives of this article are to; understand how the Beti people perceive a woman and land; the importance they attach to them and their symbolism. Data for this paper was collected using the qualitative method and the analysis and interpretations are based on the theories of symbolic anthropology of Geertz and functionalism of Malinowski and Brown. Major findings reveal that a woman like land serve as riches, means of production, an element which unites families and many more.
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Zhao, Liang, Wei Wang, Meijiao Li und Gaofeng Xu. „A Comparative Study on the Coevolution and Drivers of Environmental Risks and Man–Land Relationship between China and the United States from the Perspective of LUCC“. Atmosphere 14, Nr. 2 (31.01.2023): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020288.
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The study of geography is centered on the regional system of the human–land relationship, and the core of the study of the geographical system of the human–land relationship is land use change. Land use is the most direct manifestation of human activities, accompanied by changes in land cover. This is the most appropriate entry point to reveal the evolution of human–land relationships. The past 300 years have been the most intense period of social change in China and the United States. In this study, we investigated the differences and evolution of human–land relations between China and the United States from the perspective of land cover change. We found: (1) Cultivated land, forest land, and grassland areas in China and the United States have changed significantly in the past 300 years. The cultivated land area has generally increased, and the extent of forest land and grassland has declined. According to the speed of land cover change, it can be roughly divided into three different stages. The change in cultivated land in China is mainly based on the enhancement of cultivation intensity. The change in cultivated land in the United States is mainly based on expansion of cultivated land. (2) The difference in land cover change between China and the United States in the past 300 years is mainly caused by the difference in social development, interpreting human–land relationships with honest feedback and social feedback. In general, with the continuous development of land, environmental issues have become increasingly prominent, and people’s awareness of environmental protection has also increased. (3) The evolution of human–land relations in China and the United States has been influenced by natural and social factors for nearly 300 years. China is dominated by population, whereas the United States is dominated by technology. The relationship between humans and land differs between the two countries in some respects, with similarities in other areas. In both countries, this relationship can be characterized by the stages of relying on the environment, understanding the environment, transforming the environment, and protecting the environment. This evolution is in line with the law of social development, according to which human beings constantly recognize, utilize, and adapt to nature.
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Li, Xiaoyun, Yu Yang und Yi Liu. „Research progress in man-land relationship evolution and its resource-environment base in China“. Journal of Geographical Sciences 27, Nr. 8 (30.06.2017): 899–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1412-6.
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Meng, Lin, Chuanguang Zhu, Jie Pu, Bo Wen und Wentao Si. „Study on the Influence Mechanism of Intangible Cultural Heritage Distribution from Man–Land Relationship Perspective: A Case Study in Shandong Province“. Land 11, Nr. 8 (03.08.2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081225.
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Spatial autocorrelation, cold and hot spot analysis, and standard deviation ellipse analysis were used to analyze the spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage (ICH). Geodetectors were used to reveal the factors that influenced the distribution in Shandong Province. The results showed that: (1) The ICH in Shandong Province covered most ICH types with the difference in the number of expressions of ICH of a different type. Traditional artistry, traditional art, traditional sports, recreation and acrobatics, and folk literature are the main types of ICH. (2) The spatial distribution of ICH showed a great difference. Multiple concentration areas and deficient areas were presented that followed the direction from southwest to northeast. (3) Man–land relationship-related factors such as population, waters, urban–rural size, and air temperature showed important influence on ICH distribution. The influence of interaction among influence factors is higher than a single factor. In summary, man–land relationships are the key factors that influenced ICH distribution.
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Sujarwo, Wawan. „Bedugul Portrait: An Ethnoecological Study of the Relationship Between Man and the Environment“. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 7, Nr. 1 (30.04.2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.7.1.52-62.
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Bedugul is situated in the highlands of Bali, combining panoramic views of hills, forests, and lakes. Today, Bedugul has transformed from a remote area into a favorite tourist destination. Also, Bali has become one of the world’s leading tourist destinations, and this represents a suited model to study the influence of recent modernization, the tourist industry, population increase, and agricultural practices on traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). At the same time, few scientific references discuss Bedugul in term of TEK. Therefore, this study aims to present the latest portrait of Bedugul community in the millennial era and its relationship with the surrounding environments. A total of 20 Bedugul locals were interviewed. The selection of respondents was purposive, representing various Hindus and Moslem communities, with variations in age range (25-60 years old), gender, and occupation. The data were then analyzed through a qualitative descriptive approach with in-depth discussion. The results of the study showed that the Bedugul landscape has a strong cultural and ecological relationship with its communities, i.e., Hindus and Moslems. People activities in the natural areas of Bedugul, i.e., Batukahu Nature Reserve, are still in the normal stage. Most of Bedugul communities strongly depend on agricultural and tourism sectors. Land-use changes (human settlements, tourism facilities, and agricultural land) and the increasing population growth have resulted in the carrying capacity of Bedugul area becoming very vulnerable, and one of them is the emergence of pest species. The negative impacts of agricultural and tourism activities have been identified, some of which were using inorganic pesticides in high-doses, traffic congestion, and Lake Beratan water pollution due to restaurant waste and speed boat oil spills. This may result in the decline of local values within the Bedugul communities. This study concluded that erosion of traditional ecological knowledge, including ethnobotanical knowledge, is at risk of increasing.
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Varga, Péter. „Managing the relationship between natural spawning areas on unprotected floodplains and on protected man-made fishponds“. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, Nr. 27 (15.11.2007): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/27/3095.
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The economic land management of unprotected floodplain areas is possible only if considered jointly with protected floodplain areas, for which facility fisheries provide a solution. One solution could be that a part of the natural fish increment of the spawning-grounds on unprotected floodplains be raised in protected side fishponds and then later sold. This kind of fishery utilization is also favourable from economic, conservationist and flood protection aspects.
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Kasatkina, Tatiana. „Death, New Land, and New Nature in Dostoevsky’s Novel The Idiot“. Dostoevsky and world culture. Philological journal, Nr. 3 (2020): 16–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2020-3-16-39.
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The article is dedicated to the analysis of the main concepts in the novel The Idiot aimed at a better understanding of its most enigmatic scenes. The main word of the novel is “new”, both on a plot level and on a deeper, ontological one. The novel vividly demonstrates how the manifestation of the “new” is actually connected with emotions that are very different from the ones we could suppose by default; in fact, it is connected with fear, disgust, a sense of disruption and destruction, radical transition, and unknown. Dostoevsky shows how this kind of human relationship with the “new” is an effective way to enclose man in the narrow prison of earthly life, denying immortality and resurrection; it also encloses man in the narrow prison of social prejudices, denying the possibility for free growth of his humanity. The analysis focuses on the first scene at the Epanchyns’, the story about the soldier Kolpakov (the only thing we know about the father of the prince), and Ippolit’s dream about the non-scorpion and the Newfoundland dog Norma.
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Brinklow, Laurie. „A man and his island: The island mirror in Michael Crummey’s Sweetland“. Island Studies Journal 11, Nr. 1 (2016): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.339.
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Between 1946 and 1975, dozens of islands and outports in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador were abandoned as part of a government resettlement policy. Families and communities were torn apart, and a culture and way of life that revolved around the fishery changed irrevocably. The practice, which continues to this day, has been well documented, particularly by artists and writers. Michael Crummey’s 2014 novel Sweetland is a recent iteration. The relationship between humans and place is complex: on an island, with compressed space and a very real boundary that is the ocean, emotional attachments to one’s place are often heightened and distilled. What happens when a person is displaced from his or her island; when bonds of attachment are severed and one’s mirrored double is destroyed? Sweetland offers a fictional lens through which we see an example of a mirrored relationship between an island protagonist and his island setting. Exploring themes of attachment to place, and what Barry Lopez calls a “storied” or “reciprocal” relationship with the land, this paper examines what happens to a man when confronted with leaving an island he knows as deeply as his own body and soul; and how the island reacts.
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Gupta, Rekha. „CHANGES IN LAND USE / LAND COVER DUE TO POPULATION PRESSURE (WITH REFERENCE TO MADHYA PRADESH)“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, Nr. 9SE (30.09.2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3250.
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There is an interdependent relationship between human and natural resources. By using his knowledge and skills on the biological and abiotic wealth derived from human nature, he converts them into valuable services and goods and gives direction and speed to economic development. Without human, this wealth of nature has no value. Human is both a means and a means of development. Pro. PL Rawat has said that man is both the beginning and the end of economic development, but when man starts exploiting or exploiting these natural wealth in order to fulfill his growing needs, the balance between man and nature starts to deteriorate and h ¨ Environmental problems also lead to birth. Today almost the entire world is facing a deteriorating balance of human and nature due to rapid growth. Our country and state are also not untouched by this problem. This imbalance can also be explained by population pressure in the state and changes in the nature of land use.
मानव और प्राकृतिक संसाधनों में अन्योन्य आश्रित संबंध है। मानव प्रकृति से प्राप्त जैविक-अजैविक सम्पदा पर ही अपने ज्ञान एवं कौशल का उपयोग करके उन्हें बहुमूल्य सेवा एवं वस्तुओं में परिवर्तित करता है एवं आर्थिक विकास को दिशा एवं गति प्रदान करता है। मानव के बिना प्रकृति की इस सम्पदा का कोई मूल्य नहीं है। मानव ही विकास का साधन एवं साध्य दोनों है। प्रो. पी.एल. रावत ने कहा है कि, मनुष्य आर्थिक विकास का आदि एवं अंत दोनों है किन्तु जब मानव अपनी बढ़ती हुई आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए इन प्राकृतिक संपद¨ का अत्यधिक शोषण या दोहन करने लगता है तो मानव व प्रकृति के बीच संतुलन बिगड़ने लगता है और ज¨ पर्यावरणीय समस्याओं के जन्म का कारण भी बनता है। आज लगभग संपूर्ण विश्व तीव्र वृद्धि के कारण मानव एवं प्रकृति के बिगड़ते संतुलन का सामना कर रहा है। हमारा देश एवं राज्य भी इस समस्या से अछूता नहीं है। इस असंतुलन को राज्य में जनसंख्या दबाव एवं भूमि उपयोग के स्वरूप में आए परिवर्तन के द्वारा भी स्पष्ट किया जा सकता हैं।
Dissertationen zum Thema "Land man relationship"
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Sarkar, Prajna Paramita. „An Historical re-reading of evolving land man relationship in the princely state cooch behar (1772-1949): contextualizing political economy of regional history in perspective“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1219.
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Goehring, Brian. „Inuit place-names and main-land relationships, Pelly Bay, Northwest Territories“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29715.
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The Inuit of Pelly Bay, N.W.T. have been among the last groups of native people in Canada to experience contact, and to settle in a permanent community. In this isolated settlement the Inuit culture, although changing and constantly adapting, remains strong. The traditional economy, based upon the harvesting of land-based resources, continues to be a vital part of the culture. The thesis examines the nature and extent of this man-land relationship, in the present-day context, and follows the on-the-land activities of all members of this community through one harvest year.
Particular emphasis is paid to the nature of the location of such activities, and the methods by which Inuit navigate from place to place. The thesis details the location and translated meaning of 307 Inuktitut place names within the Pelly Bay land-use area, and demonstrates that an ordered and logical pattern of organisation of named physical features exists, a perception of landscape unique to the local region. The knowledge of these toponyms, combined with several supplemental techniques, forms a complete and functional system of navigation which continues to be used by the Inuit of Pelly Bay in their yearly cycle of on-the-land activities.Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
3
Lettera, Christopher A. „Carlini“. Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1342553175.
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4
DAI, SHENG-HSIN, und 戴政新. „A STUDY ON TRANSFORMATION OF MAN-LAND RELATIONSHIP“. Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77831142412941874057.
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碩士國立臺北大學
地政學系
91
On the trend of seeking economic and technical development, Taiwan faces a series of land problems, such as debris flow and Cadmium pollution. Researchers who studied land problems always referred land problems to the disorder of man-land relationship. The researches about the contents of man-land relationship, the established process of man-land relationship and the process of the transformation of man-land relationship are absent. However, the researches above are the basis of the solution of the disorder of man-land relationship. Therefore, this thesis will adopt the point of culture and take Liucha as the case study area to explore all mentioned above. First, responding to the study of reflexive modernity, this study bases on the original meaning of culture, the harmonious man-land relationship, and quotes the culture pattern that consists of artifacts, socifacts and mentifacts that influence each other introduced by Huxley as the framework of studying man-land relationship. Second, through observing Liucha, this study point out man-land relationship in which artifacts- the system of land use and landscape; socifacts- the organization of land manage, Chi ssu kung yeh and the system of exchanging labor; mentifacts- ancestor worship and land worship. Furthermore, according to the developing context of Liucha, we can discover the man-land relationship of traditional Chinese culture which consists of heaven, earth, gods, and beings harmonious was gradually disordering because of state power with the economic and technical ideology. Finally, we find the best way to establish ideal man-land relationship is the rethinking of the internal meaning and value. In another word, the loss of harmonious man-land relationship may be found through community renaissance.
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Yu-Zhen, Zeng, und 曾鈺真. „A Study of Man-Land Relationship on the Flower Industry in Puli“. Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32443879285545864567.
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碩士國立高雄師範大學
地理學系
93
The study is based on the viewpoint of “Man-Land Tradition“, by means of field work and questionnaire survey. The study is about human ecology of the flower industry in Puli. The following are what we have found out. First of all, today in Puli the main variety of cut flowers is Rose. Second, besides superiority of physical environment, social factors are more important, which include excellent agricultural technology and organizations. Third, the distribution of flower in Puli has regional characteristics. Forth, the flower farmers in Puli are younger, have high-level education degree, and specialized planting. Fifth, there are many organizations of flower production and marketing in Puli. Flower planters promote their technology and get market information by joining the organizations. At last, facing the current of globalization, flower planters in Puli transform to agricultural service, export positively, and invest other sophisticated agriculture. But the most important thing is to promote cooperation between organizations and to create local charming.
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Wei, Kuo-Ching, und 魏國金. „The Inquiry of Relationship of The Man The Land Whom Live── The Living Space of Lan-Yu, for instance“. Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94478241092781269229.
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碩士國立中央大學
哲學研究所
83
This dissertation is based on M. Heidergger''s Being-in-the- world and M. Foucault''s power theory as the philosophy to explore the relation of the man and the land whom lives. By Heidergger''s Being-in-the-world, we find out the deeply and necessarily relationship between the man and the land whom lives, that is, why individual makes no difference with his they are that place, therefore living space have their divine meanings. Foucault''s power theory provide the method and dependence of questing and reflection for the rationality theory which in our contemporary living world and limits our thought and judgement. Combined the thought dimension of Heidegger and Foucault spread out, we will understand all problems can be draw back to this point "what is human-being". Because the man are their world. The man know themself by their living world as premise directly or indirectly, so when the close relationship between the man and the land was distorted, all combat will follow this issue "Land is life". To clarify the theory is just like to clean the window, and this sight seeing is Lan-Yu. To offer concrete space has the effect to reflect theory, and give an example of seeing the relationship between the man and the land under capatalism power sytle. It let us understand where modern struggle strength come from and how to use this skill.
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Liu, Fu-Yao, und 劉馥瑤. „The Relationship Between of National Park Management and Man-Land Cognition for Shoushan National Nature Park“. Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85143624078541029025.
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博士國立屏東科技大學
生物資源研究所
104
Shoushan National Nature Park is a point of demonstration by Taiwan, as its first designation of national parks. The process involved conflicts between stakeholders and the natural environment. The study hopes to explore the ideals of stakeholders regarding the operational management and development cognition regarding national parks. Data processing and analysis: qualitative research applied interviews and thematic analysis to name and interpret the issues; quantitative research involved purposive sampling of questionnaires, supported by quasi-neural networks in analysis. Research results: NGOs and tribal residents have a low degree of identification with the conservation and recreation quality of national natural park (mean coverage rate of 28.3% and18.1%); the transmission of information relating to the designation period showed a fault in transmission (mean coverage rate of 81.3%); for repeat tourists, the current robustness of leisure functions is greater than learning experiences (W = 1.37 > -0.37). Specifically speaking, the government currently has a vague presentation of the function and orientation of national parks, causing most tourists to believe that national parks lack ecological or learning value. In response, managerial institutions should strengthen the value of bio-resources rather than the marketing and promotion of tourist spots. In the interpretation materials shall be designed to avoid excessive use of proper nouns or academic terms, in order to gain recognition of the relationship between man-land.
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Shih, Pei-Chun, und 施佩君. „The study on the relationship between Land Mixed-Use and Urban Man-Made Disasters –A Case Study of Tainan City“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92811652021353987932.
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碩士立德大學
地區發展管理研究所
96
With the development in economical industry and the change in social structure in Taiwan, Urban Man-Made Disasters derived from variety activities and serried advances in city is day by day serious. How to hold on the relationship between disaster occurrence and Land Mixed-Use and use land planning to prevent Urban Man-Made Disasters, should be the important study of metropolis plan. The Executive Yuan establish Sustainable Development Committee under the development guiding principle of the promotion country continues forever by National Land Development Committee. One of many works of National Land Resources motion plan is to promote Compact city. Land Mixed-Use is one of the most important tactic of Compact city planning. Variety and complementary land use will let metropolis plan more dynamic, so hold on the influence factors and spatial distribution conditions of mixed-use is very important. Different to planned mixed-use in overseas,the produces reasons of Land Mixed-Use conditions in domestic have more market mechanism influences in it. Now Taiwan already had the development special characteristic of Compact city. Lives and business mixed of metropolis land use shape can be seen in everywhere. But on standards and ideals in the countries like America, England and so on, the Compact cities have already formed, it is only deficient in properly plan and design, and then creates overall environment quality in cities to be all low. Already existed Land Mixed-Use also create many exterior questions, such like bad conditions of takes measures against disasters make serious metropolis disasters. For these reasons the study on the relationship between Land Mixed-Use and Urban Man-Made Disasters is most important. The study uses some methods, such as GIS, Landscape Structure Index, and Pearson Correlation Analysis, and then uses the variable material of Land Mixed-Use degree and Urban Man-Made Disasters in Tainan City to discuss the relationship between Land Mixed-Use and Urban Man-Made Disasters. Wish to use the data as the references of future space plan and land manager which can take measures against disasters.
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Liao, Yu-Yu, und 廖鈺玉. „The man-land relationship of development of Han-Aboriginal people settlements in Hengchun area, Pingtung:a case study of Manjhou township“. Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13694131596832754106.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
農村規劃系所
95
The thesis mainly discusses the mechanisms that affect how the Han people have developed their tribes, and it also talks about Manjhou Township in Hengcheun area. This research is made by the collection of the most related literatures, the statistic data, and the field work from 17 century( when getting in touch with the Hollanders) to nowadays, in which it was divided in four periods namely, Hollamd Occuption Period, the Ching Dynasty, the Japanese Colonial Period, and the Republic of china period. There are rather diverse tribes in Manjhou Township, including the Han, Paiwan, Puyuma, Ami and Pingpu who have assimilated mutually through long-term marriage. This study explores land exploitation, settlement development from 17century to present, the natural resources, the Han people’s livelihood and the development of settlement. It is aimed at finding out the different characteristics in different areas in Manjhou Township and the critical factors behind the scene have been changed. Since Kenting National Park was established in the year of 1982, the area of Hengchun has developed tourism gradually. Although the service industry has been aroused in Manjhou Township because of its neighboring Kenting National Park, the absence of integratedl program of the tourism makes the main industry still focuses on the agriculture. It is suggested that some types of traveling, i.e. traveling experiences, profound cultural traveling and ecotourism could be adopted in the area. Manjhou Township is expected to be a satellite village of tourism to Hengchun Town and can bring a new chance for the development of the local tribes.
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Shin-YiLin und 林欣儀. „The Research on Li Tung’s Novels about Man-land Relationship and Ethnic Writing─”Kavalan Boy”, ”Doctor, Budu and Me”, “Our Secret Shelter” as Examples“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/547b6k.
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碩士國立成功大學
台灣文學系
103
The purpose of this research aims to discuss man-land relationship and ethnic writing as represented in Li Tung’s three young adult novels, ”Kavalan Boy”, ”Doctor, Budu and Me”, and “Our Secret Shelter.” Chapter one describes the motivation and purpose of this research as well as several relevant studies. Chapter two focuses on Li Tung’s writings, including folk songs, prose, adult fiction and juvenile fiction, in an attempt to clarify the reasons why he began his career of writing. The concept of human geography is employed to discuss Li Tung’s novels in Chapter three. Li Tung’s novels guide the readers to understand the relationship between our human beings and lands through the geographical imagination of literature. This conveys a set of philosophies orbiting in our nature. Understanding, respect, tolerance, and acceptance are the only ways to resolve the conflicts. The existence of multi-cultures then makes the entire society more balanced. Chapter four focuses on ethnic narrative in the novels. Li Tung attempts to present the main four ethnic groups in Taiwan, trying to put them on the same table for discussion. Li Tung’s works hope both the children and adults to “see”, to see the people and everything with such strong vitality continuously happening around us on this land. No matter how sorrowful or delightful our memories will be, they are all our precious treasures which belong to the Taiwanese. Li Tung teaches us how to face our emotions, accept the facts and imagine the future.
Bücher zum Thema "Land man relationship"
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Pappu, Raghunath S. Man-land relationship during palaeolithic times in the Kaladgi Basin, Karnataka. Pune: Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, 1994.
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Pappu, Raghunath S. Man-land relationship during palaeolithic times in the Kaladgi Basin, Karnataka. Pune: Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, 1994.
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3
Pappu, Raghunath S. Man-land relationship during palaeolithic times in the Kaladgi Basin, Karnataka. Pune: Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, 1994.
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Ningxia ren di guan xi yan hua yan jiu: The evolution of man-land relationship in Ningxia. Yinchuan Shi: Ningxia ren min chu ban she, 2005.
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Aixia, Sha, und Ma Hailong, Hrsg. Ningxia Hui zu she qu ren di guan xi yan jiu: Research of man-land relationship in Hui community of Ningxia. Yinchuan Shi: Ningxia ren min chu ban she, 2007.
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Li shi shi ye xia de Wenzhou ren di guan xi yan jiu, 960-1840: A historical research on Wenzhou man-nature relationship, 960-1840. Hangzhou Shi: Zhejiang da xue chu ban she, 2011.
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Lonesome land. Lincoln, Neb: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
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Barbara, Wood. This golden land. Bloomington, Ind: iUniverse, 2010.
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author, Ma Qi 1978, und Tang Guoli 1985 author, Hrsg. Li shi shi qi Dianchi liu yu ren di guan xi ji sheng tai huan jing yan bian yan jiu: A study of man-land relationship and environment evolution of Dianchi lake basin in historical periods. Beijing Shi: She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she, 2018.
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Westö, Kjell. Lang. Helsinki: Loisto, 2004.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Land man relationship"
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Garzilli, Francesca, Federica Vingelli und Valentina Vittiglio. „Shifting Risk into Productivity: Inclusive and Regenerative Approaches Within Compromised Contexts in Peri-Urban Areas“. In Regenerative Territories, 51–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_3.
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AbstractRecent international—UN-Habitat and European Environment Agency—and Italian reports have pointed out that urbanization is incessantly expanding at the expense of biodiversity and of rural lands. The radical growth of land consumption and change of land-use contribute to the increase of territorial risks and vulnerability. In particular, such phenomena are more visible within the peri-urban interface, considered as hybrid and malleable areas straddling between city and countryside realities. Even in the absence of a univocal definition, peri-urban is understood as a space where urban expansion occurs. Moreover, it emerges that such space also lacks local governance. Such uncertainty of form, identity and regulation catches the attention of a new urban agenda, which considers the peri-urban the most suitable place where to enact social, ecological and economic challenging changes. In this light, this paper aims to underline how peri-urban areas, although ecologically, socially and weak from a legislation point of view, constitute challenging territories to enact regenerative design and practices. In particular, new policies in sustainable agriculture are considered as potential solutions for the rapid soil consumption in Europe. Therefore, Campania region has been taken as our case study, because the region has a long history of agricultural practices and currently, it is closely linked to risk dynamics. It also represents an emblematic example for its innate exposure to natural hazards (related to its geological nature and geographical location), and for the ongoing man-made risks as causes of ecological and territorial damages. Moreover, land consumption in the region reached a record level in 2019, with 10% of agricultural land lost in a year (corresponding to 140,033 hectares). More than 70% of the consumed lands coincided with areas already exposed to natural hazards, both seismic and hydrogeological (Munafò, 2020). This paper assesses the results of an experimental application developed as part of the REPAiR (This research has been conducted within the framework of the European Horizon 2020 funded research “REPAiR: REsource Management in Peri-urban AReas: Going Beyond Urban Metabolism” [http://h2020repair.eu/]. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 688920. This article reflects only the author’s view. The Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains). Horizon 2020 European research project. We argue that the project results underline the relationship between the peri-urban interface and the soil regeneration through eco-innovative solutions. This has allowed us to link the spatial condition of the peri-urban with the production of waste and its subsequent recycle. This paper aims to further explore the research field experimented during REPAiR, expanding the materials available on the peri-urban and adding information with respect to the risk to which these places are linked.
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Takeuchi, Shinichi. „Introduction: Drastic Rural Changes in the Age of Land Reform“. In African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation, 1–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3_1.
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AbstractThis introductory chapter presents the objectives and interests of the book as well as important topics that will be addressed in the following chapters. The main purpose of the book is to reflect upon the meanings of drastic African rural changes by analysing recent land reform. Whereas the stated objectives of land reform were relatively similar, that is, strengthening the land rights of users, the experiences of rural change in Africa in the same period have been quite diverse. In this context, this book conducts a comparative analysis, with in-depth case studies to seek reasons that have brought about different outcomes. From the second to fourth sections, we provide an overview of the characteristics of customary land tenure, the pressure over, and change in, African land, and backgrounds of recent land tenure reform. The fifth section considers what land reform has brought to African rural societies. It is evident that land reform has accelerated the commodification of African customary lands. In addition, the political implications of land reform will be examined. The case studies in this book will clarify some types of relationships between the state and traditional leaders, such as collusion, tension, and subjugation. It is likely that these relationships are closely related to macro-level political order and state–society relations, but further in-depth research is required to understand these issues.
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Byer, Amanda. „Placing Property in the Landscape“. In Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies, 7–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31994-5_2.
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AbstractTo explain property’s origins in place or landscape, this chapter draws on legal, historical, geographical, etymological and archaeological research to reconstruct how people understood land before property. The chapter relies on two main sources: Kenneth Olwig’s cultural geographical research on early landscapes in pre-feudal Scandinavia and Sub-Roman/pre-enclosure Britain illustrates the relationship between land, law and people; and Nicole Graham’s etymological analysis linking property not to ownership but to proximity affirms that a specific location to which someone belonged generated relations relevant to identity, community and a sustainable way of life. Land was communal, dynamic and characterised by attachment, the polar opposite of property’s defining characteristics today (individual, exclusive and alienable).
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Fukui, Hideo. „Real Estate and the Legal System of Japan“. In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 3–7. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_1.
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AbstractIn Part I, entitled Real Estate and the Legal System, we analyze owner-unknown land issues, land acquisitions, and real estate auctions.The use and value of real estate such as land and buildings are significantly affected by public laws and regulations related to urban planning and construction, the environment, and taxation; for example, contract laws such as the Act on Land and Building Leases; private laws regulating torts, collateral enforcement, and so on; tax laws that regulate transfer taxes, ownership taxes, and transaction taxes; and regulations surrounding land use and urban infrastructure development. This paper discusses, therefore, the relationships between these laws and real estate, identifies problems in the laws associated with real estate in Japan, and proposes improvements.First, in recent years, owner-unknown land issues have become a serious concern in Japan. The Japanese registry does not always reflect the actual rightful owner, primarily because such registration is only a perfection requirement in civil law and registration involves a great deal of time and money. For example, because a large extent of land is registered to owners from nearly 100 years ago, it has changed hands many times through inheritance, which means that today, it is extremely difficult to determine the actual owner (inheritor) without spending a great deal of time and money. However, if the profits to be obtained from the land do not justify such expense, the land remains unused as “owner-unknown land.”Buying and selling land under Japanese civil law requires an agreement from all landowners including in the case of shared ownerships; therefore, even if the land has high returns, if it is “owner-unknown land,” it cannot be used effectively. With a focus on unknown-owner land, in this section, four writers provide multifaceted perspectives on the causes thereof, the defects in the current system, and the possible solutions.Eminent domain, the system which allows the acquisition of land against the land owner’s will for public projects, is widely institutionalized in many countries. It works to mitigate the owner-unknown land issues as far as lands are acquired by public projects.Further, real estate auctions are often held when liens are placed on land and/or residences for housing loan defaults. The Japanese civil auction system, which was institutionalized at the end of the nineteenth century, stipulates that a tenancy that is behind on a mortgage may resist a purchase unconditionally as long as the mortgage default period is within 3 years (short-term lease protection system/former Civil Code Article 395). This system was intended to avoid the unstable use of mortgaged properties and to promote the effective use of real estate; however, because the majority of users and the beneficiaries of this system were in fact anti-social groups, it was used to demand money unjustly from debtors and buyers, thus preventing the effective use of the mortgaged properties.When the protection of short-term leases was abolished in 2004, these types of interferences are said to have decreased drastically. However, successful bids for auctioned real estate properties continue to be lower than in general transactions. Therefore, here, we provide a quantitative analysis of these situations and propose further auction system improvements.Below, we introduce the outlines of each theory in Part I.
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Amanor, Kojo S. „Land Administration, Chiefs, and Governance in Ghana“. In African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation, 21–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3_2.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the role of chiefs in the administration of land in Ghana within a historical framework dating back to the pre-colonial period. It examines the relationship between the dynamic of internal political factors and of international pressures for governance reforms. It argues that while present land governance reforms fit into the framework of market liberal governance reforms advocated by international financial institutions and the USA, the origins of the present role of chiefs in land administration date back to the political coalitions that came to dominance following the overthrow of Nkrumah in 1966. Although these appeal to notions of community, they are also based on a coalition of national elites with traditional authorities, which enables rural resources to be appropriated for capital accumulation with the connivance of chiefs who give legal authority to these transactions, through the customary notion that they are the owners of the land. The chiefs are closely connected with national elites, and many prominent politicians originate from chiefly families. It is argued that current reforms strengthen the process of private acquisition of land rather than the user rights of smallholders and their ability to resist expropriation.
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Osawa, Takamasa, und Akhwan Binawan. „Selling Peatland for the Future: History, Land Management, and the Transformation of Common Land in Rantau Baru“. In Global Environmental Studies, 41–70. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0902-5_3.
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AbstractRantau Baru, an old fishing village on the bank of the Kampar River in Indonesia, is surrounded by peat hinterlands. The village territory has been recognized by previous local states for hundreds of years, and the villagers have managed it as ancestral common space based on a matrilineal system and headmanship. However, since the 1990s, acacia and oil palm companies have encroached on the peatlands of the traditional territory. In this situation, many villagers have either sold or plan to sell peat hinterlands in the village territory. How has their ancestral territory transformed into tradable land, and why have they chosen to sell it? What is the relationship between the traditional values of customary space and the adoption of the perspective of land as a commodity? Based on historical research on local land governance and a present-day household survey of land use and attitudes toward peat space, this chapter argues that the privatization of peatlands has transformed a once-common space into a commodity. Villagers sell peatland to actualize its potential amid anxiety and economic difficulty to contribute to the stable future of their descendants.
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Awazi, Nyong Princely, Martin Ngankam Tchamba, Lucie Felicite Temgoua und Marie-Louise Tientcheu-Avana. „Farmers’ Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in Africa: Small-Scale Farmers in Cameroon“. In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 87–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_9.
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AbstractSmall-scale farmers’ limited adaptive capacity confronted with the adversities of climate change is a major call for concern considering that small-scale farms feed over half of the world’s population. In this light, small-scale farmers’ adaptive choices and adaptive capacity to climate change were assessed. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources using a mixed research approach. Findings revealed that extreme weather events have been recurrent and small-scale farmers perceived access to land, household income, and the planting of trees/shrubs on farms (agroforestry) as the main factors influencing their capacity to adapt to climate change. Agroforestry and monoculture practices were the main adaptive choices of small-scale farmers confronted with climate change. T-test and chi-square test statistics revealed a strong non-cause-effect relationship (p < 0.001) between small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change and different socio-economic, institutional, and environmental variables. Parameter estimates of the binomial logistic regression model indicated the existence of a strong direct cause-effect relationship (p < 0.05) between small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change and access to credit, household income, number of farms, access to information, and access to land, indicating that these variables enhance small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change. It is recommended that policy makers examine the adaptive choices and determinants of farmers’ adaptive capacity unearthed in this chapter when formulating policies geared towards enhancing small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change.
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Record, Sydne, Kyla M. Dahlin, Phoebe L. Zarnetske, Quentin D. Read, Sparkle L. Malone, Keith D. Gaddis, John M. Grady et al. „Remote Sensing of Geodiversity as a Link to Biodiversity“. In Remote Sensing of Plant Biodiversity, 225–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33157-3_10.
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AbstractTwo common approaches to conserving biodiversity are conserving the actors (species) and conserving the stage (habitat). Many management efforts focus on conserving the actors, but a major challenge to this strategy is uncertainty surrounding how species’ geographic ranges might shift in response to global change, including climate and land use change. The Nature Conservancy has moved to conserving the stage, with the aim of maintaining the processes that generate and support biodiversity. This strategy requires knowing how biodiversity responds to geodiversity—the abiotic features and processes that define the stage. Here we explore how remote sensing illuminates the relationship between biodiversity and geodiversity. We introduce a variety of geodiversity measures and discuss how they can be combined with biodiversity data. We then explore the relationship between biodiversity and geodiversity with tree biodiversity data from the US Forest Inventory and Analysis Program and geodiversity data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission as a case study and proof of concept. We find that whereas beta diversity was not well explained by geodiversity, both alpha and gamma diversities were positively related to geodiversity. We also outline the challenges and opportunities of using remote sensing to understand the relationship between biodiversity and geodiversity.
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Maenza-Gmelch, Terryanne. „Finding the Most Important Places on Earth for Birds“. In Transforming Education for Sustainability, 147–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13536-1_9.
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AbstractBirds are reliable participants in the mutualism between birds and humans, but humans many times do not reciprocate. In a mutualistic ecological relationship, the interacting species both benefit, each providing a helpful service for the other. What could birds possibly do for us? You can thank a bird for your pure drinking water, coffee bean quality, and seed dispersal. What do we do for birds? Birds need a healthy habitat. While we are in control of that, we are not managing it well and this is an ecological injustice. One of the UN Sustainable Development Goals is called Life on Land and includes biodiversity protection which can be achieved, in part, through habitat conservation. Habitat conservation starts with identifying a place and then implementing a way to protect it. Students and I have identified some of these important places and our work has successfully informed land conservation policy for the Audubon New York Important Bird Area program. Protecting ecologically important places for birds is what I strive for with my fieldwork, in my classroom activities, and eventually back in the field with students to help.
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Byer, Amanda. „Progressive Property: A Spatially Just Approach to Property?“ In Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies, 59–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31994-5_7.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the progressive property school’s attempts to address property’s shortcomings, as it is one of the more recent critiques of the ownership model to have gained traction. The main characteristics of progressive property are described, and the contributions of prominent scholars are summarised in relation to virtue ethics, public trust and the common heritage of mankind. While noting that this school emerged in the specific cultural context of the US, and that its parameters are continuing to evolve, the chapter nevertheless outlines some conceptual limitations in progressive property thinking that have implications for developing a spatially just approach to property. The chapter concludes by reinforcing the importance of a legal geographical perspective when examining the law’s relationship with land.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Land man relationship"
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Tan, Wenbing, und Xuemei Li. „Guidance of the coordination theory of man-land relationship to land exploitation and utilization“. In 2017 4th International Conference on Industrial Economics System and Industrial Security Engineering (IEIS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieis.2017.8078652.
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Zhan, Changgen, und Yaolin Liu. „Study on cadastral basic attribute data structure based on man-land relationship“. In International Symposium on Spatial Analysis, Spatial-temporal Data Modeling, and Data Mining, herausgegeben von Yaolin Liu und Xinming Tang. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.838684.
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Van Dyck Murphy, Kelley. „The Accidental Beauty of the Productive Landscape“. In 108th Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.108.56.
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The Midwestern agricultural landscape is a tapestry shaped by natural and artificial forces. From above, patterns of use mani¬fest through grids, infrastructural lines, and irrigation circles, superimposed with other natural or manmade features. These patterns can be seen as expressions of our cultural values: layered compositions of regulation, agricultural production, and environmental conditions. Aerial imagery captures the complex interaction of natural and human logics by taking these patterns, formed without compositional intention, and presents them as cultural artifacts. This paper seeks to probe these accidental compositions as objects of reflection through the investigation of the production of aerial imagery, the adoption of landscape patterns in both art and architecture, and the exploration of these superimpositional techniques. Of particular interest are art and architectural practices that explore the tense relationship between man and environment through a reinterpretation of the captured landscape. Works by artist Andrea Zittel, photographer David Thomas Smith, and visual effects artist Aydin Buyuktas are considered as case studies that provide a critical context for the author’s public art installation, 3_6_._9_°,_ _-_8_9_._6_°. This project reinterprets the forms and patterns of the Midwestern agricultural land¬scape as a field of play. This installation, comprised of portions of discarded carpet, is inhabitable as drawing, surface, and representation of the landscape of Southeast Missouri. Here, the aerial landscape is a composition of values, and, applied to a vertical surface presents those values in a new light.
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Bian, Yu, Ya Guo, Jie Chen, Youyun Yang und Yongpeng Yang. „Spatial relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and main faults in Nimu, Tibet“. In Fifth International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Mapping (ICGRSM 2023), herausgegeben von Mustafa Upper und Roman Alvarez. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3020887.
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Blieske, Matthew, Augusto Garcia Hernandez, Rainer Kurz und Klaus Brun. „Centrifugal Compressors During Fast Transients“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22023.
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Transient studies for compressor systems allow the prediction of the compressor system behavior during fast transients such as they occur during emergency shutdowns. For the system simulations, the compressor behavior is assumed to be quasi steady state. This means in particular that the steady state compressor flow-head-efficiency-speed map remains valid. During well instrumented emergency shutdown tests conducted on a centrifugal compressor system under realistic operating conditions, data showing the head-flow-speed relationship of the rapidly decelerating compressor was taken. This data is compared to steady state head-flow relationships taken at a number of speeds. This allows to determine the relative deviation between the transient and steady state head-flow-relationships, and thus answers the question of the validity of steady state assumptions during rapid transients. The impact of the fast transients on efficiency and consumed power, which can be derived from the speed decay of the system, as well as the impact of non-stationary heat transfer are also evaluated and reported.
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Frediani, Julieta Constanza. „Tierra vacante y desarrollo urbano en ciudades medias: estrategias para su recuperación e integración territorial en el Gran La Plata, Argentina“. In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Maestría en Planeación Urbana y Regional. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6049.
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La problemática de las tierras vacantes al interior de un proceso de crecimiento urbano disperso, como así también las posibles estrategias tendientes a su recuperación e integración territorial en ciudades medias,
constituyen el objeto de estudio de nuestro trabajo. El objetivo general del mismo consiste en contribuir al conocimiento teórico-empírico de las tierras vacantes y su relación con las tendencias actuales del
desarrollo urbano, tendiente al logro de una gestión urbana sustentable.
El tema de las tierras vacantes implica abordar la problemática del uso irracional e inadecuado del suelo urbano, con el propósito de promover acciones que tiendan a una mayor ocupación y consolidación del
suelo, y el reconocimiento de las tierras vacantes tanto como un problema como una oportunidad.
Las estrategias de recuperación urbana e integración socioterritorial de la tierra vacante, tanto pública como privada, deberían contribuir a evitar las discontinuidades en la trama y la consecuente fragmentación
territorial. The problem of vacant lands inside a dispersed urban growth process, as well as possible strategies aimed at their recovery and territorial integration in medium-size cities, are the object of study of the present work.
The main objective of this paper is to contribute to theoretical and empricial knowledge about vacant lands
and their relationship with the current trends of urban development aimed at the achievement of sustainable urban management.
Vacant land issue involves addressing the problem of irrational and inappropriate urban land use, with the purpose of promoting actions aimed at further land
consolidation, and the recognition of vacant land as a problem as well as an opportunity.
Strategies of urban recovery and territorial integration of vacant land, both public and private, should help to avoid spatial discontinuities and territorial fragmentation of urban areas.
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Vasilieva, Darya, Velta Parsova, Alexsandr Vlasov und Vladimir Tarbaev. „Monitoring of land use and land abandonment at the municipal level: example of Samara region“. In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.029.
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The article discusses modern legal regulation of land monitoring and necessary changes in appropriate legislation. Land monitoring is divided into monitoring of land use and monitoring of land quality. The problem of land abandonment or non-use of land resources on the example of Samara region, where more than 75 % of territory is agricultural land has been studied. Inverse relationship between remoteness of local municipality from centre of the Samara-Togliatti agglomeration and area of unfarmed agricultural land has been analysed. Since the start of land reform, large areas of abandoned land have appeared in Samara region. The information on unfarmed agricultural land on municipal level of Samara region has been presented and the changes in their quality conditions are characterized. At federal level the program for prevention and elimination of land abandonment has been developed and implemented, the results of this program have been analysed. However, there are significant problems in monitoring of land conditions. It is proved that absence of single authority for land management on national level and fragmentation of this function across different federal ministries leads to uncoordinated actions and lack of reliable information about land quality. As result, land quality continues to deteriorate, degradation processes are going on. At municipal level there are no possibilities and necessary investigation materials for land management and monitoring. The following measures are proposed as main recommendations for solving land use and land abandonment problems: creation of single authority for land stock management, implementation of comprehensive inventory of land on municipal level, improvement of cadastral valuation system according updated materials and technologies, as well as certification of agricultural land for soil quality and properties. The purpose of the research was the study of results of land monitoring in Samara region for analysis of dynamics of land stock and identification of main reasons for formation of unused (abandoned) agricultural land in the region. It is proved that land stock of Samara region mainly consists of agricultural lands, and most part of them (60 %) are owned by citizens. Significant problem of land use is the availability of unused arable land, which is 8 % on average in the region, but in local municipalities it ranges from 0 % to 29 %. The highest proportion of unused arable land is located in areas closer to Samara-Togliatti agglomeration, where most of the land has been privatized by individuals for conversion to other land categories and further resale, as well as problems with uncontrolled urbanization there have been observed.
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Kurzke, Joachim, und Claus Riegler. „A New Compressor Map Scaling Procedure for Preliminary Conceptional Design of Gas Turbines“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0006.
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In the preliminary conceptional design phase of any new gas turbine project the design and off-design performance of many alternative configurations and cycles must be studied. The simulation results for the off-design cases depend very much on the component maps employed in the model. Especially important are the compressor maps, and when the pre-design study covers a wide range in pressure ratio, then the use of a consistent set of maps is essential for high quality simulation results. A statistical analysis of many compressor maps — taken from open literature and from the MTU in house data bank — was performed. In each map a reference point was defined which was employed to normalize it. Then, the topology of the normalized map was captured with three characteristic numbers that describe 1) the region where efficiency is highest, 2) the mass flow – speed relationship and 3) the shape of the speed lines. The characteristic numbers show in the statistic evaluation clear trends with reference pressure ratio. From these trends a new map scaling procedure was derived which describes the systematic change of the compressor map topology with design pressure ratio much better than the conventional map scaling method, which applies constant factors on pressure ratio or on specific work.
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Siddiqui, Simil Amir. „Assessment of Urban Heat Islands Based on the Relationship Between Land Surface Temperature and Land Use/Land Cover in Greater Doha“. In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0108.
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Urban heat islands (UHI) are areas with elevated temperatures occurring in cities compared to surrounding rural areas. This study realizes the lack of research regarding the trends of UHIs in desert countries and focuses on Doha. The research includes twelve months of two-time periods; 2000-2019. ArcGIS software was used to compute the land surface temperature (LST) of the city using Landsat images. Land use/land cover (LULC) maps were computed to show how the city has evolved in 19 years. 30 field samples were used to verify the accuracy of the LULC. Results showed UHI in Doha did not display similar pattern to that of cities in subtropical and temperate regions. Higher temperatures were prevalent in out-skirts comprising of barren and built-up areas with high population and no vegetation. Comparatively, the main downtown with artificially planted vegetation and shade from skyscrapers created cooler microclimates. The overall LST of greater Doha has increased by 0.7°C from 2000 to 2019. Furthermore %LULC of built up, vegetation, barren land, marsh land and water body were 29%, 4.5%, 58.6%, 2.8% and 5% in 2000 and 56.5 %, 8.2%, 33.2 %, 0% and 2.1% in 2019 respectively. Overall, there was an increase in built-up and vegetation decrease in water and barren areas and complete loss of marshland. Highest temperatures were recorded for marshland area in year 2000 and barren and built in year 2019. Transect profiles showed positive correlation between NDBI and LST and a negative correlation between NDVI and LST.
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Popova, Elena, und A. Koukhta. „THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF PINE FOREST DEGRADATION UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF MOISTURE AND THE NATURE OF PRECIPITATION IN KERZHENSKY RESERVE“. In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1703.978-5-317-06490-7/175-180.
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The relationship between the degree of moisture content of the territory and the nature of precipitation with linear growth of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was investigated on the area of the Kerzhensky Reserve located in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The main positive effect on the linear growth of Scots pine was exerted by heavy convective showers in the spring and early summer period, when the most intensive growth of trees was observed, with the exception of swampy biotopes, where the plants experienced water stress. The same negative impact on the linear growth of Scots pine was exerted by stratiform precipitation in all studied biotopes. Thus, an increase in the moisture content of the territory caused by the observed climatic changes will be positive only for pine stands of dry biotopes and can lead to degradation of moist and fresh pine forest ecosystems, especially with an increase in the amount of stratiform atmospheric precipitation.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Land man relationship"
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Wells, Aaron, Tracy Christopherson, Gerald Frost, Matthew Macander, Susan Ives, Robert McNown und Erin Johnson. Ecological land survey and soils inventory for Katmai National Park and Preserve, 2016–2017. National Park Service, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287466.
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This study was conducted to inventory, classify, and map soils and vegetation within the ecosystems of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM) using an ecological land survey (ELS) approach. The ecosystem classes identified in the ELS effort were mapped across the park, using an archive of Geo-graphic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) datasets pertaining to land cover, topography, surficial geology, and glacial history. The description and mapping of the landform-vegetation-soil relationships identified in the ELS work provides tools to support the design and implementation of future field- and RS-based studies, facilitates further analysis and contextualization of existing data, and will help inform natural resource management decisions. We collected information on the geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetation characteristics of ecosystems using a dataset of 724 field plots, of which 407 were sampled by ABR, Inc.—Environmental Research and Services (ABR) staff in 2016–2017, and 317 were from existing, ancillary datasets. ABR field plots were located along transects that were selected using a gradient-direct sampling scheme (Austin and Heligers 1989) to collect data for the range of ecological conditions present within KATM, and to provide the data needed to interpret ecosystem and soils development. The field plot dataset encompassed all of the major environmental gradients and landscape histories present in KATM. Individual state-factors (e.g., soil pH, slope aspect) and other ecosystem components (e.g., geomorphic unit, vegetation species composition and structure) were measured or categorized using standard classification systems developed for Alaska. We described and analyzed the hierarchical relationships among the ecosystem components to classify 92 Plot Ecotypes (local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the variation in soils, vegetation, and disturbance properties observed at the field plots. From the 92 Plot Ecotypes, we developed classifications of Map Ecotypes and Disturbance Landscapes that could be mapped across the park. Additionally, using an existing surficial geology map for KATM, we developed a map of Generalized Soil Texture by aggregating similar surficial geology classes into a reduced set of classes representing the predominant soil textures in each. We then intersected the Ecotype map with the General-ized Soil Texture Map in a GIS and aggregated combinations of Map Ecotypes with similar soils to derive and map Soil Landscapes and Soil Great Groups. The classification of Great Groups captures information on the soil as a whole, as opposed to the subgroup classification which focuses on the properties of specific horizons (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Of the 724 plots included in the Ecotype analysis, sufficient soils data for classifying soil subgroups was available for 467 plots. Soils from 8 orders of soil taxonomy were encountered during the field sampling: Alfisols (<1% of the mapped area), Andisols (3%), Entisols (45%), Gelisols (<1%), Histosols (12%), Inceptisols (22%), Mollisols (<1%), and Spodosols (16%). Within these 8 Soil Orders, field plots corresponded to a total of 74 Soil Subgroups, the most common of which were Typic Cryaquents, Typic Cryorthents, Histic Cryaquepts, Vitrandic Cryorthents, and Typic Cryofluvents.
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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, David Jones, Hanna Pilkington und Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping: Gulf Islands National Seashore. National Park Service, Mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299028.
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The Gulf Islands National Seashore (GUIS) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation on park-owned lands within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. The project began in June 2016. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Ocean Springs, Mississippi where representatives gathered from GUIS, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. Primary imagery used for interpretation was 4-band (RGB and CIR) orthoimages from 2014 and 2016 with resolutions of 15 centimeters (cm) (Florida only) and 30 cm. Supplemental imagery with varying coverage across the study area included National Aerial Imagery Program 50 cm imagery for Mississippi (2016) and Florida (2017), 15 and 30 cm true color Digital Earth Model imagery for Mississippi (2016 and 2017), and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Map imagery. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Geodetic Survey 30 cm true color imagery from 2017 (post Hurricane Nate) supported remapping the Mississippi barrier islands after Hurricane Nate. The preliminary vegetation classification included 59 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 250 plots in 2016 and 29 plots in 2017 and 2018, as well as other observational data. The final vegetation classification includes 39 USNVC associations and 5 park special types; 18 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 17 herbaceous, and 2 sparse vegetation types were identified. The final GUIS map consists of 38 map classes. Land cover classes include four types: non-vegetated barren land / borrow pit, developed open space, developed low – high intensity, and water/ocean. Of the 34 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, six map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, and two map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland associations had an abundance of sand pine (Pinus clausa), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), sand live oak (Quercus geminata), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). Shrubland associations supported dominant species such as eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), and sand live oak (Quercus geminata). Herbaceous associations commonly included camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), needlegrass rush (Juncus roemerianus), bitter seabeach grass (Panicum amarum var. amarum), gulf bluestem (Schizachyrium maritimum), saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), and sea oats (Uniola paniculata). The final GUIS vegetation map consists of 1,268 polygons totaling 35,769.0 hectares (ha) or 88,387.2 acres (ac). Mean polygon size excluding water is 3.6 ha (8.9 ac). The most abundant land cover class is open water/ocean which accounts for approximately 31,437.7 ha (77,684.2 ac) or 87.9% of the total mapped area. Natural and ruderal vegetation consists of 4,176.8 ha (10,321.1 ac) or 11.6% of the total area. Within the natural and ruderal vegetation types, herbaceous types are the most extensive with 1945.1 ha (4,806.4 ac) or 46.5%, followed by forest and woodland types with 804.9 ha (1,989.0 ac) or 19.3%, sparse vegetation types with 726.9 ha (1,796.1 ac) or 17.4%, and shrubland types with 699.9 ha (1,729.5 ac) or 16.8%. Developed open space, which can include a matrix of roads, parking lots, park-like areas and campgrounds account for 153.8 ha (380.0 ac) or 0.43% of the total mapped area. Artificially non-vegetated barren land is rare and only accounts for 0.74 ha (1.82 ac) or 0.002% of the total area. We collected 701 AA samples to evaluate the thematic accuracy of the vegetation map. Final thematic accuracy, as a simple proportion of correct versus incorrect field calls, is 93.0%. Overall weighted map class accuracy is 93.6%, where the area of each map class was weighted in proportion to the percentage of total park area. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Each map class had an individual thematic accuracy goal of at least 80%. The hurricane impact area map class was the only class that fell below this target with an accuracy of 73.5%. The vegetation communities impacted by the hurricane are highly dynamic and regenerated quickly following the disturbance event, contributing to map class disagreement during the accuracy assessment phase. No other map classes fell below the 80% accuracy threshold. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management are provided including the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and the PLOTS database. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 16 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout the NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.
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Hassell, James M., Salome A. Bukachi, Dishon M. Muloi, Emi Takahashi und Lydia Franklinos. The Natural Environment and Health in Africa. World Wildlife Fund and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/10088/111281.
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Much of recent human development has come at the expense of Nature - undermining ecosystems, fragmenting habitats, reducing biodiversity, and increasing our exposure and vulnerability to emerging diseases. For example, as we push deeper into tropical forests, and convert more land to agriculture and human settlements, the rate at which people encounter new pathogens that may trigger the next public health, social and economic crisis, is likely to increase. Expanding and strengthening our understanding of the links between nature and human health is especially important in Africa, where nature brings economic prosperity and wellbeing to more than a billion people. Pandemics such as COVID are just one of a growing number of health challenges that humanity is facing as a result of our one-sided and frequently destructive relationship with nature. This report aims to inform professionals and decision-makers on how health outcomes emerge from human interactions with the natural world and identify how efforts to preserve the natural environment and sustainably manage natural resources could have an impact on human and animal health. While the report focuses on the African continent, it will also be of relevance to other areas of the world facing similar environmental pressures.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long und Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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Lu, Tianjun, Jian-yu Ke, Fynnwin Prager und Jose N. Martinez. “TELE-commuting” During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Unveiling State-wide Patterns and Trends of Telecommuting in Relation to Transportation, Employment, Land Use, and Emissions in Calif. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2147.
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Telecommuting, the practice of working remotely at home, increased significantly (25% to 35%) early in the COVID-19 pandemic. This shift represented a major societal change that reshaped the family, work, and social lives of many Californians. These changes also raise important questions about what factors influenced telecommuting before, during, and after COVID-19, and to what extent changes in telecommuting have influenced transportation patterns across commute modes, employment, land use, and environment. The research team conducted state-level telecommuting surveys using a crowd-sourced platform (i.e., Amazon Mechanical Turk) to obtain valid samples across California (n=1,985) and conducted state-level interviews among stakeholders (n=28) across ten major industries in California. The study leveraged secondary datasets and developed regression and time-series models. Our surveys found that, compared to pre-pandemic levels, more people had a dedicated workspace at home and had received adequate training and support for telecommuting, became more flexible to choose their own schedules, and had improved their working performance—but felt isolated and found it difficult to separate home and work life. Our interviews suggested that telecommuting policies were not commonly designed and implemented until COVID-19. Additionally, regression analyses showed that telecommuting practices have been influenced by COVID-19 related policies, public risk perception, home prices, broadband rates, and government employment. This study reveals advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting and unveils the complex relationships among the COVID-19 outbreak, transportation systems, employment, land use, and emissions as well as public risk perception and economic factors. The study informs statewide and regional policies to adapt to the new patterns of telecommuting.
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Walz, Yvonne, Florence Nick, Oscar Higuera Roa, Udo Nehren und Zita Sebesvari. Coherence and Alignment among Sustainable Land Management, Ecosystem-based Adaptation, Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Nature-based Solutions. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/mwgp9896.
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Approaches integrating environmental management practices have been gaining importance in recent years. Sustainable Land Management (SLM), Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), Ecosystem-based disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) and Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are widely applied approaches that tackle certain drivers of challenges such as food insecurity, water scarcity, decline in biodiversity and threats to livelihoods, while also considering both human well-being and ecosystem functions and services. Better understanding the similarities, differences and relationships between these approaches helps to improve efficiency in implementation and leverage synergies. By shedding more light on where these approaches align, investments in land-based solutions in response to different types of environmental challenges can be more effectively designed to achieve multiple targets. In response to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) decision 19/COP.14 paragraph 4, the main objective of this report is to understand and elaborate upon the characteristics of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. The report begins with an overview of the historical backgrounds and origins of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. Despite differences in their specific goals and targeted benefits, all approaches aim for the support of biodiversity, land-based ecosystems and ecosystem services and functions, and employ measures to conserve, restore and sustainably use land to support ecosystem services and functions, including SLM technologies. Furthermore, irrespective of their different goals, the projects developed under any approach can generate comparable co-benefits, especially due to their support of biodiversity. The capacity for all these approaches to deliver multiple co-benefits means that projects of each approach can directly contribute to implementing the specific goals of the other approaches as well. Thus, multiple global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions which call for the implementation of one or more of these approaches, can benefit from this report by avoiding duplication and reducing the overall investments necessary to achieve the set targets and goals. This is critical for achieving the ambitious Agenda 2030, including voluntary land degradation neutrality (LDN) targets and climate action under the Paris Agreement. It will also be the case for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework currently under development. The added value that will come from optimizing the links among these approaches extends from national policymakers to the practitioners of SLM, EbA and Eco-DRR projects, which all share the ultimate goal of sustainable development. To capture the coherence and alignment among these approaches, their similarities and differences have been summarized in a conceptual framework. The framework has been designed to help practitioners understand the specific goals of each approach, and to link these to the relevant global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions, which can support monitoring and evaluation as well as reporting processes. The synergies among these approaches are further illustrated based on three case studies in order to demonstrate opportunities for leveraging multiple co-benefits and targets at implementation level irrespective of the different objectives under each. The results of this assessment demonstrate that activities under one approach can be beneficial to achieve the specific goals of other approaches with little additional effort. It is essential for policymakers, project developers and practitioners to recognize that. This is key to the achievement of sustainable development.
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Brouard, E., J. E. Campbell, P. M. Godbout, N M Renaud, I. McMartin, M. Roy, S. E. Kelley und C. Crowell. Report of 2023 field activities for the GEM-GeoNorth West-central Keewatin Glacial Dynamics activity, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332531.
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The landscapes we see today in northern Canada are the results of the dynamics of former continental glaciations of the Quaternary. As the environment evolved with the cyclic growth and decay of ice sheets, it is paramount to understand the history of these glacial cycles to provide a robust framework for geological and environmental studies. Much is known about these glaciations in southern Canada, but in northern Canada, extensive regions remain poorly studied because of their remoteness and hence knowledge of past glaciations there remains somewhat limited. West-central Keewatin, for example, critically lacks field data on glacial geology in many sectors. Hence, as part of the GEM-GeoNorth West-central Keewatin Glacial Activity, field investigations on the glacial geology around Lake Dubawnt in mainland Nunavut were undertaken in 2023. Here, we detail the field methodology used to compile geospatial information and measurements of ice-flow indicators, and to collect till, bedrock, boulder and sediment samples for terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide and luminescence dating. A total of 111 ground observation sites were visited, including the collection of 108 ice-flow measurements and 93 samples. Preliminary interpretations of the relative chronology and spatial relationship of iceflow indicators suggest that several distinct major ice-flow phases have impacted the region. These interpretations will be complemented with the upcoming results from till compositional data and geochronological analyses. The new field datasets will be used along with remote geomorphological mapping to improve the regional glacial history and enhance success of land-resource based decisions in this part of northern Canada.
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Walsh, Alex. The Contentious Politics of Tunisia’s Natural Resource Management and the Prospects of the Renewable Energy Transition. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.048.
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For many decades in Tunisia, there has been a robust link between natural resource management and contentious national and local politics. These disputes manifest in the form of protests, sit-ins, the disruption of production and distribution and legal suits on the one hand, and corporate and government response using coercive and concessionary measures on the other. Residents of resource-rich areas and their allies protest the inequitable distribution of their local natural wealth and the degradation of their health, land, water, soil and air. They contest a dynamic that tends to bring greater benefit to Tunisia’s coastal metropolitan areas. Natural resource exploitation is also a source of livelihoods and the contentious politics around them have, at times, led to somewhat more equitable relationships. The most important actors in these contentious politics include citizens, activists, local NGOs, local and national government, international commercial interests, international NGOs and multilateral organisations. These politics fit into wider and very longstanding patterns of wealth distribution in Tunisia and were part of the popular alienation that drove the uprising of 2011. In many ways, the dynamic of the contentious politics is fundamentally unchanged since prior to the uprising and protests have taken place within the same month of writing of this paper. Looking onto this scene, commentators use the frame of margins versus centre (‘marginalization’), and also apply the lens of labour versus capital. If this latter lens is applied, not only is there continuity from prior to 2011, there is continuity with the colonial era when natural resource extraction was first industrialised and internationalised. In these ways, the management of Tunisia’s natural wealth is a significant part of the country’s serious political and economic challenges, making it a major factor in the street politics unfolding at the time of writing.
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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, Hannah Pilkington, David Jones und Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping project: Big Thicket National Preserve. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299254.
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The Big Thicket National Preserve (BITH) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, vegetation classification field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Kountze, Texas where representatives gathered from BITH, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. The project acquired new 2014 orthoimagery (30-cm, 4-band (RGB and CIR)) from the Hexagon Imagery Program. Supplemental imagery for the interpretation phase included Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS) 2015 50 cm leaf-off 4-band imagery from the Texas Orthoimagery Program (TOP), Farm Service Agency (FSA) 100-cm (2016) and 60 cm (2018) National Aerial Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery, and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Maps imagery. In addition to aerial and satellite imagery, 2017 Neches River Basin Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and TNRIS to analyze vegetation structure at BITH. The preliminary vegetation classification included 110 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 304 plots surveyed between 2016 and 2019 and 110 additional observation plots. The final vegetation classification includes 75 USNVC associations and 27 park special types including 80 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 12 herbaceous, and 3 sparse vegetation types. The final BITH map consists of 51 map classes. Land cover classes include five types: pasture / hay ground agricultural vegetation; non ? vegetated / barren land, borrow pit, cut bank; developed, open space; developed, low ? high intensity; and water. The 46 vegetation classes represent 102 associations or park specials. Of these, 75 represent natural vegetation associations within the USNVC, and 27 types represent unpublished park specials. Of the 46 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, 7 map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, 4 map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials, and 9 map classes contain four or more USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland types had an abundance of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ilex opaca, Ilex vomitoria, Quercus nigra, and Vitis rotundifolia. Shrubland types were dominated by Pinus taeda, Ilex vomitoria, Triadica sebifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, and/or Callicarpa americana. Herbaceous types had an abundance of Zizaniopsis miliacea, Juncus effusus, Panicum virgatum, and/or Saccharum giganteum. The final BITH vegetation map consists of 7,271 polygons totaling 45,771.8 ha (113,104.6 ac). Mean polygon size is 6.3 ha (15.6 ac). Of the total area, 43,314.4 ha (107,032.2 ac) or 94.6% represent natural or ruderal vegetation. Developed areas such as roads, parking lots, and campgrounds comprise 421.9 ha (1,042.5 ac) or 0.9% of the total. Open water accounts for approximately 2,034.9 ha (5,028.3 ac) or 4.4% of the total mapped area. Within the natural or ruderal vegetation types, forest and woodland types were the most extensive at 43,022.19 ha (106,310.1 ac) or 94.0%, followed by herbaceous vegetation types at 129.7 ha (320.5 ac) or 0.3%, sparse vegetation types at 119.2 ha (294.5 ac) or 0.3%, and shrubland types at 43.4 ha (107.2 ac) or 0.1%. A total of 784 AA samples were collected to evaluate the map?s thematic accuracy. When each AA sample was evaluated for a variety of potential errors, a number of the disagreements were overturned. It was determined that 182 plot records disagreed due to either an erroneous field call or a change in the vegetation since the imagery date, and 79 disagreed due to a true map classification error. Those records identified as incorrect due to an erroneous field call or changes in vegetation were considered correct for the purpose of the AA. As a simple plot count proportion, the reconciled overall accuracy was 89.9% (705/784). The spatially-weighted overall accuracy was 92.1% with a Kappa statistic of 89.6%. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Five map classes had accuracies below 80%. After discussing preliminary results with the parl, we retained those map classes because the community was rare, the map classes provided desired detail for management or the accuracy was reasonably close to the 80% target. When the 90% AA confidence intervals were included, an additional eight classes had thematic accruacies that extend below 80%. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management include the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and PLOTS database sampling data. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 15 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.
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Chien, Stanley, Yaobin Chen, Lauren Christopher, Mei Qiu und Zhengming Ding. Road Condition Detection and Classification from Existing CCTV Feed. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317364.
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The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has approximately 500 digital cameras along highways in populated areas of Indiana. These cameras are used to monitor traffic conditions around the clock, all year round. Currently, the videos from these cameras are observed one-by-one by human operators looking for traffic conditions and incidents. The main objective of this research was to develop an automatic, real-time system to monitor traffic conditions and detect incidents automatically. The Transportation and Autonomous Systems Institute (TASI) of the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) and the Traffic Management Center of INDOT developed a system that monitors the traffic conditions based on the INDOT CCTV video feeds. The proposed system performs traffic flow estimation, incident detection, and classification of vehicles involved in an incident. The research team designed the system, including the hardware and software components added to the existing INDOT CCTV system; the relationship between the added system and the currently existing INDOT system; the database structure for traffic data extracted from the videos; and a user-friendly, web-based server for showing the incident locations automatically. The specific work in this project includes vehicle-detection, road boundary detection, lane detection, vehicle count over time, flow-rate detection, traffic condition detection, database development, web-based graphical user interface (GUI), and a hardware specification study. The preliminary prototype of some system components has been implemented in the Development of Automated Incident Detection System Using Existing ATMS CCT (SPR-4305).