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1
Basu, Kaushik, und Pranab K. Bardhan. „Land, Labour, and Rural Poverty: Essays in Development Economics.“ Economic Journal 96, Nr. 382 (Juni 1986): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233150.
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Khan, Mahmood Hasan. „Landlessness and Rural Poverty in Underdeveloped Countries (Invited Lecture)“. Pakistan Development Review 25, Nr. 3 (01.09.1986): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i3pp.371-402.
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Poverty blights the lives of millions in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Most of the poor, at least in Africa and Asia, reside in rural areas, dependent directly or indirectly on agricultural land. The rural poor are, in the main, landless or near landless. While landlessness is among the most important characteristics of the rural poor, they are by no means an undifferentiated or a homogeneous mass of humanity. They may be the minifudistas in Latin America, marginal owner-operators in Asia, smallholders in Africa, who are struggling to survive by selling their labour to others either in or outside agriculture. The rural poor may also be tenants, either as sharecroppers (called by various names) or as "bonded" labour in some countries of Asia and colonos on the haciendas in Latin America. These households often have access to the usufruct of land, however tenuous their attachment to land. An increasing number of the rural poor are, however, the landless workers, who could be permanent, seasonal and even migratory. The temporary and migratory nature of rural labour has become the most visible sign of the "agrarian crisis" in many underdeveloped countries. It is also a reflection of the extent to which the rural sector has been brought into the nexus of the dominant international (capitalist) economy.
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Shifa, Muna. „Determinants of Land and Labour Market Participation Decisions in Rural Ethiopia“. Journal of African Development 18, Nr. 2 (01.10.2016): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.18.2.0073.
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This paper attempts to determine the factors influencing farmers' land and labour market participation decisions in rural Ethiopia. A multivariate probit estimation technique is used to account for potential interdependencies between land and labour allocation strategies. Results suggest that households that are better endowed with farming resources such as oxen and farming skills are more likely to get access to more land and labour through factor markets, while households that are less endowed with these resources are more likely to rent out their land and participate in off-farm jobs. The complementary nature of land renting out and involvement in off-farm work suggests that policy makers should give due consideration to the development of rural off-farm jobs to reduce poverty in rural areas.
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Tschirley, David L., und Rui Benfica. „Smallholder agriculture, wage labour and rural poverty alleviation in land-abundant areas of Africa: evidence from Mozambique“. Journal of Modern African Studies 39, Nr. 2 (Juni 2001): 333–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003585.
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This paper challenges the conclusions of earlier writers regarding the roles of smallholder agriculture, commercial agriculture and wage labour in rural poverty alleviation in Mozambique. We review literature from across Sub-Saharan Africa and use recently collected household level data sets to place Mozambique within this literature. Results show that, as in the rest of SSA, wage labour earnings are concentrated among the best-off rural smallholders; these earnings increase income inequality rather than reducing it. Results also suggest that the same set of households, who are substantially better-off than others, has tended to gain and maintain access to the ‘high-wage’ end of the labour market over time. Key determinants of access to ‘high-wage’ labour are levels of education and previously accumulated household wealth. Income from wage labour plays a key role in lifting out of relative poverty those ‘female-headed’ households that can obtain it, yet only about one in five such households earns wage income. We stress that the rural development question in Mozambique, and elsewhere in SSA, should not be framed as an artificial choice between promoting either wage labour opportunities or commercial agriculture or smallholder agriculture. The issue is what mix of approaches is needed to develop a diversified rural economy with growing total incomes, improving food security and rapid reductions in poverty. We suggest that commercial agriculture and increased rural wage labour are important components in any such strategy, but that this strategy will fail without substantial and sustained increases in the productivity and profitability of smallholder agriculture.
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Otsuka, Keijiro. „Poverty Reduction Issues: Village Economy Perspective“. Asian Development Review 19, Nr. 01 (Januar 2002): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110502000040.
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Since land and human capital are the two most important resources in rural areas, it is essential to increase the amount of land and human capital owned by the poor and to increase wage rates for them by increasing labor demand, in order to reduce rural poverty. The major policy means to achieve such goals are land reform, investment in agricultural research, investment in human capital, and promotion of rural industrialization. Polices intended to reduce rural poverty, however, are often ineffective and sometimes result in adverse consequences. The major purposes of this paper are to identify major flaws of the existing policies and to derive policy implications for more effective poverty reduction, through a survey of the literature on land reform and land tenancy, agricultural research, human capital investment, and rural industrialization.
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Akwaekwe, Christian Ikechukwu, Agbasi und Obianuju Emmanuela. „Effect of livelihood diversification on poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in anambra state, nigeria“. Journal of Management and Science 12, Nr. 3 (30.09.2022): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.12.54.
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This study investigated the effect of livelihood diversification on poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmersin Anambra State, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to ascertain the extent to which craftsmanship, paid labour, trading,service delivery and asset income have influenced poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State. The study was a descriptive survey on a sample 142 respondents. Data for the study were obtained using a structured questionnaire and was subsequently analyzed using frequency tables, percentages and regression technique of the ordinary least square. Findings revealed that craftsmanship, Paid labour, service delivery and asset income have significant influence on poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State. The study concludes that four out of the five regression coefficient - craftsmanship, paid labour, trading and asset income - significantly influenced poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Service delivery was not significant but it had positive relationship with poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State thus suggesting inadequate service delivery businesses among members of cooperative societies. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made: Cooperative societies should educate members on livelihood diversification craft engagements to help lift their members from poverty. Cooperative societies should train their members on skills that will enable them seek rewarding paid labour as a means of diversifying their livelihood strategies. The societies should help members obtain adequate affordable credit to go into meaningful trading. This is because trade was found to significantly reduce poverty among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State. Members of cooperative should consider going into service delivery business like financial services which is a trending business today. Apart from commercial building for renting and receiving royalty from farm land, members of cooperative should consider investment in Stocks and securities, real estate, franchise and crypto businesses.
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Upev, Samuel, Amurtiya Michael, Shuaibu Mshelia und Justice Onu. „Poverty and its Alleviating Strategies among Rural Farming Households in Benue State, Nigeria“. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 21, Nr. 2 (30.06.2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2021.21.2.8.
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The study analysed rural farming households’ poverty status and alleviating strategies in Benue State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to: describes the rural household heads’ socio-economic characteristics; determine the poverty status of the respondents and its determinants; and identify poverty alleviating strategies of the respondents. Data for the study was collected from 420 respondents selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measurement index, and the Binary Logistic regression model. The findings of the study revealed a very high incidence of poverty (70%), having a gap of 0.34, and severity of 0.17. Poverty in the area is positively associated with the age of the household head and household size, while gender, educational level, off-farm activity, membership of a group, farm size, and land ownership are negatively associated with poverty. The common poverty alleviation strategies identified were agricultural wage labour (48.6%), rental services (45.0%), and transportation business (36.7%). Therefore, it was recommended that the government and other stakeholders should initiate sustainable social protection schemes that can assist rural residents in alleviating poverty until their condition improves.
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T., M. P., und Pranab K. Bardhan. „Land, Labor and Rural Poverty: Essays in Development Economics.“ Population and Development Review 11, Nr. 1 (März 1985): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1973388.
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Khan, Mahmood Hasan. „Rural Poverty in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: Profiles and Policies (Invited Lecture)“. Pakistan Development Review 26, Nr. 3 (01.09.1987): 309–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i3pp.309-340.
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The Bangladesh - India - Pakistan subcontinent has about one billion people or one-fifth of the world's population. A majority of the subcontinent's people live in rural areas and depend directly or indirectly on agriculture and related pursuits. The highly differentiated rural population includes a large proportion of the poor in the three countries. Their differentiated structure is based on (a) control of land through right of ownership and usufruct, and (b) employment opportunities for the labour power and its wages .. Absolute poverty afflicts nearly 60 percent of the rural population in Bangladesh,40 percent in India and 35 percent in Pakistan. The major causes of rural poverty are (a) landlessness and (b) lack of adequate employment (including low real wages) in or outside agriculture. Both these factors are responsible for keeping the poor consigned to low "entitlements" to income and commodities. The growth of the economy in general, and of agriculture in particular, has not produced the "trickle-down" effects large enough to counter the basic causes of persistent and high levels of rural poverty.
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Dong, Chen, Keyu Liao, Ruize An und Chen Zeng. „On the Development of Rural Economy Driven by Industry under the Background of Rural Revitalization“. Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 3, Nr. 3 (04.05.2022): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v3i3.331.
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At present, China's key battle against poverty has won an all-round victory. In the next step, we still need to revitalize rural characteristic high-quality resources with industrial development, optimize the allocation of production factors such as land, capital and labor, improve the self-development ability of people in relatively poor areas, promote the effective connection between the achievements of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, and make the foundation of poverty alleviation more stable and sustainable.Taking the rural economic development of Anhui Province as an example, this paper discusses the effectiveness and existing problems of industrial poverty alleviation in recent years, and puts forward targeted suggestions.
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Liaqat, Saima, Nasir Ali und Khalid Khan. „Examining the Impact of Livestock on Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study of Kalla Saifullah, Balochistan“. Global Social Sciences Review VII, Nr. I (30.03.2022): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2022(vii-i).32.
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The study aimed to investigate livestock's role in waning rural poverty in Kalla Saifullah district, Balochistan. Using convenient sampling, a sample of 150 was collected from three tehsils of the Kalla Saifullah district.The study found that most households were below the poverty line but could escape poverty with the help of livestock benefits. The study employed the logit model. The results of the explanatory variables showed that the benefit from livestock, age of the household head, agriculture credit, livestock training, gender of the household head, land ownership and education of the household head exhibited a significant but inverse association with the poverty of the households. Nevertheless, the size of the household has a positive impact on poverty, while family labour has no bearing on poverty. Therefore, to alleviate poverty in the region, which may significantly contribute to sustainable economic growth, the government needs to encourage interest- free loans and enhance the ability of the livestock producers through training.
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Xiao, Hui, Xian Liang, Shu Xing, Longjunjiang Huang und Fangting Xie. „Does Land Lease Affect the Multidimensional Poverty Alleviation? The Evidence from Jiangxi, China“. Land 12, Nr. 5 (23.04.2023): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12050942.
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This study uses field survey data from 382 families in the year 2020 in Jiangxi province, China, to explore the effects of land lease and labor migration, a well-known occurrence in China, on rural households’ multidimensional poverty status. We used the A-F method to measure the household’s multidimensional poverty in terms of health, education, income, living standard, and social relations. The Bootstrap Test approach, which worked well with our data, was used to build our mediating effect models while taking into account the influence mechanisms of land leasing and multidimensional poverty. According to our findings, 76.70% of sample homes experience multidimensional poverty at the threshold of 0.33. The reduction of multidimensional poverty is significantly aided by both leasing in and leasing out land. Land lease out and land lease in, however, have asymmetrical effects on multidimensional poverty alleviation, with the proportion of land lease out being 1.147 without control variables and the proportion of land lease in being 0.969 without control variables. Land lease in and lease out have positive effects on the multifaceted alleviation of poverty due to the mediating effect of labor migration. For policymakers to develop and put into action more relevant policies to help multidimensional poverty alleviation, our analysis offers critical insights.
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Malik, Sohail Jehangir, Asjad Tariq Sheikh und Amir Hamza Jilani. „Inclusive Agricultural Growth in Pakistan— Understanding Some Basic Constraints“. Pakistan Development Review 55, Nr. 4I-II (01.12.2016): 889–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.889-903.
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Inclusive agricultural growth is important for overall economic growth and particularly critical for rural socio-economic stability and poverty reduction in Pakistan. The majority of Pakistan‘s population and 44 percent of the overall labour force are dependent upon agriculture which only accounts for a little over 20 percent of national GDP. The paper highlights some basic constraints that have not been explicitly addressed in the policy research and implementation and have impeded inclusive agriculture growth. A descriptive analysis based on data from the Agriculture Census of Pakistan and the Pakistan Household Income and Economic Survey—both of which were conducted in 2010-11—is used to show how high levels of poverty and its disparity across regions, combined with the declining size of operated holdings and associated fragmentation especially in the smallest size categories which now form over 60 percent of the agricultural holdings in Pakistan, are fundamental constraints. Poverty is both the result as well as the consequence of fragmented markets, weak institutions including governance; and, inadequate policy research and implementation. A better research based policy understanding of some basic constraints, and the variations across regions in such factors such as the declining size and fragmentation of operated farms, rural poverty; and, the levels of market development and institutions is essential along with effective implementation. One size fits all policies have not and will not work. JEL Classification: O40, Q15, I32, P46 Keywords: Inclusive Growth, Land Holding, Land Tenure, Income Distribution, Poverty
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Zhao, Min, und Weijian Guo. „Does Land Certification Stimulate Farmers’ Entrepreneurial Enthusiasm? Evidence from Rural China“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 18 (13.09.2022): 11453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811453.
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Deepening the reform of rural land property rights and fully releasing the dividends of land policies to stimulate the vitality of rural development are important foundations for China’s Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization strategies. Based on the data of the China Household Finance Surveys in 2013 and 2019, this study takes the new round of land certification launched in 2013 as the starting point for exploring the impact of rural land property rights reform on farmers’ entrepreneurship, using the difference-in-differences model. The results show that the implementation of the new round of land certification has significantly improved the development of agricultural entrepreneurship among farmers with certificates but has had no impact on non-agricultural entrepreneurship. The estimated results from the replacement explained variables, PSM-DID method, and placebo test verifies the robustness of the baseline results. Furthermore, it is shown that the improvement of labor allocation, land transfer, and financing and loan constraints are the main channels through which land certification affects farmers’ entrepreneurship; the impact is heterogeneous at province, community, and household levels. This study not only provides new evidence for using rural land property rights reform to spearhead poverty alleviation and rural revitalization strategies but also provides beneficial reference material for the continuous optimization of land property rights certificates to boost farmers’ entrepreneurship.
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Sun, Pengfei, und Hong Cao. „Tourism Development and Rural Land Transfer-Out: Evidence from China Family Panel Studies“. Land 13, Nr. 4 (27.03.2024): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13040426.
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For a long time, the decline in agricultural comparative returns and the urban–rural development gap in China have prompted the outflow of rural labor. Land transfer policies, which allow farmers to retain their land contracting rights while transferring their management rights, were instituted to mitigate the impact of labor outflow on land use and agricultural production. In recent years, tourism has contributed to the diversification of the rural economy and has had an essential impact on the urban–rural allocation of elements such as labor. In this paper, we adopt a probit model to investigate the impact of tourism development on rural land transfer-out by using data from the China Family Panel Studies. The results show that the marginal effect of tourism development is significantly negative, indicating that the probability of rural land transfer-out was significantly reduced with tourism development. The results are still valid after a series of robustness tests. A mechanism analysis indicates that tourism development inhibits land transfer by enhancing local vitality, such as increasing the local employment of rural labor and promoting participation in agricultural production. Moreover, from the perspective of rural welfare and asset prices, further research finds that tourism development contributes to poverty alleviation and increases land value. These results suggest that tourism development inhibits land transfer while promoting rural sustainable development, helping to understand the impact of tourism on rural land use and household asset allocation from a more comprehensive perspective.
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Hadi, Shaummil, und Sri Wahyuni. „The Formation of Rural’s Labor Migration in Rural-Coastal of Aceh, Indonesia: Do Land-Factor or Other Household Characteristics Matters“. International Journal of Science and Society 6, Nr. 1 (05.01.2024): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v6i1.1003.
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As in other Indonesian provinces, Aceh is also experiencing demographic changes due to migration patterns. However, the migration rate in Aceh is not much significant in number compared to other provinces in Indonesia. As shown in the findings of this study. In the post-conflict and post-tsunami period, migration patterns in Aceh more influenced by economic factors. Moreover, the agricultural sector that dominates the structure of the regional GDP of Aceh unfortunately tends to decline every year in percentage and not so promising for rural household income and prompted the agricultural labour force to move to the non-agricultural sector and induces rural-urban migration. The study aims to assess the effects of land factors (agriculture) on individual migration decisions in households in four coastal villages in Bireuen district of Aceh. The research approach is the theory of economic migration. The method of analysis used in this study is statistically-descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis, to assess whether land ownership has a significant impact on the labour’s migration behaviour. In the findings of study, we found the relationship of land factor to migration pattern are both induce the “cost of opportunity” and the “hinder factor”. While land ownership does not significantly affect the likelihood of migration, other factors do. These include age, household size, composition of the household labour force, and poverty levels. This study are expected to cover the gaps in the literature on the migration and rural development studies in both Aceh and Indonesia.
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Atozou, Baoubadi, Radjabu Mayuto und Alexis Abodohoui. „Review on Gender and Poverty, Gender Inequality in Land Tenure, Violence Against Woman and Women Empowerment Analysis: Evidence in Benin with Survey Data“. Journal of Sustainable Development 10, Nr. 6 (29.11.2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n6p137.
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Inequalities in opportunities and rights between women and men have occupied many researchers over the last two decades. This study reviews literature on (i) gender and poverty, (ii) inequalities in land rights between women and men and their implications for the economic and social development of rural areas in developing countries, and (iii) violence against women in the rural population. World Bank survey data (3507 rural households) were used to analyze women's perceptions of agricultural land rights and violence against women in Benin. The Poisson model is adopted to investigate the determinants of physical violence against women in rural households in Benin. The results show that women are more vulnerable to poverty than men. Women are disadvantaged in access to productive assets such as access to credit and arable land, education, labor market, control of incomes earned in households, and are excluded in decision-making in households and institutions. The results also highlight that women in rural areas do not have access to land and do not participate in land management decisions. Based on the Poisson model, the results show that restrictions imposed on women by their spouses significantly increase the number of physical violence against women in households. Moreover, the results suggest also that an increase in the economic value of assets owned by women significantly reduces the incidence of physical violence against women in households. These results suggest that implementing development actions to increase incomes and empowerment women helps to reduce poverty, increases food security, reduces violence against women, and improves household welfare.
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Shipton, Parker. „Luo entrustment: foreign finance and the soil of the spirits in Kenya“. Africa 65, Nr. 2 (April 1995): 165–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161189.
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This article examines the cultural dimensions of financial credit and debt, placing these against a deeper and broader background of entrustments and obligations. A standard response of the largest international aid agencies to African rural poverty has been to set up programmes to lend money and other resources to rural people without understanding what the borrowers already owe to other creditors and claimants, or how strong these competing claims are. The history of credit programmes has been a history of dismal failures and of disappointments for borrowers and lender alike, particularly where land mortgages have been involved. Intensive field research reveals that Luo farmers in Kenya, like other East Africans, already have a broad assortment of borrowings and lendings of their own, some far more meaningful to them than loans from banks, co-operatives, or marketing boards will ever be. Some are only partly economic in nature; some involve sacred trusts or important political contacts. Land, labour, animals, money, and humans themselves are all objects of entrustment and obligation among kin, neighbours, or other familiars. Farmers channel resources from socially distant institutions into uses that are often locally more meaningful than those their lenders intend; and they may not be at liberty to convert them back into liquid forms for repayment. Requirements of land title collateral misfit a cultural context where attachments to land, and to ancestral graves on it, symbolise an individual's or family's social identity. More broadly, the credit strategy of development aid needs rethinking. Rather than continuing to enmesh rural Africans in debts and uncertainties, those who purport to help reduce poverty in rural Africa should shift their strategy from lending to encouraging saving and investment, or to promoting other kinds of locally rooted initiatives not financial in nature.
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Kamisah, Kamisah, Agustina Arida und Indra Indra. „Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemiskinan Pedesaan Di Provinsi Aceh“. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 7, Nr. 2 (01.05.2022): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i2.19650.
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The development of an area is carried out with the aim of improving the welfare of its community. Through economic development, it is expected to be able to eradicate social problems, development and poverty. Poverty is a problem in any country because it is a complex and unfinished problem. One of the provinces that is still classified as poor is Aceh Province. One of the missions in Aceh Province is the mission in rural areas. BPS Aceh stated that rural poverty in Aceh Province in September 2020 was 17.96 percent while in urban areas poverty in Aceh Province was 10.31 percent (DLHK, 2021). Development in Aceh Province continues to be carried out in order to improve the welfare of its people, especially improving the welfare of rural communities. Even development in Aceh Province continues to increase but this is not followed by a decrease in existing rural poverty. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence rural poverty in Aceh Province. The analytical method used is multiple regression analysis. Based on the research, the factors that affect rural poverty in Aceh Province are the GRDP of the agricultural sector, income distribution and NTP. Meanwhile, labor absorption and land area do not affect rural poverty. The value of R square is 0.984 or the effect is 98.4%.
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Chen, Lili, Jiquan Peng und Yibei Zhang. „Research on the Impact of Rural Land Transfer on Non-Farm Employment of Farm Households: Evidence from Hubei Province, China“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 23 (24.11.2022): 15587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315587.
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Agricultural scale operations and industrialization promote the transfer of the rural labor force to the industry sector, and the non-farm employment of farmers plays a great role in increasing their income and reducing poverty. It is of great significance to explore the non-farm employment of farmers for the governance of relative poverty and the achievement of common prosperity. The propensity score matching (PSM) and generalized propensity score matching (GPSM) were used to analyze the impact of rural land transfer on farm households’ non-farm employment. According to the PSM estimation, compared to the farmers’ land not transferred, the rural land transfer significantly increased the proportion of non-farm employment personnel in farm households and the months of per year non-farm employment per person. The total land transfer, paddy land transfer and dry land transfer could significantly increase the proportion of non-farm employment personnel in farm households by 0.074, 0.029 and 0.085 units, respectively, and could significantly increase the months of per year non-farm employment per person by 0.604, 0.394 and 0.617 units, respectively. According to the GPSM estimation, different types of rural land transfer areas have significant positive effects on the proportion of non-farm workers and the months of per year non-farm employment per person, and show an obvious increasing trend of returns to scale, that is, the proportion of non-farm workers and the months of per year non-farm employment per person of farmers are higher than the increase in rural land transfer area. Additionally, the return to scale effect of dry land transfer area is more obvious. In order to raise the income of farm households and narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, the land transfer system can be further improved, urbanization with the county town as an important carrier can be vigorously promoted, the participation of farm households in non-farm employment in the local area can be promoted and the support policy system for non-farm employment of rural labor force can be improved.
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Ågren, Maria. „Land and Debt: On the Process of Social Differentiation in Rural Sweden, circa 1750–1850“. Rural History 5, Nr. 1 (April 1994): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000455.
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When writing his final report in 1823 on the current state of affairs in the county of Kopparberg in Sweden, its governor, Hans Järta, made a short digression to ponder upon the differences between England and Sweden. According to Järta, England had been unfortunate in that it had deprived a large proportion of its rural population of the land on which they could otherwise have supported themselves. They had now, Järta remarked, no other choice but to work in the factories, and were the first to suffer when these had to close down. In some parts of Sweden, efforts were at this time being made to organise agricultural production in accordance with similar ideas, that is, through the use of wage labour. Järta was deeply sceptical about these experiments however, claiming that they led to nothing but poverty and social problems.
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BARBIER, EDWARD B. „Poverty, development, and environment“. Environment and Development Economics 15, Nr. 6 (05.10.2010): 635–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1000032x.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the complex relationship that exists between poverty and natural resource degradation in developing countries. The rural poor are often concentrated in fragile, or less favorable, environmental areas. Consequently, their livelihoods can be intimately dependent on natural resource use and ecosystem services. The relationship between poverty and natural resource degradation may depend on a complex range of choices and tradeoffs available to the poor, which in the absence of capital, labor, and land markets, is affected by their access to outside employment and any natural resource endowments. The paper develops a poverty–environment model to characterize some of these linkages, and concludes by discussing policy implications and avenues for further research.
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UCHIDA, EMI, JINTAO XU, ZHIGANG XU und SCOTT ROZELLE. „Are the poor benefiting from China's land conservation program?“ Environment and Development Economics 12, Nr. 4 (25.07.2007): 593–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x07003713.
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This paper studies the impact of the largest conservation set-aside program in the developing world: China's Grain for Green program, on poverty alleviation in rural areas. Based on a large-scale survey, we find that the program was implemented mostly in the areas of China that are fairly poor. In addition, we show that income from livestock activities and some types of asset holdings of participants have increased significantly more than those of non-participants (due to program effects). Only weak evidence is provided demonstrating that participating households have begun to shift their labor into the off-farm sectors. Overall, the results suggest that the program has been moderately successful in achieving its poverty alleviation objectives.
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Haq, Rashida. „Land Inequality by Mode of Irrigation in Pakistan, 1990-2000“. Pakistan Development Review 46, Nr. 4II (01.12.2007): 1011–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.1011-1022.
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In Pakistan agriculture land accounts for a large portion of total wealth and the distribution of this land effects household welfare and agriculture efficiency. Evidence shows that in developing countries, land inequality is detrimental to overall efficiency due to incomplete markets and therefore results in welfare losses to those with little or no land as there are several benefits associated with access to land [Vollrath (2007)]. Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economy of Pakistan which contribute 22.4 percent to Gross Domestic Product, 43.05 percent of labour force engaged in agriculture sector and 67 percent of population reside in rural areas out of which 30 percent of people living below the official poverty line. As the climate of Pakistan is arid to semi arid, its 80 percent agriculture is irrigated. Pakistan has one of the largest irrigation system in the world based on Indus basin irrigation system which plays an important role in the development of agriculture and the nature of distribution of irrigation water across farm size groups determines to a significant extent the nature of distribution of agriculture income.
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I. T., Oyebamiji, Adetayo S. A., Adeoye M. F., Ayilara T. J., Adamu D. A., Olatilewa M. O. und Adedoyin E. A. „Production Activities and Challenges Encountering By Sweet Potato Farmers in Kwara and Osun States“. African Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 7, Nr. 1 (18.03.2024): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajafs-qyge9wcj.
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Production of agricultural crops cannot be over emphasized for food security, poverty eradication and sustainability of life and its existence. Therefore, agriculture is the bedrock towards economic growth and rural development. This study examined production activities of sweet potato in Kwara and Osun States It also identified the challenges faced by the sweet potato farmers in the study area. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 496 sweet potato farmers. An interview guide was used through structured questionnaire to obtain primary data which were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency table, percentage and mean). The study revealed that majority practiced self labour (42%) in Kwara State while family labour (47%) was majorly practiced in Osun State, with the mean labour used of 3.84 and 3.23 in Kwara and Osun States respectively. Majority inherited land acquired from their parents, occupying less than six hectares of land for production of sweet potato. It was also shown that land conflict, inadequate vine, insect infestation, spoilage and access to credit were the major challenges facing farmers during production of sweet potato. The study concludes that sweet potato farmers encountering a lot of challenges which causes reduction in production of sweet potato in the study areas. It is therefore recommended that, settlement of land conflict issues should not be delayed, particularly when it comes to the use of agricultural purposes. Then the research institute(s) saddled with the responsibilities of storage and preservation of agricultural produce should come-up with methods of preserving this crop to extend it shelf-life and reduce postharvest loss of this vital crop.
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Andriesse, Edo, und Anouxay Phommalath. „Provincial Poverty Dynamics in Lao PDR: A Case Study of Savannakhet“. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 31, Nr. 3 (September 2012): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341203100301.
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Although the average poverty level in Lao PDR has declined substantially since the beginning of economic reforms in 1986, sub-national dynamics give rise to a discussion of the trends and issues that determine and sustain provincial poverty and the variegated processes of rural transition. It appears that migration to core areas does not always generate better living standards, as migration to Vientiane Capital and Vientiane Province also results in a relocation of poverty from peripheral to core areas. This article sheds light on these problems and discusses the implications for the spatial dimensions of poverty in core provinces located on emerging Greater Mekong Subregion corridors and peripheral provinces. A case study of Savannakhet, located along the East West Economic Corridor, shows how rural households cope with the pressures arising from increasing market forces and regionalization. Based on in-depth fieldwork in the village of Ban Gnang Pho Sy, the results indicate that a shift occurred among the rural poor, in which their livelihoods changed from being based purely on subsistence agriculture to being focused increasingly upon pluriactive (commercial) farming, livelihood diversification and labour migration to Thailand. Provinces located along emerging corridors experience a complex mosaic of impacts of integration due to fragmented ethnic-linguistic geographies and the varying relevance of pull versus push factors: imports versus exports, inward versus outward investments, and in- versus out-migration. In sum, rather than the neoliberal promise of a flatter socioeconomic landscape, the human geography of the Greater Mekong Subregion remains rough, due to politicization of foreign direct investments, complex land dealings and landlessness, migration patterns and rising inequality.
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Kasho, Kayranto. „Rural Households’ Multidimensional Poverty and Its Determinants in Konso Woreda, SNNP Region, Ethiopia“. Ethiopian Journal of Business and Social Science 4, Nr. 2 (01.12.2021): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.59122/1344a74.
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Eradicating poverty in all its forms is one of global society's sustainable development goals. This requires creative and rigorous efforts to measure and reduce multidimensional poverty in a way that ensures no one is left behind. Despite a couple of efforts made to measure multidimensional aspects of welfare at the national level, limited studies have been done in rural parts of the country, where most poverty researches focused in unidimensional poverty. Hence, this study quantified the extent and examined the determinants of rural household multidimensional poverty status using the Alkire-Foster method and the ordered logistic regression model, respectively. Crosssectional data set was collected from 397 randomly selected households using structured questionnaire. Living standards indicators contribute the most to multidimensional poverty, while empowerment contributes the least. The study revealed that multidimensional poverty headcount, intensity, and the index were found to be 80.35 percent, 55.97 percent, and 44.8 percent, respectively. Among the sampled households, 2.2 percent of households were non-poor, 17.8 percent were vulnerable, 52.6 percent were moderately poor, and 27.4 percent were severely poor. According to the ordered logit model, the probability of a household being in multidimensional poverty was determined negatively by sex(male), expenditure, family size, land size, and employment level, while age and distance to the nearest health center are positively influencing it. Hence, promoting family planning, diversifying income sources and viable labor-intensive rural employment opportunities, provision of improved energy sources, electricity, clean water, and a road network would reduce a multifaceted rural poverty.
Keywords: Deprivation Score; Konso; Multidimensional Poverty Index; Ordered Logit Model
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Wetengere, Kitojo. „IS TANZANIA’S ECONOMIC GROWTH PRO-POOR?“ International Journal of Advanced Economics 1, Nr. 1 (22.06.2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v1i1.42.
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The objective of this study was to investigate if the Tanzania’s economic growth is pro-poor or not. The information for this study was obtained from secondary data. The study found that for the 1991/91 - 2007 period, while economic growth made a notable positive change, reduction in poverty and inequality has not been significant. This was because the growth of the economy was driven by capital intensive sectors which were unable to absorb a good number of job seeker nor did they provide markets for the agriculture produce. In contrast, for the 2007 - 2011/12 period, poverty and inequality declined though disproportionately as economic growth expanded. The reduction in poverty and inequality was attributed to increased education levels, ownership of land and other assets, and access to employment opportunities and basic services and the returns from the endowments. The disproportionate benefits were related to rural status, family size, education level, wage employment and non-farm businesses, access to public infrastracture and internal migration. This study suggest that conscious efforts should be made to ensure that the emerged signs of pro-poor are spread to the majority poor. The study, therefore, recommends policies such as land reforms and strategies to improve land productivity, improve provision and access by the poor to social and economic services, promote off-farm activities, government redistributive measures, adoption of labour intensive techniques particularly for the activities undertaken by the poor and in areas where the majority poor live, and the introduction of safety net programmes.
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Motwani, Ameeta. „Academic Discourses on Causes of and Solutions to Poverty in India“. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, Nr. 6 (01.11.2023): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(6).08.
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This paper analyses academic discourses about factors that cause/perpetuate or eliminate poverty. It finds that the academic debates on the subject have been dominated by economists and have concentrated mainly on economic backwardness and/or unequal distribution of productive assets as the major causes of poverty in India. The consensus that emerges from these suggests that growth is important but other factors such as the growth of employment and real wage rates are equally important since the majority of the poor in India are rural labour households with marginal or no landholdings. The alternative discourse by political scientists highlights the importance of political factors and unequal distribution of power and resources in causing poverty and therefore suggests land reforms, empowerment, the need for inclusive policies/politics and peoples’ movement as some of the solutions. Sociological studies of poverty bring out the role of social institutions such as the caste system (a system of institutionalized inequality) and patriarchy in bringing a disproportionate burden of poverty on certain disadvantaged sections of society such as the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, women, etc. State level studies highlight the importance of ‘Quality of Governance’ while village level studies provide useful insights based on the people’s experience of falling in and out of poverty. The paper thus finds that the understanding of causes of poverty is affected by – (a) Academic Disciplines of the researchers; (b) Ideology of the researchers and (c) the level of enquiry, i.e. national, state, district or village.
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Hussain, Intizar, und Munir A. Hanjra. „Does irrigation water matter for rural poverty alleviation? Evidence from South and South-East Asia“. Water Policy 5, Nr. 5-6 (01.10.2003): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0027.
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This paper addresses four key questions. What are the irrigation–poverty inequality linkages? Does access to irrigation water matter for rural poverty alleviation? Under what conditions does irrigation have the greatest impact on poverty? What are the pro-poor interventions that can enhance the antipoverty impact of irrigation? Findings from IWMI-led studies and other empirical studies show that: (1) irrigation enables households to improve crop productivity, grow high-valued crops, generate higher incomes and employment, earn a higher implicit wage rate for family labor and, more importantly, benefits the poor and landless through the enhanced availability of food, lower food prices, higher employment and income and other indirect effects; (2) access to irrigation water reduces the incidence and severity of poverty; (3) irrigation's impact on poverty is highest where landholdings are equitably distributed; (4) effective rural poverty alleviation requires that irrigation development be targeted to poor communities; and (5) unequal land distribution is associated with inequitable distribution of agricultural water benefits. We argue that the antipoverty impact of irrigation water can, therefore, be intensified through triggering a set of board and targeted interventions, simultaneously.
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Wanjiru, Quinn. „THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE TODAY“. Journal of Gender Related Studies 2, Nr. 1 (21.12.2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.739.
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This article assesses the role of women in agriculture today. Agriculture is an important engine of growth and poverty reduction. However, the sector is underperforming in many countries in part because women, who are often a crucial resource in agriculture and the rural economy, face limitations that reduce their productivity. This article draws on the available empirical evidence to study in which areas and to what degree women participate in agriculture. Aggregate data shows that women comprise about 43 percent of the agricultural labour force globally and in developing countries. But this figure masks considerable variation across regions and within countries according to age and social class. Time use surveys, which are more comprehensive but typically not nationally representative, add further insight into the substantial heterogeneity among countries and within countries in women’s contribution to agriculture. They show that female time-use in agriculture varies also by crop, production cycle, age and ethnic group. A few time-use surveys have data by activity and these show that in general weeding and harvesting were predominantly female activities. Overall, the labour burden of rural women exceeds that of men, and includes a higher proportion of unpaid household responsibilities related to preparing food and collecting fuel and water. The contribution of women to agricultural and food production is significant but it is impossible to verify empirically the share produced by women. Women’s participation in rural labour markets varies considerably across regions, but invariably women are over represented in unpaid, seasonal and part-time work, and the available evidence suggests that women are often paid less than men, for the same work. The analysis show that women play a crucial role in all farm-related activities from land preparation to marketing. They contribute a higher proportion of labor in agricultural sector than men. Available data on rural and agricultural feminization shows that this is not a general trend but mainly a sub-Saharan Africa phenomenon, as well as observed in some sectors such as unskilled labour in the fruit, vegetable and cut-flower export sector. This paper re-affirms that women make essential contributions to agriculture and rural enterprises across the developing world. But there is much diversity in women’s roles and over-generalization undermines policy relevance and planning. The context is important and policies must be based on sound data and gender analysis.
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Ash, Robert. „The Chinese Economy after Thirty Years of Reform: Perspectives from the Agricultural Sector“. Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 28, Nr. 1 (10.12.2010): 36–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v28i1.2861.
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The contours of China's rural economy and society have changed dramatically during the last 30 years. Urbanization and migration have made China less of a rural society than it was in 1978, while agriculture is no longer the principal driver of rural, let alone national, economic growth. Nevertheless, the registered rural population still numbers well over 700 million, and the dominant role of agriculture as a source of employment persists to this day. In its efforts to promote sustainable economic and social development, the Chinese government faces some of its most pressing challenges in the countryside. Its ability to fulfil major goals – those relating to employment, food security, poverty reduction, welfare enhancement and environmental sustainability – therefore depends critically on the effectiveness of its rural policies.
Rapid growth and marked changes in the structure of farm production since 1978 have been underpinned by major improvements in both land and labour productivity. In particular, the response of farmers to changes in levels and patterns of food consumption associated with growing affluence has been quite impressive. Despite short-term fluctuations, trend growth of domestic grain above all, cereal output has been positive, as a result of which China has succeeded in fulfilling its target of maintaining 'basic' food self-sufficiency. The government's adherence to a strategy of food self-sufficiency that runs counter to the principle of comparative advantage has also minimized China's involvement in international cereal markets.
Meanwhile, property rights remain a core issue in the farm sector. From this perspective, a recent initiative, designed to facilitate the emergence of new kinds of land transfers that would pave the way for a process of land consolidation, appears to represent a significant new development – albeit one that carries dangers as well as opportunities.
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Nsikak-Abasi, A. Etim, N. Etim NseAbasi und Jamal Mohammed. „Resource Use in Deep Litter Poultry System: Implications for Urban Food Security“. International Journal of Technology and Management Research 5, Nr. 3 (15.10.2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v5i3.99.
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As urbanization increases, the locus of poverty is slowly shifting from rural to urban areas in what is known as urbanization of poverty. Thus, understanding how urban food system operate and finding ways to ensure that they remain sustainable is a mounting preoccupation. But urban livestock production has the potential to provide a significant contribution to the urban food security now and in the future and can lift the urban poor out of poverty. Information on resource use in deep litter poultry system is largely limited. Stochastic production frontier functions was used for data from deep litter poultry farmers to examine their efficiency technically, output orientation and level of farm. Farmers’ consideration was through the multistage sampling procedure. Maximum likelihood based on estimation of parameters helped in the determination of efficiency. The study revealed that, land, water,medication, capital and labour. The result 0.76 mean efficiency suggests output from deep litter poultry production could be increased with available technology. Policies aimed at encouraging farmers to access productive resources would be sensible decision.
Citation: Etim, N. A., Etim, N. N. and Mohammed, J. Resource Use in Deep Litter Poultry System: Implications for Urban Food Security, 2020; 5(3): 38-44.
Received: April 4, 2020Accepted: September 30, 2020
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Gao, Chunliu, Li Cheng, Javed Iqbal und Deqiang Cheng. „An Integrated Rural Development Mode Based on a Tourism-Oriented Approach: Exploring the Beautiful Village Project in China“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 14 (17.07.2019): 3890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143890.
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To solve the decline of rural development, an effective development mode is indispensable. Rural tourism is a key approach in poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in China. The comparative analysis of the 50 most beautiful villages as awarded by the Ministry of Agriculture of China shows that the rural tourism development mode with the integration of production, village and scenery realizes the sustainable development of rural areas. To examine this further, this study takes Qinggangshu Village as a case study and constructs a systematic rural tourism-based sustainable development model called Aims, Measures, Demands (AMD). The results show that Qinggangshu Village has changed from a single farming village to a mature tourism village due to the Beautiful Village Project’s support. In this process, the production, village and scenery have made great change by promoting rural tourism development. Land consolidation and land asset activation is at the core of rural transformation and development, which can drive the reorganization and flow of labor and capital and can also make rebuilt villages more comfortable living spaces. Furthermore, a good landscape environment can stimulate development and competition. This study could be used as an example of attaining sustainable development for other rural areas.
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Osabohien, Romanus, Oluwatoyin Matthew, Obindah Gershon, Toun Ogunbiyi und Ebere Nwosu. „Agriculture Development, Employment Generation and Poverty Reduction in West Africa“. Open Agriculture Journal 13, Nr. 1 (30.06.2019): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501913010082.
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Background: The problem of poverty eradication has been limited to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region, which accounts for more than 40% of the world's poor population. The majority of these people are rural farmers who depend solely on agriculture for livelihood. Agriculture in West Africa remains the largest means of employment in which more than 60% of the sub-region’s active labour force is involved. Objective: This study examined the potentials of agriculture to generate employment for the people, thereby reducing the level of poverty in West Africa. Methods: The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) econometric technique was employed in this study for the panel data covering the period of 17 years (2000 to 2016). Results: Results from the study showed that agriculture provides the opportunity for the poor to increase their earnings to escape the poverty trap, whether the poor can seize these agricultural opportunities depends on their human capital development. Conclusion: The study, therefore, concluded that effective policies (e.g. social protection) should be formulated in the agricultural development plans that will prioritize sustainable land and water management, access to markets, and the food security. To achieve this, the use of modern methods should be encouraged through farm incentives to boost agricultural production and increase farmer’s income which is earned through the sale of agricultural commodities, and thus; in the long run, increase the revenue accruing to the government and reduce the rate of poverty.
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Gong, Jing, Hongyan Du und Zhi Wang. „Analysis of the Influences of Ecological Compensation Projects on Transfer Employment of Rural Labor from the Perspective of Capability“. Land 11, Nr. 9 (02.09.2022): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091464.
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As an environmental policy that directly brings economic benefits to farmers, ecological compensation should achieve the dual goals of ecological environmental protection and rural poverty reduction. With the implementation of various ecological compensation projects, a large number of studies began to focus on the impact of ecological compensation projects on rural labor transfer employment. However, most of the existing studies focus on a specific project and fail to consider a comparative analysis of different types of projects. Therefore, this study used the survey data of 1279 rural laborers in the Yanqing District of Beijing to analyze the impact of different types of ecological compensation projects on the transfer employment of rural labor from the perspective of self-development capacity. The results show that post-based ecological compensation projects provide a low quality of posts and weaken the initiative of participants to further expand their employment channels. Land-based projects downsize agricultural production and reduce the agricultural production activities of participants, without significantly increasing their likelihood of transfer employment. In the long run, the current implementation of ecological compensation projects may cause problems regarding labor surpluses and land restoration. This study has certain practical application value and practical guiding significance for further improving the design of ecological compensation mechanisms.
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El-Khoury, Gabi. „Agriculture in Arab countries: selected indicators“. Contemporary Arab Affairs 9, Nr. 4 (01.10.2016): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2016.1244943.
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In line with the global trend, this statistical file assumes that the Arab countries are in a situation where they must find ways of feeding the growing population with a limited amount of land and water and other natural resources. It also assumes that the population in the Arab region is becoming increasingly urban. This represents a clear challenge for the region to ensure that agricultural communities are able to contribute to ensuring that expanding urban populations have access to safe and nutritious food, recognizing the crucial role of agriculture in reducing rural poverty, malnutrition in poor countries and, at the same time, contribute to sustainable development. Table 1 introduces statements on the rural population, while Table 2 gives figures on agricultural labour forces. Table 3 provides figures on total and cultivated areas, while Table 4 presents statements on land use. Table 5 is concerned with agricultural production and its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP), while Tables 6 and 7 present statements on agricultural and food imports and exports. Figures on Arab countries' contribution to the food gap value, self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) in main agricultural products and on the proportion of the under-nourished in Arab countries and their ranking in the Economist Intelligence Unit's Global Food Security Index (GFSI) 2016 are shown in Tables 8–10 respectively.
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Huyen, Le Thi Thanh, Dinh Thi Tuyet Van, André Markemann, Pera Herold und Anne Valle Zárate. „Beef cattle keeping by smallholders in a mountainous province of northern Vietnam in relation to poverty status, community remoteness and ethnicity“. Animal Production Science 53, Nr. 2 (2013): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12117.
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Vietnam’s national beef demand is continuously increasing, but is not able to be satisfied by domestic supply. Because land scarcity is a major constraint to beef production in many parts of the country, attempts to enhance beef production in Vietnam have focussed on small-scale household farms in remoter areas. The present study aimed to investigate the relation between cattle keeping and poverty status of household farms in Son La province, north-west Vietnam. In addition, altitude, community remoteness and technology adoption of the investigated households were considered for an evaluation of the feasibility of smallholder beef cattle production in the upland areas. Data on livestock production of 299 randomly selected households of different ethnic groups in the lowlands and highlands of Yen Chau district, Son La province, were collected by using structured and standardised questionnaires. The poverty status of the households was defined on basis of daily per-capita expenditures, dividing the investigated households into poor and non-poor farmers with daily per-capita expenditures below and above the rural poverty line, respectively. Cattle keeping farms in Yen Chau district showed advantages in terms of available land and labour resources compared with non-cattle keeping farms. Cattle were kept mainly by non-poor farmers, particularly the Thai, whose farm holdings are most commonly located in the lowlands. The number of cattle raised on farm was related to the poverty status of the households and remoteness. Cattle compete with other livestock in the use of limited farm resources. Cattle keeping farms more frequently applied feeding innovations to reduce feed competition on farm than the non-cattle keeping households. For the very poor, small animals are more appropriate than beef cattle production activities. Only in the identified advantageous regions, smallholder farmers might engage in beef production, if appropriate policies are implemented to support them in raising cattle. Consequently, the development of beef production under those conditions could contribute to poverty reduction by increasing smallholder’s incomes in the remote highland regions.
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Cramer, Christopher, und Nicola Pontara. „A reply to Pitcher“. Journal of Modern African Studies 37, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1999): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x99003201.
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Pitcher's rejoinder to our paper (Cramer & Pontara 1998), is a useful contribution to the policy and analytical debate on poverty and rural relations in Mozambique. Some of her points are well taken, in particular her careful attention to empirical imprecision in much of the literature. Indeed, she points out that we used a figure for how much land the government had conceded to private owners that turns out to be mistaken. We accept this useful clarification graciously, though slightly less graciously would point out that Pitcher earlier cited the same (erroneous) figure herself.Overall, her complaint about our paper seems to boil down to the following: that we are incomplete in our coverage of the literature; that we fail to notice that the government may say it favours smallholders but is in fact leaving them high and dry by allocating resources to large-scale commercial investors; and that we present an exclusive choice between the land and the labour market as the solution to poverty in Mozambique. On the first point, our coverage was indeed less than complete, though the implications of this are not as Pitcher implies. On the second, we think the picture is more complex than she suggests, and if our paper did not make this adequately clear we shall try to make it more so here. On the third part of her complaint, Pitcher is plainly wrong: in fact, the most interesting thing about her comment on our paper is that she appears entirely to have missed the point that we were making and does not engage with our core argument at all. She is at pains to agree with our discussion of the socioeconomic differentiation that has a long-term and more recent history in rural Mozambique, and to present the lives of the poor as highly insecure. Nonetheless, she makes little effort to consider the implications of this beyond making the fairly obvious point that people hang onto their land when they can and pursue multiple and ‘redundant’ (whatever this is supposed to mean) strategies.
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Nsimiire, William, und Brian Owoyesigyire. „EFFECTS OF SUGARCANE GROWING ON FOOD SECURITY AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN PROXIMITY TO KINYARA SUGAR LIMITED IN MASINDI DISTRICT, UGANDA“. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research 09, Nr. 01 (2023): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51193/ijaer.2023.9101.
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Over the years, the Ugandan government had been promoting agricultural commercialization to become a middle-income economy by 2020. In 2012, the president remarked that if all the 40 million acres of arable land were put to full potential, everyone would be richer. Sugarcane commercialization, in the form of contract farming, has been praised as one of the preferred instruments to promote it, leading to the emergence of large and medium sugar corporations in Uganda’s countryside. The study aims to provide insights into the commercialization process of smallholder agriculture through sugarcane contract farming (CF) and the implications on land rights, labor relations, and rural livelihoods, taking Uganda’s Bunyoro sub-region as a case. The effect of commercial agriculture in the face of global change is critical to support strategies that ensure food security and alleviate poverty among households. The author assessed the effects of commercial sugarcane cultivation to household-level food security among smallholder farmers in Masindi District, Bunyoro sub-region, Western Uganda. Land use changes are motivated by quick commercial gains rather than sustained food production; a situation that influences food security. Majority of households cultivate few crop varieties, lack adequate and nutritious foods, and have inadequate income to purchase food to meet their needs. Inadequacy of food within some commercial sugarcane-cultivating households suggests that generating income does not necessarily increase food security. To cope with food insecurity, households offer labour in exchange for food, borrow food, ration food, and at times steal. This is exacerbated by increasing food crop failures, large family sizes, trade in food items, and declining availability of food and land for food production. Commercial sugarcane cultivation is
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Zhang, Shidong. „The Problem of Labor Loss under the Background of Rural Revitalization and Countermeasure Analysis“. Journal of Innovation and Social Science Research 8, Nr. 8 (30.08.2021): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53469/jissr.2021.08(08).28.
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In the Fifth Plenary Session of the Nineteenth Central Committee of the recent past, it was pointed out that in order to achieve comprehensive prosperity and eliminate poverty completely, my country must focus on the “three rural issues” and implement the rural revitalization strategy. As a large agricultural country, our country has a large rural population, and the rural land is relatively vast. Therefore, if our country wants to achieve full prosperity, it must promote the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, so as to enable the rapid development of rural areas. Looking at this problem from a micro perspective, there are still certain restrictions and constraints, such as the serious loss of rural labor, resulting in an empty nest phenomenon, or the serious aging of the rural population. These reasons all restrict rural development and rural modernization. The advancement of urbanization. This article mainly focuses on the problem of rural labor loss under the current rural revitalization strategy, and further proposes countermeasures and suggestions to solve the problem in response to this phenomenon, in order to provide a certain reference and reference for rural development.
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Ismail, Mohd Mansor, und Wan Iryani Wan Ismail. „Development of stingless beekeeping projects in Malaysia“. E3S Web of Conferences 52 (2018): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200028.
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Malaysia is in need of new high income project to meet the targeted high income nation by 2020. One such potential project in agriculture is stingless beekeeping. The project could supplement the existing beekeeping projects from Apis spp. such as Apiscerana and Apis mellifera in terms of honey production and pollination services. The introduction of stingless beekeeping in 2004 by MARDI was expected to provide new alternative species that was free from diseases and required simple farm management practices where adopters can operate the project as a part time job. The remaining labour hours can be used to earn off farm income. The project alone could generate a monthly income of up to RM5000 for the adopters with available capital and land, and this will enhance additional income and dietary consumption of the stingless bee products. The project is hypothesized to provide positive relationship with income and nutritional quality. For those farmers with land, government assistance is needed in providing cheaper credit to purchase stingless bee colonies which are the major portion of initial investment. In summary, the project is expected to reduce rural and urban poverty and generate a new source of wealth to private investors in Malaysia.
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Rosenzweig, Mark R. „The Consequences of the Agricultural Productivity Growth for Rural Landless Households: Findings from Research Based on the Indian Green Revolution Experience (The Iqbal Memorial Lecture)“. Pakistan Development Review 39, Nr. 4 (01.12.2000): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4pp.337-361.
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There has been much debate over the extent to which economic growth reduces poverty and augments human development among the poor. This paper describes ongoing research using survey data on the Green Revolution experience in India that focuses on this issue. The research is based on a general-equilibrium model of labour markets for adults and children that differentiates households by whether they own land and incorporates a public sector that chooses the amount of school building. The empirical results suggest, consistent with the model, that expectations of improvements in agricultural productivity increase the schooling of children in landed households and reduce schooling in landless households, in part because of the operation of the child labour market, as landless child labour is used to replace landed child labour lost due to increased child school attendance in landed households. The results also show, however, that school construction in India was undertaken at higher levels in areas in which there were expectations of greater future productivity increases, and that the closer proximity of schools differentially benefited landless households. Thus school building policy in India tended to offset the adverse distributional consequences of agricultural technological change in the early stages of the Green Revolution. The allocation of schools, however, did not fully offset the incentives for landless households to reduce schooling investments. The perverse correlation between human development and income growth observed among the poor landless households in India at the initial stages of the Green Revolution, thus, was not due to lack of responsiveness of public resources but to the lack of a return to schooling in the non-farm sector.
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Reid, Debra A. „Furniture Exempt from Seizure: African-American Farm Families and Their Property in Texas, 1880s–1930s“. Agricultural History 80, Nr. 3 (01.07.2006): 336–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-80.3.336.
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Abstract The real and personal property that African-American farm families accumulated between the 1880s and the 1930s can tell a lot about the political consciousness of the disfranchised at the height of African-American landownership. Farm women and their families invested their limited financial and labor resources into household equipment and furnishings, knick-knacks and personal adornment, land, and homes. They used the legal system to secure their property and convey it to heirs even as unscrupulous landlords conspired against them. But purchasing land could limit a family’s mobility, disrupt kinship networks, and constrain their ability to purchase other products of the modern consumer age, most notably automobiles. Irrefutably, the white middle class defined consumer culture and the characteristics of modernization in the rural South, not the black farm families, but rural African Americans still had to feed, clothe, and house their families. Their choices became the object of analysis and ridicule by reformers during the early twentieth century. By the 1930s the small homes that once housed aspiring families became the symbols of poverty even as rural reformers and the Progressive farmers they served celebrated a rural aesthetic that advocated recycling and thrifty management.
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Muralidharan, Karthik, Paul Niehaus und Sandip Sukhtankar. „General Equilibrium Effects of (Improving) Public Employment Programs: Experimental Evidence From India“. Econometrica 91, Nr. 4 (2023): 1261–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta18181.
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Public employment programs may affect poverty both directly through the income they provide and indirectly through general equilibrium effects. We estimate both effects, exploiting a reform that improved the implementation of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) and whose rollout was randomized at a large (sub‐district) scale. The reform raised beneficiary households' earnings by 14%, and reduced poverty by 26%. Importantly, 86% of income gains came from non‐program earnings, driven by higher private‐sector (real) wages and employment. This pattern appears to reflect imperfectly competitive labor markets more than productivity gains: worker's reservation wages increased, land returns fell, and employment gains were higher in villages with more concentrated landholdings. Non‐agricultural enterprise counts and employment grew rapidly despite higher wages, consistent with a role for local demand in structural transformation. These results suggest that public employment programs can effectively reduce poverty in developing countries, and may also improve economic efficiency.
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Rosen, George. „Land, Labor and Rural Poverty. Pranab K. BardhanThe Political Economy of Development in India. Pranab K. Bardhan“. Economic Development and Cultural Change 34, Nr. 2 (Januar 1986): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451538.
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Lu, Yu, und Ziheng Shangguan. „Reassessing Resettlement-Associated Poverty Induced by Water Conservancy Projects in China: Case Study of the “Yangtze to Huai River Inter-Basin” Water Diversion Project“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 12 (13.06.2023): 9477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129477.
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The displacement and resettlement-associated poverty caused by water conservancy projects (WCP) is a worldwide issue. Re-settlers are often impoverished for extended periods due to loss, difficult re-establishment, and insufficient compensation. Addressing poverty has become a worldwide concern, and accurate measurements of poverty remain a fundamental issue. Before 2020, the Chinese government used the absolute income method to measure re-settler poverty. However, this method reflected neither the overall income gap nor potential benefits of social development and poverty alleviation policies. Therefore, we used the relative income and multidimensional methods alongside the absolute income poverty method to measure the poverty in recently resettled households. Based on survey data from over resettled 1000 households we conclude that: (1) The remaining poor measured by the absolute poverty line were mainly caused by serious diseases, disabilities and loss of labor ability, which means they have no ability to be lifted out of poverty except through the bottom line of local governments. As a result, the absolute poverty line loses its distinction to poverty. (2) Rural re-settlers were more resilient to forced majeure because land guarantees employment and food supply, allowing households to avoid secondary livelihood destruction. (3) Income derived measurement of re-settler poverty masks the benefits of poverty alleviation and other socioeconomic aid programs. A few households showed improvements in child school attendance, child mortality, nutrition, cooking fuel, asset ownership, and social insurance following resettlement. (4) To reduce the multidimensional gap, government aid programs should focus on years of schooling (including training), nutrition, household savings, and household labor force rather than simply providing monetary assistance. At the same time, we suggest that the government adopt a variety of compensation methods, such as: sharing the benefits of water conservancy projects, industrial support and improving the bottom line guarantee.
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Han, Wenjing, Zhengfeng Zhang, Xiaoling Zhang und Li He. „Farmland Rental Participation, Agricultural Productivity, and Household Income: Evidence from Rural China“. Land 10, Nr. 9 (26.08.2021): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090899.
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The rural land rental market is playing an increasingly important role in the agricultural transformation period for developing countries, including China, where rural farmland rental is highly context-specific with the implementation of the collective-owned rural land system; thus, in turn, the access to farmland rental markets for rural households has profoundly influenced their livelihood strategies and income earnings. This paper investigates the income impact differences caused by rural households’ farmland rental participation activities and explores such impact mechanisms by further evaluating the income impacts caused by rental area and household agricultural productivity. Data from the Chinese national household survey were used for estimating the empirical models. Our results show that farmland renting has positively affected households’ on-farm and total income, but there is no significant effect upon off-farm income. According to income differences across quantiles, we find households with high on-farm income are more sensitive about enlarging their farm size by renting farmland, and households with middle and upper-middle off-income may benefit more from renting out their farmland. Furthermore, the joint effects of renting area and household agricultural productivity on lessee households’ farm income is significantly positive. For lessor households, our results indicate that renting out farmland did not improve their off-farm and total income as it may have a limited effect on farm household labor distribution. Our findings suggest that engaging in farmland rental activity can enhance farming productivity efficiency and poverty alleviation among rural households. Under the collective-owned rural land system, it is urgent and necessary to initiate and design incentive policies to encourage highly efficient large farms to expand the farm size and provide smallholders with equal opportunities to engage in farmland rental activities.
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Rasheed, Abubakar, Gershom Endelani Mwalupaso, Qasir Abbas, Xu Tian und Rafay Waseem. „Women Participation: A Productivity Strategy in Rice Production“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 7 (03.04.2020): 2870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072870.
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Agriculture is an important engine for economic growth and a vigorous driver of poverty reduction in developing countries. In Pakistan, rice production is one of the most essential sectors. However, it has been underperforming, largely because of low women’s participation, which is often a crucial resource in agriculture and the rural economy. Unfortunately, previous studies have seldom recognized and emphasized the role of women in triggering agricultural and rural development. We address this research gap using 300 farm households’ survey data forms collected from Pakistan farmers by applying the stochastic frontier analysis. The results indicate that women’s participation is associated with higher labor/land ratio, land productivity, and finally improved technical efficiency. Precisely, women’s participation increased technical efficiency (TE) by 47.3%. Interestingly, in view of previous studies, this evidence is not sporadic. Overall, our study provides some evidence to promote women’s participation in rice production, as such empowerment of women holds great potential to enhance agricultural production, which is consistent with the aim of sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Arshad, Wasia, Ikram Badshah und Abdul Raheem. „CLIMATE CHANGE IN RELATION TO FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY AND WOMEN SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; REFLECTIONS ON THE UNEXPLORED LINK“. Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, Nr. 02 (30.06.2022): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.453.
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The present study explores the status of women occupy the state of “poorest of the poor”; often denied access to land, credit and other fundamental rights. The study employs qualitative research methods of in-depth, one to one interview. The sample distributed in 2 age groups, i.e. 11 women aged 40 to 60 and 11 women of 25 to 35 were taken to examine the trends of climate change. The results demonstrate that climate change is negatively affecting the livelihood of people, especially rural women. The study concludes that climate change is making women more vulnerable to poverty and increasing their dependency on men and proves that the effects of climatic extremes lead to women’s further subordination and marginalization. Although this research analyses the effects of climate change on women, there is a dire need to mitigate these effects in the preparedness phase of disaster management so that women's increasing vulnerability can be controlled. Keywords: Climate Change, Feminization of Poverty, Female Labor-Force Participation, Female Poverty, Economic Development,