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1
Angemi, Diego. „Poverty, vulnerability, and child labour : evidence from Uganda“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12459/.
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Notwithstanding a decade of unprecedented social and economic reforms in Uganda, poverty, vulnerability, and child labour severely undermine the government's overarching goal of poverty eradication. This thesis unfolds by disclosing unprecedented insight on the relationship between vulnerability and poverty, the merits of quantitative vis-a-vis qualitative approaches to poverty analysis, and the role of child labour in Uganda. Chapter I generates the first ever appraisal of vulnerability in Uganda. The findings support the hypothesis that during the past decade, alongside sharp reductions in poverty, vulnerability to poverty in Uganda declined from 57% in 1992/93 to 25% in 1999/00. Such results highlight the importance for policy makers to distinguish between the effective implementation of poverty-prevention and poverty-reduction programmes. Chapter II deepens our understanding of poverty in Uganda, by integrating the country's qualitative and quantitative data, enriching information from one approach with that from the other, and merging the findings from these two approaches into one set of policy recommendations. The results show that this dual approach to poverty analysis enriches the discussion of poverty trends by drawing attention to aspects of poverty and wellbeing neglected by simple construction of poverty indicators. Since poverty of the household is an important determinant of agricultural child labour (ILO, 1992), chapter III investigates the extent to which children contribute to the household's agricultural activities. The conclusion that children play an important role in the farming activities of Ugandan agricultural households is supported by two key findings: (i) Child labour accounts for approximately 9% of the household's annual agricultural earnings; and (ii) on the bases that most child labour is performed on the family farm and smoothly functioning labour markets are rare, land ownership increases the household's demand for child labour in agricultural activities.
2
Woolley, Jonathan Paget. „Rede of reeds : land and labour in rural Norfolk“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273374.
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The central aim of this thesis is to provide a detailed ethnographic account of the human ecology of the Broads - a protected wetland region in the East of England - focussing upon how working lives shape and are shaped by this reedy landscape. In conversations about the management of the Broads, the concept of "common sense" is a frequent trope; encompassing a wide range of associated meanings. But what are these meanings of "common sense" in English culture, and how do they influence the peoples of England, and landscapes in which they work? This thesis addresses these questions ethnographically; using academic and lay deployments of common sense as a route into the political economy of rural Norfolk. Based on 12 months of fieldwork in the Broads National Park, this thesis draws together interviews and participant observation with land managers of various kinds - including conservationists, farmers, gamekeepers, volunteers, gardeners, and administrators. Chapter 1 dissects the differences between academic and popular understandings of "common sense" as a phrase, and produces an ethnographically-derived, working definition. Chapter 2 examines the attitudes of farmers, establishing "the common" as a root metaphor for social and practical rectitude, actualised through labouring in a shared landscape. Chapter 3 explores how the common is sensed, reflecting upon the diverse sensoria afforded by different degrees of enclosure on a single nature reserve. Chapter 4 explores how the concept of common sense intersects with a prevailing culture of possessive individualism, creating a fragmented society in the Park, wracked by controversies over management. Chapter 5 examines bureaucracy in Broadland - frequently cast as the very antithesis of common sense. In the conclusion, we return to the title, and ask - what do the reeds have to say about land, labour, and human nature?
3
Buthelezi, Nonhlanhla Bongiwe Charity. „The impact of the land restitution programme on poverty“. Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09152008-130602.
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4
MacKinnon, Aran Stuart. „Land, labour and cattle : the political economy of Zululand, c.1930-1950“. Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243290.
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5
Silvester, Jeremy Gale. „Black pastoralists, white farmers : the dynamics of land disposession and labour recruitment in southern Namibia 1915-1955“. Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318359.
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6
Junior, Tomas Manhicane. „Informal Land Markets in Rural Mozambique: The Case of Mogovolas District in Nampula Province“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7633_1277418865.
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The challenge of alleviating poverty, especially of the rural poor, is a universal one. Mozambique is also faced with this challenge as well the challenge of redressing the inequality exacerbated by civil war. Among the many strategies suggested for addressing poverty is improving poor people&rsquo
s access to land. In Mozambique, all land is owned by the state, yet informal land markets do exist. A theoretical review of the models on informal markets in developing countries reveals that economy of rural family depend greatly on land resources, and that often formalisation of land markets leads to land concentration and speculation rather than to the promotion of economic development. The overall objective of the study was to analyse the economic, institutional and social dynamics and determinants of informal land markets in rural Mozambique and how they impact on the livelihoods of poor people. Due to the largely unexplored nature of the topic, this study is exploratory and descriptive in nature. Research methods included a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. To achieve these objectives, a strategy comprising two approaches was used. Firstly, a theoretical review was undertaken, to discuss both international and African debate on informal land markets models with regard to different views on Mozambican informal land markets. This theoretical review also covered the political economy of land in Mozambique. Secondly, empirical evidence was systematized in the form of a case study of the perceptions of determinants on informal land markets that was undertaken in Mogovolas district. The lack of clear policy regarding the informal land market in Mozambique produced a complex range of problems, between local people, between locals and new investors, between new investors, and between all these groups and the state. The large majority of smaller localised conflicts were, and continue to be, resolved by traditional authorities and local social-control mechanisms. Conflicts between local people and investors have proved much more complex. The role of the state has been unclear from the start and the state is still dysfunctional due to a lack of transparency, inefficiency, and corruption in management of land.
7
Patel, Reena. „Labour and land rights of women in rural India : with particular reference to Western Orissa“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4010/.
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Hindu women's right to independent ownership of property has been established in India since 1956. Given that legal rights have not brought about a significant increase in women's ownership of land, this thesis explores the factors that affect women's effective claim to land ownership. Taking the particular case of Hindu peasant women in small farming households in Western Orissa, it analyses their ability to claim land ownership as the outcome of bargaining. The bargaining approach, as developed by economists, and by Amartya Sen and Bina Agarwal in particular, is adopted to analyse women's access to land as an effect of women's perceptions of self-interest and perceptions of women's contribution. The thesis evaluates the legal framework as it incorporates and reflects these perceptions. It argues that law constructs women's claim to land as a right addressed to 'Hindu' women, located within the family (through succession) and informed by religious ideology. It further argues that recognising women's interests as a basis of their claim to land ownership, as 'peasant' women, located within the household and affected by their work and role within agricultural production, would widen the scope of legal analysis. This would be a starting point towards a deeper understanding of the ways in which law impacts upon women's access to land.
8
Maeng, Joon-Ho. „Crossing borders : the implications of labour migration on well-being for the rural households in northeast Thailand“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/crossing-borders-the-implications-of-labour-migration-on-wellbeing-for-the-rural-households-in-northeast-thailand(e49db205-94dc-4f7f-a96c-0e8bfb7f341d).html.
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This thesis looks at the relationship between labour migration and socio-economic well-being of the rural households in the communities in Northeastern Thailand, and provides one of the few detailed case studies of the costs and benefits of labour mobility within Southeast Asian labour market system. This research aims to deepen our understanding of the implications of labour migration at micro-level. More specifically, the study aims to examine 'how much such labour migration and remittances do support the rural households and their family members left-behind?' by seeking a holistic assessment based on well-being perspectives with mixed-methods approach. To appreciate this question, we must first understand that there has been rapid economic development and change in Thailand over the past decades, and Thailand is now a leading economy in Southeast Asia that is evolving into a global and regional migration hub for outgoing, incoming, and transiting migrants. The rural communities in Northeastern Thailand, however, have experienced economic and environmental marginality, and as a result, have developed an institutionalised and self-sustaining migration culture after the Vietnam War in 1975. Yet existing research does not tell us much about what are the consequences of the labour migration on well-being for the households in this area. The research explores associations between remittance behaviours and gender difference using sex-disaggregated data, measures dimensions of poverty alleviating effects on the three Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indices, and assesses economic well-being of the rural households (on the basis of differing participation in labour migration) and non-economic well-being of the family left-behind. On the evidence of this research with various levels of significance in regression analyses, international labour migration and remittances have several implications on rural households in Northeastern Thailand. Firstly, the results show that women and migrants from poorer households behave more altruistically, while men and migrants from richer households behave more contractually. These heterogeneities in remittance behaviours also linked to the asset accumulation patterns for migrants' own future well-being and related to inheritance culture of the rural Thais. Secondly, labour migration is a rational economic strategy of rural households to combat poverty and to improve economic well-being. The analysis reveals clearly that the entire income gap and most of the gap in economic well-being between households with and without migrants can be accounted by availability of remittances. However, the remittances also increase economic inequality (i.e. disparities in well-being) among households in the communities as well-known. Finally, the absence of adult children (for the elderly) or parents (for children) because of international labour migration does not create major disruptions of the non-economic well-being of the family members. The possibilities for frequent correspondence, returns, and the economic benefits of migration contribute to cushion the negative impacts of migration. Most of all, the extended family system plays a decisive role in functioning as a support mechanism.
9
Hindmarsh, Bruce. „Yoked to the plough : male convict labour, culture and resistance in rural Van Diemen's Land, 1820-40“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4056.
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This thesis is a study of assigned male convict labour in rural Van Diemen’s Land in the period 1820-40. Throughout this period agriculture and pastoralism were centxal to the colonial economy, and this sector was the largest private employer of convict labour, yet there has been no prior sustained investigation of the nature and experience of rural convict employment in Van Diemen’s Land. Research has involved use of records of convict transportation, the records of the convict department, colonial court records, and the correspondence of the colonial secretary’s office. Extensive use has also been made of the colonial press, published contemporary accounts, and unpublished journals of colonists. The thesis begins with a discussion of two oppositional representations of rural convict labour: John Glover’s painting ‘My Harvest Home’, and the ballad ‘Van Diemen’s Land’. These representations demonstrate the polarised debate on the nature of convict labour. Rural convicts have been largely neglected in the recent historiography of convict transportation; this thesis argues that this neglect is unwarranted, and that rural convict labour resists reductionist understanding of convict labour. Chapter 1 examines farming in the colony, demonstrating the importance and vitality of this sector of the economy. Chapters 2-4 discuss convict assignment, management, and convict responses. It is argued that assignment effectively placed those with experience of farm work with rural employers. Convicts’ skills are seen to have been relevant and useful to the rural economy. The management of convict servants operated both formally at the level of the Convict Department regulations and the magistrates bench, and informally on individual properties. Informal management best utilised incentives rather than force. Thus convicts were able to negotiate the authority of their employers through various means, including resistance. Chapters 5-7 discuss the convict experience of rural labour. Material conditions of diet, housing and clothing are examined in chapter 5. Convict recreational culture is investigated in chapter 6; it is argued that convicts created an important site of autonomy in this form. The intimate lives of convict men are discussed in chapter 7. Often seen as brutal and brutalising, it is argued that these relationships were important and meaningful sites in male convict experience.
10
Castro, Xochitl Valdez. „The interaction between child labour and poverty in Mexico : an empirical study on urban areas and poor rural communities“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543376.
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11
Rahman, T. „Social and political implications of changing land and labour relations in rural Bangladesh : a village level study“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273090.
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12
Dore, Dale. „Land tenure and the economics of rural transformation : a study of strategies to relieve land pressure and poverty in the communal areas of Zimbabwe“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/53489072.html.
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13
Chobotová, Veronika. „Tourism in the Slovenský Raj National Park : an analysis of its contribution to sustainable rural development“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/2350/.
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The structure of this thesis is as follows: In the context of the study area of the Slovenský Raj National Park, section 2 looks into the process of institutional change in the CEE from the ex-post analysis. The ex-post institutional analysis helps to understand how the present came about and how the future might develop. In order to understand the process of the institutional change, this section highlights the importance and necessity of assuming the existence of previous institutions and the influence of this interaction on the durability and stability of new institutional forms. In search for driving forces behind and 15 barriers to sustainable development, Section 3 focuses on the current capacity of the study area to deal with slow and imperceptible changes in the circumstances of the transition countries. Special attention is paid to the concept of robustness, which plays an important role in the context of CEE, more precisely in the area of the SRNAP, where the economic and political transition process has been followed by an increased tourist inflow to the National Park and consequent slow environmental changes, without adequate strategies and considerable societal response. Analysing current situation of the study area helps to identify potential problems and understand what changes and innovation in the current conditions are needed to ensure sustainable development. By applying multi-criteria evaluation, section 4 explores different options with regard to tourism development in the study area and the necessary changes in the institutional arrangements in relation to these options. By analysing the process of institutional building from different time perspectives section 5 (conclusions) illustrates the driving forces behind and barriers of the study area towards robust and sustainable rural development and describes some policy implications.
14
Unay-Gailhard, İlkay [Verfasser], Alfons [Akademischer Betreuer] Balmann, Štefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Bojnec und Frauke [Akademischer Betreuer] Pirscher. „Structural change in rural Europe : land-use and labour behaviour / İlkay Unay-Gailhard ; Alfons Balmann, Štefan Bojnec, Frauke Pirscher“. Halle, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116954265/34.
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15
Unay-Gailhard, İlkay Verfasser], Alfons [Akademischer Betreuer] [Balmann, Štefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Bojnec und Frauke [Akademischer Betreuer] Pirscher. „Structural change in rural Europe : land-use and labour behaviour / İlkay Unay-Gailhard ; Alfons Balmann, Štefan Bojnec, Frauke Pirscher“. Halle, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116954265/34.
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16
Kötschau, Kerstin [Verfasser]. „Impact of Land Reform Strategies on Rural Poverty in the Commonwealth of Independent States : Comparison between Georgia and Moldova / Kerstin Kötschau“. Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042415293/34.
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17
Urassa, Justin Kalisti. „Rural household livelihoods, crop production and well-being after a period of trade reforms : a case study of Rukwa, Tanzania“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/2484/.
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Production of staples occupies an important part in Sub-Saharan Africa‘s crop production, and maize is its single most important food staple. This thesis mainly examines the role of maize in farmers‘ livelihoods and wellbeing in Tanzania, in the context of a long period of reforms that have affected both the maize market, agriculture more widely. It does so by exploring the role of maize in household‘s on and off-farm diversification, the determinants of crop productivity, and the relationship between diversification, commercialisation and‘ well-being. A number of specific issues are explored including the importance of factors such as farm size and education, access to key inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agricultural extension services. The thesis uses data collected from three districts of Rukwa, one of Tanzania‘s major maize producing regions, and some secondary agricultural data from official sources. The research found that households with more land were generally more diversified (both on-farm and off-farm) than those with less land, and they experienced higher levels of well-being as measured by a range of concepts of well-being, but that maize continues to play an important role households‘ livelihoods and well-being. The research also revealed low levels of use of important agricultural inputs such as modern fertilizers and extension services, which may explain the low yields observed in the region. Education emerged as an important factor in raising yields, increasing commercialisation and also well-being, suggesting that nonagriculture policies may also be important for improving productivity and welfare of farmers. Despite the importance of crop production to their‘ well-being, households face several constraints; these include access to fertilizers, improved seeds and other chemical inputs necessary for higher production, and extension services. These findings have important policy implications as many rural households continue to rely on agriculture, especially production of staples. Therefore, these results could help the central and local governments to formulate strategies geared towards improving rural well-being.
18
Kobokana, Siviwe. „Reconciling poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation: The case of expanded public works progeamme (EPWP) in Hluleka and Mkambati Nature Reserves, South Africa“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5061_1210687644.
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This study aimed at analysing the South African government's attempt at reconciling poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation in the context of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP). The study analyses this, using the cases of Hluleka and Mkanbati Nature Reserves in the Eastern Cape Province. To achieve this aim, the study used qualitative research methodology, which employed a three-pronged approach.
19
Grant, Julie. „Rural development in practice? : the experience of the ‡Khomani bushmen in the Northern Cape, South Africa“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6316.
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This thesis analyses the dynamics, complexities and numerous obstacles that serve to constrain rural development within the ‡Khomani Community of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Following the end of Apartheid, given the disparity in wealth evident among the country’s population, in 1994, the South African Government embarked on a process to address inequality. In regard to the rural poor, who constitute the majority of the country’s poor, the Government envisioned that a more equitable distribution of land would result in economic development and poverty alleviation for land reform beneficiaries. Consequently, a Land Reform Policy was introduced, which was used by the ‡Khomani Bushmen to reclaim ancestral land in South Africa’s rural Northern Cape in 1999. More than ten years on, however, the living conditions of the ‡Khomani have not improved, and the Community continues to live in poverty. Despite the award of land and financial input from government and development agencies, the ‡Khomani have no basic services and are unable to significantly diversify or increase livelihood strategies. Multiple factors including a lack of Community cohesion and capacity, limited opportunities due to remote rural location, and the inability of government and development actors to successfully apply effective interventions, serve to constrain development, and maintain ‡Khomani disempowerment. The thesis argues that governments, development institutions and actors must recognise the need for a multidimensional approach to development to alleviate poverty, while recognising the limits of external actors and the role of communities in this regard. Essentially, sustainable rural development will only ensue when communities are able to make effective decisions based on meaningful choices.
20
Skota-Dayile, Nomvuyo. „Food, farming and subsistence agriculture: women's voices from u-Mhlanga village, Eastern Cape“. University of the Western Cape, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7766.
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Masters of ArtUsing a qualitative feminist methodology grounded on post-modemist and postcolonial framework, this research represents an attempt to determine the factors influencing the farming and subsistence agriculture strategies used by rural women of U-Mhlanga village, in the Eastern Cape in the past and the present. It also explores what these women perceive to be their successes and highlights obstacles they encountered in the past and the present in farming. The Eastern Cape has one of the poorest populations of South Africa, and the poorest of these are women. Despite access to land, people are going hungry. This study explores this rural poverty that is feminized and goes on to highlight the social, political and economic issues related to ability or inability to utilize the resources that are accessible. The most prominent problem highlighted by these women goes back to colonial and apartheid times where discrimination in terms of race was used as a determining factor to accessing resources, and how these continue to play out today. However, despite the obstacles, my informants still believe that the local agriculture and farming can sustain rural communities.
21
Timmermans, Herman Gerald. „Rural livelihoods at Dwesa/Cwebe : poverty, development and natural resource use on the Wild Coast, South Africa /“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/78/.
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22
Baumgartner, Philipp [Verfasser]. „The impact of large-scale land-acquisition in East Africa on poverty reduction and the rural economy : Studies from Ethiopia and Uganda / Philipp Baumgartner“. Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/112664403X/34.
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23
Sotsha, Kayalethu. „Indicators of household-level vunerability to climate change in three topographically diverse rural villages“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016204.
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Climate change has become a major concern globally and it clearly exerts a profound influence on the lives of poor rural populations who depend on agriculture for livelihoods.Generally, agriculture is more at risk from weather, pests and diseases than is industry or trade. Furthermore, many farming units are at low levels of development with little technological input in their production systems. This makes them vulnerable to any exposure to climate and environmental variation, given that there is little capacity for the system to adjust to change. Most at risk are the rural poor with low levels of development and limited ability to adapt to and overcome the effects of climate change. Using data from a sample survey of 120 households this study attempts to assess and compare indicators of vulnerability to climate change. The comparison was made at household level between three typical villages, an inland, a river catchment and a coastal village. This idea of comparison arises from the general understanding that different variables affect different regions differently so that the impact of and vulnerability to climate change differs across regions, areas and populations. The data was obtained using a questionnaire that was administered through face-to-face interviews. Given that sensitivity and adaptive capacity of farming systems to climate change is shaped by both socioeconomic and institutional factors, a multiple regression model was used to test the relationship between indicators of vulnerability and household socioeconomic and institutional characteristics. Indicators were selected based on significant statistical relationships. This means that the statistical procedure for selecting indicators involved relating a large number of variables to vulnerability in order to identify statistically significant factors. The results showed reliability of income and reliability of water resources to be good indicators of vulnerability. Many statistically significant variables as well as respective R2 of 0.988 and 0.825 confirm the foregoing. Another indicator was the Simpson index that measures diversification of agricultural production. The results show that vulnerability to climate change was highest for the households near the river and lowest for the inland village. Moreover, the results confirmed that most blacks that are practicing agriculture receive little if any support largely because available resources are highly skewed towards certain farmers rather than others.
24
Kalazani-Mtya, Lindeka. „The empowerment of women in agriculture: does it contribute to poverty alleviation and improvement of quality of lives in rural areas?“ Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/318.
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This study examines the extent to which the Siyazondla food programme, which is a woman based project, empowers women with agricultural skills and knowledge to alleviate poverty and improve their quality of lives in Ducats North area in East London. The investigation is based on the argument that when a woman is empowered, poverty will be reduced and the quality of life will improve. Through the use of qualitative research methodology, all women who are the main beneficiaries of the Siyazondla programme in Ducats North village were interviewed. Findings seem to indicate that although women in the project manage to produce good crops to feed their families, they are still not sufficiently empowered with skills and education to improve their quality of lives. This was found to be exacerbated by the fact that the officials assigned for the programme are to a greater extent inefficient and lack relevant knowledge to support beneficiaries. Most importantly, it was revealed that there is lack of monitoring and evaluation of the programme by government and this was considered to be the major constraint to successful implementation of the programme and in ensuring that poverty is alleviated in the area. It is on the basis of these findings that the study recommends that in order to yield positive results and ensure that women in the programme are empowered, there is a need to change the deeply embedded patriarchal perceptions and discriminatory practices and attitudes that seem to undervalue women‟s work. This will require greater awareness of women‟s contribution to agriculture, and the recognition of the role played by women in food security and poverty alleviation, coupled with a strong commitment from the government to empower rural women in agriculture.
25
Mlonyeni, Xolani. „An exploration into the challenges faced by rural communities in the effective use of land for subsistence agriculture for poverty alleviation: a case study of the Mpongo and Twecwana communities in the Eastern Cape“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005645.
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The escalation of poverty simultaneously with the decline of small-scale agriculture in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape in particular, raises serious concerns within the government circles in South Africa and among researchers. Of the nine provinces of South Africa, the rate of poverty in the Eastern Cape is a pathetic one and is the largest contributor to poverty statistics in the whole of South Africa. Machete (2004) stresses that high levels of poverty are visible in the rural areas and the large proportions of the people who are poor in South Africa are found in the rural areas. It is widely accepted that small-scale agriculture plays a vital role in and contributes substantially to socio-economic life of people living in the rural areas and is one of the strategies most suited to combat poverty for the majority of the people in the rural areas. This study explored the challenges that limit the effective use of land for subsistence agriculture as a strategy for poverty alleviation at Mpongo and Twecwana villages in Tsholomnqa. The study adopted a qualitative approach in order to get in-depth understanding of the challenges as experienced by the participants. The sample comprised of fifteen (15) subsistence farmers and three (3) extension officers from the department of agriculture. The data was collected from the participants through the focus group technique with an interview schedule containing open ended questions. The findings of the study indicated that the communities lack capital such as money, machinery, labour and other resources needed to pursue agricultural livelihoods. The findings also showed that agricultural infrastructure such as dams, rivers, fencing have deteriorated. Machete (2004, p.8) concurring with Pote (2008) says “inadequate physical infrastructure in the rural areas, particular in the former homeland areas remains a major obstacle to smallholder agricultural growth in South Africa”. In the two villages the situation is worsened by a total lack of irrigation scheme development. These communities rely entirely on seasonal and natural rainfall for their crops to be cultivated and grown. It was also found that the introduction of state grants contributed for the rural communities to do way with their traditional socio-economic agricultural livelihoods. The end results were for food production from gardens and communal fields come to a total collapse in many communities in the rural areas. The findings also show that youth is less interested to participate and pursue agricultural based activities in the rural areas. Williams et al (2008) claim that young people are unwilling to pursue agricultural studies as career of choice because of negative image attached to it. Many youths regard agriculture as an activity which belongs to adult and ordinary people. Drought was also cited as the worst natural disaster that has threatened the already disadvantaged small scale agriculture in these rural areas. These deficiencies have rendered subsistence agricultural centred activities to a total collapse.
26
Hickman, Andrew. „Land, labour and livelihoods : the production of nature and poverty in northern KwaZulu-Natal“. Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8154.
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In many parts of South Africa, a growing trend to convert traditional commercial agricultural farms to wildlife-based forms of land use is having significant but largely unexplored impacts on farm dwellers and neighbouring rural communities. This trend is very evident in the province of KwaZulu-Natal where there has been a significant shift in rural landscapes as land is being “rehabilitated”, from commercial cattle farming in particular, and developed into Private Game Reserves (PGRs).
This research forms part of a larger project funded by Southern African Programme for Alternatives in Development (SANPAD). One of the research partners was the Association For Rural Advancement (AFRA), an independent Non-Governmental Organisation working on land rights and agrarian reform in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. AFRA‟s work focuses on black rural people whose rights to land have been undermined, whose tenure is insecure, and who do not have access to sufficient land to fulfil their development aspirations or their basic needs. Very little research has, however, been conducted on the large shift in land use in northern KwaZulu-Natal and how rural communities are being impacted in these areas; a situation this study intends to begin to remedy. This study focuses on the north-eastern area of the province, and in particular the Mkuze region, where the move to create PGRs has significantly changed the social and physical geography of the area. In order to gain a clearer understanding of this phenomenon, research was conducted on the relationship between the tribal/ traditional community of Ingwenya and five surrounding game reserves (namely, Thanda/ Intibane, Mkuze, Phinda, and Kube-Yini). While Mkuze is a state game reserve, created in the early twentieth century, the others are PGRs.
The study was both quantitative and qualitative in nature which involved collecting household questionnaire surveys in the community of Ingwenya, in-depth interviews with ex-farm dwellers, questionnaire surveys with the managers of the five PGRs chosen in this study, oral and documentary evidence and participant observation.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.
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Benali, Marwan. „Export vegetable supply chains, household labour allocation and poverty effects among small producers – Evidence from Northern Tanzania“. Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E47D-B.
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Bou, Dib Jonida. „Effects of oil palm expansion and other related land-use changes on the livelihoods of rural households in Indonesia“. Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E408-4.
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Ncube, Admiral. „Inpact of livelihood diversification on household food security : the case of Hurungwe District, Zimbabwe“. Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6905.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This study examines the role of livelihood diversification in promoting
household food security with particular reference to Hurungwe District in
Zimbabwe. This focuses on assessing the contribution and impact of
predominant livelihood diversification strategies in study area. The study
employed qualitative methods of research entailing focus group discussions,
observation, key informant interviews and literature review as methods of data
collection. The study revealed that limited access to credit, skills development,
markets and transport infrastructure weaken the efficacy of nonfarm livelihoods
to improve food security. Key recommendations are that government, NGOs
and communities must work in tandem to increase livelihood options for food
insecure communities. Suggested strategies include increasing access to micro
finance, vocational skills training and other support services paying attention to
gender considerations. Areas requiring further investigation which emanated
from the study include the impact of the shift to tobacco farming and how biotechnology has affected smallholder farmers.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
30
Ncube, Admiral. „Impact of livelihood diversification on household food security : the case of Hurungwe District, Zimbabwe“. Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6905.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This study examines the role of livelihood diversification in promoting
household food security with particular reference to Hurungwe District in
Zimbabwe. This focuses on assessing the contribution and impact of
predominant livelihood diversification strategies in study area. The study
employed qualitative methods of research entailing focus group discussions,
observation, key informant interviews and literature review as methods of data
collection. The study revealed that limited access to credit, skills development,
markets and transport infrastructure weaken the efficacy of nonfarm livelihoods
to improve food security. Key recommendations are that government, NGOs
and communities must work in tandem to increase livelihood options for food
insecure communities. Suggested strategies include increasing access to micro
finance, vocational skills training and other support services paying attention to
gender considerations. Areas requiring further investigation which emanated
from the study include the impact of the shift to tobacco farming and how biotechnology has affected smallholder farmers.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
31
Makgata, Makgorometje Augustine. „Linking land reform and rural development to poverty alleviation in the rural areas“. Thesis, 2014.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenAnnotation:
The issue of rural poverty is deeply rooted in the skewed distribution of the resources in
the rural areas. The majority of rural people do not have access to the basic services like
health, water, electricity, education etc. the inequalities constitute a barrier to progress,
and indeed there is some evidence to indicate that the extreme inequality acts as
bottleneck to development.
Land Reform and Rural Development programmes have been initiated in the rural areas
to alleviate poverty, although they have been subject to hot debates in many countries.
This is due to the fact that most of these programmes have fallen short of expectations,
especially of the intended beneficiaries.
This discourse attempts to link Land Reform and rural development to poverty
alleviation. This is done by reviewing literature on land reform and rural development,
analysing the case of Tarlton land Redistribution project and recommendations on the
best practice for poverty alleviation through an integrated approach towards land reform
and rural development.
32
Wang, Hanjie. „Sustainable Development: Rural Poverty and Climate Change in Agriculture“. Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-14C8-3.
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Semmler, Lukas Valentin. „Financial decision making in rural India: poverty, financial literacy and investment decisions“. Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-881B-1.
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Kring, T. „Child labour and microfinance: a case study of two urban areas in the Philippines“. 2006. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3523.
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The poverty of the individual household is a leading cause of children engaging in work in order to contribute to household survival. The importance of children's financial contribution to the household means that in order to eliminate child labour, alternative sources of income have to be made available.Microfinance is perceived to have the potential of addressing these issues by enabling households to save or borrow money to start up or expand enterprises thereby securing additional income and making children's financial contribution to a household less significant. However, while microfinance is considered a tool designed for the poor, it has been shown to have difficulties in reaching the poorest households, which is also the very group most at risk of having to rely on child labour for survival. Furthermore, the limited credit available through microfinance, and the lack of special skills frequently force entrepreneurs to engage in labour intensive activities with marginal profits. These types of activities are also where children are often found to be working.
Based on data collected from two urban areas in the Philippines using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, this thesis reviews microfinance as a tool in targeting child labour. Specifically it analyses the extent to which microfinance contributes to a decrease or increase in child labour and whether the impact varies according to the gender of the child. The thesis also reviews the ability of microfinance to affect all households with working children, and how the findings correspond with current economic theories on the household.
This research shows that in the selected areas the main reasons for children engaging in economic work arise from either: the need to generate an additional income from outside the household setting, in part to cover educational and other expenses brought on by the child him or herself; or the role of children as supplier of additional labour input into labour intensive household enterprises, in particular those which are the main source of income for the household. Children, in particular girls, also frequently act as labour substitutes for the mother in household work.
This thesis confirms that microfinance programs have difficulties in reaching all households with child labourers. The main reasons are risk aversion among the poorest households and the apparent direct or indirect exclusion of this group by other members of the programs. The main cause of the risk aversion arises from the fear of being excluded from essential informal credit networks on which the poorest households in particular depend.
Microfinance has the ability to impact on households where children work to generate an extra source of income. For households which depend on children's input into the household MSE, there appear to he limited impact of microfinance participation on the households' need for child labour. There are indications that the household's ability to benefit from microfinance participation depends on its existing income level. While the aim of the microfinance programmes is to support the creation or expansion of enterprises, the intense competition and low marginal returns means that closure rates are high. As a consequence the effects of microfinance loans are often short lived. Further, microfinance loans are unable to change the labour intensive nature of the production and the household dependence on children's labour. This research also finds that the impact differs between children as there is a strong division of children's work based on gender and age.
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Kelly, Philip Francis. „Constructing globalization in the Philippines : labour, land and identity on Manila’s industrializing periphery“. Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/6685.
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'Globalization' has become a powerful icon in academic, policy and business circles.
This thesis seeks to trace some of the consequences of both the process and the idea of
globalization in the Philippines.
The thesis starts by arguing that theories of globalization - economic, technological,
political and cultural - have invested in the process an aura of inevitability and necessity. These
'logics' of globalization, widely promulgated by both the political left and right, imply a
particular construction of scale that privileges the global above all other levels of analysis. This
construction has been used as a discursive legitimation of neoliberal policy prescriptions for
development. In seeking to destabilize this construction of the global scale, the rest of the thesis
demonstrates the ways in which global flows (particularly of capital and cultural meanings) are in
fact embedded, mediated and activated in local social relations in the Philippines.
This empirically-based argument starts with a brief historical account of Philippine
relations with 'global space' from pre-colonial times to the present, demonstrating that the
relationship has been contingent and politically contested over time and has owed as much to
national level power relations as to global forces. In the last few decades, in particular,
'globalization' has been both a key material process in the Philippine economy, and an important
part of the Ramos administration's legitimation of its development strategies. These have
included deregulation, decentralization, trade liberalization, and encouraging foreign direct
investment in export manufacturing. This investment has exhibited a spatial concentration in the
core region around Manila, and particularly in the province of Cavite. Through multiple scales
of analysis - provincial, municipal, village, household and individual -I explore the ways in
which experiences of 'globalized' development in Cavite and two of its villages are embedded in
'local' social, economic, environmental, political and cultural processes. These experiences
come principally in the form of: changing local labour markets, land conversion from agricultural
to urban-industrial uses, and the reworking of cultural identities.
One central argument is proposed throughout: that viewing globalization as an inevitable
and unavoidable context for development is inappropriate; instead, the processes of globalization
must be seen as embedded in social processes and power relations operating in particular places.
This argument embodies two further points. First, that the 'places' in which globalization is
embedded are at multiple scales which must be seen as interlinked and overlapping rather than
distinct and hierarchical. Secondly, while globalization, and its embeddedness in places,
operates as a material process, it is also a social construction and political discourse which, by
locating the 'driving force' of social change at the global scale, serves to legitimize certain
practices and construct a particular relationship between the 'local' and the 'global'.
36
Jaggernath, Jyotikumarie. „Labour-based rural road maintenance for poverty alleviation : a case study of the Zibambele programme in Umbumbulu, KwaZulu-Natal“. Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1443.
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This research is an evaluation of labour-based methods and techniques that are used in rural road construction and maintenance. The study places emphasis on the Zibambele rural road maintenance programme in Umbumbulu, which is based on a lengthmen (male or female) system. The research is an attempt to determine how strategies such as Zibambele can be used for the social and economic upliftment of impoverished rural areas as well as contribute to adequate road access for rural communities to address the legacy of apartheid, with special reference to the empowerment of women-headed households. Rural road networks in South Africa are underdeveloped and characterised by its poor state, lack of maintenance and lack of provision, thereby having little impact on the lives of the rural poor Black population. It is evident in the study that development and maintenance of physical infrastructure are keys to rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. The study examined the impacts of labour-based rural road maintenance on accessibility and poverty alleviation in the Umbumbulu community through the use of quantitative methods (specifically a questionnaire survey) and qualitative methods (specifically focus group discussions, ranking exercises, mental mapping and venn/ chapatti diagrams). The_findings of the study indicated that the Zibambele poverty alleviation and rural road maintenance programme impacted positively on the livelihoods of many women-headed households by providing an income, facilitating skills development, and improving their social environment. It was also determined that through the introduction of new programmes such as Zibambele, the transport infrastructure within a community and the quality of life immediately improves, thus alleviating many affects of povertyThesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.
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Dlamini, Theophilus. „Land redistribution as a means to improve security of tenure, alleviate poverty and improve quality of life : the case of Onbekend, a rural area in Mpumalanga Province“. Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2149.
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Mkhize, Siphiwe Felix Mfan'kikile. „Rural poverty and land degradation : a determinant study for natural resource management in marginal lands of South Africa“. Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24757.
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Ayuk, Peter Tabot. „The role of land reforms in the alleviation of rural poverty: a study of the Uitkyk community of the North West Province“. Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2918.
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M.Comm.This dissertation examines the role of land reforms in the alleviation of rural poverty. A three-pronged approach is adopted in the background study process. This includes a review of the South African land reform programme, a review of international experiences in land reforms, and finally, a focused study of the Uitkyk community of the North West Province. Chapter 1 lays the framework for the study and ends up with the fundamentals of the South African land reform programme. Chapter 2 examines experiences in land reforms in three other countries namely, Brazil, China and Zimbabwe. Based on the comparability of these countries to South Africa in various respects, lessons are drawn from their experiences for South Africa. Chapter 3 traces the origin and evolution of the land question among the Uitkyk community and their subsequent quest for restitution. Chapter four presents empirical evidence from a field survey, with subsequent analysis thereof. Finally, Chapter 5 summarises the lessons drawn from the Uitkyk and South African experience and the international experience. It also offers some tentative recommendations for the South African land reform programme. Two fundamental approaches to land reforms are recognised in this dissertation. These include the government-assisted approach and the market based approach. It is difficult to find any pure form of either approaches anywhere on a national scale. However, at different time periods, countries may tend to prefer one approach over the other. After the 2005 National Land Summit, there is growing , momentum for South Africa to switch from a predominantly market-based· approach to a more government-assisted programme. For a land reform programme to be effective, it must go beyond changes in access to resources to actual economic development. Such development is indicated by changes in income, employment, nutrition and education. The evidence from this dissertation suggests that within the Uitkyk community, land reforms may so far have resulted in change in access to land, but not so much in economic development. To advance the goals of land reform, South Africa will have to carefully consider the tradeoffs between two seemingly conflicting goals of land reform, namely, efficiency and equity, Both community and individual beneficiaries of land grants must also take greater responsibility in translating the change in land access to more wealth and better living conditions.
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Mokgupi, Kelebamang Winnie. „The emergence and development of the Balemirui Project in the North West Province : insights into prospects and challenges of land reform in South Africa“. Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18749.
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Introduction: Land reform is one of the consistently debated, complex and contested subjects in the South African development discourse. Many impoverished communities have been dispossessed of their land during the colonial past. Indicators, measures and evidence of success in land reform are scant, anecdotal and poorly documented.
Aim: The aim of this study is to determine whether land reform in South Africa can indeed yield positive development outcomes. In the absence of clear indicators to measure successful land reform, the researcher uses case study methodology to evaluate the impact of land reform on a particular community, the Barolong-Balemirui Project in the North West Province.
Methodology: Generic Qualitative methods are used to collect and analyse data collected from (n=45) participants. Within this, multiple data collection approaches that include document analysis, informal discussions and unstructured interviews were utilised to gain insights into the role played by South African land reform across a range of developmental outcome areas.
Findings: The study found that land reform could indeed, produce positive development among the impoverished communities in South Africa. This empirical exploration also highlights that the success of land reform programmes and projects depends on many interlinked variables which include enabling policies; the availability of support from development institutions; the private sector and the state, the commitment of the beneficiaries in utilising the land for development purposes as well as the appropriateness of the identified development objectives. The development inputs and outputs of a successful land reform project are therefore multifaceted and complex.
Conclusion: This study emphasises the importance of the participation of beneficiaries in the evaluation of land reform projects to determine real and lasting developmental impact.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
41
Ratombo, Mutshinyalo. „An Evaluation of Land Reform Implementation in the Vhembe District, South Africa ; A quest for Sustainable Livelihoods“. Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/748.
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Malatji, Moye Thabang. „Rural development outcomes and policies in South Africa's Limpopo Province“. Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26721.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Rural development is a key policy area in developing countries. Its basic premise boils down to improving the economic well-being and quality of life of rural people. Best practices regarding rural development in developing countries, including Benin, China, Korea and Rwanda, that are known to have been relatively successful in reducing poverty and diversifying the rural economy showed that strong governance, institutional capabilities, active rural communities, and most importantly funding, are all essential for successful rural development. Moreover, land reform and investment in agriculture, infrastructure, education and health play a crucial role in the early stages of rural development. The aim of this study was to examine the concept of rural development as well as policy measures and best practices relating to rural development in order to formulate a rural development strategy for the rural areas of Limpopo Province. To achieve its research objectives, the study used a qualitative research method and secondary data analysis.
Before 1995, rural development in South Africa was neglected, resulting in underdevelopment and impoverishment in rural areas. Post-1994, policies for rural development were adopted by the democratic government to improve the economic well-being of people living in rural communities. However, this had thus far limited success as high levels of poverty and inequalities in rural areas still prevails. Those highly affected were rural people in Limpopo Province.
In 2018, Limpopo was the most predominantly rural province in South Africa, with over 80% of the population living in rural areas. The study classified Limpopo’s local municipalities into three types of areas, namely predominantly rural area (a local municipality is classified as predominantly rural area if the share of rural population in the local municipal area is above 50%), significantly rural area (that is, a local municipality where the share of rural population in the local area represents between 15% and 49% of the local area’s total population), and predominantly urban area (that is, a local municipality where the share of rural population in the local area is below 15%). Out of 25 local municipalities in Limpopo, 19 were predominantly rural areas, five were significantly rural areas and one was predominantly urban area. Findings show that, in rural areas of Limpopo, there was the prevalence of lower-wage jobs, lower educational attainment, a higher share of low-income households, and more than half of the population depended on government's social grants (including old age grant) and remittances as their income sources. Analysis indicates that educational attainment, household income levels, consumption expenditure and investment tend to be relatively lower, while the unemployment rate is higher, in predominantly rural areas. The economic structure is changing as the share of the primary sector in total Gross Value Added (GVA) is slowly declining, while that of the tertiary sector is gradually increasing. Regarding the contributions to the GVA and employment by sector in predominantly rural areas, agriculture contributed less than 3% to the total GVA, yet it is one of the top employers, contributing 13% of employment. Although mining contributed the most (23,7%) to the total GVA, it only employed 4% of the workforce.
To address challenges in rural areas, a rural development strategy for Limpopo Province should contain policy tools that will promote infrastructure development for better access to education, communication, transport, safe water and other basic facilities. It should also encourage capital formation in rural enterprises; promote multi-sectoral development involving reviving agriculture, developing tourism and manufacturing sectors; and promote agro-processing and downstream mineral beneficiation; improve support and access to funding for rural enterprises; and promote the development of the green economy to create decent job opportunities. Access to land and land tenure security are a necessity to stimulate investment needed to accelerate rural development.Economics
M. Com. (Economics)
43
Lotter, Desyree. „People, poverty and the need for a rights based approach to land policy reform in Africa: a study of the importance of socially and environmentally focused land policy coordination in Africa to achieve the right to food, health and housing: the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Kingdom of Lesotho“. Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19383.
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A research paper presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Master of Arts (MA) Human Rights, Witwatersrand University, South Africa
16 February 2015The research looks at the coordination of land policy with population growth and biodiversity loss as a means through which economic, social and cultural rights may be achieved. The argument is made that poor coordination of land policy with social and environmental systems may perpetuate the circumstances that drive poverty in Africa. This given the fact that land policy is a public policy that may challenge the legitimacy of economic, social and cultural rights when not properly coordinated with social and environmental systems. The research questions what considerations are taken into account when determining land policy that reflects the economic, social and cultural needs of the people within a respective State. Given clearly identified dependencies on land for development by the majority of the African population, the research aims to address how land policy may be reformed in order to take on a multilateral perspective regarding coordination, as opposed to the current unilateral perspective that stays within the realm of land administration and commoditization of land. The hypothesis of the paper assumes that current land policies in Africa challenge the legitimacy of economic, social and cultural rights since coordinated with the systems of population growth and biodiversity loss as representatives of social and environmental sectors that most influence poverty are non-existent. The research focuses on the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Kingdom of Lesotho as comparative regions where; regardless of the differing characteristics of both regions, population growth and biodiversity loss prove to be common factors that influence society’s experience of poverty. The paper makes use of structural functionalism and conflict theory as a framework for analysis. Finally, the paper makes suggestions for further study into multilateral land policy reform as a contributing factor to the achievement of human rights. Key Words: Biodiversity Loss, Child Mortality, Corruption, DRC, Economic Social and Cultural Rights, Environmental Services, Food Security, Health, Housing, ICESCR, Land Policy, Land Tenure, Lesotho, Population Growth, World Bank
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Rawlings, Gregory Edward. „"Once there was a garden, now there is a swimming pool" : inequality, labour and land in Pango, a peri-urban village in Vanuatu“. Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148455.
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Eshun, Samuel Nuamah. „Labour Intensive Public Work (LIPW) Programme as an empowerment tool for youth development : the Ghanaian experience“. Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26796.
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The Labour Intensive Public Work (LIPW) programme under the Ghana Social Opportunity
Project (GSOP), is a social protection programme initiated by the Government of Ghana, to offer
jobs and income earning opportunities to some targeted rural residents, especially the youth,
through the application of labour intensive technology in the construction of community
infrastructure that has the potential of generating secondary employment. This is a mixed method
study sought to provide an account on the Ghanian version of LIPW programmes. The study
assessed and identified the challenges facing the programme implementation from beneficiary and
implementers’ perspective in order to set the platform for an interactive feedback between project
implementers and community members for the smooth implementation of future LIPW
programmes. The study also assessed the impact of the programme on poverty and migration
among the youth in Ghana. In identifying the challenges facing the programme from implementers’ perspective, 15 key project
implementers were interviewed. An interview guide and a questionnaire were also developed to
collect data from 500 beneficiaries of the programme to know their challenges. In assessing the
impact of the programme on migration among the youth, questionnaires were administered to 239
households in beneficiary communities and 189 households from non-beneficiary communities of
the LIPW programme. Finally, data was collected from 90 youth who benefited from the
programme and 90 youth who did not benefit from the programme to compare and determine the
extent to which the programme has contributed in reducing poverty among the youth.
The study revealed that the key challenge facing the programme implementation from the
implementers’ perspective is capacity problem involving, inadequacy of staff to implement the
programme at the district level, frequent breakdown of vehicles for monitoring, and delays in the release of funds for commencement of project. Beneficiaries of the programme also indicated that
they were not satisfied with the amount of money they were receiving as wage for their labour.
They were also unhappy with the delays in payment of their wages and the period of engagement
in the programme. The study found out that the LIPW programme under the GSOP has not
contributed in reducing migration among the youth. However, the programme has contributed to
reducing poverty among the youth. The study therefore recommends that capacity gap analysis
conducted before project initiation should include adequacy of staff and logistics to cater for any
deficiency. It is strongly recommended that beneficiaries of the programme should be consulted
in setting the wage rate to avoid resentment provoking misunderstanding between beneficiaries
and project implementers. The study further recommended that the government should scale up
the programme to cover more communities in order to reduce poverty among the youth in Ghana. Finally, the study proposed a new model for LIPW for the youth known as ‘LIPW +3Cs’. This
model incorporates three Cs, that is ‘C’ompetence’, ‘C’onnections’ and ‘C’haracter’ into LIPW
programmes. ‘LIPW +3Cs’ will not only train youth to secure jobs after the programme
(Competence) but will assist them to establish a network among themselves and other supporting
institutions (Connections). Issues of character which encompases a sense of right and wrong will
also be inculcated in the youth to assist them to function effectively in the society (Character).Adult Basic Education (ABET)
D. Phil. (Adult Education and Youth Development)
46
Mbuli, Bhekizizwe Ntuthuko. „Poverty reduction strategies in South Africa“. Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2293.
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Between 45-57% of South Africans are estimated to be engulfed by poverty. In an attempt to identify policy instruments that could help change this status quo, the various strategies that have been implemented in countries (e.g. China, Vietnam and Uganda) that are known to have been relatively successful in reducing poverty are reviewed. In the process, this dissertation discusses the literature regarding poverty, with a particular emphasis on the definition, measurement and determinants thereof. Furthermore, South Africa's anti-poverty strategies are discussed. It turns out that these have met limited success. This is largely due to insufficient pro-poor economic growth, weak implementation/administration at the municipal level, slow asset redistribution, high income/wealth inequality, low job generation rate by SMME's, high HIV/AIDS infection rate, public corruption and inadequate monitoring of poverty. Therefore, if meaningful progress towards poverty reduction is to be achieved, the government needs to deal with the foregoing constraints accordingly.Economics
M.Comm. (Economics)
47
Martyn, Timothy. „The impact of customary inter-household transfers on labour-led cash crop intensification among the smallholder farmers of Malekula Island, Vanuatu“. Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/98678.
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Smallholder farming households in the Small Island Development State (SIDS) of Vanuatu have been observed to withhold family labour from cash crop production in order to contribute to participate in inter-household transfers of resources presided over by local elites, despite rising demand for income. Research throughout the Pacific suggests that inter-household transfers are principally motivated by differences in household social capital and the payment of tribute to high status households. Contributing labour to these transfers restricts the adoption of smallholder cash-crop intensification, complicating development program efforts to increase rural household incomes. This study investigates the benefits of cash-crop intensification (CCI) to cocoa growing smallholders on Malekula Island, in the north of the Vanuatu archipelago. The research presents an empirical investigation analyzing how the relationship between inter-household transfers and the adoption of labour intensive cocoa production methods, with the objective of informing the design of more effective rural development interventions in SIDS. The specific objectives of the study are to analyze: (1) the factors affecting the assignment of household labour to inter-household transfers; (2) the factors affecting the assignment of group or village labour to private households; (3) the impact of the assignment of group or village labour on household labour supply responses to on and off-farm production activities; and (4) the implications of the supply of household labour to village or group labour activities, for labour-led CCI among remote rural communities in SIDS. This study provides empirical evidence from a survey of 530 households. The analysis demonstrates that private households supply labour to village labour activities to both obtain public good benefits and as well as improve their access to shared land and labour resources in the future. The research identifies that households which are assigned village labour tend to possess higher levels of asset and social capital endowments. Households assigned village labour, tend to reallocate family labour to off-farm activities offering higher returns to their efforts. Rather than help address deficits in the supply of labour to support cash crop production at times of peak demand, smallholder households transfer labour to elite households in order to strengthen these strategic relationships and improve future access to farm inputs (land and labour). Elite households gain additional utility by using inputs of village labour to substitute on-farm family labour, releasing it to engage in off-farm employment and deliver higher income levels. This study determines that smallholder households in the study group are not sufficiently incentivised to increase their supply of labour inputs to cash crop intensification, preferring to shift surplus labour into off-farm employment and inter-household exchanges due to the higher returns to labour and potential long-run economic rewards offered by those activities. Subsequently, this study concludes that labour-led cash crop intensification programs are not the most effective method for increasing smallholder household incomes; and that national authorities and technical agencies should prioritise interventions which reduce cash crop marketing costs, facilitate improved access to income generating opportunities in off-farm employment and reduce demand for household labour from village authorities for public good production.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Global Food Studies, 2015.
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Malatji, Moye Thabang. „Rural development outcomes and policies in South Africa’s Limpopo Province“. Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26719.
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Rural development is a key policy area in developing countries. Its basic premise boils down to improving the economic well-being and quality of life of rural people. Best practices regarding rural development in developing countries, including Benin, China, Korea and Rwanda, that are known to have been relatively successful in reducing poverty and diversifying the rural economy showed that strong governance, institutional capabilities, active rural communities, and most importantly funding, are all essential for successful rural development. Moreover, land reform and investment in agriculture, infrastructure, education and health play a crucial role in the early stages of rural development. The aim of this study was to examine the concept of rural development as well as policy measures and best practices relating to rural development in order to formulate a rural development strategy for the rural areas of Limpopo Province. To achieve its research objectives, the study used a qualitative research method and secondary data analysis.
Before 1995, rural development in South Africa was neglected, resulting in underdevelopment and impoverishment in rural areas. Post-1994, policies for rural development were adopted by the democratic government to improve the economic well-being of people living in rural communities. However, this had thus far limited success as high levels of poverty and inequalities in rural areas still prevails. Those highly affected were rural people in Limpopo Province.
In 2018, Limpopo was the most predominantly rural province in South Africa, with over 80% of the population living in rural areas. The study classified Limpopo’s local municipalities into three types of areas, namely predominantly rural area (a local municipality is classified as predominantly rural area if the share of rural population in the local municipal area is above 50%), significantly rural area (that is, a local municipality where the share of rural population in the local area represents between 15% and 49% of the local area’s total population), and predominantly urban area (that is, a local municipality where the share of rural population in the local area is below 15%). Out of 25 local municipalities in Limpopo, 19 were predominantly rural areas, five were significantly rural areas and one was predominantly urban area. Findings show that, in rural areas of Limpopo, there was the prevalence of lower-wage jobs, lower educational attainment, a higher share of low-income households, and more than half of the population depended on government's social grants (including old age grant) and remittances as their income sources. Analysis indicates that educational attainment, household income levels, consumption expenditure and investment tend to be relatively lower, while the unemployment rate is higher, in predominantly rural areas. The economic structure is changing as the share of the primary sector in total Gross Value Added (GVA) is slowly declining, while that of the tertiary sector is gradually increasing. Regarding the contributions to the GVA and employment by sector in predominantly rural areas, agriculture contributed less than 3% to the total GVA, yet it is one of the top employers, contributing 13% of employment. Although mining contributed the most (23,7%) to the total GVA, it only employed 4% of the workforce.
To address challenges in rural areas, a rural development strategy for Limpopo Province should contain policy tools that will promote infrastructure development for better access to education, communication, transport, safe water and other basic facilities. It should also encourage capital formation in rural enterprises; promote multi-sectoral development involving reviving agriculture, developing tourism and manufacturing sectors; and promote agro-processing and downstream mineral beneficiation; improve support and access to funding for rural enterprises; and promote the development of the green economy to create decent job opportunities. Access to land and land tenure security are a necessity to stimulate investment needed to accelerate rural development.Economics
M. Com. (Economics)
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Calitz, Karin Beatrix. „'n Kritiese evaluering van die arbeidsregtelike posisie van plaaswerkers in Suid-Afrika“. 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16268.
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Summaries in English and AfrikkansThe aim of this thesis is to investigate the labour law position of South African farm workers. For three and a half centuries farm workers constituted the most neglected group in the South African labour force. Consequently, an understanding of their present position can only be obtained by investigating their labour history. As in other parts of the world, farm workers in South Africa held a subordinate position to agricultural employers. Discrimination against black persons added to the inferior socio-economic and political position of South African farm workers. White farmers occupied a strong political position during most of the time under investigation, which enabled them to institute and apply discriminatory legislation and informal methods to overcome labour shortages. The freedom of movement of black people and their access to land were restricted to create a cheap immobile labour force. During the 20th century farmers prevented the inclusion of farm workers in labour legislation by exercising their political influence. Pressure by industrial trade unions and encouragement by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) resulted in the adoption of the Agricultural Labour Act which made labour legislation applicable to farm workers, but precluded them from striking and made allowance for longer working hours than for industrial workers. The new political dispensation facilitated the inclusion of farm workers in general labour legislation without any discriminatory exceptions and land reform legislation now protects farm workers against arbitrary evictions. A bill of rights furthermore guarantees the rights of farm workers which were previously violated. It would superficially seem that farm workers' problems are something of the past. Farm workers, however, remain handicapped in exercising their new rights by historical factors and circumstances peculiar to the agricultural sector. Legal comparison with Ontario and California confirms that legislation alone is insufficient to empower farm workers. It is recommended that the government amend existing legislation to accommodate the special needs of farm workers and that relevant ILO conventions, especially Convention 141 of 1975, be ratified to aid the development of unions for farm workers. This will contribute to the empowerment of and social justice for farm workers.
Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die arbeidsregtelike posisie van Suid-Afrikaanse plaaswerkers te ondersoek. Plaaswerkers was vir drie en 'n half eeue die mees afgeskeepte groep in die Suid-Afrikaanse werksmag. Om die huidige posisie van plaaswerkers te begryp is dus slegs moontlik deur 'n bestudering van die regsgeskiedenis van plaaswerkers. Soos in ander werelddele beklee plaaswerkers in Suid-Afrika 'n minderwaardige posisie teenoor landbouwerkgewers. Diskriminasie teenoor swartpersonehet bygedra tot die sosio-ekonomiese en polities minderwaardige posisie van Suid-Afrikaanse plaaswerkers. Blanke boere het gedurende die grootste deel van die tydperk onder bespreking 'n sterk politiese posisie beklee wat hulle in staat gestel het om diskriminerende wetgewing en informele metodes aan te wend om arbeidstekorte te bowe te kom. Swart persone se bewegingsvryheid en toegang tot grond is beperk om 'n goedkoop immobiele werksmag te vorm. Gedurende die 20ste eeu het boere se sterk politiese posisie hulle in staat gestel om te verhoed dat plaaswerkers by arbeidswetgewing ingesluit word. Druk deur industriele vakbonde en aanmoediging deur die Intemasionale Arbeidsorganisasie (IAO) het gelei tot die Wet op Landbou-arbeid waardeur arbeidswetgewing op plaaswerkers van toepassing gemaak is, maar wat plaaswerkers verbied het om te staak en wat voorsiening gemaak het vir langer werkure as vir industriele werkers. 'n Nuwe politieke bedeling het gelei tot die insluiting van plaaswerkers in algemene arbeidswetgewing sonder enige diskriminerende uitsonderings en grondhervormingswetgewing beskerm plaaswerkers nou teen arbitrere uitsettings. 'n Handves van menseregte waarborg verder die regte van plaaswerkers wat voorheen misken is. Oenskynlik is die probleme van plaaswerkers nou iets van die verlede. Plaaswerkers word egter steeds in die uitoefening van hulle nuwe regte gestrem deur historiese faktore en die eiesoortige omstandighede van die landbousektor. Regsvergelyking met Kalifomie en Ontario het aangetoon
LL.D.
50
Remtoulah, Mamodaly Shayan. „Les déterminants du travail des enfants en Inde“. Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7489.
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