Thematische Bibliographien / Land labour and rural poverty

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Land labour and rural poverty“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Land labour and rural poverty"

Basu, Kaushik, und Pranab K. Bardhan. „Land, Labour, and Rural Poverty: Essays in Development Economics.“ Economic Journal 96, Nr. 382 (Juni 1986): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233150.

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Khan, Mahmood Hasan. „Landlessness and Rural Poverty in Underdeveloped Countries (Invited Lecture)“. Pakistan Development Review 25, Nr. 3 (01.09.1986): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i3pp.371-402.

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Poverty blights the lives of millions in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Most of the poor, at least in Africa and Asia, reside in rural areas, dependent directly or indirectly on agricultural land. The rural poor are, in the main, landless or near landless. While landlessness is among the most important characteristics of the rural poor, they are by no means an undifferentiated or a homogeneous mass of humanity. They may be the minifudistas in Latin America, marginal owner-operators in Asia, smallholders in Africa, who are struggling to survive by selling their labour to others either in or outside agriculture. The rural poor may also be tenants, either as sharecroppers (called by various names) or as "bonded" labour in some countries of Asia and colonos on the haciendas in Latin America. These households often have access to the usufruct of land, however tenuous their attachment to land. An increasing number of the rural poor are, however, the landless workers, who could be permanent, seasonal and even migratory. The temporary and migratory nature of rural labour has become the most visible sign of the "agrarian crisis" in many underdeveloped countries. It is also a reflection of the extent to which the rural sector has been brought into the nexus of the dominant international (capitalist) economy.

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Shifa, Muna. „Determinants of Land and Labour Market Participation Decisions in Rural Ethiopia“. Journal of African Development 18, Nr. 2 (01.10.2016): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.18.2.0073.

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This paper attempts to determine the factors influencing farmers' land and labour market participation decisions in rural Ethiopia. A multivariate probit estimation technique is used to account for potential interdependencies between land and labour allocation strategies. Results suggest that households that are better endowed with farming resources such as oxen and farming skills are more likely to get access to more land and labour through factor markets, while households that are less endowed with these resources are more likely to rent out their land and participate in off-farm jobs. The complementary nature of land renting out and involvement in off-farm work suggests that policy makers should give due consideration to the development of rural off-farm jobs to reduce poverty in rural areas.

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Tschirley, David L., und Rui Benfica. „Smallholder agriculture, wage labour and rural poverty alleviation in land-abundant areas of Africa: evidence from Mozambique“. Journal of Modern African Studies 39, Nr. 2 (Juni 2001): 333–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003585.

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This paper challenges the conclusions of earlier writers regarding the roles of smallholder agriculture, commercial agriculture and wage labour in rural poverty alleviation in Mozambique. We review literature from across Sub-Saharan Africa and use recently collected household level data sets to place Mozambique within this literature. Results show that, as in the rest of SSA, wage labour earnings are concentrated among the best-off rural smallholders; these earnings increase income inequality rather than reducing it. Results also suggest that the same set of households, who are substantially better-off than others, has tended to gain and maintain access to the ‘high-wage’ end of the labour market over time. Key determinants of access to ‘high-wage’ labour are levels of education and previously accumulated household wealth. Income from wage labour plays a key role in lifting out of relative poverty those ‘female-headed’ households that can obtain it, yet only about one in five such households earns wage income. We stress that the rural development question in Mozambique, and elsewhere in SSA, should not be framed as an artificial choice between promoting either wage labour opportunities or commercial agriculture or smallholder agriculture. The issue is what mix of approaches is needed to develop a diversified rural economy with growing total incomes, improving food security and rapid reductions in poverty. We suggest that commercial agriculture and increased rural wage labour are important components in any such strategy, but that this strategy will fail without substantial and sustained increases in the productivity and profitability of smallholder agriculture.

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Otsuka, Keijiro. „Poverty Reduction Issues: Village Economy Perspective“. Asian Development Review 19, Nr. 01 (Januar 2002): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110502000040.

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Since land and human capital are the two most important resources in rural areas, it is essential to increase the amount of land and human capital owned by the poor and to increase wage rates for them by increasing labor demand, in order to reduce rural poverty. The major policy means to achieve such goals are land reform, investment in agricultural research, investment in human capital, and promotion of rural industrialization. Polices intended to reduce rural poverty, however, are often ineffective and sometimes result in adverse consequences. The major purposes of this paper are to identify major flaws of the existing policies and to derive policy implications for more effective poverty reduction, through a survey of the literature on land reform and land tenancy, agricultural research, human capital investment, and rural industrialization.

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Akwaekwe, Christian Ikechukwu, Agbasi und Obianuju Emmanuela. „Effect of livelihood diversification on poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in anambra state, nigeria“. Journal of Management and Science 12, Nr. 3 (30.09.2022): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.12.54.

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This study investigated the effect of livelihood diversification on poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmersin Anambra State, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to ascertain the extent to which craftsmanship, paid labour, trading,service delivery and asset income have influenced poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State. The study was a descriptive survey on a sample 142 respondents. Data for the study were obtained using a structured questionnaire and was subsequently analyzed using frequency tables, percentages and regression technique of the ordinary least square. Findings revealed that craftsmanship, Paid labour, service delivery and asset income have significant influence on poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State. The study concludes that four out of the five regression coefficient - craftsmanship, paid labour, trading and asset income - significantly influenced poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Service delivery was not significant but it had positive relationship with poverty reduction among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State thus suggesting inadequate service delivery businesses among members of cooperative societies. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made: Cooperative societies should educate members on livelihood diversification craft engagements to help lift their members from poverty. Cooperative societies should train their members on skills that will enable them seek rewarding paid labour as a means of diversifying their livelihood strategies. The societies should help members obtain adequate affordable credit to go into meaningful trading. This is because trade was found to significantly reduce poverty among members of cooperative rural farmers in Anambra State. Members of cooperative should consider going into service delivery business like financial services which is a trending business today. Apart from commercial building for renting and receiving royalty from farm land, members of cooperative should consider investment in Stocks and securities, real estate, franchise and crypto businesses.

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Upev, Samuel, Amurtiya Michael, Shuaibu Mshelia und Justice Onu. „Poverty and its Alleviating Strategies among Rural Farming Households in Benue State, Nigeria“. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 21, Nr. 2 (30.06.2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2021.21.2.8.

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The study analysed rural farming households’ poverty status and alleviating strategies in Benue State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to: describes the rural household heads’ socio-economic characteristics; determine the poverty status of the respondents and its determinants; and identify poverty alleviating strategies of the respondents. Data for the study was collected from 420 respondents selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measurement index, and the Binary Logistic regression model. The findings of the study revealed a very high incidence of poverty (70%), having a gap of 0.34, and severity of 0.17. Poverty in the area is positively associated with the age of the household head and household size, while gender, educational level, off-farm activity, membership of a group, farm size, and land ownership are negatively associated with poverty. The common poverty alleviation strategies identified were agricultural wage labour (48.6%), rental services (45.0%), and transportation business (36.7%). Therefore, it was recommended that the government and other stakeholders should initiate sustainable social protection schemes that can assist rural residents in alleviating poverty until their condition improves.

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T., M. P., und Pranab K. Bardhan. „Land, Labor and Rural Poverty: Essays in Development Economics.“ Population and Development Review 11, Nr. 1 (März 1985): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1973388.

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Khan, Mahmood Hasan. „Rural Poverty in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: Profiles and Policies (Invited Lecture)“. Pakistan Development Review 26, Nr. 3 (01.09.1987): 309–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i3pp.309-340.

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The Bangladesh - India - Pakistan subcontinent has about one billion people or one-fifth of the world's population. A majority of the subcontinent's people live in rural areas and depend directly or indirectly on agriculture and related pursuits. The highly differentiated rural population includes a large proportion of the poor in the three countries. Their differentiated structure is based on (a) control of land through right of ownership and usufruct, and (b) employment opportunities for the labour power and its wages .. Absolute poverty afflicts nearly 60 percent of the rural population in Bangladesh,40 percent in India and 35 percent in Pakistan. The major causes of rural poverty are (a) landlessness and (b) lack of adequate employment (including low real wages) in or outside agriculture. Both these factors are responsible for keeping the poor consigned to low "entitlements" to income and commodities. The growth of the economy in general, and of agriculture in particular, has not produced the "trickle-down" effects large enough to counter the basic causes of persistent and high levels of rural poverty.

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Dong, Chen, Keyu Liao, Ruize An und Chen Zeng. „On the Development of Rural Economy Driven by Industry under the Background of Rural Revitalization“. Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 3, Nr. 3 (04.05.2022): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v3i3.331.

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At present, China's key battle against poverty has won an all-round victory. In the next step, we still need to revitalize rural characteristic high-quality resources with industrial development, optimize the allocation of production factors such as land, capital and labor, improve the self-development ability of people in relatively poor areas, promote the effective connection between the achievements of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, and make the foundation of poverty alleviation more stable and sustainable.Taking the rural economic development of Anhui Province as an example, this paper discusses the effectiveness and existing problems of industrial poverty alleviation in recent years, and puts forward targeted suggestions.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Land labour and rural poverty"

Angemi, Diego. „Poverty, vulnerability, and child labour : evidence from Uganda“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12459/.

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Notwithstanding a decade of unprecedented social and economic reforms in Uganda, poverty, vulnerability, and child labour severely undermine the government's overarching goal of poverty eradication. This thesis unfolds by disclosing unprecedented insight on the relationship between vulnerability and poverty, the merits of quantitative vis-a-vis qualitative approaches to poverty analysis, and the role of child labour in Uganda. Chapter I generates the first ever appraisal of vulnerability in Uganda. The findings support the hypothesis that during the past decade, alongside sharp reductions in poverty, vulnerability to poverty in Uganda declined from 57% in 1992/93 to 25% in 1999/00. Such results highlight the importance for policy makers to distinguish between the effective implementation of poverty-prevention and poverty-reduction programmes. Chapter II deepens our understanding of poverty in Uganda, by integrating the country's qualitative and quantitative data, enriching information from one approach with that from the other, and merging the findings from these two approaches into one set of policy recommendations. The results show that this dual approach to poverty analysis enriches the discussion of poverty trends by drawing attention to aspects of poverty and wellbeing neglected by simple construction of poverty indicators. Since poverty of the household is an important determinant of agricultural child labour (ILO, 1992), chapter III investigates the extent to which children contribute to the household's agricultural activities. The conclusion that children play an important role in the farming activities of Ugandan agricultural households is supported by two key findings: (i) Child labour accounts for approximately 9% of the household's annual agricultural earnings; and (ii) on the bases that most child labour is performed on the family farm and smoothly functioning labour markets are rare, land ownership increases the household's demand for child labour in agricultural activities.

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Woolley, Jonathan Paget. „Rede of reeds : land and labour in rural Norfolk“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273374.

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The central aim of this thesis is to provide a detailed ethnographic account of the human ecology of the Broads - a protected wetland region in the East of England - focussing upon how working lives shape and are shaped by this reedy landscape. In conversations about the management of the Broads, the concept of "common sense" is a frequent trope; encompassing a wide range of associated meanings. But what are these meanings of "common sense" in English culture, and how do they influence the peoples of England, and landscapes in which they work? This thesis addresses these questions ethnographically; using academic and lay deployments of common sense as a route into the political economy of rural Norfolk. Based on 12 months of fieldwork in the Broads National Park, this thesis draws together interviews and participant observation with land managers of various kinds - including conservationists, farmers, gamekeepers, volunteers, gardeners, and administrators. Chapter 1 dissects the differences between academic and popular understandings of "common sense" as a phrase, and produces an ethnographically-derived, working definition. Chapter 2 examines the attitudes of farmers, establishing "the common" as a root metaphor for social and practical rectitude, actualised through labouring in a shared landscape. Chapter 3 explores how the common is sensed, reflecting upon the diverse sensoria afforded by different degrees of enclosure on a single nature reserve. Chapter 4 explores how the concept of common sense intersects with a prevailing culture of possessive individualism, creating a fragmented society in the Park, wracked by controversies over management. Chapter 5 examines bureaucracy in Broadland - frequently cast as the very antithesis of common sense. In the conclusion, we return to the title, and ask - what do the reeds have to say about land, labour, and human nature?

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Buthelezi, Nonhlanhla Bongiwe Charity. „The impact of the land restitution programme on poverty“. Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09152008-130602.

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MacKinnon, Aran Stuart. „Land, labour and cattle : the political economy of Zululand, c.1930-1950“. Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243290.

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Silvester, Jeremy Gale. „Black pastoralists, white farmers : the dynamics of land disposession and labour recruitment in southern Namibia 1915-1955“. Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318359.

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Junior, Tomas Manhicane. „Informal Land Markets in Rural Mozambique: The Case of Mogovolas District in Nampula Province“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7633_1277418865.

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The challenge of alleviating poverty, especially of the rural poor, is a universal one. Mozambique is also faced with this challenge as well the challenge of redressing the inequality exacerbated by civil war. Among the many strategies suggested for addressing poverty is improving poor people&rsquo
s access to land. In Mozambique, all land is owned by the state, yet informal land markets do exist. A theoretical review of the models on informal markets in developing countries reveals that economy of rural family depend greatly on land resources, and that often formalisation of land markets leads to land concentration and speculation rather than to the promotion of economic development. The overall objective of the study was to analyse the economic, institutional and social dynamics and determinants of informal land markets in rural Mozambique and how they impact on the livelihoods of poor people. Due to the largely unexplored nature of the topic, this study is exploratory and descriptive in nature. Research methods included a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. To achieve these objectives, a strategy comprising two approaches was used. Firstly, a theoretical review was undertaken, to discuss both international and African debate on informal land markets models with regard to different views on Mozambican informal land markets. This theoretical review also covered the political economy of land in Mozambique. Secondly, empirical evidence was systematized in the form of a case study of the perceptions of determinants on informal land markets that was undertaken in Mogovolas district. The lack of clear policy regarding the informal land market in Mozambique produced a complex range of problems, between local people, between locals and new investors, between new investors, and between all these groups and the state. The large majority of smaller localised conflicts were, and continue to be, resolved by traditional authorities and local social-control mechanisms. Conflicts between local people and investors have proved much more complex. The role of the state has been unclear from the start and the state is still dysfunctional due to a lack of transparency, inefficiency, and corruption in management of land.

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Patel, Reena. „Labour and land rights of women in rural India : with particular reference to Western Orissa“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4010/.

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Hindu women's right to independent ownership of property has been established in India since 1956. Given that legal rights have not brought about a significant increase in women's ownership of land, this thesis explores the factors that affect women's effective claim to land ownership. Taking the particular case of Hindu peasant women in small farming households in Western Orissa, it analyses their ability to claim land ownership as the outcome of bargaining. The bargaining approach, as developed by economists, and by Amartya Sen and Bina Agarwal in particular, is adopted to analyse women's access to land as an effect of women's perceptions of self-interest and perceptions of women's contribution. The thesis evaluates the legal framework as it incorporates and reflects these perceptions. It argues that law constructs women's claim to land as a right addressed to 'Hindu' women, located within the family (through succession) and informed by religious ideology. It further argues that recognising women's interests as a basis of their claim to land ownership, as 'peasant' women, located within the household and affected by their work and role within agricultural production, would widen the scope of legal analysis. This would be a starting point towards a deeper understanding of the ways in which law impacts upon women's access to land.

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Maeng, Joon-Ho. „Crossing borders : the implications of labour migration on well-being for the rural households in northeast Thailand“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/crossing-borders-the-implications-of-labour-migration-on-wellbeing-for-the-rural-households-in-northeast-thailand(e49db205-94dc-4f7f-a96c-0e8bfb7f341d).html.

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This thesis looks at the relationship between labour migration and socio-economic well-being of the rural households in the communities in Northeastern Thailand, and provides one of the few detailed case studies of the costs and benefits of labour mobility within Southeast Asian labour market system. This research aims to deepen our understanding of the implications of labour migration at micro-level. More specifically, the study aims to examine 'how much such labour migration and remittances do support the rural households and their family members left-behind?' by seeking a holistic assessment based on well-being perspectives with mixed-methods approach. To appreciate this question, we must first understand that there has been rapid economic development and change in Thailand over the past decades, and Thailand is now a leading economy in Southeast Asia that is evolving into a global and regional migration hub for outgoing, incoming, and transiting migrants. The rural communities in Northeastern Thailand, however, have experienced economic and environmental marginality, and as a result, have developed an institutionalised and self-sustaining migration culture after the Vietnam War in 1975. Yet existing research does not tell us much about what are the consequences of the labour migration on well-being for the households in this area. The research explores associations between remittance behaviours and gender difference using sex-disaggregated data, measures dimensions of poverty alleviating effects on the three Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indices, and assesses economic well-being of the rural households (on the basis of differing participation in labour migration) and non-economic well-being of the family left-behind. On the evidence of this research with various levels of significance in regression analyses, international labour migration and remittances have several implications on rural households in Northeastern Thailand. Firstly, the results show that women and migrants from poorer households behave more altruistically, while men and migrants from richer households behave more contractually. These heterogeneities in remittance behaviours also linked to the asset accumulation patterns for migrants' own future well-being and related to inheritance culture of the rural Thais. Secondly, labour migration is a rational economic strategy of rural households to combat poverty and to improve economic well-being. The analysis reveals clearly that the entire income gap and most of the gap in economic well-being between households with and without migrants can be accounted by availability of remittances. However, the remittances also increase economic inequality (i.e. disparities in well-being) among households in the communities as well-known. Finally, the absence of adult children (for the elderly) or parents (for children) because of international labour migration does not create major disruptions of the non-economic well-being of the family members. The possibilities for frequent correspondence, returns, and the economic benefits of migration contribute to cushion the negative impacts of migration. Most of all, the extended family system plays a decisive role in functioning as a support mechanism.

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Hindmarsh, Bruce. „Yoked to the plough : male convict labour, culture and resistance in rural Van Diemen's Land, 1820-40“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4056.

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This thesis is a study of assigned male convict labour in rural Van Diemen’s Land in the period 1820-40. Throughout this period agriculture and pastoralism were centxal to the colonial economy, and this sector was the largest private employer of convict labour, yet there has been no prior sustained investigation of the nature and experience of rural convict employment in Van Diemen’s Land. Research has involved use of records of convict transportation, the records of the convict department, colonial court records, and the correspondence of the colonial secretary’s office. Extensive use has also been made of the colonial press, published contemporary accounts, and unpublished journals of colonists. The thesis begins with a discussion of two oppositional representations of rural convict labour: John Glover’s painting ‘My Harvest Home’, and the ballad ‘Van Diemen’s Land’. These representations demonstrate the polarised debate on the nature of convict labour. Rural convicts have been largely neglected in the recent historiography of convict transportation; this thesis argues that this neglect is unwarranted, and that rural convict labour resists reductionist understanding of convict labour. Chapter 1 examines farming in the colony, demonstrating the importance and vitality of this sector of the economy. Chapters 2-4 discuss convict assignment, management, and convict responses. It is argued that assignment effectively placed those with experience of farm work with rural employers. Convicts’ skills are seen to have been relevant and useful to the rural economy. The management of convict servants operated both formally at the level of the Convict Department regulations and the magistrates bench, and informally on individual properties. Informal management best utilised incentives rather than force. Thus convicts were able to negotiate the authority of their employers through various means, including resistance. Chapters 5-7 discuss the convict experience of rural labour. Material conditions of diet, housing and clothing are examined in chapter 5. Convict recreational culture is investigated in chapter 6; it is argued that convicts created an important site of autonomy in this form. The intimate lives of convict men are discussed in chapter 7. Often seen as brutal and brutalising, it is argued that these relationships were important and meaningful sites in male convict experience.

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Castro, Xochitl Valdez. „The interaction between child labour and poverty in Mexico : an empirical study on urban areas and poor rural communities“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543376.

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Bücher zum Thema "Land labour and rural poverty"

Land assets and rural poverty. Washington, D.C., U.S.A: World Bank, 1985.

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U, Kalpagam, Srivastava Nisha und Diwakar D. M. 1956-, Hrsg. Labour and poverty: Studies on Uttar Pradesh. New Delhi: Segment Books, 2004.

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Collier, Paul. Labour and poverty in rural Tanzania: Ujamaa and rural development. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990.

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Samir, Radwan, Hrsg. Rural labour markets and poverty in developing countries. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1989.

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Alain, De Janvry, und World Institute for Development Economics Research., Hrsg. Access to land, rural poverty, and public action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Ravallion, Martin. Impacts on rural poverty of land-based targeting. [Washington, DC]: World Bank, Policy Research Dept., Poverty and Human Resources Division, 1994.

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Michael, Lipton, Hrsg. Land, labour and livelihoods in rural South Africa. Durban, South Africa: Indicator Press, University of Natal, 1996.

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National Seminar on "Optimum Utilization of Land Resources and Technology Transformation vis-a-vis Poverty Alleviation" (2000 : Vārānasi, Uttar Pradesh, India), Hrsg. Land resources, technology, and poverty: Dimensions and policy implications. Varanasi: Published by Tara Book Agency on behalf of State Land Use Board, Planning Dept., Govt. of U.P., Lucknow, 2001.

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Anti-poverty land reform issues never die: Collected essays. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2009.

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Dominique, Van de Walle, Hrsg. Land in transition: Reform and poverty in rural Vietnam. Washington DC: World Bank, 2008.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Land labour and rural poverty"

Zhang, Xiao-bin, und Yan-mei Ye. „The evolvement of land consolidation in rural China from the perspective of governing tension between construction land expansion and farmland protection.“ In Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy, 115–28. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0010.

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Abstract Land fragmentation was not the top issue on the agenda when land consolidation was introduced, the rural labour surplus relieved the impacts of land fragmentation. Nowadays, land consolidation has also evolved into a more integrated policy tool aiming at rural revitalization and boosting poverty alleviation, institutional path dependence leads to the situation that land fragmentation amelioration is still peripheral. This chapter first elaborates how land consolidation in rural China evolves from the perspective of governing the tension between farmland protection and construction land expansion. It then explains how land consolidation gradually injects resilience in the rigid land use planning system along with the development of urbanization. Then it traces the incentive mechanism of local government officials to guarantee land consolidation implementation. Finally, challenges faced by the current land consolidation institution and practice in China are presented.

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Eniola, Philip Olanrewaju. „Menace and Mitigation of Health and Environmental Hazards of Charcoal Production in Nigeria“. In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2293–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_238.

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AbstractThe use of biomass and biofuels, such as wood, charcoal, petroleum, kerosene, and gas, is becoming competitive based on the level of development of each nation. However, charcoal production (CP) and marketing now tends to be a major business among many households in both rural and urban communities with no consideration of its effects on climate change adaptation. While the research question considers the various definition of climate change adaptation, and the importance of charcoal production in Nigeria, the manuscript speaks mainly of the problems of charcoal production, the lack of planning to address these problems, and the lack of planning to move the communities away from this practice and out of poverty. It addresses the impacts of charcoal production on agriculture, such as lack or loss of labor and destruction of arable lands. The paper discusses the effect of charcoal production on health. Also, the environmental problems of CP are highlighted in the manuscript. The policy frameworks on forestry by the Federal Ministry of Environment 2006 with its flaws will be included. Remedy such as the establishment of a Land Use Planning Agency (LUPAG) and panacea for greening the charcoal value chain issues will be discussed. Lastly, attention is given to the agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change which are capable of reducing charcoal production, such as mixed cropping.

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Eniola, Philip Olanrewaju. „Menace and Mitigation of Health and Environmental Hazards of Charcoal Production in Nigeria“. In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_238-1.

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Nancharaiah, Gummadi. „Land, labour, poverty and Dalits“. In B.R. Ambedkar, Economic Development and Dalits in Post-Independence India, 47–74. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003147053-3.

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Tawney, R. H. „The Rural Framework“. In Land and Labour in China, 23–50. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032638515-2.

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Liljeström, Rita, Eva Lindskog, Nguyen Van Ang und Vuong Xuan Tinh. „Land and People“. In Profit and Poverty in Rural Vietnam, 17–28. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003257561-3.

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Yong, Xu. „Land, Products and Labour“. In Nationalisation, Peasantry and Rural Integration in China I, 61–88. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003342274-3.

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Tawney, R. H. „The Possibilities of Rural Progress“. In Land and Labour in China, 78–108. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032638515-4.

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Fraser, Alastair. „Land Rights Issues and Rural Poverty“. In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 59–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15839-2_6.

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Fernandez, Bina. „Renegotiating Patriarchal Bargains? Rural Women’s Collective Livelihood Initiatives in India“. In Land, Labour and Livelihoods, 309–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40865-1_15.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Land labour and rural poverty"

Yurtseven, Ahmet. „An Evaluation of Turkistan Tradesman in Terms of Social Policy“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00396.

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The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of those countries that declared their independency after collapse of former Soviet Union. It tries to implement the market economy. The petroleum sector is one of the top of the rapidly developing economic sectors. But it is not a labor intensive sector. Poverty and unemployment are the main socioeconomic problems. The level of the wages is low throughout the country. Even though poverty exhibits tendency to drop, it prevails in the rural area. In our study, socio-economic structure, organization, working relations, social-cultural life, consumers’ characteristics, and problems of bazaar tradesman in the Turkistan city are being introduced. The average of age of 66% of Turkistan bazaar tradesman, most of them are women, is between 20 and 40, the rate of marriage for 6-11 years is 30%, average number of children is 3, schooling rate is 100%. Turkistan bazaar tradesman’s saving habit is 24%, percentage of insured ones is 6%, the percentage of them who take advantage of laws that arrange the working life is 27%. Although the Republic of Kazakhstan has a large land, it has population problems. Literacy level is high with the rate of 98%. Policies in favor of increasing the number of population are being followed. The increase of the number of the children in the family is being encouraged. Policies for bringing the Kazakh citizens who live abroad and reaches up to 5-6 million into the country are being followed.

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Shaydullina, Rimma M. „Inequality In Income Distribution And The Problem Of Poverty“. In Conference on Land Economy and Rural Studies Essentials. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.07.103.

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Tsymbalyuk, Marina V. „The Problem Of Poverty In The Context Of Changes Institutional Environment“. In Conference on Land Economy and Rural Studies Essentials. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.07.60.

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Licite-Kurbe, Lasma, und Liva Sevcuna. „Labour market characteristics of persons with disability in Latvia“. In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.030.

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The goal of the Union of Equality: Strategy for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2021-2030 is to ensure that persons with disabilities in Europe have equal opportunities, including equal access to participate in society and the economy. In 2020, 201 598 persons with disabilities lived in Latvia (10.6% of the total population), moreover, their number is growing every year. Only 26.6% people with disabilities are employed, and their employment is slightly growing every year. Besides, unemployment increases the risk of falling below the poverty line, as well as increases dependence on municipal and national social benefits. The aim of the present research is to analyse the situation of persons with disabilities in the labour market and identify the factors influencing their employment in Latvia. The monographic, analysis and synthesis methods, as well as statistical analysis methods were used to achieve the aim. The research has concluded that the employment of people with disabilities is affected by the support instruments embedded in the legislation and specific support instruments for work integration social enterprises. Overall, however, the support instruments for the integration of people with disabilities into the labour market are few or insufficiently encourage entrepreneurs. To increase the employment of persons with disabilities, it is important to promote the development of social entrepreneurship, in particular the development of work integration social enterprises. Keywords: persons with disability, work integration social enterprise, employment, labour market.

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Forgacs, Csaba. „In what direction is agricultural specialization headed in Central and Eastern Europe? (2005-2016)“. In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.005.

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The paper deals with the main directions of specialization in Central and Eastern European Countries’ (CEECs, EU10) agriculture after the EU’s Eastward Enlargement. We analyse and compare growth and productivity advantages of specialized farm types by physical size (in hectare) in EU10 member-states to the EU10/27/15 average based on EUROSTAT data in the period of 2005-2016. We focus on exploring the main directions of specialization using such indicators as the number of specialized farms, land (Utilized Agricultural Area, UAA) and labour (Agricultural Working Unit, AWU) use on the input side, average farm size by land and labour use as well as area-, labour-, and total productivity on the output side. We conclude that the directions of specialization in farming in EU10 were based on the traditional farm production structure making the latter better able to adjust and take advantages of Common Agricultural Policy. Concerning production growth rate, the three leading specialization types of CEECs’ farms were: (i) cattle rearing and fattening, (ii) cereals, oilseed and protein crops and (iii) fruits and citrus fruits. These three specialization types of farms – in the same ranking order - also increased land (UAA) and labour (AWU) use well above the average. Specialized cereals farms and cattle rearing and fattening farms were also ranked in top three by number. Both cereals and fruits specialized farms have leading position in growth rate of land and labour use and also are in top three in growth rate of land area and total farm productivity. Cereals and fruits specialized farms also more than doubled labour productivity during the first decade after the EU’s Eastward enlargement but did not rank in the top three in this category.

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KOLOSZKO-CHOMENTOWSKA, Zofia, Jan ŽUKOVSKIS und Audrius GARGASAS. „ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF POLISH AND LITHUANIAN AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS SPECIALIZING IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION*“. In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.130.

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In the present article, an attempt was made to assess the environmental and economic sustainability of Polish and Lithuanian agricultural holdings specializing in animal production. The analysis covers the farms that participated in the FADN in 2006-2012. Assessment accounted for agroecological indicators (share of cereals in crops, stock density) and economic indicators (profitableness of land and labour). Analysis was conducted according to a classification into agricultural holding types: dairy cattle and granivores. In both countries, average stocking density in dairy holdings did not pose a threat to the natural environment. In the case of granivores holdings, such threats were present because standards specified in the code of good agricultural practice were violated significantly. From the perspective of economic equilibrium, holdings from this group achieved a better result than dairy cattle holdings. In Poland during the years 2006–2012, the average income of a family-owned agricultural holding per full-time worker in the family was 56 % greater than in dairy cattle holdings. In the case of Lithuanian holdings, the difference was still greater and amounted to 73 % to the benefit of granivores holdings.

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Forgacs, Csaba. „Productivity development and regional specificities of economies of scale of specialised farms in Central and Eastern European (EU 10) agriculture (2005-2016)“. In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.009.

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The paper explores which farm types by specialisation direction2 (ten different types) and at what farm sizes by physical size3 (five categories) of specialised farms backed more production growth and productivity development in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs, EU104) over the period of 2005-2016. We compare EU10 average figures to EU27/15 averages and outline the changes by specialisation in total resource use of (i) labour (AWU), (ii) land (UAA) as well as in (iii) average farm size (UAA/specialised farms), (iv) total farm productivity (SO/farm), (v) labour productivity (SO/AWU) and (vi) area productivity (SO/UAA). We conclude that production and productivity growth of specialised farms in EU 10 differs by country, and by type and size of farming and, each CEEC has followed her own path of farm structure development in line with the country’s tradition and economic possibilities. We give regional characteristics of development in main specialisation types broken down to 5 farm size categories. We concluded the number of cereal farms increased in 6 out of 10 countries in all farm size categories and that of cattle farms went up in 5 out of EU 10 from 2005 to 2016. Farms with these two specializations have significantly extended agriculture land use and more than tripled production, but used more labor compared to basis year. SO/Farm/UAA/AWU productivity indicators of cereal farms increased quite a bit in most farm size categories in all EU 10 countries to a less extent in cattle, poultry pig and dairy farms. Growth in area productivity was led by pig, poultry, and cereal farms at E 10 level. Growth of the three productivity indicators in EU 10 are scattered quite a bit by farm types, and by countries but generally was headed by three farm size categories as 5-19.9 ha, 20-49.9 ha and 50-99.9 ha. However, the distance between EU10 and EU15 related to the level of production, land, and labour productivity still shows wide gap which needs to further narrow in the coming years.

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Ana, Daniela, und Antje Jantsch. „Living, not leaving the village: place attachment and rural livelihoods in the Republic of Moldova“. In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.ii.2023.17.10.

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The Republic of Moldova has been drastically affected by depopulation, especially in rural areas. Nevertheless, in regions with a winegrowing tradition and emerging rural tourism, a large part of the active labour force is motivated to stay and not migrate. In order to gain insights into how some rural areas can withstand potentially detrimental population dynamics, this paper explores the interaction of rural residents with the local environment, and their acquirement of a sense of place and rootedness in a Moldovan winegrowing region. Drawing on ethnographic methods, this paper analyses data collected through participant observation and narrative interviews during one year of fieldwork carried out predominantly in one village in southeastern Moldova. The ethnographic perspective provides a holistic understanding of the existing narratives and individual circumstances that support staying in this rural area through the lens of place attachment. In particular, we analyze the interplay between local identities, place-making, and population dynamics. Results show that the presence of a long tradition in both industrial and artisanal wine production plays an important role in the interlocutors’ attachment to this place. Nevertheless, other aspects such as owning or building a house, family cohesion, owning land, or appreciating the landscape and rural lifestyle are at least as important in their decision to stay. The presence of a recognized ‘taste of place’ expressed in wine and other local foods is an embodied, sensory experience of place that accompanies the cluster of socio-economic and ecological dimensions of place attachment.

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Sanchaniya, Rashmi, und Ineta Geipele. „Identifying existing properties for reuse into social housing“. In 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf018.

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Property reuse secures the reuse of developed land as part of new projects, cleans up polluted properties, and reuses and uses the land around development or social housing. Identifying unoccupied land and determining which properties may be used for social housing are significant challenges to regenerating idle land. Most municipalities need appropriate economic incentives to assist in maintaining and restoring unoccupied land, abandoned constructions, cultural assets, and historical buildings. It is challenging to determine deserted terrain using picture classification, since the morphology of such areas can include, among other characteristics, abandoned structures and barren soil. Although it may solve significant issues, social housing offers people a secure, long-term residence. In many countries, social integration remains the main objective of the social housing sector. However, the sector has an increasing proportion of low-income and vulnerable renters and a smaller range of income levels. This may threaten the industry’s economic viability and exacerbate the geographical concentration of poverty and disadvantages. What will the total effect of the reuse of property for social housing be? is the research question. What types of properties may be used for social housing? How do you recognise them? Furthermore, what effects would the repurposing of properties for social housing have? This research uses qualitative content analysis to discuss the location of houses for reuse and conversion to social housing. Additionally, the implications of social housing were examined.

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Forgacs, Csaba. „Regional and structural development of specialized farms in central and eastern european countries (2005-2016)“. In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.045.

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This paper analyses the structural development of farm specialization in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs/EU-102) over the 2005-2016 period with a special focus on regional aspects of such development. We look at the number, land, labour and production of ten specialization types of farming in each of the EU-10 countries using EUROSTAT data, and compare these with the EU-15/27 averages. We conclude that the number of specialized farms in EU-10 declined to a lesser than in the EU-15 but doubled the production against 30 per cent growth in EU-15. The growth of production shows strong regional differences from 50 per cent to 200 in EU-10 and, offering more jobs in three countries in 2016 than in 2005. Cereal farms more than tripled production closing the gap to EU-15 average from two third to 50 per cent. In 2016, already over 75 per cent of the production of specialized farms in CEECs came from TOP 3 specializations (dairy, cereal and pig), well above EU-15 average (55 per cent). From 2005 until 2016 growth of area, labour and total productivity of specialized farms in EU-10 well exceeded that of EU-15. Their levels, however, were still only around 43 per cent, 25 per cent and 20 per cent of that of EU-15 in 2016. The ratio between the highest and lowest productivity levels within EU-10 is 3.8 with respect to area, 5.2 with respect to labour, and 35.4 with respect to total productivity in 2016 and shows clearly the extent of scattering in the productivity of specialized farms in EU-10 countries.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Land labour and rural poverty"

Hertel, Thomas, Maros Ivanic, Paul Preckel und John Cranfield. Trade Liberalization and the Structure of Poverty in Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp25.

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“Globalization increases poverty” is a common assertion made by critics of globalization. The proliferation of low-wage jobs and higher food prices are some of the arguments brought forward in support of this argument. One of the hallmarks of globalization is the systematic dismantling of barriers to trade. Advocates of trade liberalization – particularly industrialized country agriculture reform – argue that the ensuing rise in world prices for agriculture products will boost rural incomes, thereby reducing poverty in the poorest countries, where the bulk of world poverty resides. Who is right? The goal of this paper is take a systematic look at the structure of poverty across a range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and explore how national poverty rates in some of the poorest countries in the world are likely to be affected by global trade liberalization. Our analysis of the structure of poverty is based on national household surveys from 14 developing countries. While we consider both spending and earnings effects of trade liberalization, it is argued that the earnings effects will generally be the dominant factor. This is particularly true in the short run for households that are highly specialized in their earnings patterns. Consider the case of a self-employed farm household. Assuming that trade liberalization results in higher farm prices, we expect the short run effect on the returns to family labor and land to be positive, and somewhat larger in percentage terms (the so-called “magnification effect”). Furthermore, if this household is not employed off-farm, then the farm profitability effect translates directly into an income effect, and this is likely to be sufficient to lift some of the farm households out of poverty. Of course this same effect can work in reverse, with commodity price declines increasing poverty. This makes specialized households highly vulnerable to trade policy shocks. In addition to agriculture-specialized households, we focus on self-employed non-agriculture specialized households, households specialized in wage labor and those relying on transfer payments for 95% or more of their income. Together, these four types of specialized households account for an average of 56% of the poor in the 14 countries examined. Thus a majority of the poor have specialized earnings patterns and are likely to be disproportionately affected by trade liberalization. The same is not true of the non-poor, where a majority of the households are diversified, and are therefore less vulnerable to sector-specific commodity price changes. We also find that the poor are over-represented among the agriculture-specialized households. With this background, we turn to an examination of the broad effects of multilateral trade liberalization on relative commodity prices and factor returns across the 14 countries in question. We distinguish between per capita effects – or the impact of trade liberalization on the “average” household in each country, and the effects on the poorest households. Our per capita results are quite similar to other studies of multilateral trade liberalization, with most countries gaining modestly, while a few gain substantially and a few lose due to the erosion of benefits from existing preferences. Some argue that this “rising tide will lift all boats” and so the positive per capita gains from trade liberalization will reduce poverty. However, we show that the short run impact of trade liberalization on different household groups is quite varied, and not always positive. First of all, global trade liberalization tends to raise food prices – particularly for staples, relative to non-food prices. This is true in all but 2 of the countries in our sample. This food price hike has an adverse effect on the poor, relative to the per capita household, since they spend a disproportionate share of their income on food. Also, the short run earnings impacts are quite varied, with agricultural profits rising relative to per capita income in 11 of the 14 countries, while relative non-agricultural profits and wages fall in many of these countries. Thus the overall impact on poverty depends on the structure of poverty in each country – hence our emphasis on this topic. We proceed to systematically explore the impact of trade liberalization on poverty utilizing a recently developed analytical framework that combines the detailed household survey data with a global economic model in order to measure the poverty impacts of trade liberalization on the five different household strata in each country. Each of the first four strata corresponds to one of the groups of earnings-specialized households, while the fifth encompasses the diversified households in each country. We conduct our analysis at the level of one hundred income percentiles, ranging from poorest to richest in each stratum. In this way, we uncover the differential impact of trade liberalization, by country, stratum and by income level. We also calculate the change in poverty rates, both at the stratum and national levels. Our findings emphasize the differential short run poverty impacts of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty across countries, across strata, and within strata, thereby highlighting the links between the structure of poverty and the national impacts of trade liberalization.

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Aromolaran, Adebayo B., und Milu Muyanga. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.005.

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This report presents an early assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, and poverty and well-being in rural Nigeria. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of 110 respondent households drawn from five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ogun (Ijebu East, Obafemi Owode, and Imeko Afon) and Kaduna (Chikun and Soba) States. At the time of the survey, these LGAs had reported a small number of COVID-19 cases. The survey data is complemented by insights from five in-depth key informant interviews conducted in the LGAs. The APRA COVID-19 data collection will be carried out over three rounds. This report presents insights obtained from the first round implemented during mid-July 2020.

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Assaye, Abebaw, und Dawit Alemu. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Fogera Plain, Ethiopia - Round 2 Report . Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Dezember 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.021.

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This report presents an assessment of the changes in effects of COVID-19 on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, and poverty and well-being in rural Ethiopia by comparing the results of a baseline household survey (R1) in late June 2020 with a follow-up survey (R2) in late October 2020. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of 106 smallholder rice farmer households (24 female and 82 male-headed) in five kebeles (villages) in the Fogera Plain area of Amhara Region. Data was also collected through 25 key informant interviews conducted in the kebeles.

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Alemu, Dawit, und Abebaw Assaye. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Fogera Plain, Ethiopia – Round 1 Report. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Oktober 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.002.

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This report presents an early assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, and poverty and well-being in rural Ethiopia. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of 107 households (23 female- and 84 male-headed). Respondents were drawn from a subset of households interviewed in a 2018 APRA survey of smallholder rice farmers in five kebeles (villages) in the Fogera Plain area of Amhara Region. The COVID-19 household survey data is complemented by data from 23 key informant interviews conducted in the kebeles. The data collection for this COVID-19 study will be carried out over three rounds. This report presents insights obtained from the first round conducted during late June/early July 2020.

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Alemu, Dawit, und Abebaw Assaye. A Multi-Phase Assessment of the Effects of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Ethiopia: The Case of Fogera Plain. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.036.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has not only led to the loss of human life and resulted in an unprecedented challenge to public health, but has also seriously affected food systems and work opportunities. As a global pandemic, COVID-19 has impacted food systems and livelihoods as a result of both economic and health challenges that emanate from domestic public policy measures, and also actions taken by other countries, mainly in the form of trade restrictions. Following the confirmation of the first COVID-19 case in Ethiopia on 13 March 2020, and concerns about the sharp increase in cases, the federal government declared a state of emergency on 8 April 2020 which lasted for five months. This paper presents the assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and its prevention measures on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, as well as poverty and well-being in rural Ethiopia.

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Matenga, Chrispin, und Munguzwe Hichaambwa. A Multi-Phase Assessment of the Effects of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Zambia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Dezember 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.039.

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COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The speed with which the pandemic spread geographically, and the high rate of mortality of its victims prompted many countries around the world to institute ‘lockdowns’ of various sorts to contain it. While the global concern in the early months following the emergence of COVID-19 was with health impacts, the ‘lockdown’ measures put in place by governments triggered global socioeconomic shocks as economies entered recessions due to disruption of economic activity that the ‘lockdown’ measures entailed. Data suggests that the socioeconomic shocks arising from ‘lockdowns’ have been more severe in sub-Saharan Africa countries, generating dire livelihood consequences for most citizens who depend on the informal economy for survival. In Zambia, the effects of COVID-19 combined with a severe drought, and a decline in mining activity to contribute to a downward spiral in Zambia’s economy. This report aims to gain real-time insights into how the COVID-19 crisis was unfolding in Zambia and how rural people and food and livelihood systems were responding. The study focused on documenting and understanding the differential impacts of the pandemic at the household level in terms of changes in participation in farming activities, availability of services for agricultural production, labour and employment, marketing and transport services, food and nutrition security and poverty and wellbeing.

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Fagan, Matt, und Naomi Schwartz. Exploring the Social and Ecological Trade-offs in Tropical Reforestation: A Role-Playing Exercise. American Museum of Natural History, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0108.

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This exercise introduces students to the complexities of conservation in rural tropical landscapes. It introduces the concepts of payments for environmental services (PES), trade-offs and synergies between agricultural land-uses and society’s needs, and introduces students to tropical land-uses and common rural stakeholders in the tropics. The module has two main parts. In Part 1, students learn about a new reforestation program in the fictional country of Nueva Puerta and must debate how to direct the reforestation program: towards poverty alleviation, export production, water protection, or habitat connectivity. In Part 2, students break into small groups to negotiate the placement of PES in a tropical land-use simulation game. The land-use simulation is designed to show students some of the realities and limits of tropical conservation. In the final phase of the exercise, students reflect on their experiences through discussion questions. Optionally, they can write a reflective essay and/or vote which real-world reforestation project they are interested in supporting as a class.

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Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong, Do Trong Hoan, Hoang Nguyen Viet Hoa und Nguyen Duy Khanh. Understanding tree-cover transitions, drivers and stakeholders’ perspectives for effective landscape governance: a case study of Chieng Yen Commune, Son La Province, Viet Nam. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21023.pdf.

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Integrated landscape management for sustainable livelihoods and positive environmental outcomes has been desired by many developing countries, especially for mountainous areas where agricultural activities, if not well managed, will likely degrade vulnerable landscapes. This research was an attempt to characterize the landscape in Chieng Yen Commune, Son La Province in Northwest Viet Nam to generate knowledge and understanding of local conditions and to propose a workable governance mechanism to sustainably manage the landscape. ICRAF, together with national partners — Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute — and local partners — Son La Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Son La Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Chieng Yen Commune People’s Committee — conducted rapid assessments in the landscape, including land-use mapping, land-use characterization, a household survey and participatory landscape assessment using an ecosystem services framework. We found that the landscape and peoples’ livelihoods are at risk from the continuous degradation of forest and agricultural land, and declining productivity, ecosystem conditions and services. Half of households live below the poverty line with insufficient agricultural production for subsistence. Unsustainable agricultural practices and other livelihood activities are causing more damage to the forest. Meanwhile, existing forest and landscape governance mechanisms are generally not inclusive of local community engagement. Initial recommendations are provided, including further assessment to address current knowledge gaps.

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Zharare, Sydney, und Nestor Mashingaidze. Impact of COVID-19 on agribusinesses for investors. Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240191154.

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Evidence from this assessment indicates that, without deliberate support from impact investors, banks and development finance institutions (DFIs), large numbers of agricultural small and medium enterprises (agri-SMEs) will not be able to continue operations following the lockdowns imposed in response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant negative effects on the operations of agri-SMEs. It has made capital less available, as impact investors and financial institutions take a more cautious approach to extending credit and making investment decisions. Supply chains have been disrupted, resulting in delayed access to inputs (such as seed and fertiliser for smallholder farmers) and in fewer or no deliveries for agri-SMEs. The closure of restaurants and schools has decreased consumer demand. Some agri-SMEs have experienced labour shortages due to restrictions in the movement of people, although some have benefited from family labour as people moved back to their rural homes. The disruptions have created uncertainty for impact investors and financial institutions, which have been compounded by their inability to conduct in-person due diligence assessments for new investments. This evidence report seeks to assess the impact of COVID-19 on agri-SME operations by analysing emerging global evidence and insights from six countries. These are Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA)'s three focus countries (Malawi, Nepal and Uganda), as well as Ethiopia, Ghana and Nigeria, which (along with Malawi) formed part of a rapid market assessment (RMA) between April and May 2020. This was carried out by Agricultural Policy Research in Africa (APRA), a research programme funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO). APRA seeks to understand which pathways to agricultural commercialisation are the most effective at empowering women, reducing rural poverty and improving food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The report uses a market system lens to analyse impacts and craft recommendations for intervention, as agri-SMEs are linked to other value chain actors - such as farmers, impact investors and regulatory authorities - that govern the functioning of the system. The report focuses on the effects of COVID-19 on impact investment and especially on agribusiness impact investors, given their key role in supporting the growth of these enterprises. While the profit motive is paramount for impact investors, the current consolidation and recovery phase calls for investors to take a longer view on returns: they should shore up their investees and build a robust pipeline for after the recovery. A business-as-usual approach to activities such as due diligence will not work given current travel restrictions. Digital and drone technologies, however, offer alternatives and could be ramped up to close the face-to-face gap created by the pandemic.

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Prysyazhna-Gapchenko, Julia. Еміграційні видання для селян: між фаховістю і політикою. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11720.

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In the article rare editions of magazine type are first probed for peasants which nursed in an environment the Ukrainian emigrants in the first post-war years on territory of the American area of occupation in Germany, and also in the USA. Separately paid regard to mision role of magazines in the association of the nebulized peasants round a desire to apply the obtained previous experience and knowledge on strange land, to present the world the Ukrainian peasantry as labour productive force and also round the idea of fight for independence, joining in with political activity of «old» parties and organizations which actively functioned in the environment of the Ukrainian emigrants. Outlined problem of magazines for peasants, and also sil’vetki of separate authors. In the repertoire of the Ukrainian emigrant press professional editions for peasants occupy an insignificant percent. But their appearance and functioning testify to the desire of certain part of wanderers – natives from villages, which got the special trade education, and also conscious group of peasants which tested tortures and humiliations as a result of violent collectivization, to unite the efforts for future effective economic labour in Ukraine, as emigration was at that time examined in their environment as the temporal phenomenon. De autre part, the creators of this periodicals did not hide the purpose of distribution of the purchased knowledges and experience in the countries of migration. Publishers at mediation of magazines formed soil for creation of political party, which would unite the unions of the Ukrainian peasants-emigrants (farmers), which got organized in camps for the moved persons. Soon, in 1948, party of liberal direction – Union of earths of cathedral Ukraine is was created in Ashaffenburzi (Germany) and on convention in New Wales (in 1950) renamed on Peasant party. Greater part of problem of magazines «the Ukrainian owner», «Ukrainian peasant», «Rural owner», was inferior preparation to realization of this emigrant project. A separate place belongs to the magazine «the Ukrainian manager», the release of which, without regard to influences of mel’nikivskogo wing OUN, managed from the first to the last number to dissociate oneself from a policy, save popular scientific status agrarian-economic direction. Even publications the main theme of number is violated in which, for example, criticism of a collective farm system the USSR or analysis of economic problems of socialism, scientific arguments is marked and by the unprejudice of author. Functioning in the environment of emigration of «rural» periodicals is dictated a desire to combine effort peasants for a maintenance and increase of professional level, to send them in the river-bed of fight for liberation from under the burden of persecutors of the Ukrainian village.

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