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1
Sizov, Alexander. „The study of changes in the land fund balance to manage the sustainable spatial development of the developed and developing territories in Russia“. E3S Web of Conferences 208 (2020): 08023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020808023.
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The analysis of changes in the land fund balance reflects the implementation of the scientific paradigm – “minimum initial information - maximum valid generalizations”. Active indicators, namely the shares of different types of land in the composition of certain land categories from the total area of a certain land category should be a priority. In 2011-2017, the share of settlement lands in the total land fund in the Russian Federation increased from 1.15% to 1.19%, industrial and other special-purpose lands - from 0.99% to 1.02%, which corresponds to modern Russian ideas about the spatial, but extensive, development of territories. The rate of change in the shares of different lands from the area of lands of different categories, %/year, is proposed to use an integrating estimated indicator for the spatial development of territories. The share of agricultural lands in the Russian Federation was increasing in the composition of settlement and industrial lands at a rate of 0.03%/year, which indicates their degradation. The share of forest lands decreased in the composition of industrial lands (-0.09%/ year). These lands served as a “source” of new farming lands for agricultural lands. In the settlement and industrial lands, the share of building land was increasing (0.06%/year), while the share of land under roads was decreasing (from -0.03 to -0.05%/year) due to their unbalanced development. Disturbed lands also need their intensive reclamation.
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Пышьева, Елена, und Elena Pysheva. „Legal Regime of Reclaimed and Improved Lands“. Journal of Russian Law 3, Nr. 7 (25.06.2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11752.
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Reclaimed and improved lands hold a special place in the land system of the Russian Federation, which determines the specifics of their legal regime.The article explores the legal nature and content of the legal regime for such lands, identifies their differences. The author gives her own definition of the legal regime of lands. The author notes that the legal regime of the reclaimed land and land plots that form part of those lands is highly differentiated. Therefore the author indicates factors that influence this regime. And it is hydro-technical and agroforestry activities performed on those lands that produce the greatest changes in their legal regime. If lands plots that form part of any land category, are recognized as reclaimed lands, it leads to tightening of the legal regime, because these lands need to comply with strict environmental requirements. Reclaimed lands are particularly vulnerable, especially those that form part of the agricultural zones of settlement lands; that is why the legal mechanism for their protection and conservation was established. The author points out to general deterioration of their ecological state, reduction of land and proposes solutions to these problems through legal means.
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Dalgat, E. M. „ON THE NATURE OF LAND OWNERSHIP IN DAGESTAN IN THE 18th - EARLY 20th CENTURIES“. History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, Nr. 3 (15.09.2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch13335-43.
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The article deals with the nature of land ownership in Dagestan in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Estate and land relations, land and legal problems were the most complex in the socio-economic development of the pre-revolutionary Dagestan. Russian authorities paid much attention to their solution. After joining to Russia, several estate and land commissions were formed and they collected a large amount of material on the estate and land relations in Dagestan. The article covers the forms of land ownership in the 19th - early 20th centuries. There were communal, waqf (i.e. mosque) lands, state and private lands. The latter were divided into large feudal landownership and peasant landownership - myulks. Pastures were in communal ownership and plowing and hay fields belonged to myulks. On the plain, land ownership was communal. State-owned lands in Dagestan appeared due to confiscation of lands from anti-Russian feudal lords and due to the lands of rural societies as well. Waqf lands were those bequeathed to the mosque. Much attention is paid in the article to redistribution of land ownership, when lands passed from one owner to another. There were several great redistributions of lands in Dagestan. The first of them occurred in the 18th century when the feudal lords, in the course of rise of their political and economic power, began to seize peasant lands on the Kumyk plane. By the end of the 18th century all the lands were in the hands of ten princely families. The second great redistribution of lands in Dagestan took place in the 1860s when after the agrarian reform half of the feudal lords’ lands on the plain and in the foothills passed to the emancipated peasants. Rise and development of capitalist relations were accompanied by the growth of extra estate land ownership. Feudal lords actively pawned their lands and gave them to representatives of other estates, in particular, to rich uzdens. Thus, in the late 19th - early 20th centuries there was another redistribution of lands in Dagestan. Considerable changes in the sphere of land ownership occurred in Soviet times.
4
Osumanu, Issaka Kanton, Prince Agyekum und Prosper Laari Bosommi. „Compulsory land acquisition by government and litigations in Ghana: an empirical study of three educational institutions in Wa Municipality“. Journal of Planning and Land Management 1, Nr. 2 (07.09.2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36005/jplm.v1i2.24.
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This study examined government’s compulsory acquisitions of land for public educational infrastructure development in Ghana, using three case studies in Wa Municipality of Upper West Region. The strategy of inquiry was qualitative, involving key informant interviews with heads of the acquiring authorities and beneficiary institutions as well as semi-structured interviews with pre-acquiring owners and settlers of the lands. The findings revealed that the processes of compulsory acquisition of the subject lands had been delayed, and it is unclear when they would be completed. The processes were not properly followed as determined in the State Lands Regulations of 1962 (L.I. 230) and its subsequent amendments, which provide the processes or procedures for state acquisition of lands under the State Lands Act of 1962 (Act 125), leading to agitations and litigations between landlords and government institutions. The study attributes the problems of compulsory land acquisition to failure of acquiring institutions to follow procedures laid by regulations on compulsory acquisition. It recommends that landowners should be represented in the acquisition process from the onset to ensure fairness and prompt payment of adequate compensation as provided for by the law to reduce tension and litigations between government institutions and landlords.
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SOPIAN, AKHMAD, SIGIT HARDWINARTO und MARLON IVANHOE AIPASSA. „Gap analysis of land availability and land needs to identify potential development of agricultural lands in Santan watersheds, East Kalimantan, Indonesia“. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, Nr. 4 (24.03.2019): 1097–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200422.
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Abstract. Sopian A, Hardwinarto S, Aipassa MI, Sumaryono. 2019. Gap analysis of land availability and land needs to identify potential development of agricultural lands in Santan watersheds, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1097-1105. Pressures caused by high population growth in various places increase the needs for lands. The aims of this research are to determine the availability and needs of agricultural lands in Santan 1 and Santan 2 watersheds, East Kalimantan, Indonesia as well as to classify land capability which are key aspects in managing land resources. Land availability was determined based on the local actual total production of all commodities, such as agriculture, plantation, and livestock at the sub-district level. Land needs were determined based on the land area required for decent life needs per resident. While land capability was determined using weighting analysis of the limiting factors. Results of this study show that land availability on Santan 1 and Santan 2 watersheds is inadequate to fulfill the needs of inhabitants for agricultural lands. There are 19,053 hectares of lands currently available for agriculture, while there are 56,969 hectares of lands required for agriculture, implying a deficit of 37,916 ha of land. Analysis on land capability shows that lands with eutropepts and tropudults soil with total extent of 16,650,9 hectares are potential to be developed for dryland agriculture, such as seasonal crops, while tropohemist soil is suitable for farmland development, such as lowland rice. The spatial plans in Santan 1 and Santan 2 watersheds do not have adequate lands with agricultural capability since the cultivation areas are situated in VI and VII class with limiting factor of slope and erosion. We find there is undeveloped land in the form of bushes with an extent of 12,989,3 hectares in Santan 1 watershed and 7,055.54 hectares in Santan 2 watershed as potential lands to be developed for dryland agriculture. The results of this study suggest that when establishing neighborhood and hamlet should refer to soil characteristics with certain land capability and cultivation activities not to be done on lands with slopes of >15%.
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Kiptach, F. „Structure and purpose of the major categories of lands of Carpathian region of Ukraine“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, Nr. 38 (15.12.2010): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2010.38.2237.
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The structure of basic categories of lands of the Carpathian region and modern state of their use in region was described. It were substantiated tendencies of changes of lands of a different composition and a special purpose setting. Key words: Carpathian region, land fund, categories of lands, agricultural lands, plough-land, forests, built-up areas.
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Kleinen, John. „The Tragedy of the Margins: Land Rights and Marginal Lands in Vietnam (c. 1800-1945)“. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 54, Nr. 4 (2011): 455–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852011x611328.
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Abstract This article deals with aspects of official land registers in pre-colonial and colonial Vietnam and their relationship with marginal lands since the eleventh century and especially since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The changing pattern of land ownership and control is studied in detail in one specific village in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Several practices of land use and land distribution are discussed, as are various efforts in parts of Vietnam to expand agricultural land, in particular near rivers and coasts, especially as a result of land reclamation. The study of marginal lands is focused on alluvial lands, which were seen originally as empty or waste lands but gradually developed into safety nets for the poor. The traditional social function of these communal waste lands, managed by village elites, was eroded and became a tool for manipulation in the hands of state and village authorities.
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Kiptach, Fedir. „Optimization of the land use with considering of the landscape structure of the territory on the test sites“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, Nr. 52 (27.06.2018): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10176.
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The large-scale landscape maps necessity in developing projects and proposals for agriculture, forestry land-use and erosion protection were justified. Natural conditions of land-use in Babyno community in Stara Syniava district in Khmelnytsk region were described and analyses of the land structure were made. Accordingly, the land structure is characterised by ecologically destabilising lands, including arable lands, lands that were withdrawn from agriculture production and forestry (outbuildings, houses, roads, quarries, exterior use lands) are prevailing. They are covered 89.7 % (in particular, arable lands – 87.3 %) of total community lands. And, vice versa, ecologically stabilising lands (gardens, pastures, grasslands, shrubs, forest belts, forests, swamps, water covered lands) are covered a small percentage – 8.96 of the total research area. Therefore, soil erosion is covered 87.3 % of the total area − a significant percentage. Soil erosion caused decreasing of soil fertility and yields of agriculture. The average weighted losses of humus in the arable horizon of soils (0−30 cm) compared with full-profile standard analogues are 1.1 %. The first step of developing sustainable ecological landscape systems was justified by using a principle of land resource restoration and strengthening of their self-regulation through increasing the area of ecologically stabilised lands by low productivity lands and by their location with taking into consideration a complex morphological structure of landscape systems. Landscape systems of research area were classified by genesis and type of their economic use. Arable lands should cover no more than 45.4 % of the total community area. In particular, 2.6 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using intensive agriculture systems and the widespread introduction of their ecological links; 27.8 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using ecological systems of agriculture provided soil cultivation, sowing and caring for crops according to the elevation line directions. 15.0 % − for field grain-grass or grass-grain soil protected crop rotations with the total exclusion of row crops. 51.2 % of total community land area should be covered by perennial plants (1.6 %), grasslands (0.9 %), shrubs and forest belts (0.05 %), forests (27.1 %), swamps (0.21 %), lands covered by water (0.54 %). Other 3.4 % are covered by outbuildings and houses (1.2 %), roads (1.1 %), open-casts (0.2 %) and exterior use lands (0.9 %). The results of research helped to justify the rules of the rational use of land area in Babyno community and its analysis suggests that land area of the heavily dissected hills of the forest-steppe stabilising land should occupy at least 50−55 %. Conversely, destabilising – no more than 50−45 % (particularly arable land – 40−45 %). Key words: optimization of the land use, soil erosion, lands, landscape systems.
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Kiptach, Fedir, und Iryna Koynova. „Organization of land use of territory of village of councils based on the landscape“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, Nr. 50 (28.12.2016): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2016.50.8693.
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The large-scale landscape maps necessity in developing projects and proposals for agriculture, forestry land-use and erosion protection were justified. Natural conditions of land-use in Nova Syniava community in Stara Syniava district in Khmelnytskyi region were described and analyses of land structure were made. Accordingly, land structure is characterized by ecologically destabilizing lands, including arable lands, lands that were withdrawn from agriculture production and forestry (outbuildings, houses, roads, open-casts, exterior use lands) are prevailing. They cover 80,6 % (in particular, arable lands – 71,8 %) of total community lands. And, vice versa, ecologically stabilizing lands (gardens, pastures, grasslands, shrubs, forest belts, forests, swamps, water covered lands) cover a small percentage – 19,4 of total research area. Therefore, erosive soils cover a significant percentage – 51,3 % of total area. Soil erosion caused decreasing of soil fertility and yields of agriculture. The average weighted losses of humus in arable horizon of soils (0–30 cm) compared with full-profile standard analogues are 0,5–0,6 %. First step of developing sustainable ecological landscape systems were justified by using a principle of land resource restoration and strengthening of their self-regulation through increasing the area of ecologically stabilized lands by low productivity lands and by their location with taking into consideration a complex morphological structure of landscape systems. Landscape systems of research area were classified by genesis and type of their economic use. Arable lands should cover no more than 52,4 % of the total community area. In particular, 16,1 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using intensive agriculture systems and the widespread introduction of their ecological links; 27,9 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using ecological systems of agriculture provided soil cultivation, sowing and caring for crops according to the elevation line directions. 8,4% is recommended to use for field grain-grass or grass-grain soil protected crop rotations with total exclusion of row crops. 38,8 % of total community land area should be covered by perennial plants (6,6 %), grasslands (17,0 %), shrubs and forest belts (0,31 %), forests (11,7 %), swamps (1,09 %), lands covered by water (1,2 %). Other 8,8 % are covered by outbuildings and houses (1,2 %), roads (2,0 %), opencasts (0,8 %) and exterior use lands (4,8 %). Key words: forest steppe, landscape systems, land-use, lands, crop rotations.
10
FURUKAWA, IKUO. „Land Desertification and Rehabilitation of Desertified Lands.“ Wood Preservation 23, Nr. 5 (1997): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.23.247.
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Miller, Appau Williams, Oliver Tannor und Ofori Peres. „Modern Trends in Ownership and Acquisition of Large-scale Lands in Teshie and Kasoa, Ghana“. Ghana Journal of Development Studies 17, Nr. 2 (23.10.2020): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v17i2.5.
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With the rising urbanisation of some parts of Ghana, the demand for land for various purposes is inevitable. The article assesses current trend of large-scale land acquisition in Teshie and Kasoa. The study used semi-structured interviews to solicit primary data from key informants such as chiefs at Nyanyano-Kasoa and Tsie-We family head at Teshie, land guards, and investors who acquire large scale lands in these areas to identify the trends in such acquisitions between 2014 to 2019.The study uncovered that though there are variations in the nature of land ownership in Teshie and Kasoa, multiple sale of lands, poor land management practices, litigation and land guarding are common practices in both areas. The study found that there is an institutional gap as both the state and traditional institutions have not really done much to deal with the challenges confronting LSLAs in these areas. It is recommended that land owning groups be engaged and educated by the Lands Commission in collaboration with Customary Lands Secretariat on proper ways to manage and sell their lands to avoid multiple sales and the conflicts that it brings. The Ghana police service should crackdown on land guarding which is an illegal activity.
Keywords: Large-scale, Land Acquisition, Land Ownership, Customary Land Secretariat, Traditional Authorities
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Volkov, Sergey, und Vladimir Kosinsky. „Utilization of Agricultural Land in the Russian Federation“. Baltic Surveying 9 (05.12.2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.balticsurveying.2018.022.
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This article reviews the initiatives for setting up rational use and protection of agricultural lands in order to ensure accelerated growth of the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation, enhancing its sustainability, efficiency, competitiveness, and environmental safety. It is hereby proposed to complete the differentiation of public lands into federal property, property of the subjects of the Russian Federation, property of municipal settlements; as well as to conduct topographic survey of lands in the Russian Federation (to establish and locally document the boundaries of territories of the subjects of the Russian Federation; municipal settlements; communities; special-purpose lands; areas with special land use conditions; and to systematically (once every 5 years) perform agricultural land inventory in order to identify unused, irrationally used or non-purposely used lands, as well as land use in violation of the relevant permitted use of land plots; to relaunch land survey works relating with the performance of pedagogic, geobotanical and other studies and research.
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ARZAMASTSEVA, N. V., N. V. PROKHOROVA und L. L. KHAMIDOVA. „PROBLEM OF THE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF INFORMATION ON THE STATUS AND USE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS“. Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, Nr. 3 (2021): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2021-3-119-128.
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Accurate and complete information on the status and use of agricultural lands is required to take rational managerial decisions in the agricultural industry. Their aim is to ensure agricultural development and the effective use of agricultural lands, in particular. Analysis of information sources containing data on the status and use of agricultural lands shows that there are data pitfalls related to the area of agricultural lands and the area of agricultural lands not used as intended. This study revealed that there is misinformation about the area of vacant agricultural lands and the area of unclaimed land areas in the Russian Federation. The reliability of the available information on the area of agricultural lands of different ownership forms is questionable, provided that the division of agricultural land occurs at a slow pace. Accurate, complete, and timely information on the land market and accurate state cadastral assessment of agricultural lands will reduce the information asymmetry that impairs the selection, and improve the conditions for the agricultural land market operation. The existing problems with the accuracy and completeness of information on the status and use of agricultural lands should be resolved through improvements in the Unified Federal Information System for Agricultural Lands. The system was put into operation in 2018 by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, which collects and consolidates information on agricultural lands. To do this, it is required to develop a mechanism that allows the EFIS ZSN to receive information from various sources, while one of the information providers should not be interested in its content.
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Skillen, James R. „Closing the Public Lands Frontier: The Bureau of Land Management, 1961–1969“. Journal of Policy History 20, Nr. 3 (Juli 2008): 419–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.0.0021.
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When the Bureau of Land Management (blm) was formed in 1946, the agency and the lands it managed had an ambiguous identity and future. Formed by President Truman through the merger of the General Land Office and the U.S. Grazing Service, the blm inherited the remaining 450 million acres of public-domain lands in the American West and Alaska, which I will refer to simply as “the public lands.” With those lands, the blm also inherited a set of property-rights regimes—that is, a set of property rights, privileges, and relationships that control land and resource access, withdrawal, management, exclusion, and alienation—that were strongly reflective of the nineteenth-century frontier era. They were marked by private initiative, self-regulation by public lands users, and common-law principles of prior use and appropriation. Indeed, public lands users often acted as if they held common-law rights to the public lands, claims that western congressmen defended through appropriations and oversight.
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Kit, M., H. Boyko, N. Yefimchuk, P. Prokopyv und A. Trofimchuk. „Conception of land conservation on the example of Lviv regions“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, Nr. 38 (15.12.2010): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2010.38.2238.
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The problems of conservation of degraded and infertiled lands are examined (on the example of Lviv region). The purpose and task of lands conservation and current state of work land conservation of Lviv region are showed. Criteria and standards of land degradation are worked out, and direction and stages of land conservation are recommended. Key words: conservation-reglamentation, conservation-rehabilitation, conservation-transformations, degree of degradation, depredated and infertiled lands.
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Whiteside, Heather. „The state’s estate: Devaluing and revaluing ‘surplus’ public land in Canada“. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, Nr. 2 (02.08.2017): 505–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17723631.
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Since the mid-1990s, Canadian public real property (land, buildings, and equipment) has been subject to regular scrutiny through bureaucratic procedures aimed at ridding the state’s estate of all ‘surplus’ properties. Surplus is transferred to Canada Lands Company, a state owned enterprise charged with privatizing public land. Bureaucratic devaluation thus allows for subsequent revaluation through multiple forms of state-sponsored remediation: the physical, legal, and financial manipulation of public property by Canada Lands Company. Analyzing Canada Lands Company’s history, role, budgets, and activities, this article uncovers the particular dynamics of how Canadian public land is being privatized through devaluation and revaluation by the state. Two arguments of broader significance for literatures on the political economy of the state and public land frame the discussion: (1) Canada Lands Company’s activities speak to the important managerial role played by the (Canadian) state in the land dispossession process; and (2) Canada Lands Company’s treatment of surplus public land as a financial asset is a distinguishing feature of the Canadian public property management system, setting it apart from elsewhere.
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Fentie, Sabiela Fekad, Kehali Jembere, Endalkachew Fekadu und Dessale Wasie. „Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics and Properties of Soils under Different Land Uses in the Tejibara Watershed, Ethiopia“. Scientific World Journal 2020 (01.09.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1479460.
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Land use changes have long been considered among many factors responsible for physical and chemical soil degradation. This study was conducted to evaluate land use and land cover (LULC) changes and their cumulative effects over 30 years (from 1989 to 2019) on the current physical and chemical properties of soils in the Tejibara watershed, Ethiopia. Image analysis and LULC classifications were performed using ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 and ArcGIS 10.4 software, respectively. For the determination of soil properties, four land use types (natural forest, eucalyptus plantation, cultivated, and grazing lands) and two soil depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) were used. Triplicate composite soil samples were collected from each land use type and soil depths. For the determination of physical (texture and bulk density) and chemical soil properties such as electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), and available phosphorus (AP), standard laboratory procedures were employed. The image analysis results for all of the years studied show that cultivated lands have increased in area at the expense of forest and grazing lands. Silt content, clay content, AP, and pH were significantly affected by land use as the main effect while the interaction effects of soil depth and land use were significant for total N and OM only. The highest (10.1 mg/kg) and the lowest (4.9 mg/kg) AP contents were observed in the forest and the grazing lands, respectively. Soil total N content was highest in the forest lands (0.32%) and lowest in cultivated lands (0.06%). Concerning OM content, the highest (11.0%) and the lowest (0.8%) values were recorded in the forest and cultivated lands, respectively. Generally, this study showed that land use changes have reduced the areal coverage by forest and grazing lands and have negatively affected the soil properties. This implies that land use change without soil fertility measures that are appropriate to the area could cause enhanced land degradation and thereby reduce the productivity of the study area soils.
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Suryadi, Budi, Bachruddin Ali Ahmad, Husein Abdurahman und Syahrida Syahrida. „Rational Choice of Farmers in The Peat Land Conversion the Gambut sub-district, South Kalimantan“. TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 5, Nr. 1 (21.11.2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v5i1.67.
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Peat land existence from day to day has decreased. Peat land deficit correlates with increasing development activity. From beginning until now peat lands are always faced with the need for development. The fact of Peat land is one of the land that used for the interest of development activities from government and private. This research used qualitative methods with a variety of phenomenology. Data collection techniques used a thick description and data analysis a used interactive model with four grooves that is data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion continuously until saturated. Research result shows that farmers become an actor in the conversion process peat lands to other functions. Farmers action to sell peat lands to government and the private sector is rational choice at the time. Although selling land, farmers do not lose land because farmers have land abroad through purchase new land from money sales result peat lands previous.
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Igonin, R. V., und M. V. Viktorchuk. „Features of Administrative and Legal Regulation of Protecting Forestry Fund Land in Ukraine“. Law and Safety 75, Nr. 4 (20.12.2019): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2019.4.06.
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The peculiarities of administrative and legal means for protecting forestry land of Ukraine have been considered. The issues of protecting forestry fund land in the context of the protection of forestry land have been researched. It has been found out that measures on protecting forestry land are divided into measures directly aimed at the protection of lands and measures related to forests protection. These measures constitute the content of the protection of forestry land.
It has been noted that the structure of forestry land in the Forest Code of Ukraine is revealed through the indication on its composition: lands where forest areas are placed covered with forest vegetation; non-forest lands not covered by forest vegetation provided and used for forestry purposes.
The following features of the land forest plot have been defined: it is a part of the forestry fund of Ukraine; it has defined boundaries; may be granted to a land user or land owner for forestry activities or may be withdrawn from a land user or land owner for forestry activities or other public needs.
The basic feature of forestry fund land and non-forest areas has been clarified. It has been emphasized that non-forest lands are not included in the forestry fund of Ukraine as they are occupied by agricultural lands, water and marshes, facilities, communications, low-productive lands, etc., which are provided in due course and used for the needs of forestry activities.
It has been concluded that the means of administrative and legal protection of forestry fund land of Ukraine are nowadays: quality management of agricultural land; organization and monitoring of forestry fund land of Ukraine; development of plans for the protection of forestry fund land of Ukraine, implementation of state control over the execution of measures, norms and rules for the protection of the forestry fund, etc.
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Rissman, Adena R., Molly C. Daniels, Peter Tait, Xiaojing Xing und Ann L. Brower. „Conservation and privatization decisions in land reform of New Zealand’s high country“. Environmental Conservation 48, Nr. 3 (16.03.2021): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892921000126.
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SummaryNeoliberal land reforms to increase economic development have important implications for biodiversity conservation. This paper investigates land reform in New Zealand’s South Island that divides leased state-owned stations (ranches) with private grazing leases into state-owned conservation land, private land owned by the former leaseholder and private land under protective covenant (similar to conservation easement). Conserved lands had less threatened vegetation, lower productivity, less proximity to towns and steeper slopes than privatized lands. Covenants on private land were more common in intermediate zones with moderate land-use productivity and slope. Lands identified with ecological or recreational ‘significant inherent values’ were more likely to shift into conserved or covenant status. Yet among lands with identified ecological values, higher-threat areas were more likely to be privatized than lower-threat areas. This paper makes two novel contributions: (1) quantitatively examining the role of scientific recommendations about significant inherent values in land reform outcomes; and (2) examining the use of conservation covenants on privatized land. To achieve biodiversity goals, it is critical to avoid or prevent the removal of land-use restrictions beyond protected areas.
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Asiama, Kwabena, Rohan Bennett und Jaap Zevenbergen. „Towards Responsible Consolidation of Customary Lands: A Research Synthesis“. Land 8, Nr. 11 (29.10.2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8110161.
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The use of land consolidation on customary lands has been limited, though land fragmentation persists. Land fragmentation on customary lands has two main causes—the nature of the customary land tenure system, and the somewhat linked agricultural system. Since attempts to increase food productivity on customary lands have involved fertilisation and mechanisation on the small and scattered farmlands, these approaches have fallen short of increasing food productivity. A study to develop a responsible approach to land consolidation on customary lands using a design research approach is undertaken and reported here. Based on a comparative study, it is found that three factors inhibit the development of a responsible land consolidation approach on customary lands—the coverage of a land administration system, a land valuation approach, and a land reallocation approach the fits the customary land tenure system. To fill these gaps, firstly, this study developed the participatory land administration that brought together traditional land administration approaches with emerging bottom-up approaches, as well as technological advances that drive these approaches together with the growing societal needs. Secondly, a valuation approach was developed to enable the comparison of the farmlands in rural areas that are without land markets. Finally, a land reallocation approach was developed based on the political, economic and social, as well as technical and legal characteristics of rural customary farmlands. This study concludes that though the land consolidation strategy developed is significantly able to reduce land fragmentation, both physical and land tenure, the local customs are an obstruction to the technical processes to achieve the best form of farmland structures.
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Kazama, Toshiharu. „Numerical Simulation of a Slipper Model with Multi-Lands and Grooves for Hydraulic Piston Pumps and Motors in Mixed Lubrication“. Lubricants 7, Nr. 7 (27.06.2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7070055.
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A theoretical model of a slipper with multi-lands and multi-grooves for swashplate type axial piston pumps and motors was established, including surface interactions. Further, a numerical simulation was conducted under an unsteady state and mixed lubrication conditions. Four model configurations were considered: A slipper with a single main land; a slipper with inner and main lands and a groove; a slipper with outer and main lands and a groove; and a slipper with inner, main, and outer lands with two grooves. Numerical solutions were obtained across a wide range of operating conditions in terms of center clearance, pad attitude, contact pressure, flow rate, friction torque, power loss, and stiffness. The motion and characteristics were differentiated into two groups: Slippers with a single-land and an annex inner-land; and slippers with an annex outer-land and a triple-land. The single-land and annex inner-land slippers exhibited smaller pad swing, whereas the triple-land and annex outer-land slippers reduced contact pressure and power loss.
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Hunt, Len M. „Exploring the availability of Ontario's non-industrial private forest lands for recreation and forestry activities“. Forestry Chronicle 78, Nr. 6 (01.12.2002): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78850-6.
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Privately owned forest lands contribute significant amounts of land for wood supply and recreational opportunities in various parts of Canada including areas within Ontario. The decisions that landowners make about permitting various activities on their lands can impact resource managers and current and potential users of forested environments. In this study, the willingness of Ontario's non-industrial private forest landowners to conduct forest harvesting and to permit hunting and wildlife recreational opportunities is examined. The study explores whether the willingness of landowners with large-sized landholdings (i.e., minimum 20 ha) is influenced by characteristics that describe the private lands and the owners of these private lands. The results show that trends towards land parcelization, afforestation and loss of agricultural lands may impact the availability of lands for forest harvesting and hunting. The models also suggest that northern Ontario landowners may make different decisions about conducting forest harvesting or permitting hunting on their lands than do southern Ontario landowners. Key words: non-industrial private forest landowners, forest harvesting, hunting, wildlife viewing, land parcelization
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Li, Wenbo, Dongyan Wang, Shuhan Liu, Yuanli Zhu und Zhuoran Yan. „Reclamation of Cultivated Land Reserves in Northeast China: Indigenous Ecological Insecurity Underlying National Food Security“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 4 (13.02.2020): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041211.
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The competition for land resources created by the need for food security and ecological security is intensifying globally. To resolve the issue of land scarcity in agriculture following rapid urbanization, China implemented its requisition–compensation balance policy of cultivated lands in 1997, the introduction of which consumed numerous areas of land, such as river shoal and bare land, through reclamation. Moreover, these reclaimed and newly cultivated lands were mainly distributed in the northern part of China. Most previous studies of this subject have only examined the overall balance of cultivated lands in well-developed regions, and there is a lack of knowledge about the indigenous gains and losses before and after reclamation in important areas such as northeast China. Therefore, this study selected two representative county-level units in northeast China as the study area to analyze the conversion of cultivated land reserves during 1996–2015, evaluate the performance of reclaimed cultivated lands in terms of quality and productivity and calculate reclamation-induced changes in ecosystem service value. The results indicated that by 2015 only 16.02% of the original cultivated land reserves remained unconverted; nearly 60% were reclaimed as cultivated lands and over 20% were converted to other land resources. River shoal and ruderal land were the primary resources for cultivated lands compensation, and marsh, bare land and saline-alkaline land were found to be converted the most thoroughly. The gain of 23018.55 ha reclaimed cultivated lands were of relatively inferior quality and lower productivity, contributing approximately 4.32% of total grain output. However, this modest gain was at the expense of a 768.03 million yuan ecosystem services loss, with regulating services and supporting services being undermined the most. We argue that even if northeast China continues to shoulder the responsibility of compensating for a majority of cultivated land losses, it still needs to carefully process reclamation and introduce practical measures to protect indigenous ecosystems, in order to better serve the local residents and ensure prolonged food security with sustainability.
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Ivaniuk, Tetiana. „Formation of conditions of rational use of agricultural lands“. INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, Nr. 1-2 (2021): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2021.1-2.10.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is determining the conditions of rational use of agricultural land conditions and substantiation of measures to optimize the distribution and rational use of agricultural land. Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods are used to achieve this goal: the dialectical method of scientific knowledge – to consider the essence of the rational use of land and its protection; synthesis – to clarify the relationship between the subjects of land relations; analysis – to assess the constituent elements of agricultural land; graphic – for visual display of the obtained results; abstract and logical method – for the formation of conclusions and research proposals. Findings. The state and rational use of land in the region and the state are studied. The structure of agricultural lands in Ivano-Frankivsk region and Ukraine is analysed. The main ecological and economic aspects of land tenure and land use in agriculture are described, including changes in land relations. The main reasons that caused the negative trends of rational use and protection of land in agriculture are identified. Measures have been developed for the rational use of land in the economic activity of land and its protection. Originality. Approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “rational use of land” are systematized and generalized. Measures on rational use of agricultural lands in economic activity are offered, namely: creation and realization of innovative scientific and technical programs in the field of rational use of lands and their protection; improving the regulatory framework in the field of land relations; development of a mechanism for financing programs; introduction of environmentally friendly ways of agricultural production, etc. Practical value. The expediency of studying and forming the conditions of rational use of agricultural lands is proved. The results of the study can be used by agricultural enterprises in conducting business activities. Key words: agricultural lands, rational use of lands, land protection, land tenure, land use, land fund, agricultural enterprises.
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Susak, Tetiana. „Conditions and prospects of improvement of non-agricultural land evaluation in Ukraine as constituent of the state land cadastre“. Baltic Surveying 13 (16.11.2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.balticsurveying.2020.vol13.008.
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The article describes peculiarities of formation of the estimated constituent in the structure of the state land cadastre in Ukraine. The author gives analysis of the current Ukrainian practice of consideration of the intended use of a land plot while making normative monetary evaluation of non-agricultural land plots within and outside settlements. The conducted analysis of the methodology of normative monetary evaluation of the land of settlements and non-agricultural land outside the settlements confirms that in the process of evaluation, each of the methodologies considers the intended use of land plots in a different way, causing different value correlation between the lands of different categories and kinds of intended use. Differentiation of the estimated indices of the methodology of normative monetary evaluation of non-agricultural lands within and outside settlements absolutely disagree with one another. The article supplies conclusions on the necessity to transfer to a consistent approach of such differentiation without reference to the land plot location within or outside the settlements. Basing on the analysis of statistical information on the sale of state- and communally-owned lands, the author defines the coefficients of correlation between the sale price of state- and communally-owned lands in 2017-2018 in Ukraine in terms of the kinds of intended use and the figures of the indices of differentiation of normative monetary evaluation of non-agricultural lands within and outside settlements depending on the intended use of the land plot. The author proposes changes to the approaches to differentiation of the indices of evaluation of the lands of different intended use on the base of market prices. The work also outlines the main problems and possible directions of transition to a large-scale evaluation of lands in Ukraine.
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Bondar Volodymyr Nalkovych. „STAGES OF THE CURRENT STATE OF LAND FORESTRY PURPOSES AND FEATURES OF THEIR USE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE LEGAL REGIME“. World Science 1, Nr. 6(58) (30.06.2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062020/7104.
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The article analyzes the structure of the land fund, the distribution of Ukraine's forest area by predominant tree species, and states that the division of land by categories is a dynamic process, whenever in the course of economic activity on land there may be a need to change its purpose. Determining and changing the ownership of a land plot to a certain category of land is the prerogative of public authorities - state and local self-government, which are endowed with such powers. The analysis of forest cover in Ukraine in terms of natural zones and structure of land for forestry purposes in Ukraine, where from the total area of forestry lands and forests on other categories of lands is 10.8 million hectares, of which 9.7 million hectares are covered with forest vegetation. The analysis of the given data testifies to an uneven arrangement of the specified category of lands of the territory of Ukraine. In particular, they are concentrated mainly in Polissya and the Ukrainian Carpathians.The stages of legal regulation and use of forest lands are proposed. Regarding the solution of these two problems lies in the plane of decision-making on land use, establishing a socially optimal purpose of land, compliance with land legislation, promoting reforestation and afforestation; stimulating the preservation and increase of forest land productivity, which requires the use of levers of influence on land and forest users; irrational use of forest lands, which leads to loss of potential benefits of the landowner.
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Kim, Sun Min, DoKyoung Lee, Santanu Thapa, Bruce S. Dien, Mike E. Tumbleson, Kent D. Rausch und Vijay Singh. „Cellulosic Ethanol Potential of Feedstocks Grown on Marginal Lands“. Transactions of the ASABE 61, Nr. 6 (2018): 1775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12945.
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Abstract. To examine the chemical composition and ethanol production of feedstocks grown on marginal lands, prairie cordgrass and switchgrass from waterlogged land, saline land, and saline water irrigated land were evaluated. Samples were pretreated using 1% w w-1 dilute acid at 160°C for 10 min, and simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation was conducted using industrial engineered . Samples grown on land irrigated with saline water had 2.8-fold higher total ash content compared to the other types of land, resulting in lower carbohydrate concentrations. Yeast fermented glucose and xylose simultaneously; almost all of the sugars were consumed, indicating that salts present in biomass ash did not inhibit yeast performance. Ethanol production from the waterlogged and saline lands was 2,500 to 4,700 L ha-1, which is comparable to that of samples grown on other agricultural lands. Prairie cordgrass and switchgrass grown on marginal lands could be potential feedstocks for cellulosic biofuel. Keywords: Irrigation, Marginal land, Prairie cordgrass, Saline, Simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation, Switchgrass, Waterlogging.
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Kiptach, F. „State of the usage and protection of agricultural lands in the regions of Ukraine“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, Nr. 37 (09.09.2009): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2009.37.2376.
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The article describes modern situation of agricultural lands usage in the regions of Ukraine and also complex of measures for its protection is shown. Key words: agricultural lands, fields, plough-land, land protection.
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Liu, F., Z. Zhang, X. Zhao, S. Yu, X. Wang und L. Zuo. „INFLUENCES OF URBAN EXPANSION ON CULTIVATED LANDS IN CHINA SINCE 1970S“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (30.04.2018): 1035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-1035-2018.
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Urban expansion has far-reaching influences on cultivated lands, and has a serious effect on grain output and safety. However, relatively little attention has been paid to monitor cultivated land losses through urban expansion over a long timeframe and multi-frequency, especially its differences on national scale systematically. In this work, the characteristics of Chinese cultivated land dynamics were described using annual occupied area per city, contribution rate of cultivated lands to urban expansion and the classification method of basic trend of cultivated land losses. Results indicate that: (1) in the past four decades, large amount of cultivated lands have been occupied during the urban expansion process, and have become the first land source for Chinese urban expansion. (2) Cultivated land loss among municipalities, provincial capitals and other cities was obviously different. The higher of cities’ administrative level was, the more obvious of cultivated land loss in these cities appeared, and the earlier of acceleration loss stage of cultivated lands occurred. (3) Cultivated land loss in five population-size cities was unbalanced, representing obviously different loss process and contribution on urban expansion. The bigger of cities’ population size was, the more obvious of cultivated land loss in these cities appeared, and the earlier of acceleration loss stage of cultivated lands occurred. (4) Cultivated land losses during urban expansion process were imbalanced in China, and were classified into seven trends. (5) Chinese cultivated land protection has been carried out from the awakening stage to the deep implementation stage.
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Loshakov, A. V., P. V. Klyushin, V. A. Shirokova, A. O. Khutorova und S. V. Savinova. „ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF TREATMENT OF SALINE LANDS FOR AGRICULTURAL NEEDS IN THE FIRST AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE OF THE STAVROPOL TERRITORY“. South of Russia: ecology, development 14, Nr. 1 (04.04.2019): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2019-1-105-116.
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Aim. The aim of the study is to assess the environmental problems and develop a proposal for the identification and analysis of the state of saline and solonetzic lands. Basing on this research, it is crucial to develop proposals for the effective use of lands for the agricultural needs in the first agro-climatic zone of the Stavropol Territory.Methods. Monitoring studies of agricultural lands were carried out using modern methods which include both remote sensing and annual local surveys in areas of the first agro-climatic zone of the Stavropol Territory. Based on this, agricultural land was divided into four groups: highly productive, productive, low productive and unproductive.Results. It has been established that the territory of the first agro-climatic zone is represented by agricultural lands for more than 95%, and over the 16-year study period, the area of these lands increased by 27,906 ha. Salinization of land is global in nature, since the total area of land with a degree of salinity is 644,334 ha, that is, more than 37% of agricultural land in this agroclimatic zone is already salinized to varying degrees. In addition, solonetzic complexes are widespread here.Conclusion. We have established that in order to increase the efficiency of the use of these lands, their qualitative zoning with the subsequent development of agromeliorative measures is necessary. This division of land reflects their qualitative condition, degree of exposure to various degradation processes, the possibility of further land use, a set of measures for the preservation, restoration and protection of these lands and securing the corresponding status of a particular zone based on the developed regulations.
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Bhermana, Andy, und Susilawati Susilawati. „Environmentally Sound Spatial Management Using Conservation and Land Evaluation Approach at Sloping Lands in Humid Tropic (A case study of Antang Kalang sub-district, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia)“. SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 16, Nr. 1 (30.06.2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v16i1.24004.
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The main problem faced by sloping lands in the humid tropic includes land degradation influencing natural ecosystem damage broadly. Land conversion and improper land-use have been widely recognized as the main cause of environmental damage since the demands for agricultural lands become greater than land resource available. The objective of this study was to determine the concept of appropriate land-use planning through environmentally sound spatial management in order to prevent land and environmental degradation. The sub-district of Antang Kalang was chosen as study area representing sloping lands in humid tropic that have a susceptibility to erosion. Conservation approach by the use of USLE erosion risk prediction model and land evaluation through land suitability classification was used in this study. The geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technology were applied to generate spatial basic information and to assist in spatial analysis. Two crops, upland rice, and rubber, representing food crop and estate p have been selected based on the local resource that has been existed since a long time ago. The result of spatial analysis shown that the arable land for agricultural practices covers 9,039 hectares (23.19%) while for non-arable land, it is allocated for forest preservation with total areas 29,934 hectares (76.81%). Land-use planning and land resources management involving conservation aspect and land suitability evaluation should be taken into account for farming practice at sloping lands areas since the value of soil loss potential appears as an indicator of erosion risk. Permanent cultivation system and the intercropping farming system is the option of recommended agricultural practice at sloping lands in the humid tropic that have a susceptibility to erosion.
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Mironova, A., und I. Lickin. „Development of technologies for the restoration of degraded land“. Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), Nr. 1 (01.01.2020): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2001-03.
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Land degradation is a gradual deterioration of its properties caused by changes in soil formation. The purpose of the study is to analyze degraded soil lands and to justify the composition of technological complexes for restoration treatments of neglected lands. They showed that in the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia degraded lands are divided into whole, deposit with powerful and lowpower dern. The peculiarities of the main types of degraded lands and recommendations to technical complexes were revealed. It has been shown that the majority of the whole and deposit lands are located on the blackened old arable lands covered with shrub and wood vegetation, on the marshland areas, in the sites of peatland accumulation and near the river fl oodplains. In order to restore degraded land, it is necessary to form special bioactive recultivation technologies, specialized machines and units for their implementation, as well as to develop a set of measures to involve significant areas of productive land in the active agricultural circulation, taking into account their environmental, economic and social importance.
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Sewnet, Amare. „Land Use/Cover Change at Infraz Watershed, Northwestren Ethiopia“. Journal of Landscape Ecology 8, Nr. 1 (01.01.2015): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2015-0005.
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Abstract Land cover is the physical and biological cover of the surface whereas land use covers the results of human activities for the exploitation of it. The land cover and landuse change is caused by both, natural and anthropogenic factors. The objective of this study was to detect land cover/use changes in Infraz Watershed. The study has used ArcGIS10 and ERDAS IMAGINE10, landsat images of 1973, 1986, 1995 and 2011 and socio-economic data to analyze land cover and landuse changes of Infraz watershed. The study has found that due to the population increase and improper agricultural activity bush and wetlands have declined where as farm and settlement lands expanded between the study years. About 1044 wetlands and 6338.7 ha of bush lands were lost and converted to cultivated and farm lands, grass lands and forest covers which were increased by 6685.3, 357.7 and 338.3 ha between the study periods respectively. There is an urgent need to limit the population growth rate and implementing land use policy in the Infraz watershed.
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Lesyk, Oksana. „Formation of legal regulation of land relations in Poland (1919–1921)“. Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, Nr. 3 (10.11.2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.3.2020.10.
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The article is devoted to the historical and legal analysis of the problems of formation of legal regulation of land relations inPoland (1919–1921).The first important normative legal acts of Poland concerning the legal regulation of land relations are analyzed, in particular theLand Law of 1920 and the Constitution of 1921. It is noted that the Law on Land Reform, adopted on July 15, 1920, consisted of threeparts: 1) Land stock (Articles 1-5); 2) Compulsory redemption and redemption price (Articles 6-22); 3) parcelling (Articles 23–37). Thelaw of 1920 provided for: 1) an increase in the amount of land subject to alienation and intended for parcelling and settlement; 2) divisionof all state and state-acquired lands from its former owners; 3) compensation for landed and ecclesiastical lands that exceeded themaximum norm, in the amount of half of their average market price (Article 13); 4) forced redemption of movable and immovable agriculturalequipment (it should be noted that agricultural buildings were purchased at a price as of August 1, 1914, ie at the beginning ofthe First World War; the owner of several estates had the right to keep no more than one estate – Article 2 and 14); 5) the possibility ofobtaining a loan to purchase land in the amount of up to 75% of the value of the site; 6) the provision of land primarily to non-agriculturaland small farmers, with priority for war invalids and farm workers (Article 29); 7) transfer of the state parcelling fund to the disposalof the Main Land Administration – a special body for the implementation of land reform (Article 4); 8) deprivation of the rightto land of peasants who evaded military service and / or participated in the occupation of agricultural lands (this, in fact, applied toUkrainians in Galicia who opposed the Polish government). It was established that the following were subject to forced redemption:1) lands “unfairly” distributed before the revival of the Polish state (as we understand, this also refers to lands that the government ofthe Western Ukraine began to distribute as a result of its own reform);2) arbitrarily parceled lands without the permission of the competent authorities; 3) land acquired in the period from August 1,1914 to September 14, 1919 by persons for whom agriculture was not a professional occupation; 4) land appropriated for the purposeof usurious profits; 5) lands that have changed their owner more than twice during the war, except in the case of the death of the owneror the transfer of a plot for road construction; 6) land necessary for the livelihood of cities and industrial centers; 7) abandoned anduncultivated lands.
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Barros, Nirmalla, Nicolle Tulve, Ken Bailey und Daniel Heggem. „Outdoor Air Emissions, Land Use, and Land Cover around Schools on Tribal Lands“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 1 (24.12.2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010036.
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Children from tribes are more burdened with adverse respiratory well-being outcomes versus other U.S. children. The objectives of this study were to identify stressors from the built and natural environments for tribal school-aged children. Outdoor air concentrations around U.S. tribal schools were linked to National Emission Inventories; ecoregions and National Land Cover Database; and American Community Survey and school map layers. Nine school sites (seven tribes, five U.S. states) were in three ecoregions: North American Deserts, Northern Forests, and Mediterranean California. Closest emission sources were oil, gas, airport, and manufacturing facilities. Maximum annual outdoor air concentrations were measured for toluene at two schools (29 ppb and 15 ppb, 2011), located four miles from a solid waste landfill and eight miles from paperboard/saw mills. Maximum annual concentrations of metals in particulate matter 10 micrometers and smaller were highest for manganese (68 ng/m3, 2011). Schools were in mainly arid and heavily forested lands. Closest emission sources were predominantly off tribal lands. Measurements were limited (<30/year). Compared to schools off tribal lands, schools on tribal lands were further away from roadway sources. Future research may examine outdoor air quality around schools with more developed land and indoor air for tribal children’s total exposure.
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Alakoz, V. V. „The development and implementation of programs for the use and protection of agricultural lands in the regional projects for the development of agriculture and agricultural clusters, and state regulation of agricultural lands fertility“. Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), Nr. 5 (19.04.2021): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2105-01.
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Land legislation - the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law " Land Management", the Federal Law "Turnover of Agricultural Lands", the Federal Law "State Regulation of Agricultural Lands Fertility" proclaimed the obligation of state authorities, local governments, legal entities and individuals realize their activities with preservation of land as the most important component of the environment and a natural resource, and carry out measures for the reproduction of the fertility of agricultural lands. There are proclamations, but no effective economic, administrative mechanisms and institutions of enforcement to save productive land and soil fertility. Regulations for the environmentally safe use of separately cultivated plots of arable land, contours of hayfields and pastures with spatial identification of the boundaries of their action on the map for land management have not been established – we can see negative impacts of excessive cultivation of arable land. The proposed measures to ensure the fertility of agricultural lands are aimed not at land use with soil-saving agricultural technologies in the process of agricultural activities when growing crops (in accordance with the established regulations), but at restoration of soil fertility after depletion of agricultural land use through reclamation and other measures for agrochemical services. This article proposes to restore the compulsory land management activities in case of identification of lands with water and wind erosion and other negative impacts with the development of regulations for environmentally safe agricultural land use for each field or part of it, the contour of hayfields and pastures exposed to negative impacts of anthropogenic or natural load. It is easier to prevent than to cure.
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Tyerman, C. J. „The Holy Land, Holy Lands, and Christian History“. English Historical Review 117, Nr. 470 (01.02.2002): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.470.146.
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Murdock, Esme G. „Storied with land: ‘transitional justice’ on Indigenous lands“. Journal of Global Ethics 14, Nr. 2 (04.05.2018): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2018.1516692.
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Uzakova, Guzal, und Sukhrob Saidov. „SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF LAND USE AND LAND PROTECTION“. JOURNAL OF LAW RESEARCH 6, Nr. 4 (30.04.2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9130-2021-4-7.
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The article explains the concept of state management in the sphere of land use and protection, based on the existing legal documents, scientific and theoretical foundations. Also land reform in the Republic of Uzbekistan is treated as one of the main directions of state public administration. The author investigates land management as a type of environmental control and describes organizational and legal basis for land protection in urban planning. The article considers the issues of adoption by government administrationof normative acts on land use and protection on safeguard and rational use of lands; establishment of standards on environmental protection, maintenance of state registration of lands and state cadastre; rational use of lands and planning oftheir protection; distribution and redistribution ofland; landscape design;
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Tontisirin, Nij, und Sutee Anantsuksomsri. „Economic Development Policies and Land Use Changes in Thailand: From the Eastern Seaboard to the Eastern Economic Corridor“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 11 (30.05.2021): 6153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116153.
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The Thai government’s project called “Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC)” was announced in 2016 to stimulate economic development and help the country escape from the middle-income trap. The project provides investment incentives for the private sector and the infrastructure development of land, rail, water, and air transportation. The EEC project encompasses three provinces in the eastern region of Thailand because of their strategic locations near deep seaports and natural resources in the Gulf of Thailand. Clearly, this policy will lead to dramatic changes in land uses and the livelihoods of the people in these three provinces. However, the extent to which land use changes will occur because of this project remains unclear. This study aims to analyze land use changes in the eastern region of Thailand using a Cellular Automata–Markov model. The results show that land uses of the coastal areas have become more urbanized than inland areas, which are primarily agricultural lands. The predicted land uses suggest shrinking agricultural lands of paddy fields, field crops, and horticulture lands but expanding perennial lands. These changes in land uses highlight challenges in urban administration and management as well as threats to Thailand’s agricultural cultures in the future.
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Bondarev, Boris, Sergey Nosov, Oleg Antipov und Lusine Papikian. „Urban land use planning within the system of sustainable urban development management“. E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911002001.
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Agricultural and forest lands near settlements are main reserve for expansion of urban areas. Thus, among 148.5 thousand hectares of lands added to Moscow city territory in 2012, 72.2 thousand hectares or 48% were occupied by agricultural and forest lands. Urban areas are characterized by excessively high intensity of land use, land depletion, deterioration in environmental quality and decline in sustainability of urban development. The paper presents the results of analysis of urban land use planning system in the interests of sustainable development of urban territories. The object of the study is the land that is part of Moscow, which is planned to be developed in the coming decades. The authors propose an algorithm for urban development of such areas, which takes into account the quality of land. Design calculations for areas under development were carried out for Shchapovskoye settlement in New Moscow as an example. In addition, the paper covers aspects of land management when developing agricultural land within cities. The authors developed a classification of agricultural land according to a criterion of “suitability for urban development”. The suggested classification has been applied to achieve the objectives of planning urban land use development, determining the order of construction on agricultural lands within the system of sustainable urban development management.
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Gao, Ting, Jie Jun Huang, Han Zhou und Yun Jun Zhan. „Prediction of Land-Use Change along the Urban Rail Transit Based on Markov Model“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (Mai 2014): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.894.
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Urban rail transit will have a direct impact on the land use types and structure. This paper mainly focused on Wuhan rail transit line 1, Using 2002、2010 Wuhan local remote sensing image, based on RS and GIS techniques, the transfer matrix of land use around the orbit is achieved by analyzing the land use data in two different periods before and after the urban rail system run, and then based on the markov model to quantitatively forecast the change of land use types between 2013 and 2018. The results showed that, Wuhan rail transit increased the strength of the development and the degree of land use along it, accelerated the mutual transformation between the land use types, changed the land use structure and land cover types along it, in which the construction lands and roads were mainly come from cultivated lands and green lands.
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Kludze, Hilla, Bill Deen, Alfons Weersink, Rene van Acker, Ken Janovicek und Aaron De Laporte. „Impact of land classification on potential warm season grass biomass production in Ontario, Canada“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, Nr. 2 (März 2013): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-143.
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Kludze, H., Deen, B., Weersink, A., van Acker, R., Janovicek, K. and De Laporte, A. 2013. Impact of land classification on potential warm season grass biomass production in Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 249–260. This paper examines the land base of southern Ontario to determine the capability of land classes for growing two warm-season grasses, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and miscanthus (Miscanthus spp.), and discusses implications of a provincial biomass industry strictly based on biomass grown on marginal lands. The development of a biomass energy industry is a priority for many regional governments in Canada as a means to reduce fossil fuel use and improve environmental quality. Biomass productivity of the two crops was determined by assuming percentages of arable land area by quality that could be allocated to them: biomass productivity on “prime lands” was assumed to be higher than those of “marginal lands”. Our analysis indicates that Ontario has an adequate land base for producing miscanthus and/or switchgrass biomass to meet and surpass diverse competitive uses without significantly affecting food crop supply. Locations of marginal lands are scattered in the province and the feasibility of establishing a provincial biomass industry strictly based on biomass grown on these lands may not be economically sound or practical. A relatively small percentage of prime lands is required to achieve substantial biomass production with lower costs of production, and perhaps greater environmental benefit.
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Smovzhenko, Tamara, Oryslava Korkuna, Ivan Korkuna und Ulyana Khromyak. „The impact of land reform on the development of united territorial communities“. Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, Nr. 1(141) (2020): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-1-4.
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Nowadays, according to decentralization and current legislation (Land Code of Ukraine, Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine «On Self-Governance»), the public lands have been transferred to the CTCs since 1 February 2018. In 2018/2019, 788 CTCs received communal ownership of 1.68 ha of public lands. According to the Draft Law «On Amendments to Several Legal Documents of Ukraine on Agricultural Lands Turnover», the consolidated territorial communities become the legal entities and can acquire property rights to agricultural land plots. Therefore, transferring the lands to be used by the newly created CTCs is currently an urgent issue that requires extended scientific and practical research. The paper aims to research the role of land reform in Ukraine and its impact on increase of CTCs’ budget revenues. The stages of land reform and the development of the land reform in Ukraine as well as its implementation strategy are outlined. The disparities of the integrated satellite map and the data of the Land Cadaster of Ukraine in terms of unregistered lands are defined. The amount of a CTC budget’s increased revenues due to the reform is estimated. Statistical data on small, medium, and large farmers and their interest in the land reform are analyzed. The terms of selling the land to foreign investors and conditions of participation in land auctions are examined. The mechanisms of land purchase, selling, and lease in line with the land reform are suggested. Generalizing the presented aspects of the land reform in Ukraine and their impact on economic activity of the newly created CTCs, it can be argued that the process is quite positive and necessary for both communities and businesses in order to get additional budget revenues for CTCs. The land reform improves the living standards of Ukrainian people through the disclosure of the country’s agricultural capacity.
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Desyatkin, Alexey, Shinya Iwasaki, Roman Desyatkin und Ryusuke Hatano. „Changes of Soil C Stock under Establishment and Abandonment of Arable Lands in Permafrost Area—Central Yakutia“. Atmosphere 9, Nr. 8 (08.08.2018): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080308.
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Central Yakutia is in one of the most northern agricultural centers of the world. In this territory a notable area of arable land was made by removing the boreal Taiga with the primary purpose of crop cultivation. Such a method of cultivation significantly changes soil total carbon (STC, soil organic carbon + soil carbonate carbon) balance, because of the destroyed upper humus horizon. Soil organic carbon (SOC) of cultivated arable lands is almost a half of that in forest. In abandoned arable lands with grass vegetation, the recovery of SOC has increased to 30% in comparison with cultivated arable lands. On arable lands recovering with new growth of trees, the SOC is related to the abandonment period. Soil carbonates carbon (SCC) content was significantly lower than SOC and showed significant difference among abandoned and other types of arable lands. Objectives of this study are to identify how STC stocks change in response to conversion of the forests to agricultural land and to analyze the arable land system’s recovery process after abandonment. Furthermore, after transformation of forest to arable land, a significant decrease of STC was observed, primarily due to mechanical loss after plant residue removal. It was also identified that the restoration and self-recovery of STC in abandoned arable lands of Central Yakutia continuously and slightly increase. Grass vegetation regenerates STC for 20 years. While the difference of average STC of forests and cultivated arable lands reached 41%, a new growth of forest on some abandoned arable land follows the tendency of STC decrease due to a low productivity level and suppressing effect on grass vegetation.
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Semenda, Dmytro, und Olga Semenda. „Assessment of ecological and economic efficiency of agricultural lands preservation“. Environmental Economics 9, Nr. 1 (16.04.2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.09(1).2018.04.
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The article substantiates the necessity to define and generalize the criteria for assessing the ecological and economic efficiency of using agricultural lands. Due to the transition of the agro-industrial complex to private forms of management, the problems of forming a strategy of rational, ecologically safe and sustainable development of land use in Ukrainian agriculture became of paramount importance. Therefore, systematic studies on the assessment of the ecological and economic efficiency of the agricultural land use need to be conducted. Harmonization of ecological and economic interests is of particular importance in the context of ensuring the conservation, resource-saving and reproductive nature of the agricultural land exploitation.A scientific study found that in Ukraine, the agrarian sector of the economy provides about 47% of GDP, but the question arises: At what price are these achievements given to us? Agricultural land development exceeds environmentally sound standards. Excessive cultivation of the territory leads to an annual increase of eroded lands by 80-90 thousand hectares. Land use is recognized as environmentally unstable, and there is a steady tendency to deteriorate the quality of soil. Each second hectare of cultivated land is erosion-hazardous, that is, these soils are subject to water and wind erosion. In this regard, it is recommended to introduce the world-wide experience of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), which provides an opportunity to provide food security to the country and to limit the negative impact of the environment, based on the introduction of organic production.It is proved that regardless of the size of farms and forms of management using resource-saving no-till technologies, enterprises received low cost of grown products, providing profitable activities. Ecological compatibility of the technology provides energy savings of at least 30% in comparison with traditional farming systems, the accumulation of not less than 30-40% of plant residues on the soil surface after harvesting of the predecessor, provides protection of the soil from wind and water erosion by minimizing the amount and depth of technological operations.It is confirmed that the most widespread evaluation of the agricultural lands use is the evaluation of the results of their use through volumes of gross and commodity products, income, and production profitability. The criteria for the environmental effectiveness of agricultural land use should be: the degree of functional use of land resources, ecological stability, the level of anthropogenic loading, the degree of erosional feature of land, etc.According to the study results, it was established that one of the main areas of agriculture is the application of minimal tillage in crop rotation, i.e. resource-saving no-till technology.The economic feasibility of technologies based on the use of different soil tillage systems has been confirmed.
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Appiah, Divine Odame, Felix Asante und Bernice Nketiah. „Perspectives on Agricultural Land Use Conversion and Food Security in Rural Ghana“. Sci 1, Nr. 1 (18.03.2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci1010014.v1.
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Rapid peri-urbanization has resulted in increasing demand for and pressure on peri-urban lands at the expense of agricultural lands. Households’ decision to convert from agricultural land uses to residential and commercial land uses is driven by a myriad of factors, ranging from social to economic, in the Asante-Akim South district of the Asante region, Ghana. The paper examined the effects of agricultural land use trade-off on food production in the district. Using a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods, 115 household respondents were proportionately sampled from three selected communities in the district, for the collection of data through the administration of questionnaires. The data were subjected to the Pearson’s chi-square, embedded in the SPSS V.16, to test for association among the variables. We report that the increasing rate of agricultural land uses conversions was as a result of increasing demand for residential and commercial land usage at the expense of agricultural land uses. Converting prime agricultural lands into other land uses was seen as profitable to agricultural expansion. A re-examination of the district land use plans by the Ghanaian Physical (Town and Country) Planning Department in tandem with the Lands Commission is therefore recommended.
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Shrivastava, Sharmila. „Slopes of struggle: Coffee on Baba Budan hills“. Indian Economic & Social History Review 57, Nr. 2 (April 2020): 199–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464620912613.
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The history of Mysore coffee is inextricably linked to the mountainous inam lands of Baba Budan dargah situated atop eponymous hills. In the Malnad region of the Nagar Division in the seventeenth century grew probably the earliest coffee gardens of India. This paper examines the significance of the Baba Budan inam lands coffee in the development of the coffee economy of Mysore. The trajectory of coffee, a peasant and a plantation crop, was shaped by regulation and domination by the British administration and European planters and embedded resistance to this control. Native cultivators and the Baba Budan inamdars, as indigenous coffee growers, clashed with European planters over land and labour issues. Coffee was a profitable and popular cash crop, and natives dominated land and production in the colonial period. Competition, collusion and contestation laid the foundation of the two components of the coffee industry in Mysore—native and European.
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Paton, Colin J., Jeffrey F. Clewett, Alice R. Melland, Tom Newsome, Jochen Eberhard, John McL Bennett und Craig P. Baillie. „Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 1. Sown pasture growth and carrying capacity“. Animal Production Science 61, Nr. 12 (2021): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20135.
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Context New Acland coal mine in south-eastern Queensland is seeking to rehabilitate mined land to pastures that are safe, stable and sustainable for beef production. Little is known of the productivity and sustainability of grazing previously mined land in the Darling Downs study region. Additionally, information is required to specify management guidelines for sustainable grazing of regional land types retired from cultivation. Aims Identify pasture growth characteristics, rainfall use efficiencies and long-term carrying capacities of subtropical sown pastures established on lands rehabilitated after open-cut coal mining in comparison to sown pastures established on un-mined but previously cultivated lands. Methods Pasture growth and quality (% nitrogen) were observed using the Swiftsynd methodology in ungrazed exclosures with three sites on rehabilitated lands of the Acland Grazing Trial over a 5-year period (2014–2018), and 13 sites on unmined lands over periods of 2–5 years providing data for modelling pasture growth. Key results Peak pasture yield (TSDM for autumn harvests) averaged for 2017 and 2018 was greater (P < 0.1) on rehabilitated sites than unmined Poplar Box land type sites (5957 and 2233 kg/ha respectively) but similar to Brigalow Uplands and Mountain Coolibah land type sites (3946 and 3413 kg/ha respectively). Pasture rundown was evident, with pasture N uptake decreasing over 5 years at some sites. Soil mineral N supply (potentially mineralisable N and mineral N) in spring was a useful indicator of N uptake over the following growing season. Simulations using the GRASP pasture growth model for the grazing trial period predicted rainfall use efficiencies of 12.0, 7.0, 9.1 and 4.8 kg/ha.mm rainfall for rehabilitated sites and unmined sites on Brigalow Uplands, Mountain Coolibah and Poplar Box land types respectively. Long-term carrying capacities based on estimates of long-term median pasture growth and 30% utilisation were 4.39, 3.58 and 5.92 ha/adult equivalent respectively for the unmined land types, and 2.45 ha/adult equivalent for the rehabilitated lands. Conclusions Rehabilitated land can be as productive as unmined but previously cultivated land. Implications Grazing management plans for sustainable management of mined and unmined lands can be developed using data from the present study. The plans will assist with the transition of rehabilitated lands to commercial agriculture.