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Müller, Julia, und Thorsten Upmann. „Centralised Labour Market Negotiations: Strategic Behaviour Curbs Employment“. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 174, Nr. 2 (2018): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245617x14930170168706.
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Riethof, Marieke. „The International Labour Standards Debate in the Brazilian Labour Movement: Engagement with Mercosur and Opposition to the Free Trade Area of the Americas“. Politics and Governance 5, Nr. 4 (14.12.2017): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.1090.
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The social dimensions of economic integration have become an increasingly significant feature of trade agreements, particularly those between developing countries. In the Brazilian case trade-related labour standards have not become a major feature outside of the regional organization Mercosur (Common Market of the South), yet we know relatively little about the reasons for this discrepancy. Paradoxically one of the main stakeholders in this debate, Brazilian trade unions, has broadly supported social and labour clauses in the regional context but union activists have opposed labour provisions in trade negotiations between asymmetric partners. A comparative analysis of the labour campaigns in Mercosur and the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) negotiations explains this ambiguity in terms of Brazilian labour strategies towards free trade negotiations and explores their implications for evaluations of labour attitudes to trade-related labour standards in developing countries. The labour movement’s own conflicting perspectives on the trade–labour connection are a key explanation of these outcomes, reinforcing the need for a greater appreciation of the complexity of trade union views in the debate on labour standards.
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Wratny, Jerzy. „Conflict and Cooperation in Labour-Management Relations. A Comparative Approach: Canada-Poland“. Revue générale de droit 25, Nr. 1 (26.02.2019): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1056404ar.
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Until 1980, labour relations in Poland were entirely run by the state. As a result of massive strikes and social negotiations the first independent trade union “Solidarność” was established. The 1989 elections, which lead to the defeat of the Communist government, finally opened the door for legal reform of the Polish industrial relations model. In this article, the author examines the evolution and development of the Polish labour relations system in contrast with the situation and latest trends of labour negotiations in Canada, a democratic country with a market economy.
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Fells, R. E., und R. M. Skeffington. „How Pervasive is the “Going Rate”? Some Behavioural Insights into the Process of Enterprise Bargaining“. Economic and Labour Relations Review 3, Nr. 2 (Dezember 1992): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469200300207.
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This paper examines the significance of information about “going rates” in the resolution of issues by negotiation. In addition to the strategic factors which negotiators must consider this paper identifies a behavioural factor, the mutually prominent alternative, which also has the effect of drawing negotiators towards the going rate as a settlement for their own negotiations. The results of research based on an experimental negotiation confirm the importance of going rate information on negotiation outcomes. This finding, and its explanation in terms of the going rate adopting the characteristics of a mutually prominent alternative, has significance in the context of enterprise bargaining; it would suggest that outcomes negotiated at the enterprise level may not be as egocentric as some advocates of a deregulated labour market might suggest.
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Heil, Mark. „How does finance influence labour market outcomes? A review of empirical studies“. Journal of Economic Studies 47, Nr. 6 (05.06.2020): 1197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2019-0147.
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PurposeThis paper reviews economic studies on the effects of various aspects of finance on labour market outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a systematic literature review that reviews the weight of the evidence on the relationships between specific elements of finance and labour outcomes. The review is divided into three major sections: (1) job quantity and job quality; (2) distributional effects; and (3) resilience and adaptability.FindingsFinance interacts with labour market institutions to jointly determine labour outcomes. Firm financial structures influence their labour practices – highly leveraged firms show greater employment volatility during cyclical fluctuations, and leverage strengthens firm bargaining power in labour negotiations. Bank deregulation has mixed impacts on labour depending upon the state of prior bank regulations and labour markets. Leveraged buyouts tend to dampen acquired-firm job growth as they pursue labour productivity gains. The shareholder value movement may contribute to short-termism among corporate managers, which can divert funds away from firm capital accumulation toward financial markets, and crowd out productive investment. Declining wage shares of national income in most OECD countries since 1990 may be driven in part by financial globalisation. The financial sector contributes to rising income concentration near the top of the distribution in developed countries. The availability of finance is associated with increased reallocation of labour, which may either enhance or impede productivity growth. Finally, rising interest rate environments and homeowners with mortgage balances that exceed their home's value may reduce labour mobility rates.Originality/valueThis review contributes to the understanding of the effects of finance on labour by reviewing and synthesising a large volume of literature.
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Jaehrling, Karen, Mathew Johnson, Trine P. Larsen, Bjarke Refslund und Damian Grimshaw. „Tackling Precarious Work in Public Supply Chains: A Comparison of Local Government Procurement Policies in Denmark, Germany and the UK“. Work, Employment and Society 32, Nr. 3 (Juni 2018): 546–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017018758216.
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Through a cross-national comparative study of local government ‘best practice cases’ of socially responsible procurement in Denmark, Germany and the UK, this article critically examines the role of labour clauses in addressing issues of low wages and precarious work in public supply chains. It provides new insights on the negotiations and outcomes of labour clauses across different stages of the policy process, including implementation and monitoring. The analysis demonstrates the importance of pragmatic alliances of progressive local politicians, unions and employers in ensuring that socially responsible procurement moves beyond rhetoric, along with supportive national and sectoral employment regimes. Labour clauses can compensate for weak systems of labour market regulation by setting higher standards for outsourced workers, while they play a complementary role in more regulated labour markets by levelling up wages and working conditions to prevailing collectively agreed standards.
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Crofts, Jessica, und Julia Coffey. „Young women’s negotiations of gender, the body and the labour market in a post-feminist context“. Journal of Gender Studies 26, Nr. 5 (18.01.2016): 502–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2015.1130610.
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Thebe, Vusilizwe. „THE COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF LAND IN MIGRANT LABOUR SOCIETIES: WHO NEEDS LAND FOR AGRICULTURE?“ Journal of Asian Rural Studies 2, Nr. 2 (10.07.2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i2.1404.
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The agricultural modernisation narrative has been a central assumption of rural development since the mid-twentieth century, and more recently, the land reforms currently underway in Southern Africa. The narrative emphasises the viable use of land, defined in this case through agricultural productivity and market oriented production. The main contention of this paper is that such a focus undermines the rural socio-economic structure inherent in certain rural societies, which emerge through negotiations and compromises as societies change. It draws on data from studies in Lesotho and rural Zimbabwe that shows that rural households do not only hold land for agricultural purposes, but would hold onto land for security beyond mere agriculture production. It particularly emphasises the complex relationship between households and land, complex land needs and landholding patterns. As way of conclusion, it cautions against enforcing a peasant path on rural society through agriculture-based interventions.
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Piedrahita Vargas, Camilo. „La negociabilidad de los derechos laborales: un análisis económico“. Ecos de Economía 16, Nr. 34 (15.06.2012): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230/ecos.2012.34.1.
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This paper shows the results of the applied research titled "Negotiating labor rights: an economic analysis", which analyzes the legal regulation on individual labor rights negotiation in Colombia from the viewpoint of basic economic principles (Economic Analysis of Law), in order to identify the inefficiencies caused by the prohibition of this type of negotiations. After introducing the discipline of the Economic Analysis of Law, this article specifically analyzes the main legal principles that support the prohibition of individual negotiations which summed to the economic characteristics of the agents (workers), produce inefficiency in the labor markets.
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Chowdhury, Anis. „Centralised vs. Decentralised Wage-Setting Systems and Capital Accumulation — Evidence from OECD Countries, 1960–1990“. Economic and Labour Relations Review 5, Nr. 2 (Dezember 1994): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469400500207.
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There has recently been intense debate about the relative merits of a centralised wage-setting system vis-a-vis a decentralised system. Most of the theoretical and empirical works on this issue focus on the static or current macroeconomic performance in terms of employment and inflation and microeconomic efficiency resulting from enhanced labour market flexibility. Following Lancaster's work and subsequent extensions by Schott and Vartiainen, this paper regards wage bargaining as a dynamic game involving conflict over the distribution of current and future income. It is argued that the intertemporal decision makings of both workers and employers are influenced by so-called prisoners' dilemma. In such situations, it is claimed that centralised or corporatist wage negotiations system leads to higher investment rates. This claim is corroborated with evidence from selected OECD countries.
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Berlemann, Michael, und Klaus W. Zimmermann. „Trade Unionists in Parliament and Macroeconomic Performance: Evidence from Germany“. Economic and Labour Relations Review 22, Nr. 3 (November 2011): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530461102200307.
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This article focuses on the role of unionised members of parliament. While unions have a direct effect on the labour market via wage negotiations, they often also take part in political debates. In many countries, significant shares of the members of parliament are also members of a trade union. However, up to now little empirical evidence is available on the extent to which unionised members of parliament try to achieve union-specific goals and thereby influence the macroeconomic conditions of an economy. A recent study for Germany comes to the conclusion that union members in the Bundestag cannot be seen as the parliamentary arm of the trade unions. However, we present contradicting empirical results by showing that, in Germany at least, the degree of unionisation of parliamentary members has a negative impact on economic growth and increases inflation, while unemployment remains unaffected.
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Wissö, Therése. „What is ‘good timing’ in parenthood? Young mothers’ accounts of parenthood and its timing“. Families, Relationships and Societies 8, Nr. 3 (01.11.2019): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204674318x15313161373029.
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This article explores how young mothers negotiate the timing of parenthood in relation to Swedish family policy. Drawing on qualitative interviews with individuals who became parents at the ages of 17 to 23 in Sweden, the findings reveal that although the Swedish parental benefits system stipulates that parenthood should follow establishing oneself in the labour market, becoming a parent before getting a job is still counted as good timing by the young parents in this study. The findings suggest that guidelines and state policies do not work as incentives in the way policy-makers suggest, since certain groups develop their own logics as to how and when parenthood should be entered into. However, the study points out a risk for gendered trajectories as the parent’s decision regarding paid work and care for children appears to be in line with structures of gender and generations, and family negotiations tend to be asymmetrical.
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Adăscăliței, Dragoș, und Aurelian Muntean. „Trade union strategies in the age of austerity: The Romanian public sector in comparative perspective“. European Journal of Industrial Relations 25, Nr. 2 (20.06.2018): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680118783588.
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This article examines the impact of the economic crisis and its aftermath on collective bargaining, by comparing reactions to austerity policies of trade unions in healthcare and education in Romania. We develop an encompassing theoretical framework that links strategies used by trade unions with power resources, costs and union democracy. In a tight labour market generated by the massive emigration of doctors, unions in healthcare have successfully deployed their resources to advance their interests and obtain significant wage increases and better working conditions. We also show that in the aftermath of the crisis, healthcare trade unions have redefined their strategies and adopted a more militant stance based on a combination of local strikes, strike threats and temporary alliances with various stakeholders. By comparison, we find that unions in the education sector have adopted less effective strategies built around negotiations with governments combined with national-level militancy.
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Wong, Victor, und Tat Chor Au-Yeung. „Autonomous precarity or precarious autonomy? Dilemmas of young workers in Hong Kong“. Economic and Labour Relations Review 30, Nr. 2 (27.03.2019): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304619838976.
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Informed by autonomist perspectives on precarious work and labour subjectivity, this article discusses the dynamics between autonomy and job precarity. Based on purposive sampling, the qualitative findings, drawn from interviews with precarious workers aged 18–29 years in Hong Kong, reveal tensions among four types of aspirations. First, the desire for achieving freedom and individual ambition in work made the respondents critical of the notion of employment-related stability. Second, a determination to break with mainstream career paths empowered young people to take alternative pathways to new modes of work and life. Third, precarious employment was seen as a stepping stone for realising plans for travel or study. Finally, tolerance of precarity was perceived as a transitional stage in their striving for future stability. However, the findings also show the structured dilemmas experienced by young workers regarding the complex relationship between autonomy and precarity in a neoliberal labour market. Some young workers pursued work–life autonomy, constrained by precarious employment relations, acknowledging and bearing the costs, while some strategically used precarity in individual negotiations with employers to realise their goals. This article analyses young workers’ subjectivity through the lenses of autonomy and age and pushes the boundary of precarity studies beyond an implicit dichotomy between determinism and voluntarism. JEL codes: I38, J38, J62
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Grødem, Anne Skevik, und Jon M. Hippe. „Networking, lobbying and bargaining for pensions: trade union power in the Norwegian pension reform“. Journal of Public Policy 39, Nr. 3 (23.05.2018): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x18000144.
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AbstractNorway reformed its pension system in 2011, introducing a Swedish-style, NDC system. Contrary to expectations, the reform was largely supported by the dominant confederation of trade unions, the LO. In this article, we look at LO involvement in the process at different stages. Through qualitative interviews with key reform architects, we have traced the process between 2005 and 2008, emphasising actors, meeting places and interests. Starting from the insight that unions can influence through lobbying, bargaining and (the threat of) mobilising, we suggest that lobbying can be a mutual process, where parties and unions move each other’s positions. In addition, bargaining can take the form of behind-the-scenes cooperation, as well as of negotiations in the classic, Nordic-style industrial relations sense. Expanding on this framework, we suggest that the literature on pension reforms should pay more attention to negotiated and voluntary labour market occupational schemes, and to the importance of expertise and networks.
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Ready, Kathryn J., und Van Dinh. „Vietnams Developing Markets: How Do Perceptions And Strategies In The Negotiation Process Differ From The U.S.?“ Journal of Diversity Management (JDM) 1, Nr. 1 (01.06.2006): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v1i1.5029.
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Growth in international trade has had a profound effect on executives and managers in their need to better understand differences in effective cross-cultural negotiation skills. The recent opening up of trade with Vietnam points to a need to better understand how the Vietnamese negotiating style differs from the U.S. style as managers are called upon to recruit the best and brightest in an increasingly competitive labor market. In this paper, survey data, taken separately from university students in the U.S. and Vietnam, are used to examine differences in the negotiation process. The results confirmed that cultural differences lead to differences in perceptions and strategies employed in the negotiation process. Theoretical and practical implications for managers involved in negotiations with the Vietnamese as well as directions for future research are discussed.
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Lenner, Katharina. „“Biting Our tongues”: Policy Legacies and Memories in the Making of the Syrian Refugee Response in Jordan“. Refugee Survey Quarterly 39, Nr. 3 (23.05.2020): 273–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa005.
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Abstract This article analyses the significance of policy legacies and policy memories for refugee policy in conflict-neighbouring countries, where most of the world’s displaced live. Drawing on insights from critical policy analysis, it views refugee policy as co-produced by national and international agencies on the basis of previous dynamics that are already the product of an intense history of interaction and translation. This approach is illustrated by analysing two different aspects of refugee policy in Jordan: the process of counting Syrians in the country and the partial integration of Syrians into the formal labour market. Both examples reveal an overarching legacy of accommodation that ties international and host government actors together. Despite sometimes differing over preferred outcomes, the main goals for the various actors involved have been to strike compromises, safeguard organisational interests, and create outward policy success. In order to meet these goals, the agencies involved have learned to tolerate unresolved ambiguities and disregard other inconvenient legacies and memories that would only complicate policy negotiations. Acknowledging this intertwinement of agencies, technologies, and rationales of government is essential for rethinking policy change and responsibility in contexts of mass displacement.
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Abreu, Alice R. de P., Huw Beynon und José Ricardo Ramalho. „`The Dream Factory': VW's Modular Production System in Resende, Brazil“. Work, Employment and Society 14, Nr. 2 (Juni 2000): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09500170022118400.
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This paper draws upon on-going research into the changes taking place in the Brazilian vehicle assembly industry with particular reference to the state of Rio de Janeiro. It focuses upon a case study of Volkswagen's bus and truck assembly plant at Resende. The plant opened in 1996 on a green-field site and was presented as a major development in vehicle assembly. The unique feature of the plant's production system rests on the relationship between the assembler (VW) and its component suppliers. At Resende these were involved in a joint enterprise to establish a `modular system' of production. In this system, the component suppliers finance a part of the factory and organise the assembly of their components on site. As such few of the production workers are employed by the assembler whose main role in the process is to co-ordinate production and market the vehicle. The article outlines the nature of the Resende system and the negotiations and comment that accompanied its introduction. It considers the development in relation to literatures on the boundary and capacity of the firm and those relating to the role of labour in mature labour processes. In drawing upon wider changes in the Brazilian vehicle manufacturing sector it argues that the Resende experiment can be understood as an extreme case of a more general development in Brazil, involving changed relationships between assemblers and component suppliers and also with the manual workers. Some consideration is given to the idea of an emerging `Brazilian system' of production and its implication for more general developments within the sector.
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Bogataj, David, Marija Bogataj und Samo Drobne. „Sustainability of an Activity Node in Global Supply Chains“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 21 (26.10.2020): 8881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218881.
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Urban shrinkage is a remarkable phenomenon that cannot be convincingly explained by existing theories on urban growth and is closely linked to the global supply chain (SC) nodes in the labour market. This paper shows how a municipality in which an activity SC cell (production or service) is located as a node in the SC graph can be made more attractive for industrial activities and human resources, more sustainable, and less shrinking, through appropriate tax policies and investments in the infrastructure of the central places—cities where production or services are located. To this end, we developed the decision support model for the joint control of urban rightsizing by SC managers and local authorities. In the model we linked the extended material requirements problem (MRP) with a normalised asymmetric gravity model. The paper outlines how local authorities and institutions, when planning for the growing intensity of production or services, in a city where the number of workers is insufficient, should take into account the impact of taxation as well as investment in the infrastructure of a municipality, and not just net wages, in order to attract human resources. They need a decision support model for their negotiations on the rightsizing of the city. The objective was to develop a model of fiscal mechanisms in the interactive decision making processes of local authorities and SC managers to control the availability of labour in the city where production or services are running and need to grow because SC managers want to increase production or services but the available labour force is shrinking. A case study in Slovenia shows how local authorities and SC managers should work together to maintain a sustainable activity cell in a functional region of the urban agglomeration where this production or service is located. It models how to plan the rightsizing. Such an integrated policy best achieves the desired intensity of the supply chain, thereby avoiding the relocation of activities outside the region, which allows unsustainable flows of human resources and uncontrolled shrinking of a city or region.
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Kjellberg, Anders. „The Shifting role role of unions in the social dialogue“. European Journal of Workplace Innovation 6, Nr. 2 (05.03.2021): 220–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46364/ejwi.v6i2.807.
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The article deals with the declining union density and shrinking coverage of collective agreements in most EU/EES countries, in particular in Eastern Europe and Greece. In many countries, international organizations pushed through “structural reforms” weakening trade unions. The result is declining union density and decreased capacity to conclude sectoral collective agreements and avoid downwards derogations at company level. Even in some core eurozone countries have governments without much of social dialogue carried through “internal devaluation” to restore competitiveness. High union density (Finland) or high union mobilization capacity (France) could not prevent this development. The economic performance of a country and degree of globalization, including the absence of a national currency, appear to be more important. The Swedish (and Nordic) model of self-regulation, resting on negotiations between the labour market parties, contrasts sharply to French state regulation with its high frequency of state extension of collective agreements and minimum wages set by the state. Union density in Sweden is still among the highest in the world but has declined considerably the last twenty years, in particular among the rapidly growing share of foreign-born blue-collar workers. As a small, strongly export-dependent country dominated by large transnational groups, Swedish economy is very influenced by globalization. This has shifted the balance of power to the advantage of employers, and by that circumscribed the unions’ efforts to achieve developing jobs and improved working environment.
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Palomo-Lovinski, Noël. „Sustainable retail system: Proposal for closed-loop fashion“. Fashion, Style & Popular Culture 7, Nr. 2 (01.03.2020): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fspc_00014_1.
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Abstract The fashion industry is at a turning point due to the increased unsustainability of current economic, environmental and social practices requiring a new set of best practices throughout the supply and value chains. Retailers and manufacturers seek profit in a consumer market that increasingly expects more product and services for less money at a quicker rate of turnover. Scarcity of resources, from natural materials to affordable labour, will only intensify rather than be ameliorated in the current system. Concurrently, increasing awareness of environmental and social harm will make negotiations between price and availability all the more acute. The consumer expectation of environmentally friendly practices does not necessarily translate into acceptance of higher costs in the marketplace. The fashion industry therefore must reconsider the role of the designer, the use of technology, long-term responsibility for all products sold and how to engage the consumer beyond the confines of the traditional point of sale. Designers, manufacturers and retailers will have to reconfigure the supply chain process and expand the possibilities of experiential retail to accommodate increased consumer demand of getting what they want when they want it, all while affording confidence and trust. This article is a proposal for a Closed-Loop Sustainable Product Service System and Retail construct. The proposal suggests a national network of design, retail and manufacturing sites specific to a community or region. Specific technology would support small batch production geared to the requirements of a community or locality while taking responsibility for all waste. A supporting literature review will be provided reinforcing the assertions and suggestions made by the author.
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JAGUSIAK, Bogusław. „Związki zawodowe a rynek pracy w Unii Europejskiej“. Przegląd Politologiczny, Nr. 4 (02.11.2018): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2010.15.4.12.
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The aim of this study is to present the opportunities for trade unions to influence the labor market in the EU. The economic crisis in the EU has affected its labor markets to varying degrees. In the analysis of selected examples it can be clearly seen that the countries that have survived the crisis in the labor market better are those where the labor market is flexible, i.e. where, although people can easily lose one job, they are relatively likely to find another. EU states undertake to make labor relations more flexible, to further diversify employment forms, or to move salary negotiations to lower levels, thus eliminating state intervention in labor markets. Local EU labor markets have become a part of a supranational system of free flow of workers. European integration has generated common problems in the labor market, where trade unions need to undertake joint efforts to increase the flexibility, mobility and efficiency of the labor force, to improve labor market programs and provide for more efficient collaboration of social partners. This also follows from the protective function trade unions are supposed to play in the unified European market, and from an attempt to solve the issue of whether the expansion of trade union activity to the European level is effective in looking for compromise on the labor market.
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Mense-Petermann, Ursula. „Interest representation in transnational labour markets: Campaigning as an alternative to traditional union action?“ Journal of Industrial Relations 62, Nr. 2 (16.02.2020): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619900642.
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This article addresses the challenges connected with interest representation in transnational labour markets. It draws on an in-depth case study of the labour market that matches Eastern European workers to jobs in the German meat industry. This labour market has emerged under the European Union Posted Workers Directive. The posting regime has entailed dumping wages and extreme exploitation in the German meat industry. The German Food Workers Union has faced great difficulties in organising workers posted in the meat industry and in negotiating collective agreements because of strong employer resistance to industry-level bargaining. Yet 2014 saw a shift towards a new employment regime and a re-ordering of the transnational labour market, which entailed several improvements for workers. This article sheds light on how this change came about through campaigning by a coalition of different sorts of (collective) actors and not traditional collective action by the union. The role and impact of campaigning for labour protection in transnational labour markets in the Global North are further discussed.
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Žiogelytė, Laura. „WAGE CHANGE IN THE LITHUANIAN LABOUR MARKET“. Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, Nr. 2 (30.04.2010): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.044.
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In a market, the labour force of the population can be sold and bought. The wage is the price or the monetary value of the labour force. The wage rate depends on the key internal and external factors. In a market economy, remuneration for work becomes the object of negotiation between the employer and the employee. In order to legally implement this negotiation, we need to describe the term of the wage, wage systems, wage structure, functions and other issues. The article deals with the theoretical issues relating to wages: the concept of the wage, the main function of wages, the factors influencing the wage rate are analysed and systematised. The article analyses net wages and gross wages and other factors influencing the Lithuanian labour market.
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Di Fabio, Annamaria, und Mirko Duradoni. „Humor Styles as New Resources in a Primary Preventive Perspective: Reducing Resistance to Change for Negotiation“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 7 (05.04.2020): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072485.
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Reducing resistance to change is fundamental to dealing with the rapid and continuous changes of the 21st century labor market. Personality traits have been widely studied in relation to resistance to change. However, personality is not completely suitable for primary prevention intervention, since it does not change over time. Instead, humor styles appear to be a promising preventive resource to facilitate the negotiation process by enabling individuals to cope with the current work environment. Using a sample of 149 university students, this study analyzed the relationship between personality traits, such as extraversion and emotionality, humor styles, and resistance to change. The mediation analysis highlighted that both affiliative and self-enhancing humor styles could promote integrative negotiations within organizations in relation to change, due to their negative relationships with resistance to change. Thus, implementing dedicated interventions to increase the usage of affiliative and self-enhancing humor styles could help in lowering the failure risk in negotiation processes, supporting changes.
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Kadochnikov, P., und M. Ptashkina. „Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership“. World Economy and International Relations, Nr. 2 (2015): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-2-14-22.
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The US and the EU are negotiating a comprehensive Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). The main purposes of the agreement are to stimulate economic growth and employment, to facilitate trade and investment and raise competitiveness on both sides of the Atlantic. The US and EU are the biggest trade and investment partners for each other, as well as most important partners for a number of other countries. The Trans-Atlantic free trade agreement would not only facilitate bilateral cooperation, but has a potential to set up new, more advanced international trade and investment rules and practices. The agreement is aimed, among other point, at resolving some of the existing problems in bilateral relations, such as differences in regulatory practices, market access conditions, government procurement, intellectual property rights (IPR) and investor protection. However, some of these differences are deeply inherent in the regulatory systems and have become the reasons for numerous disputes. Despite the fact that the negotiations on TTIP are still in progress, it is already possible to identify and assess the underlying differences that would potentially hamper the creation of deep provisions in the future agreement. The paper aims at analyzing the most difficult areas of negotiations and giving predictions for the future provisions. Firstly, the paper gives an overview of the scope and structure of bilateral relations between the US and EU. Secondly, the authors give detailed analysis of the most important points of the negotiation’s agenda, making stress on the underlying differences in domestic regulation and assessing the depth of those differences. The conclusions are as follows. While some of the areas, such as tariffs, labor and environment, SMEs, state enterprises and others, are relatively easy to agree upon, as both economies are striving to achieve high standards, negotiations on other issues, such as government procurement, NTM regulation and IPR are less likely to achieve high standards.
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Minh, Nguyễn Thị Nguyệt. „“Doing Ô Sin”“. Journal of Vietnamese Studies 7, Nr. 4 (2012): 32–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2012.7.4.32.
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This article discusses the negotiations of migrant domestic workers in Hà Nội with the urban labor market, the conditions and relations of paid domestic work, and their life away from home. These negotiations indicate constraining structures of the labor market and the challenging conditions of urban life and work. They shape and are shaped by the power relations that the domestic workers simultaneously resist and legitimize through an active investment in the cultural discourse of reciprocal affection and harmony. The negotiations, however, demonstrate the diverse ways in which domestic workers actively carve out niches of autonomy and control over their life and work.
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Assayag, Abraham, und Yves Rabeau. „Un modèle de la détermination des salaires dans l’industrie de la construction au Québec“. Articles 54, Nr. 3 (06.07.2009): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800780ar.
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The provincial decree applying to the construction industry in Quebec has created a situation of bilateral monopoly in that segment of the labor market (unions on the supply side and entrepreneurs on the demand side). If negotiations are undertaken at a time where business conditions are booming, then the unions have a very powerful negotiating power. Since contracts are signed for a three year period, wage increases do not afterwards reflect market conditions. Since wages are fixed by the provincial decree, there is then a quantity adjustment in the construction sector. In this paper, we have specified and estimated a model that allows us to measure the bilateral monopoly impact of wage increases and to compute quantity adjustments in the construction market. It is shown then that the provincial decree adversily affects the competition position of the construction industry in Quebec and that restauring this position involves a severe recession in the construction industry.
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MASKUS, KEITH E. „Regulatory standards in the WTO: Comparing intellectual property rights with competition policy, environmental protection, and core labor standards“. World Trade Review 1, Nr. 2 (Juli 2002): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560200112x.
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The negotiation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) greatly expands the purview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) into domestic regulatory standards. This evolution immediately raises the question of whether other regulatory standards, including competition policy, environmental standards, and worker rights, should be added to the WTO agenda. Indeed, the Doha Declaration opened the door for negotiations on the environment and competition policy but not labor standards. In this paper I review the logic and evidence for this decision based on economic arguments for multilateral management of market externalities, policy coordination problems, and systemic trade issues. The review concludes that, conditional upon the protection of intellectual property rights in the WTO, a strong case may be made for including competition rules. The case is weaker for environmental regulation (if by that is meant a set of WTO rules on permissible standards) and quite weak for core labor standards.
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Caraway, Teri L., Stephanie J. Rickard und Mark S. Anner. „International Negotiations and Domestic Politics: The Case of IMF Labor Market Conditionality“. International Organization 66, Nr. 1 (Januar 2012): 27–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818311000348.
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AbstractWhat is the role of international organizations (IOs) in the formulation of domestic policy, and how much influence do citizens have in countries' negotiations with IOs? We examine these questions through a study of labor-related conditionality in International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans. Using new data from IMF loan documents for programs from 1980 to 2000, we test to see if citizens' economic interests influence IMF conditionality. We examine the substance of loan conditions and identify those that require liberalization in the country's domestic labor market or that have direct effects on employment, wages, and social benefits. We find evidence that democratic countries with stronger domestic labor receive less intrusive labor-related conditions in their IMF loan programs. We argue that governments concerned about workers' opposition to labor-related loan conditions negotiate with the IMF to minimize labor conditionality. We find that the IMF is responsive to domestic politics and citizens' interests.
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Michalski, Artur. „HERITAGE OF THE ANTI-COMMUNIST CIVIL RESISTANCE IN THE POLISH PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF THE YEARS 1968–1989. INTRODUCTION TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF COLLECTIONS“. Muzealnictwo 59 (26.06.2018): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1465.
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2018 we are commemorating the hundredth anniversary of Polish independence regained after the years of partitions of Poland. Special celebrations are on all over the country; many events are planned to be continued up to 2021 in line with, inter alia, the programme of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage named Niepodległa 2017– 2021. The article presents the results of research on the material artefacts left behind by the not easily defined historic formation of the years 1968–1989, which can be generally described as an anti-communist civil resistance in the Polish People’s Republic. The actions taken by the resistance started from the so-called March events as well as the foundation of the “Ruch” Organisation. It was followed by: the Workers’ Defence Committee, the Committee for Social Self-Defence “KOR”, the Movement for Defence of Human and Civic Rights, the Confederation of Independent Poland, the Movement of Young Poland; next came: the Independent Self-governing Labour Union “Solidarity”, the Independent Students’ Association, and many smaller organisations or parties, up to the negotiations of the so-called Round Table. The opposition to communist regime was a major factor in the process of regaining by Poland its full independence, restoration of market economy, and putting an end to censorship that had been affecting the freedom of speech. The huge amount of published prohibited materials from this historic period, the so-called second circulation, remained: books, periodicals, leaflets, photos, posters, stamps, badges, cassette tapes, as well as printing machines, duplicating machines, broadcasting equipment, and other material remains. They are presently collected by Polish museums, some of them still in the process of organisation; they are also in possession of associations and foundations as well as private owners who often create remarkable collections, e.g. Krzysztof Bronowski’s “Muzeum Wolnego Słowa” (Museum of Free Speech) containing 700 000 items that arouse interest of foreign museums. Information about the individual oppositionists, events, underground prints and organisations published in the Internet also adds to the legacy of anticommunist resistance; among the available sources are: mentioned above “Muzeum Wolnego Słowa”, Dictionary Niezależni dla Kultury 1976–1989 by the Association of Free Speech, or collection of the “Karta” Centre. The author of the article attempts to classify these collections after interviewing the representatives of relevant institutions and organisations or private owners.
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Yu, Kyoung-Hee. „Negotiating ‘otherness’ as skilled migrants“. Journal of Industrial Relations 61, Nr. 2 (06.11.2018): 198–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618802607.
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While culture is beginning to be understood as a mechanism of stratification in the labor market alongside attribute-based discrimination, we lack a corresponding understanding of how skilled migrants deal with their otherness in the labor market. This article seeks to contribute to an understanding of the lived experiences of skilled migrants by identifying the material and social consequences of performing extra work to obtain cultural legitimacy. In contrast to the recent focus on understanding cultural others’ responses to pressures for conformity in terms of identity conflict, this study identifies the context in which cultural legitimacy is required and constructed, both in terms of macro-societal and institutional influences on identity regulation within organizations as well as interactional dynamics and power relations. Based on interviews with migrants in the field of accounting and finance in Australia, I draw out the main features of ‘cultural work’ and show the potential consequences of not performing cultural work as well as the means of migrants’ resistance against pressures for conformity.
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Rickard, Stephanie J., und Teri L. Caraway. „International Negotiations in the Shadow of National Elections“. International Organization 68, Nr. 3 (2014): 701–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818314000058.
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AbstractThis study examines the role elections play in negotiations between states and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Although loans made by the IMF often require countries to introduce painful austerity measures that provoke a backlash from angry citizens, some governments are able to negotiate more favorable terms than others. Original data on the substantive content of IMF loans show that governments leverage imminent elections to obtain more lenient loan terms. Conditions that require labor market reforms in exchange for IMF financing are relatively less stringent in loans negotiated within six months before a pending democratic election, all else equal. The further away elections are from loan negotiations, the more stringent the labor conditions included in countries’ loan programs. Elections give governments leverage in their international negotiations and this leverage is effective even when states negotiate with unelected bureaucrats during times of economic crisis.
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Gramm, Cynthia L. „The Determinants of Strike Incidence and Severity: A Micro-Level Study“. ILR Review 39, Nr. 3 (April 1986): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398603900304.
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This paper investigates the determinants of “strike incidence and severity during labor contract negotiations. The author develops a model that considers the forces influencing both unions' willingness to strike and employers' willingness to take a strike, and estimates it using data describing 1,050 negotiations in U.S. manufacturing during the 1971–80 period. The results indicate that strike incidence is influenced by the gender composition of the labor force, demand fluctuations in the product market, location in a right-to-work state, the number of workers in the bargaining unit, union density in the industry, and the extent to which wages kept pace with inflation over the prior contract period. On the other hand, neither the local unemployment rate when negotiations began nor the inflation rate over the term of the expiring contract influenced strike incidence or severity in this sample.
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Egan, Michelle. „EU Single Market(s) after Brexit“. Politics and Governance 7, Nr. 3 (16.09.2019): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i3.2059.
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This article focuses on the European single market, which has been one of the central issues in terms of the impacts of Britain’s withdrawal from the EU. As the aim of the single market project is to open the internal borders of the EU to the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor to create cross-jurisdictional markets, the economic and political effects of Brexit will be widespread, if not yet fully understood, outside the British polity. The article looks at the current state of the single market, then highlights the impact of British withdrawal on economic governance, focusing on different market freedoms, given the degree of trade interdependence and integrated supply chains that have evolved in response to changes in goods and services. One of the lessons from Brexit negotiations is the importance of distinguishing between different single market(s) when assessing the impact of British ‘exit’ on member states. The concluding section focuses on the political safeguards of market integration to manage the relationship between the UK and EU, to illustrate how judicial, market, and institutional safeguards create options and constraints in mitigating the effects of ‘exit’.
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Lueke, Stephen. „The Boeing blueprint for dealing with organized labor“. Human Resource Management International Digest 22, Nr. 6 (05.08.2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hrmid-08-2014-0111.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to examine changing employer strategies in dealing with organized labor through Boeing’s negotiations with its local Puget Sound, Washington-based District 751 of the International Association of Machinists and the district’s international parent. Design/methodology/approach – Considers factors including leveraging the slow growth of the US economy and the resulting job-security issues among US workers generally and Boeing workers in particular, along with the divided age composition of Boeing’s workforce to achieve market-share competitiveness with Boeing’s chief global rival, Europe-based Airbus Industries. Findings – Advises that there is no substitute for early strategic analysis of bargaining goals and strategies, particularly with respect to economic bargaining. Practical implications – Advances the view that a well-defined bargaining plan is the most likely key to success in any set of union collective bargaining agreement negotiations. Social implications – Considers the tensions that may exist between younger members of the workforce, whose priority is likely to be job security, and older members, who may be more concerned about their pensions. Originality/value – Presents the ongoing story of collective bargaining agreement negotiations at Boeing.
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Benassi, Chiara, Lisa Dorigatti und Elisa Pannini. „Explaining divergent bargaining outcomes for agency workers: The role of labour divides and labour market reforms“. European Journal of Industrial Relations 25, Nr. 2 (22.06.2018): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680118783547.
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Under what conditions can unions successfully regulate precarious employment? We compare the divergent trajectories of collective bargaining on agency work in the Italian and German metal sectors from the late 1990s. We explain the differences by the interaction between trade unions’ institutional and associational power resources, mediated by employers’ divide-and-rule strategies and by union strategies to (re)build a unitary front. In both countries, the liberalization of agency work allowed employers to exploit labour divides, undermining unions’ associational power and preventing labour from negotiating effectively. However, while Italian unions remained ‘trapped’ in the vicious circle between weak legislation and fragmented labour, German unions were able to overcome their internal divides. The different degree of success depended on the nature of the divides within the labour movements.
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Коноплянский, Дмитрий, und Dmitry Konoplyansky. „THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE LABOUR MARKET FOR COMPETITIVE GRADUATES TRAINING“. Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2017, Nr. 3 (25.10.2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2017-3-20-25.
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The current paper features the requirements of the labour market for competitive graduates training. The employers' requirements were studied according to the Kano Model method. The author defines general information about the needs of employers in graduates. The interests and capabilities of higher educational institutions were also taken into account. The article represents and analyses the characteristics, skills and quality of a competitive graduate training. Prospective employers identified the following parameters of quality of competitive graduate training: the level of responsibility, the level of practical skills and that of interpersonal skills (communication, negotiation, conflict resolution, teamwork), initiative, etc. The study identifies the skills that employers identify as lacking: practical skills, analytical skills, problem solving, customer relationships, written communication, second-language skills, presentation skills, etc. The paper features the results of a survey conducted and the analysis of the forms of possible cooperation between the higher educational institution and the employer. It represents the factors that influence the decision of employers in the process of recruiting graduates, and the level of satisfaction of the employers.
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Jacobi, Otto, und Judith Kirton-Darling. „Creating perspectives, negotiating social Europe“. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 11, Nr. 3 (August 2005): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890501100305.
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In this introduction to the eight reports on different sectoral dialogues, the coordinators of this issue provide an inventory of the different forms of social dialogue in the EU. It is argued that trade unions have hitherto made insufficient use of the opportunities offered by social dialogue but that the sectoral social dialogue offers a forum for unions to cooperate with employers to develop policies to safeguard Europeanised industries. Two fields of action are identified as being particularly suitable for Europe-wide campaigning: common rules for the European labour market, including a European minimum wage system, and a ‘citizens insurance’ to sustain social security systems.
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Jensen, Carsten Strøby. „Mod en europæisk velfærds- og arbejdsmarkedsmodel“. Dansk Sociologi 10, Nr. 2 (25.08.2006): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v10i2.678.
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Towards a European welfare and labour market model: an analysis of the genesis of
an institutional order
During the past decade, cooperation in the European Union has intensified in the field of social- and labour mar-ket policy and has led to a supranational system of wel-fare and labour market regulation. This article analyses the establishment of a European industrial relations system as an ‘institutional order’ and discusses how and why the system has developed. Three crucial situations are ana-lysed as to their contribution to the development of this institutional order. The first is the EU Commission’s three proposals for directives on atypical work in the beginning of 1990. The second is from October 199l when negotiators from three labour market organisations: UNICE, ETUC, and CEEP signed an agreement concerning possibilities of negotiating collective agreements at the European level. The third crucial situation is from Novem-ber 1995 and concerns the first agreement these organi-sations signed concerning maternity leave. The article argues that these events make up crucial situations on the road to the establishment of a European labour market model.
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Khesin, Yefim S. „The Impact of the Brexit on the Living Standards and Quality of Life in Britain“. Level of Life of the Population of the Regions of Russia 16, Nr. 2 (2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr/2020.16.2.5.
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The Object of the Study. Living standards and quality of life of the population in Great Britain. The Subject of the Study. The Brexit. The Purpose of the Study is exposing the impact of the Brexit on the living standards and quality of life in the country. The Main Provisions of the Article. Following a June 2016 referendum on continued European Union membership in which 52% voted to leave and 48% voted to stay the UK government announced the country's withdrawal from the EC (Brexit). In March 2017 it formally began the withdrawal process. The withdrawal was delayed by deadlock in the UK parliament. Having failed to get her agreement with the EC approved, Theresa May resigned as Prime Minister in July 2019 and was succeeded by Boris Johnson, an active supporter of the Brexit. An early general election was then held on 12 December. The Conservatives won a large majority. As a result, the parliament ratified the withdrawal agreement, and the UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020. This began a transition period that is set to end on 31 December 2020, during which the UK and EU will negotiate their future relationship. The first round of negotiations between London and Brussels began in March 2020. The author investigates the consequences of the withdrawal of Great Britain from the EC on the living standards and quality of life, economic situation, labour market, social policy of the government. in this country. It analyzes on the impact of the Brexit on the major elements of human capital: education, science, health, living conditions, ecology. It found that short-term forecasts of what would happen immediately after the Brexit referendum were too pessimistic. Nowadays it is very difficult to give an accurate estimate of the future effect of the Brexit on cost of living in Great Britain – many essential issues in the relations between the UK and the EC remain open. Besides, the coronavirus crisis and lockdown measures may cause the grave damage to growth and jobs. Much evidence shows that in the medium- and long-term leaving the European Union damage the British economy and thus reduce the UK's real per-capita income level and may adversely affect jobs and earnings, income and wealth, life expectancy, education and skills, academic research, health status, environmental quality and subjective well-being in the UK. Finally, the author analyses the impact on the economic and social life in Great Britain of different Brexit scenarios after the end of the transition period. The consequences will differ sharply depending on whether the UK does a Soft or Hard (no deal) Brexit.
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Miller, Gale. „Negotiating Labor Market Effects: Descriptive Practice in a Work Incentive Program“. Symbolic Interaction 12, Nr. 2 (November 1989): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.1989.12.2.315.
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Björklund, Maria, Mikael Carlsson und Oskar Nordström Skans. „Fixed-Wage Contracts and Monetary Non-neutrality“. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, Nr. 2 (01.04.2019): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160213.
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We study the importance of wage rigidities for the monetary policy transmission mechanism. Using uniquely rich micro data on Swedish wage negotiations, we isolate periods when the labor market is covered by fixed-wage contracts. Importantly, negotiations are coordinated in time but their seasonal patterns are far from deterministic. Using a two-regime VAR model, we document that monetary policy shocks have a larger impact on production during fixed-wage episodes as compared to the average response. The results do not seem to be driven by the periodic structure, nor the seasonality, of the renegotiation episodes. (JEL E23, E24, E52, J31, J41)
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Olsson, Lars. „Labor Migration as a Prelude to World War I“. International Migration Review 30, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1996): 875–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000401.
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At the same time as the political tensions increased in Europe around 1900, an international labor market was developing. More and more proletarians from different parts of the continent searched for labor opportunities in the center of the agrarian and industrial capitalism. In several countries, including Russia, capitalists more and more actively recruited labor migrants for seasonal work. The labor migrants became a political issue as a part of the trade negotiations between Germany and Russia. Also, the Austrian colonization and political expansion in the Balkans can be looked upon in a perspective of (labor) migration. Class and ethnic conflicts coincided and escalated into an international conflict.
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Weingart, Laurie, Philip Smith und Mara Olekalns. „Quantitative Coding of Negotiation Behavior“. International Negotiation 9, Nr. 3 (2004): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571806053498805.
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AbstractThe examination of negotiation processes is seen by many researchers as an insurmountable task largely because the required methods are unfamiliar and labor-intensive. In this article, we shed light on a fundamental step in studying negotiation processes, the quantitative coding of data. Relying on videotapes as the primary source of data, we review the steps required to extract usable quantitative data and the lessons we've learned in doing so in our own research. We review our experience working with one large negotiation dataset, Towers Market II, to illustrate two steps within the larger research process: developing a coding scheme and coding the data. We then go on to discuss some of the issues that need to be resolved before data analysis begins.
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Weis, Robert. „Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Bread, and Class Negotiation in Postrevolutionary Mexico City“. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 25, Nr. 1 (2009): 71–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2009.25.1.71.
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Spanish bakery owners in Mexico City acted as middlemen in the postrevolutionary regime's food and labor policies, despite their association with colonialism and the Porfirian order. Lacking leverage to control unilaterally bread production and the combative bakery workforce, the state relied on the mostly Basque owners to keep the city fed and worker radicalism in check. In exchange, officials broke strikes and later, when the bakers'union and owners negotiated a labor contract, persecuted Mexican small producers. The bakery struggles underscore how the negotiations between the state, labor, and capital sustained monopolies and created ““formal”” markets.
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Díaz-Vázquez, Pilar. „Insider Power and Average Labor Demand When Recessions Are Prolonged“. Economics Research International 2013 (25.11.2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/653731.
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This paper examines how insider power in wage negotiations affects average labor demand when recessions are more persistent than booms. It shows that the effect of insider power on average labor demand is more contractionary the greater is the persistence of troughs relative to booms. This analysis is a contribution to the discussion of why the existence of dual labor markets (in which insider power is strong) is negative for employment in the current situation of more prolonged troughs.
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Satur, Roberto Vilmar, und Emeide Nóbrega Duarte. „COMPETÊNCIA EM INFORMAÇÃO DOS PROFISSIONAIS NEGOCIADORES NA ATUAÇÃO NOS MERCADOS INTERNACIONAIS // PROFESSIONAL NEGOTIATORS' INFORMATION LITERACY IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET PERFORMANCE“. Convergências em Ciência da Informação 2, Nr. 1 (17.06.2019): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33467/conci.v2i1.10803.
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A informação e o conhecimento são as principais necessidades e recursos para as pessoas conviverem em sociedade e atuarem estratégica e profissionalmente no mercado em um contexto de evolução constante das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação e/ou Tecnologias Digitais da Informação (TICs/TDIs) e de excesso de informações, na denominada Sociedade da Informação e do Conhecimento. Investiga a Competência em Informação dos negociadores brasileiros que atuam no mercado internacional, levando em conta o contexto da interculturalidade no mercado em que atuam. O objetivo geral é analisar as competências em informação de que o profissional negociador precisa para atuar nos mercados internacionais. Apresenta, teoricamente, a relação da Gestão da Informação e do Conhecimento com a Competência em Informação e sua interligação com as Negociações Internacionais e a atuação dos profissionais negociadores. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualiquantitativa e aplicado, para cujo desenvolvimento foi utilizado o modelo de Competência em Informação de Bruce que foi base para elaborar o instrumento de coleta dos dados aplicado aos negociadores internacionais brasileiros que atuam no mercado. Depois de aplicados, os questionários foram validados e utilizados na análise dos resultados. Para esta análise, utilizaram-se softwares como o Excel e o SPSS, e a partir dos resultados obtidos, fez-se a análise. Esses resultados também consideraram duas entrevistas feitas com experts da área. Confirma que, como a informação é o principal recurso que o negociador internacional emprega para atuar, e as TICs/TDIs são ferramentas importantes para isso, ele deve ter Competência em Informação e não se limitar a ser um usuário da informação. Mostra, ainda, que a maioria dos negociadores internacionais sabem usar bem as TICs/TDIs, encontrar e usar fontes de informação e deflagrar processos de busca e controle da informação. Demonstraram que preferem o arquivamento em meios eletrônicos ou combinados (eletrônicos e físicos) e conhecem os conteúdos mais relevantes do chamado conhecimento de base para atuar na área. Fazem análise crítica da informação, transformam-na em conhecimento e o expandem com novas ideias e são criativos. Além disso, usam, de forma sábia, a informação e o conhecimento, não só em seu benefício, mas também em benefício de outros, impactando positivamente as pessoas envolvidas. Tiveram mestres inspiradores em sua profissão e ensinam a outras pessoas que queiram atuar na área. Apresenta, além do perfil dos negociadores e do resultado de sua Competência em Informação, a proposta de um modelo de Competência de Informação para esses negociadores e temas relevantes para Cursos de Formação na área, visando formar profissionais negociadores competentes e mais preparados para atuarem no mercado atual, em que prevalece a chamada Sociedade da Informação. Como considerações finais, afirma que os profissionais negociadores internacionais são trabalhadores do conhecimento e não tão somente usuários da informação. São competentes em informação levando em conta todas as categorias de Bruce, e são trabalhadores do conhecimento que atuam na Sociedade da Informação. Traz contribuições para a profissão do negociador e para a Ciência da Informação e demonstra o quanto essa Ciência tem espaço para crescer sendo interdisciplinar ou aplicada às demais áreas. Information and knowledge are the main needs and resources for people to live in society to use them strategically and professionally in the market in a context of constant evolution of Communications and Information Technology (CIT), or Digital Information and communication technologies (Digital ICTs) and excessive information in the so-called Information Society or Knowledge Society. The professionals who work can no longer be limited to being users of information, therefore, they must be competent in relation to this subject. In this thesis, we investigated the information literacy (IL) of Brazilian international negotiators working in the international market, considering this context of interculturality in the market they are in. The main objective of the study is to analyse the IL that the professional negotiator needs to work in the international markets. Initially it presents the theoretical relationship of Information Management and Knowledge with Information Literacy and the interconnection of these with the international negotiations the performance of negotiating professionals. It is a qualitative and applied study, which was development under the Bruce’s model and its seven categories. This model was the basis for elaborating the data collection instrument which was applied to Brazilian international negotiators operating in the market. After being applied, the questionnaires were validated and used in the analysis of the results. In this analysis, software such as Excel and SPSS were used in order to analyses the data and its results. The analysis also considered two interviews with experts in the field. The research established that, since information is the main resource that the international negotiator uses in his/her job, and the CIT / Digital ICTs are important tools. The negotiator must have information literacy and, therefore, he/she should not be limited to being an information user. The study also showed that most of the international negotiators surveyed know the CIT / Digital ICTs, they know how to find and use information sources, deflagrate their search processes and control them. On the control of information, they demonstrated that they prefer archiving in electronic or combined media (electronic and physical) and know the most relevant contents of the so-called basic knowledge to work in the area. They critically analyse information, transform it into knowledge and expand it with new and creative ideas. In addition, they wisely use information and knowledge not only for their benefit, but also for the benefit of others, making a positive impacting in the people involved. And since they have had inspiring teachers in their profession, as a retribution, they teach other people who want to work in the area. In addition to the profile of the negotiators and the result of their IL, the thesis proposes an IL model for these negotiators and points out relevant themes to Training Courses, aiming to form competent snd better prepared professional negotiators to work in the current market, in which the so-called information society prevails. As a final remark, it states that international professional negotiators are knowledge workers and not just information users. They are information proficient taking into account all Bruce’s categories, knowledge workers who labour in the Information Society. This study brings contributions to the profession of the negotiator and the Information Science as it demonstrates how much this Science has space to grow being either interdisciplinary or applied to the other areas.
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Isachenko, T. M. „WTO REFORM: BACKGROUND, CONDITIONS AND PROSPECTS“. MGIMO Review of International Relations, Nr. 3(48) (28.06.2016): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-3-48-239-248.
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Maximizing the benefits of international division of labor and sharing the achievements of innovative development is possible only with the existence of a strict system of rules and regulations. Such system would enable fair regulation of international trade, ensure the transparency of market access and make it possible to challenge discriminatory measures, as well as to maintain certain measures to protect the interests of domestic producers. The creation of the multilateral trading system has started with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and was subsequently developed in the documents and codes, the decisions of the negotiating rounds. Since 1995, a set of rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) became the basis of the multilateral trading system. All rules are worked out at the multilateral level. However, in recent years the negotiations within the WTO has slowed down, that affected the quality and speed of decision-making on key issues of global development. That provokes the discussion it on a certain crisis of the WTO as the main regulator of world trade, and therefore the need to provide both institutional and substantive reforms.
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Hall, Robert E., und Paul R. Milgrom. „The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain“. American Economic Review 98, Nr. 4 (01.08.2008): 1653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.4.1653.
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When a job-seeker and an employer meet, find a prospective joint surplus, and bargain over the wage, conditions in the outside labor market, including especially unemployment, may have limited influence. The job-seeker's only credible threat during bargaining is to hold out for a better deal. The employer's threat is to delay bargaining. Consequently, the outcome of the bargain depends on the relative costs of delays to the parties, rather than on the payoffs that result from exiting negotiations. Modeling bargaining in this way makes wages less responsive to unemployment. A stochastic model of the labor market with credible bargaining and reasonable parameter values yields larger employment fluctuations than does the standard Mortensen-Pissarides model. (JEL J22, J23, J31, J64)