Thematische Bibliographien / Laboratorní manipulace

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Laboratorní manipulace“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 4. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Laboratorní manipulace"

Assis Neto, A. C., F. T. Verechia, C. E. Ambrosio, M. L. V. Alberto, F. V. Meirelles, J. M. Garcia, J. M. Santos und M. A. Miglino. „119 EARLY BOVINE GESTATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: MANIPULATED (IVF) AND NOT MANIPULATED IN LABORATORY“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, Nr. 2 (2006): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab119.

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High embryonic and fetal death rates in manipulated embryos in laboratory suggest that the process of early placentation can be inefficient. This investigation aimed to evaluate the development of placenta, and organogenesis of Nelore bovine embryos, and fetuses by natural stud and in vitro fertilization (IVF) over the period from 15 to 70 days of pregnancy. Fifty-nine embryos (15 to 50 days of gestation), 9 fetuses in initial period (60 to 70 days of gestation), and 10 embryos originated by IVF technique (35 to 46 days of gestation) were used. The same semen was used for all IVF, except the embryos originated by natural stud. The embryos were prepared by serial sections and the fetal membranes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 2.5% glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All material was routinely processed and stained. The embryos and fetuses originating from natural stud showed an increase in growth based on the weight of the gestational sac, and related with cranio-caudal and dorso-ventral length of the chorioallantois and amniotic membrane in periods from 20 to 30 and from 50 to 60 days of the pregnancy. The gross appearance of the first cotyledons in development (9.39 � 0.73 cm) was quantified at 30 to 40 days of pregnancy. The IVF embryos on days 35 to 46 of gestation showed discreet cotyledons presenting a functional decrease of development related to embryo derived naturally. Ultrastructurally, the trophoblast showed binucleate trophoblast giant cells with a cytoplasm rich in electrodense vesicles and few mitochondria located in the apical poles suggesting lower cell activity. The yolk sacs of IVF embryos were shorter (1.07 � 0.55 cm) when compared with the natural group (5.53 � 3.14 cm) over 30 to 40 days of pregnancy. In both groups, the epithelium of the yolk sac presented cells with round nuclei, hemangioblast cells, and blood islands with a great number of primitive mononuclear cells. Embryos by natural stud (10% of analyzed ones) showed malformations in cephalic and frontal curvature, encephalocele, gastroschisis, and hepatomegaly. In conclusion, these results indicate occurrence of alteration in the organogenesis in bovine embryos originated by natural stud and retardation of fetal membrane development in bovine embryos by IVF. This work was supported by FAPESP and CAPES.

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Pruitt, Dean. „Field Experiments on Social Conflict“. International Negotiation 10, Nr. 1 (2005): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571806054741173.

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AbstractField experiments, in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables in a naturally occurring setting, have sometimes been used in studies of social conflict and should probably be used more often. They are more useful than observational studies for assessing the impact of novel conditions, establishing cause and effect, and reducing confounding. And they are more useful than laboratory experiments for examining long-term effects and those that involve strong passions, and for establishing external validity. However field experiments also have their limitations. Some variables cannot be practically or ethically manipulated and require the use of observational methods, which are also more useful for looking at the relationships among a large number of variables and for estimating the strength of association between variables. Furthermore, laboratory experiments allow more control of conditions and greater flexibility in designing manipulations. What this suggests is that all three methods have their value.

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Whitelock, Victoria, und Eric Robinson. „Remembered Meal Satisfaction, Satiety, and Later Snack Food Intake: A Laboratory Study“. Nutrients 10, Nr. 12 (03.12.2018): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121883.

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It is well established that the satiety providing effects of food can influence meal size and a disparate area of research suggests that memory regarding recent eating informs food intake. Here we examined whether remembered meal satisfaction (encompassing memory for meal liking and satiety) can be manipulated in the laboratory and whether this influences later food intake. Participants (N = 128, body mass index mean = 23.46kg/m2, standard deviation = 4.70) consumed a fixed lunch and then rehearsed the satisfying or dissatisfying aspects of the meal, or a neutral experience (control), in order to manipulate memory for meal satisfaction. Three hours later participants completed a bogus taste-test to measure food intake and meal memory measures. There was no evidence that memory for general satisfaction with the meal was affected by the rehearsal condition. However, in the dissatisfying rehearsal condition, participants remembered being less satisfied with the satiety-providing effects of the lunch meal than in the satisfying and neutral rehearsal conditions. Snack food consumption did not differ across conditions and there was a small negative correlation between how satiating participants remembered their earlier meal to be and later snack food intake (r = −0.16, p = 0.07). The present study did not produce evidence that memory relating to meal satiety affects later food intake but further research is warranted.

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Du, Weiguo, Jonathan K. Webb und Richard Shine. „Heat, sight and scent: multiple cues influence foraging site selection by an ambush-foraging snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides (Elapidae)“. Current Zoology 55, Nr. 4 (01.08.2009): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/55.4.266.

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Abstract Most mobile organisms respond to multiple cues when selecting habitat types, and laboratory experiments that manipulate only single cues may fail to reveal the true complexity of habitat-selection behaviour. In south- eastern Australia, broad headed snakes Hoplocephalus bungaroides (Elapidae) lie in wait under sun-warmed rocks to ambush velvet geckos Oedura leseuerii (Gekkonidae). Previous laboratory work has shown that both the geckos and the snakes actively select hotter rather than colder rocks, and that the snakes actively select rocks scented by geckos. We manipulated rock temperature and the presence of two types of cues from geckos (chemical and visual information) to clarify the causal basis for foraging site selection by the juveniles of this snake. When given a choice between cold lizard-scented rocks and hot unscented rocks, our captive snakes gave a higher priority to lizard scent than to temperature. The snakes also selected shelter-sites that provided visual as well as scent cues from lizards, rather than shelter-sites with scent cues alone. Thus, although broad-headed snakes show a direct preference for hotter rather than colder rocks in the laboratory, their choice of foraging site in the field may also be influenced by the presence of scent cues from prey. Our laboratory results suggest that habitat selection by broad-headed snakes may be more complex than has been suggested by previous single-factor laboratory trials.

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Homann, Peter S., und David F. Grigal. „Molecular Weight Distribution of Soluble Organics from Laboratory-Manipulated Surface Soils“. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, Nr. 4 (Juli 1992): 1305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600040049x.

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Dunbar, Maureen E., und John J. Wysolmerski. „Mammary ductal and alveolar development: Lesson learned from genetically manipulated mice“. Microscopy Research and Technique 52, Nr. 2 (2001): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0029(20010115)52:2<163::aid-jemt1002>3.0.co;2-r.

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Oberst, Sebastian, Michael Lenz, Joseph C. S. Lai und Theodore A. Evans. „Termites manipulate moisture content of wood to maximize foraging resources“. Biology Letters 15, Nr. 7 (Juli 2019): 20190365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0365.

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Animals use cues to find their food, in microhabitats within their physiological tolerances. Termites build and modify their microhabitat, to transform hostile environments into benign ones, which raises questions about the relative importance of cues. Termites are desiccation intolerant and foraging termites are attracted to water, so most research has considered moisture to be a cue. However, termites can also transport water to food, and so moisture may play other roles than previously considered. To examine the role of moisture, we compared Coptotermes acinaciformis termite foraging decisions in laboratory experiments when they were offered dry and moist wood, with and without load. Without load, termites preferred moist wood and ate it without any building, whereas they moistened dry wood after wrapping it in a layer of clay. For the ‘With load’ units, termites substituted some of the wood for load-bearing clay walls, and kept the wood drier than on the unloaded units. As drier wood has higher compressive strength and higher rigidity, it allows more of the wood to be consumed. These results suggest that moisture plays a more important role in termite ecology than previously thought. Termites manipulate the moisture content according to the situational context and use it for multiple purposes: increased moisture levels soften the fibre, which facilitates foraging, yet keeping the wood dry provides higher structural stability against buckling which is especially important when foraging on wood under load.

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Andersen, David J., und Tessa Ditonto. „Information and its Presentation: Treatment Effects in Low-Information vs. High-Information Experiments“. Political Analysis 26, Nr. 4 (03.08.2018): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.21.

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This article examines how the presentation of information during a laboratory experiment can alter a study’s findings. We compare four possible ways to present information about hypothetical candidates in a laboratory experiment. First, we manipulate whether subjects experience a low-information or a high-information campaign. Second, we manipulate whether the information is presented statically or dynamically. We find that the design of a study can produce very different conclusions. Using candidate’s gender as our manipulation, we find significant effects on a variety of candidate evaluation measures in low-information conditions, but almost no significant effects in high-information conditions. We also find that subjects in high-information settings tend to seek out more information in dynamic environments than static, though their ultimate candidate evaluations do not differ. Implications and recommendations for future avenues of study are discussed.

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Pittenger, David J. „Perception Laboratory: A Computer Program to Demonstrate Perceptual Phenomena“. Teaching of Psychology 23, Nr. 1 (Februar 1996): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2301_12.

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I developed an interactive computer program that allows one to demonstrate and experiment with various phenomena in visual perception using IBM-compatible computers. The program contains modules for demonstrating the color afterimage, the cafe illusion, additive color mixing and the opponent-process theory of color vision, the glowing axes illusion, the Hermann grid, the McCollough effect, the motion aftereffect, the neon illusion, and simultaneous contrast. The user has considerable control over the stimuli making up the image and can manipulate the variables that contribute to the perception of the effect. The program can be used far classroom demonstrations and student laboratory projects.

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Simmons, Mike, Sharon Daniel und Mark Temple. „How to manipulate friends and influence practice: Application of complexity science leads to quality improvement in laboratory sample submissions“. Journal of Infection Prevention 20, Nr. 2 (März 2019): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177419831348.

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Background: We sought to reduce healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) through the application of complexity science. Objective: To confirm incidental findings that altering the structure of microbiology reports with targeted education led to better utilisation of laboratory resources, while participating in efforts to reduce HCAI. Methods: We adopted a different approach to laboratory result authorisation, using narrative to engage the clinicians and induce behavioural change. Subsequent educational opportunities emphasised key messages. Findings/Results: Positive urine means calculated by the analysis tool numbered 2179/month throughout the study period. Negative urines started at 5576/month, reduced to 5134/month in November 2014 and to 4602/month in April 2016, coinciding with our changes. Opportunity costs were saved. Discussion: The changes in both policy and reporting were contemporaneous with a decline in negative samples. There were no significant changes in the number of positive specimens. The efficiency and effectiveness of the laboratory was improved and resources released: £145,000 ($182,000) for a resident population of 384,000. This suggests an annual release of about £25 million ($31 million) may be possible in the UK and £122 million ($155 million) in the USA.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Laboratorní manipulace"

Nevřiva, Václav. „Inteligentní manipulace s laboratorními objekty pomocí robotu ABB YuMi“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442858.

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The aim of the master thesis is to design a laboratory station and a control program operated by a collaborative robot IRB 14000 YuMi using an integrated effector camera to identify laboratory objects and control the progress of the task. In the introductory part, collaborative robots are briefly introduced, the IRB 14000 on which the task is implemented and the RobotStudio development environment together with the IntegratedVision extension are described in more detail. The following chapters describe the laboratory task itself, its solution and testing of the designed program.

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Gajzler, Jakub. „Mikrovlnné výkonové zesilovače s vysokou účinností - laboratorní úloha“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217535.

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This Diploma thesis deals with methods that increase efficiency of transistor amplifiers. In the first part of the thesis we describe theoretical background of the constructions of power amplifiers. At first we deal with the classical method that is concerned with a change of position of the static operating point. Secondly we cover the multi harmonic manipulation method (MHM). This method is concerned with a proper loading of particular harmonic components and consequential shaping of voltage runs and currents on the collector. In the second part of the work we have constructed the substitutes of particular accesses. Constructed classes are AB, F and FMHM. Basic S parameters and output signal spectrum were measured. We can see from the calculated efficiencies AB = 11%, F = 16% a Fmhm = 18%, big increase of efficiency F and FMHM only by changing output network.

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Fentrop, Nikolas [Verfasser]. „Auswirkungen eines Defizits des neuronalen Zelladhäsionsmoleküls (NCAM) im Telencephalon auf Lernen, Gedächtnis und Individualität bei einer genetisch veränderten Labormaus = Consequences of a deficit of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in the Telencephalon for learning, memory and individuality in a genetically manipulated laboratory-mouse / von Nikolas Fentrop“. München : Litis Press Publ, 2003. http://d-nb.info/969230915/34.

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Kubička, Lukáš. „Fenotypová plasticita reprodukční alokace samic madagaskarského gekona Paroedura picta: laboratorní experiment s manipulací příjmu potravy“. Master's thesis, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-370646.

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Bücher zum Thema "Laboratorní manipulace"

Ralf, Kühn, Hrsg. Laboratory protocols for conditional gene targeting. Oxford: Oxford Uninversity Press, 1997.

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Sambrook, Joseph. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2. Aufl. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989.

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Sambrook, Joseph. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2. Aufl. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989.

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Sambrook, Joseph. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2. Aufl. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989.

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F, Fritsch E., und Maniatis Tom, Hrsg. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2. Aufl. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989.

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Sambrook, Joseph. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2. Aufl. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1987.

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Sambrook, Joseph. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2. Aufl. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989.

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Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3-Volume Set). 3. Aufl. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001.

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Moses, Matthew S., und Gregory S. Chirikjian. Reproduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0007.

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Computing pioneer and polymath John von Neumann introduced the concept of a Universal Constructor as part of his effort to develop a mathematical theory describing living organisms. A Universal Constructor is a kinematic machine able to manipulate and assemble primitive building blocks. Von Neumann showed how this hypothetical constructor, being itself composed of the same primitive blocks, could self-reproduce and evolve. Remarkably, although this model system pre-dates the discovery of the genetic code, it applies to cell molecular biology as well as man-made machines. This chapter describes some key laboratory demonstrations related to universal construction and machine self-reproduction, and discusses parallels between reproduction processes in machines and biological cells.

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Kiviniemi, Marc T., und Lynne B. Klasko-Foster. The Behavioral Affective Associations Model. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0009.

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This chapter presents a conceptual overview of the role of affective associations in behavioral decision-making. It focuses first on the mechanisms through which affect influences behavior. It then describes the behavioral affective associations model and provides a summary of the research using the model with examples showing promotion of protective behavior and reduction of risky behavior. While observational studies are included, experimental studies in both laboratory and field settings are highlighted to model how interventions can manipulate affective associations to change behaviors. As affect is central to decision-making, new directions for research, such as the role of constructs related to affect, are explored as they relate to decision-making. Finally, implications for real-world interventions and techniques to use affect as a tool for behavior change are discussed.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Laboratorní manipulace"

Lewis, William. „Clinical Laboratory Analysis of the Genetically Manipulated Mouse“. In Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 303–17. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1653-8_19.

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Turnbull, David, und Terry Stokes. „Manipulable Systems and Laboratory Strategies in a Biomedical Institute“. In Experimental Inquiries, 167–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2057-6_6.

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Dawidowicz, Piotr, und Joanna Pijanowska. „Diel Vertical Migration of Aquatic Crustaceans—Adaptive Role, Underlying Mechanisms, and Ecosystem Consequences“. In Life Histories, 232–57. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190620271.003.0009.

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The phenomenon of diel vertical migration (DVM) of planktonic crustaceans, recognized by biologists for at least 2 centuries, is a special case of habitat selection behavior by pelagic animals, with their depth preference changing over a diel cycle in a way that prevents encounters with visually oriented predators (mostly fish). Migrating populations usually move toward cold, dark deep-water strata deprived of algal food when there is sufficient ambient light and move back to food-rich and warm surface waters after dusk. DVM has been recognized in pelagic representatives of all aquatic phyla of the animal kingdom and is considered the most massive diel biomass displacement on Earth. DVM can be observed in nearly all lentic freshwater and marine environments. As zooplankton occupy the central position in pelagic food webs, their massive migrations dramatically affect ecological functioning of offshore biota, particularly the efficiency of primary production utilization, energy flow, and biogeochemical pathways of essential nutrients such as carbon fluxes. The phenomenon of DVM is perhaps the most suitable for quantitative description and the major environmental factors underlying the fitness consequences of DVM, including vertical gradients of light intensity (predation risk), temperature related metabolic rates, food concentration (growth and fecundity), and others, are easy to monitor track in the field and to manipulate in laboratory systems. DVM, as inducible behavior, can be experimentally manipulated, both in the field and in the laboratory, which, in turn, makes it possible to design experiments convenient for testing specific hypotheses on various proximate and ultimate factors underlying this behavior. These characteristics make DVM suitable for investigating the evolution of animal behavior, its adaptive value, and ecosystem consequences. In the fondest memory of our friend Konrad Ciechomski with whom we made, years ago, our first steps into the world of plankton migrations.

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Sequeira, Luís Miguel. „Simplified Crowd Simulation in Virtual Heritage Sites“. In Digital Cities, 126–48. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190498900.003.0007.

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For the past two decades, historians and archaeologists have reconstructed heritage sites using computer-generated graphics in three dimensions, a technique known as “virtual archaeology.” Early research focused merely on displaying models of the architecture or of archaeological artifacts, but with the emergence of virtual worlds, researchers and the public can “immerse” themselves in the reconstructed environment and experience the equivalent of a guided tour. User-generated content has allowed historians to now go a step further and modify the models, by formulating hypotheses and testing them interactively, creating a “virtual laboratory of archaeology.” In this chapter, a solution is offered whereby historians are able to manipulate the parameters of a crowd simulation without the need of learning conventional computer programming. This conceptual framework is loosely based on strategy computer games, which also allow players to simulate relatively complex crowds by visually placing markers on the ground. It extends the concept of the virtual laboratory of archaeology beyond the architectural representation of heritage sites by placing the tools of crowd simulation in the hands of historians.

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Crossland, Martin D., Richard T. Herschel, William C. Perkins und Joseph N. Scudder. „Geographic Information Systems“. In Advances in End User Computing, 285–301. IGI Global, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-42-6.ch017.

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A laboratory experiment is conducted to investigate how two individual cognitive style factors, field dependence and need-for-cognition, relate to decision-making performance for a spatial task. The intent of the investigation is to establish a methodology for measuring cognitive fit for spatial tasks. The experiment assesses the performance of 142 subjects on a site location task where the problem complexity and availability of a geographic information system are manipulated on two levels. Significant relationships are found for both field dependence and need-for-cognition with the two dependent performance variables, solution time and percent error.

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McCarty, Richard. „Stress and Bipolar Disorder“. In Stress and Mental Disorders: Insights from Animal Models, 297–328. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190697266.003.0010.

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Animal models of bipolar disorder (BD) should capture the switching of mood states from mania to depression and vice versa. Dopamine signaling pathways in brain, including variations in the dopamine transporter protein, have been a focus of many animal models of BD. Another aspect of BD in humans is reflected in circadian and seasonal changes in onset of symptoms. Other animal models of BD include the Myshkin and Madison mouse strains, both of which display mania-like behavior that is reversed by treatment with lithium or valproic acid. Another experimental approach has been to manipulate circadian clock genes and examine effects on dopamine signaling and behavior. Finally, manipulations of risk genes for BD in laboratory mice have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in extreme alterations in mood state.

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Jones, D. Gareth. „In Vitro Fertilization and the Embryonic Revolution“. In Handbook of Research on Technoethics, 609–22. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-022-6.ch039.

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The advent of in vitro fertilization (IVF) marked a watershed in the scientific understanding of the human embryo. This, in turn, led to a renaissance of human embryology, accompanied by the ability to manipulate the human embryo in the laboratory. This ability has resulted in yet further developments: refinements of IVF itself, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, the derivation and extraction of embryonic stem cells, and even various forms of cloning. There are immense social and scientific pressures to utilize the artificial reproductive technologies in ways that have little or no connection with overcoming infertility. As the original clinical goals of IVF have undergone transformation ethical concerns have escalated, so much so that they are condemned by some as illustrations of ‘playing God’, while any babies born via some of these procedures are labelled as ‘designer babies’. Both terms reflect the fear and repugnance felt by some at the interference with the earliest stages of human life by the artificial reproductive technologies. It is at these points that bioethical analyses have an important contribution to make.

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Kertzer, Joshua D. „Experimental Microfoundations for Resolve: I“. In Resolve in International Politics. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171609.003.0003.

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This chapter examines individual-level microfoundations of resolve in the context of public opinion using a novel laboratory experiment that models both the selection into, and duration of support for, military interventions. The experiment manipulates situational features of the military intervention while measuring dispositional variables using techniques employed in behavioral economics and social psychology. The chapter first explains the rationale for using public opinion as the domain in which to construct a theory of resolve before discussing the study's experimental design. It then presents the experiment's findings and their implications for the study of public opinion, and for theories of resolve more generally. The results show that time and risk preferences can help account for variations in sensitivity to the costs of war: more patient respondents are less sensitive to casualties while more risk-averse respondents are more sensitive to the human costs of fighting as well as the reputational costs of backing down.

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Gaines, Susan M., Geoffrey Eglinton und Jürgen Rullkötter. „Microbiologists (Finally) Climb on Board“. In Echoes of Life. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195176193.003.0013.

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In the half century since paleontologists began finding putative microfossils in Precambrian sedimentary rocks, it has become apparent that not only is most of life’s history absent from the visible fossil record, but huge sectors of extant life remain to be discovered. Until the early 1980s, the only way to identify and study species of microbes—many if not most of which are morphologically indistinct from each other—was by growing them in the laboratory, isolating the separate colonies of organisms that developed as they reproduced, and then noting differences and similarities in what they consumed and produced. But the capacity to read the information in microbial genes that was developed in the 1980s and 1990s opened an entirely new world for study—much as the invention of the microscope had in the eighteenth century—and laid bare the unnerving fact that the vast majority of microbes on the planet had been boycotting the microbiologists’ carefully prepared cultures. Microbiologists had spent almost a century painstakingly cultivating, isolating, and classifying microorganisms, and yet they had failed to identify the most abundant microbes in natural waters, sediments, and soils. Indeed, it now appears that the hundreds of thousands of microbes named and maintained in the world’s bacteria zoos, or “culture collections,” invaluable as they are, comprise but a tiny and somewhat random sampling of the microbial world. These microbial cultures provide the only means by which biologists can directly manipulate and study the biochemistry and physiology of this huge sector of life in the laboratory—but they are distinguished more by their ability to prosper under laboratory conditions than by their importance in natural ecosystems. In the past few years, application of new techniques from molecular biology has resulted in the discovery of thousands of strange new types of microorganisms, and there is the implication of countless more: in the twenty-first century we find ourselves unexpectedly gathered at the threshold of a new world, looking not to Mars or Jupiter or to some distant galaxy, but gazing awestruck at the mud beneath our feet and the water in our seas.

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Fawcett, W. Ronald. „The Thermodynamics of Liquid Solutions“. In Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094329.003.0005.

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Chemistry in the laboratory very often involves the use of liquid solutions. This is especially true in chemical analysis, where the amount of analyte is easily manipulated when it is dissolved in a solution. Solutions are often the medium for chemical reactions which form the basis of titrations. Other simple analytical procedures are based on absorption spectroscopy, which is used to determine the concentrations of an analyte in solution. Most liquid solutions, also called liquid mixtures, are non-ideal. This follows from the fact that the components are in intimate contact with one another, and that the forces between the various species are usually not the same. As a result, the physical properties of the solution, for example, the vapor pressure of a given component, are usually not simply related to its concentration. This non-ideality leads to the concept of the activity of a solution component. As far as the analytical chemist is concerned, only concentration is ultimately of interest. Thus, if an analysis is based on the measurement of a physical property which in turn depends on the activity of a component, it is very important that the relationship between activity and concentration be understood for the system in question. Activity and its relationship to concentration is defined within the context of chemical thermodynamics. Using the laws which govern phase equilibria and the laboratory observations relating to these processes one can develop a detailed understanding of this relationship. In this chapter the macroscopic concepts of chemical thermodynamics which are relevant to solutions are reviewed. In addition, some simple models based on molecular concepts are discussed. The examples chosen are mainly limited to non-electrolyte solutions, especially those involving polar molecules. Concentration of one component in a two-component system can be expressed in several ways: as a weight/weight ratio, as a volume/volume ratio, or as a weight/volume ratio. Physical chemists clearly prefer to express concentration as a weight/weight ratio because then one has the possibility of estimating the number of moles of both components in the solution. In this case, solution composition is independent of temperature and pressure. On the other hand, the analytical chemist prefers to use a weight/volume ratio.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Laboratorní manipulace"

Opedal, Nils, Anisa Noor Corina und Torbjørn Vrålstad. „Laboratory Test on Cement Plug Integrity“. In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78347.

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A recurring issue in the petroleum industry is the performance of cement in relation to its primary role of providing zonal isolation. Enhanced understanding of this subject offers the possibility to improve the planning and design of the cementing job to minimizing the risk of poor bonding of cement and loss of well integrity. The design and execution of the cement job is by no means an easy task, mainly due to the complexity of the material and process, and the variety in conditions one can encounter downhole. Thus, screening of different materials and conditions is necessary to optimize the success of a cement operation. This work focused on experimentally testing cement plugs to be able to understand the sealing ability of cement to a casing at relevant temperatures and pressures. A built-for-purpose test setup was designed and assembled, and the goal of this work was to test this new setup and to establish a proper baseline for future test on various cement systems. The setup consists of a test cell containing the cement plug, an automated pressure regulator used for generating a pressure differential across the cement plug and flow meters to measure the flow rate through the cement plug. The output data from the tests is the differential pressure needed to have breakthrough of gas, and the connection between the flow rate and differential pressure across the cement plug. The possible manipulated variables for the test setup is the cement type and casing surface properties.

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Habibi, S. R., R. Burton und E. Sampson. „Micro-Precision Hydrostatic Actuation System“. In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82237.

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This paper reports on an important discovery that is: hydrostatic actuation systems are able to manipulate heavy loads with sub-micron precision and large stroke. In this relation, the design of a high-precision hydrostatic actuation system referred to as the ElectroHydraulic Actuator (EHA) is presented. A laboratory prototype of this system has achieved an unprecedented level of performance by being able to move a large load of 20Kg with a precision of 50 nanometers and a stroke of 12cm. This level of performance places the hydrostatic actuation concept in competition with piezoelectric platforms in terms positional accuracy. Experimental results from this prototype are reported and analyzed.

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Vásquez, Rafael E., Norha L. Posada, Fabio Castrillón und David Giraldo. „Development of a Laboratory Equipment for Dynamic Systems and Process Control Education“. In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38924.

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This paper addresses the development of an equipment to teach control engineering fundamentals. The design requirements were determined by users that perform academic, research and industrial training tasks in the area of dynamic systems and process control. Such requirements include: industrial instrumentation; measurement of controlled and manipulated variables, and disturbances; process reconfigurability; different control technologies; several control strategies; appropriate materials for visualization; and compact shape to optimize lab space. The selected process is a tank system that allows one to choose among several dynamic behaviors: first, second, and third order, linear and nonlinear behavior, and dead time; the mathematical model that represents the dynamics of the system is presented. A traditional 3-stage design methodology that includes conceptual, basic and detailed design was followed. The developed equipment allows the user to select from three different technological alternatives to control the system: a PLC, an industrial controller, and a computer. With such flexibility, several control strategies can be implemented: feedback, feedforward, PID, LQG, nonlinear control (gain scheduling, sliding mode, etc.), fuzzy logic, neural networks, dynamic matrix control, etc. The developed system is being used to teach undergrad courses, grad courses, and industrial training. Additionally, the equipment is useful in research projects where grad students and researches can implement and test several advanced control techniques.

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Quillen, Kristopher P., Matthew Viele und Stephen A. Ciatti. „Next-Cycle and Same-Cycle Cylinder Pressure Based Control of Internal Combustion Engines“. In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35119.

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This paper reviews next-cycle and same-cycle control techniques developed by Drivven and implemented at Argonne National Laboratory on a General Motors 1.9L common rail diesel engine. Next-cycle control involves measuring cylinder pressure engine-synchronously, performing calculations, and using the complete result in the control algorithm for the fueling event in the next engine cycle. For this control method, injection timing was manipulated to maintain a specified 50% burn location and was investigated in both single-cylinder and multi-cylinder modes. The engine was tested in steady state with step changes in input parameters such as EGR rate. Similar to next-cycle control, same-cycle control involves measuring cylinder pressure engine-synchronously, performing calculations, and making fueling decisions based on partial results within the same engine cycle. For this control method, injection pulse spacing was manipulated to optimize secondary injections by a heat-release calculated angle-by-angle. Next-cycle and same-cycle control both have the capability of enhancing production engine control while next-cycle control also has great benefits as a calibration aid.

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Timmer, Douglas H., Constantine Tarawneh und Robert Jones. „Models for the Residual Life of Railroad Bearing Grease in Laboratory and Industry Applications“. In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2250.

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Adequate lubrication in railroad bearings is crucial to the safe operation of these components. An investigation of the residual life of railroad bearing grease was conducted in a laboratory setting. The data was collected using a split-split-plot design of experiments. The Oxidation Induction Time (OIT), which is the time required for the remaining antioxidants in a sample of grease to be consumed in a test, is the response variable for this study. Low values of OIT indicate small remaining amounts of antioxidants in the grease and thus small remaining residual life in the grease. OIT measurements were made using differential scanning calorimetry. Laboratory testing was performed utilizing a specialized dynamic test rig that allowed four rail-road bearings of the same class, mounted on a test axle, to be subjected to varying operating conditions. The independent factors manipulated in this study were total service mileage, miles at load, average speed, mounted lateral spacing, and average temperature at three locations within each bearing. Additional information was recorded for each axle tested that includes axle number, bearing location within the test axle, grease location within each bearing and the presence or absence of a small sprall on the bearing surface. Regression analysis was employed to fit mixed effects models using JMP software. The first modeling effort was to develop the best possible model for laboratory usage. A second modeling effort was conducted to develop a model for industry usage without several variables available only in the laboratory setting. Web-based applications are provided for users to investigate the residual life of railroad bearing grease in both laboratory and industry settings.

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Bonilla-Alvarado, Harry, Bernardo Restrepo, Paolo Pezzini, Lawrence Shadle, David Tucker und Kenneth Mark Bryden. „Online Adaptive Control Tuning in a Gas Turbine Hybrid System“. In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16534.

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Abstract Proportional integral and derivative (PID) controllers are the most popular technique used in the power plant industry for process automation. However, the performance of these controllers may be affected due to variations in the power plant operating conditions, such as between startup, shutdown, and baseload/part-load operation. To maintain the desired performance over the full range of operations, PID controllers are always retuned in most power plants. During this retuning process, the operator takes control of the manipulated variable to perform a standard procedure based on a bump test. This procedure is generally performed to characterize the relationship between the manipulated variable and the process variable at each operating condition. After the bump test, the operator generally applies basic guidelines to assign new parameters to the PID controller. In this paper, the Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC) control technique was implemented to update the PID controller parameters online without performing the bump test procedure. This approach allows updating the controller response on-the-fly while the power plant is running and without using the standard procedure based on a bump test. The MRAC was developed and demonstrated in the gas turbine hybrid cycle at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to retune a critically damped mass flow PID controller into an over-damped response. Results showed stable performance during mass flow setpoint steps and also a stable update of the controller parameters.

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Zaccaria, Valentina, David Tucker, Alberto Traverso, Paolo Pezzini und Kenneth M. Bryden. „Active Control of Fuel Cell Degradation in an SOFC/GT Hybrid System“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-65036.

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A control strategy to mitigate fuel cell degradation effects in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) gas turbine (GT) hybrid system was implemented on the Hybrid Performance facility at the National Energy Technology Laboratory. In this experiment, a cyber-physical approach was employed to emulate the SOFC component and to couple it to a physical recuperated gas turbine. An empirical degradation model simulated fuel cell performance decay over time depending on operating parameters. A combination of virtual and physical actuators was manipulated with the goal of ensuring safe fuel cell performance over time, maintaining constant voltage and minimizing thermal stresses as fuel cell power degraded. Three single-input single-output controllers were used for this purpose. In particular, a gain scheduling approach was used for voltage control to account for different degraded conditions of operation because stability could not be maintained with the initial controller gains. In addition, a bypass valve control was designed to maintain constant temperature difference across the cell, and turbine load was manipulated to keep constant speed. This work presents the control design and implementation on the Hybrid Performance facility and illustrates the impact of fuel cell degradation on the entire system long-term performance. Controllers design was based on empirical transfer functions and stability analysis. Issues related to coupling phenomena between controlled variables are discussed. The results show the potential for an adequate control of the system to extend fuel cell operating lifetime.

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Boddiford, Andrew, Dhiral Chheda, Chris Hammel, Pradeepkumar Ashok und Delbert Tesar. „Autonomous Robotic System for Pin Pulling Operation in Rail Yard“. In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47874.

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The railroad industry expends significant effort to increase operational safety and efficiency by using a variety of sensors for machine health monitoring and inspection purposes. This paper proposes to advance rail technology even further to use similar sensor data for the control of a robotic system designed to automate the uncoupling of freight cars, a hazardous operation that currently requires human operators to interact with moving trains. To automate this process, an intelligent robotic system was developed to detect, track, approach, grasp, and manipulate semi-constrained objects on equipment in motion. This work presents a system prototype that utilizes machine vision, force feedback, and complex end-effector technology capable of autonomously uncoupling full-scale freight cars using visual and tactile feedback. Laboratory tests have proven that modern robotic and sensing hardware can be used to reliably separate pairs of rolling stock at 3.25 kilometers per hour. The results to date suggest that speeds of up to 7 km/h are feasible for a system deployed in a rail yard.

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Bossi, R. H., D. A. Cross und R. A. Mickelsen. „X-Ray Microfocus Radioscopy and Computed Tomography for Failure Analysis“. In ISTFA 1996. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1996p0077.

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Abstract X-ray microfocus radioscopy and computed tomography (CT) offer detailed information on the internal assembly and material condition of objects under failure analysis investigation. Using advanced systems for the acquisition of radioscopic and CT images, failure analysis investigations are improved in technical accuracy at a reduced schedule and cost over alternative approaches. A versatile microfocus radioscopic system with CT capability has been successfully implemented as a standard tool in the Boeing Defense & Space Group Failure Analysis Laboratory. Using this tool, studies of electronic, electromechanical and composite material items have been performed. Such a system can pay for itself within two years through higher productivity of the laboratory, increased laboratory value to the company and resolution of critical problems whose worth far exceeds the value of the equipment. The microfocus X-ray source provides projection magnification images that exceed the sensitivity to fine detail that can be obtained with conventional film radiography. Radioscopy, which provides real-time images on a video monitor, allows objects to be readily manipulated and oriented for optimum x-ray evaluation, or monitored during dynamic processes to check performance. Combined with an accurate manipulating stage and data acquisition system x-ray measurements can be used for CT image reconstruction. The CT image provides a cross sectional view of the interior of an object without the interference of superposition of features found in conventional radiography. Accurate dimensional measurements and material constituent identification are possible from the CT images. By taking multiple, contiguous CT slices entire three dimensional data files can be generated of objects.

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Laroche, Florent, Daniel Lefèvre, Myriam Servières, Benjamin Hervy und Alain Bernard. „Intelligent Reverse-Engineering Segmentation: Automatic Semantic Recognition of Large 3D Digitalized Cloud of Points Dedicated to Heritage Objects“. In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82824.

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In this article we present a multidisciplinary experimentation realized between a mechanical laboratory, a computer scientist laboratory and a museum. Our goal is to provide automatic tools for non-expert people who want to use 3D digitized elements. After scanning an objet, we obtain a huge amount of points. In order to manipulate it, it is necessary to decimate it. However, when doing this operation, we can optimize the algorithms for creating semantic topology; obviously we can do it automatically. Consequently, we are going to do what we name segmentation: we extract meaning from 3D points and meshes. Our experimentation deals with a physical mock-up of Nantes city that have been designed in 1900. After digitalization, we have created a software that can: 1. use the whole 3D cloud of points as an input; 2. fill a knowledge database with an intelligent segmentation of the 3D virtual models: ground, walls, roofs… This use case is the first step of our research. At the end, we aim to deploy our method to complex mechanical parts. Nowadays, when designing CAD parts we use as well as volume parts than surface parts or meshes. We know is it not necessary to reconstruct all the triangles. It is a lost of time and we can directly use cloud of points for CAD design. However, the design tree will not be updated. So, with our method, imagine that one day we can digitalize a motor and a system could automatically create the 3D mock-up and the design tree.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Laboratorní manipulace"

Nathan, Harms, und Cronin James. Variability in weed biological control : effects of foliar nitrogen on larval development and dispersal of the alligatorweed flea beetle, Agasicles hygrophila. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41886.

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Host quality can have dramatic effects on performance of biological control agents but its importance is understudied. We used a combination of field measurements and laboratory experiments to determine the range of foliar nitrogen (FN) that larvae of the alligatorweed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila) are exposed to in the field and its importance to larval development and dispersal. Seasonal variability in FN was assessed at field sites spanning southern to northern Louisiana every 2–3 weeks during the growing season for four years. In a series of laboratory experiments, alligatorweed FN was manipulated to examine its influence on larval development and survival (under different temperature regimes), adult biomass, and dispersal of the biological control agent, A. hygrophila. Foliar nitrogen and rearing temperature had strong independent effects on larval development rate. We demonstrated that increasing nitrogen in leaf tissues shortens larval A. hygrophila developmental time and increases survival to adulthood, regardless of exposure temperature during development. It also suggests that foliar nitrogen may have important effects on biological control of alligatorweed, particularly as a result of seasonal variation in temperature and plant nutrition at field sites and could contribute to observed variation in A. hygrophila efficacy in the field.

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