Zeitschriftenartikel: „Labor market history“

1

Lesner, Rune V. „Does labor market history matter?“ Empirical Economics 48, Nr. 4 (06.06.2014): 1327–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-014-0826-6.

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2

Dadush, Uri, und William Shaw. „Is the Labor Market Global?“ Current History 111, Nr. 741 (01.01.2012): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2012.111.741.9.

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3

Sanyal, Dipyaman. „History Dependence in an Experimental Labor Market“. Journal of Quantitative Economics 13, Nr. 1 (April 2015): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40953-015-0006-3.

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4

Brown, Drusilla K., und Claudia Goldin. „Women and the Labor Market“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, Nr. 3 (1992): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204991.

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5

McReady, Douglas J., Lydia Potts und Terry Bond. „The World Labor Market: A History of Migration.“ International Migration Review 26, Nr. 2 (1992): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547078.

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6

Mehmet, Özay, Mehmet Tahiroğlu, Fatma Güven Lisaniler und Salih Katircioğlu. „Labor Mobility and Labor Market Convergence in Cyprus“. Turkish Studies 8, Nr. 1 (20.02.2007): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683840701191813.

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7

Monastiriotis, Vassilis, und Angelo Martelli. „Crisis, Adjustment and Resilience in the Greek Labor Market: An Unemployment Decomposition Approach“. International Regional Science Review 44, Nr. 1 (06.10.2020): 85–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017620964848.

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The crisis in Greece led to one of the largest economic shocks in European history. Drawing on micro-data from the Greek Labour Force Survey, we utilize standard micro-econometric methods and non-linear decomposition techniques to measure the size of the shock exerted on the Greek regional and national labor markets and the compositional and price adjustments in response to this. We find elements of economic dynamism, with some sizeable price adjustments in the economy of the Greek capital, Athens; but overall our results show that compositional adjustments (in labor quality/characteristics) have been partial and limited, becoming stronger only in the more recent recovery. Our results suggest a significant metropolitan advantage with regard to economic resilience, coming predominantly from a more efficient functioning of the labor market in metropolitan areas vis-a-vis other regions. Our use of the decomposition techniques for the analysis of macro-level developments in the labor market offers a novel perspective to the application of the decomposition methodology.

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8

Shomirzayevich, Dusmurodov Obidjon. „STATUS OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL LABOR MIGRATION IN UZBEKISTAN“. CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 02, Nr. 06 (30.06.2021): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-15.

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In recent years, Uzbekistan has been paying serious attention to creating new jobs and ensuring the stability of existing jobs in order to increase employment and economic activity. The main focus is on reducing unemployment, ensuring the employment of graduates of educational institutions entering the labor market for the first time, increasing the employment of vulnerable groups, in particular, women, people with disabilities, convicts, victims of human trafficking, external migration and others. In this regard, the normative legal acts adopted in recent years define a number of important tasks facing the Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

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9

LICHTENSTEIN, ALEX. „MAKING APARTHEID WORK: AFRICAN TRADE UNIONS AND THE 1953 NATIVE LABOUR (SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES) ACT IN SOUTH AFRICA“. Journal of African History 46, Nr. 2 (Juli 2005): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853704000441.

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Most analyses of apartheid labor policy focus on the regulation of the labor market rather than the industrial workplace. Instead, this article investigates the administration of South Africa's 1953 Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act to examine shop-floor control rather than influx control. The article argues that in response to the threat of African trade unionism, apartheid policymakers in the Department of Labour addressed the problem of low African wages and expanded the use of ‘works committees’. By shifting the debate about capitalism and apartheid away from influx control and migrant labor, and towards industrial legislation and shop-floor conflict, the article places working-class struggle at the center of an analysis of apartheid.

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10

Temin, Peter. „The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, Nr. 4 (April 2004): 513–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219504773512525.

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The available evidence on wages and labor contracts supports the existence of a functioning labor market in the early Roman empire, in which workers could change jobs in response to market-driven rewards. Slaves were included in the general labor market because Roman slavery, unlike that in the United States and in Brazil, permitted frequent manumission to citizen status. Slaves' ability to improve their status provided them with incentives to cooperate with their owners and act like free laborers. As a result, the supply and demand for labor were roughly equilibrated by wages and other payments to most workers, both slave and free.

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Bernstein, Deborah S. „Expanding the Split Labor Market Theory: Between and Within Sectors of the Split Labor Market of Mandatory Palestine“. Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500020259.

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Palestine, under British mandatory rule since the end of the First World War, was an arena of confrontation between Arabs and Jews over land, immigration, and political power, as well as over place and position in the labor market. This article will deal with the split labor market of mandatoryPalestineand the actors within it. The analysis will make use of the split labormarket theory of Edna Bonacich. In her theory she posits a situation in whichtwo groups of labor, belonging to different ethnic and national origins, meet in the same labor market. The more advantageous ethnic group has been able, due to its past history and its more advantageous position within world capitalist development, to ensure a higher value for its labor but considers itself threatened by the presence of the less advantageous groups, whose labor has lower value and thus greater attraction to employers who aim to maximize their profits. The theory then goes on to develop the different ways in which cheaper labor might serve to displace and substitute higher-priced labor and the strategies pursued by the latter in recurring attempts to maintain its relative advantage.

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12

Gabriel, Paul E., und Susanne Schmitz. „Empirical Issues In Measuring The Returns To Female Labor Market Experience“. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 11, Nr. 10 (30.09.2013): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v11i10.8115.

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This paper assesses the empirical properties of two labor market experience measures for female workers in the United States. Our results confirm that the conventional cross-sectional measure of labor market experience, often referred to as potential experience, is an upwardly-biased estimate of the true labor market experience of women -- since women are more likely to experience periods of intermittent labor force participation. This bias yields inconsistent estimates of the returns to female labor market experience. We also present corrected returns to female labor market experience based on longitudinal work history information.

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13

Rosenbloom, Joshua L. „Occupational Differences in Labor Market Integration: The United States in 1890“. Journal of Economic History 51, Nr. 2 (Juni 1991): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700039048.

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When labor markets are subject to large demand or supply shocks, as was the case in the late nineteenth-century United States, geographic wage differentials may not be an accurate index of market integration. This article uses a conceptually more appealing measure—the elasticity of local labor supply—to compare the integration of urban labor markets for a variety of occupations in 1890. According to this measure, markets, for unskilled labor and skilled metal-working trades appear relatively well integrated in comparison to those for the skilled building trades.

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14

Beenstock, Michael, und Peter Warburton. „The market for labor in interwar Britain“. Explorations in Economic History 28, Nr. 3 (Juli 1991): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(91)90009-8.

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15

Mcready, Douglas J. „Book Review: The World Labor Market: A History of Migration“. International Migration Review 26, Nr. 2 (Juni 1992): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600226.

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16

Ennis, Crystal A. „Citizenship without Belonging? Contesting Economic Space in Oman“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, Nr. 4 (November 2020): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743820001063.

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How do perceptions of not belonging inform economic life? For many young Omanis, the labor market is a site of contestation and a space of struggle. In this essay, I explore a neglected dimension of belonging in the Gulf—citizen labor—by looking at Omani millennials in the labor market. Despite holding legal citizenship, a sense of belonging remains elusive in much of the private sector. Many Omani young people perceive a tenuous economic citizenship, complicating narratives around belonging or not belonging in the Arabian Peninsula. I draw from lessons learned while researching my current book and exploring social relations and regulation of labor markets, and reflect on how the knowledge and theories produced concerning Gulf labor markets rarely engage with the citizens in them.

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17

Bartram, David V. „Foreign Workers in Israel: History and Theory“. International Migration Review 32, Nr. 2 (Juni 1998): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200201.

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Beginning in 1993, Israel began importing large numbers of foreign workers, replacing its traditional Palestinian labor force. This article presents a descriptive history and theoretical analysis of the migration, placing it in the context of Israel's reliance on noncitizen labor from the occupied territories. Dual labor market theory is particularly helpful in analyzing labor migration to Israel, but only by also analyzing the determinants of state policy can we understand how these recent flows began. The Israeli case thus suggests a cumulative model of the initiation of labor migration flows: structural factors create a predisposition toward use of foreign labor, and political factors determine whether and how that predisposition will be actualized.

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18

Heinicke, Craig W. „One Step Forward: African-American Married Women in the South, 1950-1960“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31, Nr. 1 (Juli 2000): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219500551488.

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The labor-force participation of African-American married women in the southern United States was increasing during a period of deteriorating labor markets when that of African-American men was decreasing. Although the effect of this development on the African-American family was complex, the trend was certainly a sign of limited progress for these women. The jobs that they were able to acquire were generally better than their customary work since the Civil War, despite the adverse labor-market shocks to which African-American families were subject.

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19

Bellair, P. E., und V. J. Roscigno. „Local Labor-Market Opportunity and Adolescent Delinquency“. Social Forces 78, Nr. 4 (01.06.2000): 1509–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/78.4.1509.

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20

Bellair, Paul E., und Vincent J. Roscigno. „Local Labor-Market Opportunity and Adolescent Delinquency“. Social Forces 78, Nr. 4 (Juni 2000): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3006183.

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21

Nelson-Rowe, Shan. „Corporation Schooling and the Labor Market at General Electric“. History of Education Quarterly 31, Nr. 1 (1991): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368781.

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22

Freeman, Joshua B. „Structure and Culture in the Labor Market“. Labor History 35, Nr. 1 (Januar 1994): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00236569400890081.

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23

Brown, Cliff. „Racial Conflict and Split Labor Markets“. Social Science History 22, Nr. 3 (1998): 319–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021775.

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Recently, scholars have devoted significant attention to race relations in the history of the U.S. labor movement. This research has explored the militancy of African American workers, examined how racism divided particular organizing drives, and documented white workers’ efforts to preserve racial privilege. Much of this work has also emphasized workers’ agency but has obscured the racial implications of labor market characteristics (for exceptions see Maloney 1995; Sugrue 1996). This article argues that racial conflict during the 1919 steel organizing drive resulted from the development of split labor markets, which constrained workers’ opportunities to exercise agency based on class position but encouraged workers to exercise agency in terms of their racial interests. In 1919, the sources of workers’ empowerment diverged along racial lines.

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Earle, Carville. „Divisions of Labor: The Splintered Geography of Labor Markets and Movements in Industrializing America, 1790–1930“. International Review of Social History 38, S1 (April 1993): 5–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000112295.

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Among the various methodological prescriptions of Anthony Giddens, perhaps the most useful for labor history are his advisories on social change, on the anxieties and tensions attending a society's transition from one geographical scale to another. Labor's experience in the United States offers a case in point. The nation's transformation from a preindustrial to an industrial society entailed, in addition to the inexorables of accelerated urbanization, industrial expansion, and market extension, certain fundamental changes in the conditions of labor. Industrialization restructured the geography of labor markets, revised principles of wage determination, fomented sectarian division in the ranks of labor, and soured the relations between labor and capital. These structural changes led, in turn, to the inevitable responses of, among others, worker combination, protest, industrial violence, and a splintering in the ranks of labor.

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Bushway, Shawn D. „Labor Market Effects of Permitting Employer Access to Criminal History Records“. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 20, Nr. 3 (August 2004): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986204266890.

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26

Besbris, Max, und Caitlin Petre. „Professionalizing Contingency: How Journalism Schools Adapt to Deprofessionalization“. Social Forces 98, Nr. 4 (21.06.2019): 1524–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz094.

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AbstractMany professional labor markets are currently experiencing signs of deprofessionalization, including automation of tasks and increasingly unstable employment conditions. Drawing on the case of journalism schools, this article examines how these shifts affect professional education, which has historically been positioned as a means to avoiding precarious employment. How do professional schools cope with inimical disruptions to the labor markets for which they are training students? Based on 113 in-depth interviews with faculty, staff, and administrators from 44 U.S. journalism programs, we argue that journalism schools have sought to reframe labor market instability as an inevitable and even desirable aspect of journalistic practice and professional identity. They do this by dismantling boundaries, valorizing entrepreneurialism, and seeking to alter institutional practices to emphasize skills over abstract knowledge. Taken together, we call this professionalizing contingency. As labor market precarity continues to spread within expert and professional fields, our findings have implications for broader sociological understandings of professional education.

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Eichengreen, Barry, und Susan Freiwald. „From Survey to Sample: Labor Market Data for Interwar London“. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 18, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1985): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01615440.1985.10594157.

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28

Rosenbloom, Joshua L. „Labor Market Institutions and the Geographic Integration of Labor Markets in the Late Nineteenth-Century United States“. Journal of Economic History 50, Nr. 2 (Juni 1990): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700036597.

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29

Cho, David, Daniel I. Garcia, Joshua Montes und Alison Weingarden. „Labor Market Effects of the Oxycodone-Heroin Epidemic“. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, Nr. 025 (14.04.2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.025.

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We estimate the causal effects of heroin use on labor market outcomes by proxying for heroin use with prior exposure to oxycodone, the largest of the prescription opioids with a well-documented history of abuse. After a nationwide tightening in the supply of oxycodone in 2010, states with greater prior exposure to oxycodone experienced much larger increases in heroin use and mortality. We find increases in heroin use led to declines in employment and labor force participation rates, particularly for white, young, and less educated groups, consistent with the profile of oxycodone misusers. The results show the importance of extending beyond prescriptions when accounting for the labor market effects of the opioid crisis.

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Boyer, George R. „The Influence of London on Labor Markets in Southern England, 1830-1914“. Social Science History 22, Nr. 3 (1998): 257–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021751.

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Historians have long acknowledged that London, because of its enormous size and rapidly growing demand for labor, acted as a powerful magnet for migrants from throughout southern England. However, while there is a large literature documenting the flow of migrants to London, there have been surprisingly few attempts to determine the consequences of this migration for southern labor markets. This article attempts to redress the imbalance in the literature by examining the influence of London on agricultural labor markets during the nineteenth century. In particular, the article examines the effect of distance from London on wage rates in southern England at various points in time, and the effect of labor market conditions in London on short-run changes in agricultural wage rates.

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Knox, William. „Apprenticeship and De-skilling in Britain, 1850–1914“. International Review of Social History 31, Nr. 2 (August 1986): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008142.

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The publication of Harry Braverman's seminal study – Labor and Monopoiy Capital (1974) – marked a turning-point for labour and social historians. Since then they have increasingly concerned themselves with the nature of the labour process in industrial capitalism. Central to this concern has been the debate on de-skilling and the destruction of craft control over the labour process and its subordination to the needs of capital. Braverman has been heavily criticised for the one-sidedness and simplicity of his account of this development. Among the weaknesses identified in Labor and Monopoly Capital is the omission of any mention of class struggle, or worker resistance to technical change; the failure to grasp how de-skilling can be mediated and, therefore, modified through labour, market and product particularisms; the lack of a detailed analysis of the transformation of formal to real subordination (in the Marxist sense) of labour to capital – the process seems to occur automatically; and, the failure to realise how formally skilled workers can continue to occupy a privileged position in the workforce through either the mechanism of custom, or by their strategic placing in the production process, or both.

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AL-EMYAN, MOZFI M., ZIAD S. ABU-HAMATTEH und FAROOQ A. AL-AZZAM. „Jordanian Employment in the Aqaba Labor Market“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, Nr. 4 (30.10.2007): 525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807071024.

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This table shows the employment of Jordanians across industrial, educational, and occupational groups as a percentage of total employment in 2003. Note that the three major industries (in order) are public administration/social services; trade, including hotels and restaurants; and manufacturing. Almost 50 percent of Jordanian workers had less than a secondary education, and almost 50 percent of all employees fell into three occupational groups: service, shop, and market sales; craft and related trades; and elementary occupations.

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Western, Bruce, und Catherine Sirois. „Racialized Re-entry: Labor Market Inequality After Incarceration“. Social Forces 97, Nr. 4 (01.10.2018): 1517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy096.

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34

Freedman, Marcia, und Josef Korazim. „Israelis in the New York area labor market“. Contemporary Jewry 7, Nr. 1 (Januar 1986): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02967951.

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35

Rogers, F. Halsey. „“Man to Loan $1500 and Serve as Clerk”: Trading Jobs for Loans in Mid-Nineteenth-Century San Francisco“. Journal of Economic History 54, Nr. 1 (März 1994): 34–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070001398x.

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This paper explores the phenomenon of “job-loan trading”—in which employers offered jobs in exchange for substantial loans from their new employees—as practiced in mid-nineteenth-century California. A sample of newspaper advertisements from 1857–76 reveals that despite the obvious inefficiencies of linking labor and capital markets, job-loan trading was both common and profitable. I assess labor market bonding against moral hazard or adverse selection as a possible explanation, but conclude that the job-loan trades primarily provide evidence of substantial Pacific Coast capital market imperfections. This conclusion has implications for the broader question of how financial markets develop.

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Kletemberg, Denise Faucz, Maria Itayra Padilha, Isabel Alves Maliska, Mariana Vieira Villarinho und Roberta Costa. „The labor market in gerontological nursing in Brazil“. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 72, suppl 2 (2019): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0178.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the development of the labor market in Gerontological Nursing in Brazil, between 1970 and 1996. Method: a descriptive-qualitative study with a historical approach that uses the oral history of 14 research nurses working in the historical period, based on the ideas of Eliot Freidson. Results: Nursing overcame barriers to change the care practices to elderly people in the period described, considering the lack of a specific labor market; the need for theoretical knowledge for Gerontology care; the scarcity of research and researchers in the field; the emergence of caregivers for elderly people; the construction of multidisciplinarity and the transformation of institutions for a long-term stay. Final considerations: the expansion of the labor market at the time was grounded on advances on the production of knowledge of the aging process, supported by the demographic transition, that determined the increase in the demand by elderly people for health services and the enactment of specific laws protecting this population.

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Gordeev, I. A., und M. I. Gordeeva. „HISTORY OF LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENT ABOUT CHILD LABOUR IN RUSSIA TILL OCTOBER 1917“. Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, Nr. 6 (28.12.2017): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-201-211.

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This article is devoted to history of legislation development about child labour in Russia till October 1917. The beginning of industry development in Russia in the 19th century demanded a large number of “working hands”. At the same time businessmen didn't want to lose planned benefit and tried to look for such workers who would be less exacting in compensation at sufficient labor efficiency. Children were such labor and their work was necessary for many factories and plants. State support of Russian bourgeoisie of central part didn't hurry to regulate legislatively labor relations, establish obligations of industrialists in relation to workers in general and juvenile workers in particular. All this explains why restriction projects of juveniles’ labor couldn't be implemented within the 1870th years. Legal labour support in Russia at the end of XIX - the beginning of the XX century was progressive. Acts were adopted in the conditions of not only industrialists’ opposition and workers, but also in the conditions of businessmen competition. Laws governed public relations on labor wage application, children and women labor involvement and also initial training of juveniles in pre-revolutionary Russia. The value of factory legislation acts in regulation of minor workers is high. They opened a way to legal settlement of disputes in industrial environment of the end XIX - the beginning of the XX century. Originally adopted acts were conditional. However under the influence of social, political and legal factors more accurate forms were corrected. Authors note that serfdom cancellation and other reforms of the beginning of the 60th years of the 19th century in Russia were made for broad development of market relations which caused the necessity of working legislation formation. There was a legislative fixing of parties' inequality at enterprises and unpunished exploitation of children.

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Carpenter, Seth B., und William M. Rodgers. „The disparate labor market impacts of monetary policy1“. Labor History 46, Nr. 1 (Februar 2005): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656042000329873.

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39

Håkansson, Peter, und Caroline Tovatt. „Networks and labor market entry – a historical perspective“. Labor History 58, Nr. 1 (30.11.2016): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2017.1250204.

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40

Tabb, William K. „Sweated Labor Then and Now“. International Labor and Working-Class History 67 (April 2005): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790500013x.

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From the first usage in nineteenth-century America of the term “sweatshop,” the definition of this emotive term has “reflected social anxiety about global flows and exchange of people, goods, culture, and capital,” Bender and Greenwald write in their useful edited volume, Sweatshops USA. And if the term sweatshop today connotes a race to the bottom in which a market structure of intense competition reflects the absence, or lack of the enforcement of, effective protective legislation across the relevant market, then there is little basically new in the organization of garment production and the unrelenting pressures on its workers. Essential characteristics of sweated labor in the industry result from structural characteristics which have remained and are only ameliorated by strong unions, public concern for the conditions of labor, and enforced social regulation. While it has often seemed to be an outlier in its exploitative norms, the idea that garment work is totally unique in the flexibility it demands, the excesses and abuses inherent in the contracting system with its pressures to respond to unpredictable and rapidly changing fashion, its production of a labor-intensive product not easily mechanized, and its ability to seek out and control a vulnerable labor force is a misjudgment. It is rather an industry which represents an extreme but not a different form of the way labor markets operate. It is not a vanishing past but a worrisome globalized future of just-in-time production and multisourced internationalized commodity chain organization of production which should be worrying.

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Allen, Robert C. „Poverty and the Labor Market: Today and Yesterday“. Annual Review of Economics 12, Nr. 1 (02.08.2020): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-091819-014652.

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World Bank estimates put absolute poverty in Asia and Africa at 50–60% of the population in 1980 and at negligible levels in the developed world. This review investigates whether Asia was always so poor, as well as the history of poverty in today's rich countries. Poverty measurement methodologies are reviewed, and it is argued that a basic needs approach is the best way to tackle poverty measurement in the past. This approach is related to recent advances in the measurement of historical real wages. Estimates of poverty rates in England between 1290 and 1867 are presented, as are estimates for preindustrial India. About one-quarter of the English population was in extreme poverty in the late Middle Ages, and the proportion had fallen below 10% by 1688. About one-quarter of the people in northern India lived in extreme poverty in the early nineteenth century, and the proportion was likely lower in 1600. The very high poverty rates in India in 1980 were a development of the colonial era.

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Ngok, Kinglun. „The Changes of Chinese Labor Policy and Labor Legislation in the Context of Market Transition“. International Labor and Working-Class History 73, Nr. 1 (2008): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547908000045.

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AbstractThis article examines the changes to and relations between labor policy and labor legislation in the context of China's market transition with a focus on the 1994 Labor Law and the 2007 Labor Contract Law. The initial impetus to labor policy change came from the unemployment crisis at the end of the 1970s and the early 1980s. Since then, the state has relaxed its control over labor mobility and job allocation. The last two decades of the last century witnessed the most important changes in China's labor policy, that is, the replacement of lifelong employment with contract-based employment and the replacement of government job assignment with the labor market. Such changes indicate the paradigmatic shifts of China's labor policy in the reform era. Under the new labor policy paradigm, the role of law has been strengthened in governing labor relations and other labor-related affairs. Within the policy context of promoting economic growth while maintaining social stability, both policy and law are coordinated and complementary in stabilizing labor relations and protecting labor rights. Given the socioeconomic circumstances and the underdevelopment of the rule of law in China, policy is still important during the period of market transition.

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Schalk, Ruben, Patrick Wallis, Clare Crowston und Claire Lemercier. „Failure or Flexibility? Apprenticeship Training in Premodern Europe“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 48, Nr. 2 (August 2017): 131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01123.

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Pre-industrial apprenticeship is often considered more stable than its nineteenth- and twentieth-century counterparts, apparently because of the more durable relationships between masters and apprentices. Nevertheless, recent studies have suggested that many of those who started apprenticeships did not finish them. New evidence about more than 7,000 contracts across several cities in three countries finds that, for a number of reasons, a substantial minority of youths entering apprenticeship contracts failed to complete them. By allowing premature exits, cities and guilds sustained labor markets by lowering the risks of entering long training contracts. Training flexibility was a pragmatic response to labor-market tensions.

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Freu, Christel. „Writing Labor History Today: A Critical Note on The Case of the Roman Empire“. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 73, Nr. 1 (März 2018): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2020.8.

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Three recently published books raise the question of labor in the Roman Empire. The present article aims to investigate the sources privileged by historians, the scale of observation on which their analysis is situated, and the theoretical assumptions that guide them. These reflections show that there are multiple ways of writing labor history, currently divided into different subfields which do not always communicate with one another. Thanks to new readings of ancient literature and epigraphy, and the contribution of papyri and archaeology, the traditional history of work and trades has been widely renewed. An important line of questioning examines the reasons for the high degree of trade specialization in the Roman Empire, as well as the existence of a true division of labor. Archaeology helps us understand the technologies and processes of production, making it possible to establish a typology of the socioprofessional identities, from employers to employees, that existed in the shops and workshops of the Roman world. A quite different approach investigates the organization of labor from a macroeconomic perspective, seeing it as a force mobilized by employers: comparisons between the productivity of slaves and that of free workers have been replaced by analyses of the transaction costs of free hired labor versus servile manpower. Finally, debate continues between historians who consider that the labor market of the Roman Empire was limited by clientelist networks and servile labor, and those who describe a free-market economy where labor had become a commodity.

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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. „Was There a National Labor Market at the End of the Nineteenth Century? New Evidence on Earnings in Manufacturing“. Journal of Economic History 56, Nr. 3 (September 1996): 626–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070001696x.

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Average annual earnings calculated from the census of manufactures are used to extend previous research on labor market integration in the United States. In contrast to earlier research examining occupational wage rates, census average earnings indicate that a well-integrated labor market had emerged in the Northeast and North Central regions as early as 1879. They also reveal substantial convergence within the South Atlantic and South Central regions, suggesting the emergence of a unified southern labor market. Large and persistent North-South differentials indicate, however, that a unified national labor market did not develop before World War I.

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French, John D. „The Latin American Labor Studies Boom“. International Review of Social History 45, Nr. 2 (August 2000): 279–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000000146.

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The contemporary North Atlantic world has been marked by a waning enthusiasm for and salience of the study of workers. Yet the current ebb “in the traditional capitalist ‘core’ countries” (not to mention eastern Europe), Marcel van der Linden recently suggested, is far from being a “crisis” in the field of labor history as such. Rather, it is best understood as “only a regional phenomenon” since in much of “the so-called Third World, especially in the countries of the industrializing semi-periphery, interest in the history of labor and proletarian protest is growing steadily”. Citing encouraging recent developments in labor history in Asia, he noted how the field has grown in parallel with “the stormy conquest of economic sectors by the world market [which] has led to a rapid expansion of the number of waged workers, and the emergence of new radical trade unions”. Van der Linden's description fits well the study of labor in Latin America and the Caribbean, where the field first gained visibility in the early to mid-1980s and has now won recognition as an established specialization among scholars of many disciplines. After surveying the Latin American boom and its political context, this article offers a Brazilian/North Atlantic example in order to illustrate the intellectual gains, for students of both areas, that come with the transcendence of geographical parochialism.

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Honey, Michael K., Steven Shulman und William Darity. „The Question of Discrimination: Racial Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market.“ Journal of American History 77, Nr. 4 (März 1991): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078409.

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48

Bourke, Joanna. „Working Women: The Domestic Labor Market in Rural Ireland, 1890-1914“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21, Nr. 3 (1991): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204956.

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Wright, Gavin, Steven Shulman und William Darity. „The Question of Discrimination: Racial Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21, Nr. 2 (1990): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204436.

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Maloney, Thomas N. „Higher Places in the Industrial Machinery?“ Social Science History 26, Nr. 3 (2002): 475–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013067.

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The economic history of African American workers since 1940 has been marked by alternating episodes of progress and stagnation. Sharp gains in relative incomes during the 1940s were followed by little change in this measure in the 1950s. Renewed progress from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s was followed by a new period of stagnation and even decline in relative pay in the 1980s and early 1990s. The important episodes of progress were to a great degree driven by changes on the demand side of the labor market: rapid growth in labor demand—especially for blue-collar workers—during WorldWar II and the effect of new antidiscrimination policies on the demand for black labor after 1965 (Donohue and Heckman 1991; Jaynes andWilliams 1989: 294–96).

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