Dissertationen zum Thema „La gravité“
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Tiret, Olivier. „Dynamique des galaxies : gravité newtonienne & gravité modifiée“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00335993.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCette expression de la gravitation est non-linéaire et impose une méthode différente de celle utilisée dans les systèmes avec matière noire. J'ai écrit un code permettant la résolution des deux modèles de gravité, ce qui a permis de les comparer. J'ai testé ainsi l'évolution de galaxies spirales isolées puis en interaction. Ces simulations modélisent aussi la dissipation du gaz froid et la formation d'étoiles. Celles-ci ont montré que les galaxies sont moins stables en gravitation modifiée qu'en gravitation newtonienne, elles forment des barres plus rapidement. Ces simulations ont aussi révélé des différences importantes sur les transferts de moment angulaire lors des formations des barres et sur les effets de friction dynamique qui ralentissent les barres. Ce travail a permis de réaliser, pour la première fois en gravité modifiée, des simulations de galaxies en interaction du type des Antennes. Là encore, les effets de friction dynamique ont un rôle majeur sur la durée du temps de fusion, plus long en gravitation modifiée. Ceci ouvre des horizons vers des simulations cosmologiques qui pourraient valoriser un modèle en analysant la formation hiérarchique des structures à partir des fluctuations de densité primordiales. Par ailleurs, la modélisation de la cinématique des galaxies (naines, spirales et elliptiques) est aussi approfondie. En particulier, l'analyse des courbes de rotation des galaxies spirales montre que celles-ci peuvent contenir un composant de gaz moléculaire froid deux fois plus massif que le composant atomique.
Crisostomi, Marco. „Gravité massive“. Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRIn this thesis are studied modifications of General Relativity (GR) at large distances. GR is the unique theory of a self interacting massless spin two field, the graviton; our study considers the case where the spin two field is instead massive, hence the name Massive Gravity. For a long time, it was believed that realize such kind of theories was impossible due to a ghost instability that generically emerges at nonlinear level. Only recently this problem has been overcome and several modifications that evade this instability have been found. The simplest way to realize massive gravity consists in adding to the Einstein-Hilbert action a potential built by non¬derivative self-couplings of the metric which, to be realized, require the introduction of an additional metric. We perform the canonical analysis for a general massive deformation of GR in a fully non-perturbative and background independent way and find the conditions that a potential has to satisfy in order to avoid such instability. Among the possible candidates, we find that Lorentz invariance considerably restricts the viable potentials and, when MinkOwski space is required as a background, they probably reduce to a single one. For this potential we analyze the basic phenomenology in the framework of bigravity theories, where the extra metric is taken dynamical. We study spherically symmetric solutions and, in spite of the discontinuity that one encounters at linear level in the zero mass limit, we show the recovery of GR close to the source via the Vainshtein mechanism, together with the asymptotic Yukawa decay far from it. Also we investigate cosmological solutions and their linear perturbations: FRW solutions exist and are very close to the ones in GR until, at very late time, the universe flows in a dS phase. Unfortunately, cosmological perturbations show an exponential instability, at early time in the scalar sector, that signais the unreliability of the standard perturbation theory in sharp contrast to GR. The picture that emerges is that bigravity is more than a tool in formulating massive gravity, it is an important ingredient for a physically acceptable theory
Parau, Emilian. „Ondes interfaciales de flexion-gravité et de capillarité-gravité“. Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5439.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYzombard, Pauline. „Laser cooling and manipulation of antimatter in the AEgIS experiment“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS272/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMy Ph.D project took place within the AEgIS collaboration, one of the antimatter experiments at the CERN. The final goal of the experiment is to perform a gravity test on a cold antihydrogen (Hbar) beam. AEgIS proposes to create such a cold Hbar beam based on a charge exchange reaction between excited Rydberg Positronium (Ps) and cold trapped antiprotons: 〖Ps〗^* + pbar → (H^*)⁻ + e⁻. Studying the Ps physics is crucial for the experiment, and requires adapted lasers systems. During this Ph.D, my primary undertaking was the responsibility for the laser systems in AEgIS. To excite Ps atom up to its Rydberg states (≃20) in presence of a high magnetic field (1 T), two broadband pulsed lasers have been developed. We realized the first laser excitation of the Ps into the n=3 level, and demonstrated an efficient optical path to reach the Rydberg state n=16-17. These results, obtained in the vacuum test chamber and in absence of strong magnetic field, reach a milestone toward the formation of antihydrogen in AEgIS, and the immediate next step for us is to excite Ps atoms inside our 1 T trapping apparatus, where the formation of antihydrogen will take place. However, even once this next step will be successful, the production rate of antihydrogen atoms will nevertheless be very low, and their temperature much higher than could be wished. During my Ph.D, I have installed further excitation lasers, foreseen to perform fine spectroscopy on Ps atoms and that excite optical transitions suitable for a possible Doppler cooling. I have carried out theoretical studies and simulations to determine the proper characteristics required for a cooling laser system. The transverse laser cooling of the Ps beam will enhance the overlap between the trapped antiprotons plasma and the Ps beam during the charge-exchange process, and therefore drastically improve the production rate of antihydrogen. The control of the compression and cooling of the antiproton plasma is also crucial for the antihydrogen formation. During the beam-times of 2014 and 2015, I participated in the characterization and optimization our catching and manipulation procedures to reach highly compressed antiproton plasma, in repeatable conditions. Another project in AEgIS I took part aims to improve the formation rate of ultracold antihydrogen, by studying the possibility of a sympathetically cooling of the antiprotons using a laser-cooled anion plasma. I investigated some laser cooling schemes on the C₂⁻ molecular anions, and the simulations are promising. I actively contribute to the commissioning of the test apparatus at CERN to carry on the trials of laser cooling on the C₂⁻ species. If successful, this result will not only be the first cooling of anions by laser, but will open the way to a highly efficient production of ultracold antihydrogen atoms
Le, Vacon Emmanuelle. „Hellp syndrome : facteurs de gravité“. Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M120.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLehebel, Antoine. „Objets astrophysiques compacts en gravité modifiée“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS204/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTwenty years have passed since the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the Universe, reviving the interest for alternative theories of gravity. Adding a scalar degree of freedom to the usual metric of general relativity is one of the simplest ways to modify our gravitational theory. In parallel, our knowledge about black holes and neutron stars is booming, notably thanks to the advent of gravitational wave astronomy. This thesis is at the crossroads between the two fields, investigating the properties of compact objects in extended scalar-tensor theories. I start by reviewing essential no-hair results established since the seventies. After discussing the no-hair theorem proposed for black holes in Horndeski theory, I present its extension to stars. The second part of the thesis investigates in detail the various ways to circumvent this theorem. These notably include solutions with a time-dependent scalar field in order to match cosmological evolution, but also static and asymptotically flat configurations. In a third part, I establish an important stability criterion for these solutions, based on their causal structure. It is also the occasion to study the propagation of gravitational waves in black hole environments, and to select the theories where gravitational waves travel at the same speed as light
Robichaud-Hallé, Laurence. „Association entre la gravité de l'apnée obstructive du sommeil et la gravité de la multimorbidité“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6353.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuguet, Ludovic. „Cristallisation et convection sous hyper-gravité“. Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0950/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe inner core boundary (ICB) is unstable, and a mushy layer forms under very particular conditions in which the crystallization is very slow compared to the very vigorous convection of the liquid core. To mimic these conditions, we have investigated a mushy layer under hyper-gravity in a centrifuge. The thickness of a mushy layer decreases with gravity and the solid fraction increases. This is coherent with seismological studies suggesting that the solid fraction at the ICB is close to unity. Moreover, seismology shows that the inner core is very heterogeneous in terms of elastic anisotropy, attenuation or wave velocity and that there exists a strong East-West dichotomy on the ICB. One hypothesis is that the latter is due to a translation of the inner core that would cause crystallization on one hemisphere and melting on the other one. We have tested that hypothesis with experiments of solidification and melting of a mush. We have used ultrasounds as an analogue to the seismic waves to quantify structural changes in the mush from measurements of attenuation and scattering. From our observations, it is plausible that the ICB on the Western hemisphere s melting while it is solidifying on the Eastern hemisphere. In other experiments, using xenon gas under hyper-gravity, we have observed an adiabatic gradient for the first time. This thesis shows the feasibility of these experiments and the possibility to check experimentally the approximations used for compressible convection
Deladurantaye, Pascal. „Agrégation fractale en gravité réduite simulée“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25294.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEl, Khouri Laurence. „Hydrodynamique des fluides supercritiques et gravité“. Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066427.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGirelli, Florian. „Géométrie non commutative et gravité quantique“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBernard, Laura. „Dynamique des systèmes binaires d'objets compacts & théories de gravité massive“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066121.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first part of this thesis deals with massive gravity theories. There has been a renewal of interest in these theories since the discovery of the acceleration of the expansion of the universe, because they could explain it without having to resort to a cosmological constant. The discovery in 2010 of a coherent theory of massive gravity, named dRGT, has opened a vast and promising field of investigation. In this thesis we determine, in a metric and covariant formulation, the linearization around arbitrary backgrounds of these theories and their bimetric extension. This result then allows us to count with a Lagrangian method the number of degrees of freedom that are propagating. The second part of this thesis concerns gravitational waves in general relativity and especially the dynamics of coalescing compact binary systems. This work is important in view of their detection by interferometric detectors, both terrestrial and spacial. We study the dynamics of compact binary systems in general relativity, using the approximation method based on post-Newtonian developments (PN). We derive the equations of motion to $4$ PN order in harmonic coordinates. We use a method based on a Fokker action adapted to the post-Newtonian formalism, in particular deriving the tail effects appearing at $4$PN
De, Lacroix De Lavalette Corinne. „Gravité quantique à deux dimensions couplée à de la matière non-conforme“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066288/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFinding a theory of quantum gravity describing in a consistent way the quantum properties of matter and spacetime geometry is one of the greatest challenges of modern theoretical physics. However after several decades of research, many conceptual and technical issues are still to be resolved. Insights on these questions can be given by simplified toy models that allow for exact computations. The first part of the thesis deals with two-dimensional quantum gravity. In two dimensions quantum gravity is much better understood and many computations can be carried out exactly. Whereas two-dimensional quantum gravity coupled to conformal matter has been widely studied and is now well understood, much less was known until recently when matter is non-conformal. First we compute the gravitational action for a massive scalar field on a Riemann surface with boundaries and then for a massive Majorana fermion on a manifold without boundary. The latter case corresponds to a CFT perturbed by a conformal perturbation and is usually tackled through the DDK ansatz, but the results do not seem to match. Finally we give a minisuperspace computation of the spectrum of the Mabuchi action, a functional that appears in the gravitational action for a massive scalar field. In the second part we focus on black hole thermal behaviour which provides a lot of insight of how a theory of quantum gravity should look like. In the context of string theory the AdS/CFT correspondence provides powerful tools for understanding the microscopic origin of black holes thermodynamics. We construct a quantum mechanical toy model based on holographic principles to study the dynamics of quantum black holes
Bouruet-Aubertot, Pascale. „Instabilités et déferlement d'ondes internes de gravité“. Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDufaux, Jean-François. „Modèles branaires en théories de gravité généralisées“. Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZhang, Mingyi. „Gravité quantique à boucles et géométrie discrète“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, I will present how to extract discrete geometries of space-time fromthe covariant formulation of loop quantum gravity (LQG), which is called the spinfoam formalism. LQG is a quantum theory of gravity that non-perturbative quantizesgeneral relativity independent from a fix background. It predicts that the geometryof space is quantized, in which area and volume can only take discrete value. Thekinematical Hilbert space is spanned by Penrose's spin network functions. The excita-tion of geometry can be neatly visualized as fuzzy polyhedra that glued through theirfacets. The spin foam defines the dynamics of LQG by a spin foam amplitude on acellular complex, bounded by the spin network states. There are three main results inthis thesis. First, the semiclassical limit of the spin foam amplitude on an arbitrarysimplicial cellular complex with boundary is studied completely. The classical discretegeometry of space-time is reconstructed and classified by the critical configurations ofthe spin foam amplitude. Second, the three-point function from LQG is calculated.It coincides with the results from discrete gravity. Third, the description of discretegeometries of null hypersurfaces is explored in the context of LQG. In particular, thenull geometry is described by a Euclidean singular structure on the two-dimensionalspacelike surface defined by a foliation of space-time by null hypersurfaces. Its quan-tization is U(1) spin network states which are embedded nontrivially in the unitaryirreducible representations of the Lorentz group
Vanel, Thomas. „Systèmes fortement couplés en dualité jauge/gravité“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066188/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAs an introduction, we present the original formulation of the AdS/CFT correspondence, between N = 4 Super Yang-Mills theory with gauge group SU(N) and type IIB string theory on AdS5 x S5. In a first part, we show how the ingredients of the AdS/CFT correspondence can be applied in a phenomenological way to study strongly correlated systems of fermions and present two fundamental models, the electron star and the holographic superconductor. We construct a holographic model for the study of Bose-Fermi systems at finite density and show that the simultaneous presence of bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom is favoured at zero temperature. By solving the field equation of a probe spinor field in these solutions, we show that the system admits a large number of electron-like and/or hole-like Fermi surfaces and a charged scalar condensate. In a second part, we study asymptotically-AdS4 BPS black hole solutions in the N = 2 gauged supergravity theory. Using the duality transformations in a simple STU model, we find new static and rotating BPS black hole solutions
Fromont, Paul de. „Cosmologie et gravité des régions sphériques compensées“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC148/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is devoted to the study of the imprints of dark energy on the formation of the large scale structures in the Universe. I define the spherically compensated cosmic regions as the large-scale environment around local extrema in the density field. For central minimum, this region can be identified with standard cosmic voids. Using numerical simulations, I show that these regions, once properly identified, can be used efficiently to distinguish competitive cosmological models. I show that the average shape of these density profiles and their statistical properties can be analytically computed in the primordial Universe. Using an appropriate dynamical formalism, I show that it is possible to follow the nonlinear evolution of these structures until today. This allows to reconstruct the shape of such large scale regions from first principles. I exhibit a fundamental property of these regions which maintains constant a particular size : the compensation radius. Around this radius, the nonlinear evolution of the matter field can be analytically derived. By studying the gravitational collapse in gravity models beyond General Relativity, I show that it is possible to constrain efficiently both cosmology and the nature of gravity. Beside giving a physically motivated model for both shape and statistical properties of such large scale matter profile, this work also define new cosmological probes that could be used to test the nature of our Universe
Nguyen, Chien-Thang. „Etude expérimentale de l’ionosphère de moyenne et basse latitude et de ses instabilités au moyen d’observations in-situ par DEMETER“. Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS044V/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims at analyzing two kinds of ionospheric disturbances observed on plasma measurements on-board the DEMETER satellite.The first events are Mid-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances that develop through the interaction between atmospheric gravity waves and the ionospheric plasma. They are observed as quasi-periodic variations of the plasma density that may reach very large amplitudes and are more frequently observed in the Southern hemisphere with a maximum over the Pacific Ocean. These MSTID may strongly modify the electrodynamics of the mid latitude ionosphere and form structures where the dynamo electric field is significantly enhanced.The second events are detected in the equatorial ionosphere as large scale enhancements of the plasma density under the form of plateau. Depending on the level of magnetic activity these large scale structures may be modified by mid-scale density depletions that, eventually, get instable and led to the formation of depleted plasma bubbles
Herfray, Yannick. „New Avenues for Einstein's Gravity : from Penrose's Twistors to Hitchin's Three-Forms“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN060/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis we take Einstein theory in dimension four seriously, and explore the special aspects of gravity in this number of dimension.Among the many surprising features in dimension four, one of them is the possibility of `Chiral formulations of gravity' - they are surprising as they typically do not rely on a metric. Another is the existence of the Twistor correspondence. The Chiral and Twistor formulations might seems different in nature. In the first part of this thesis we demonstrate that they are in fact closely related. In particular we give a new proof for Penrose's `non-linear graviton theorem' that relies on the geometry of SU(2)-connections only (rather than on metric).In the second part of this thesis we describe partial results towards encoding the full GR in the total space of some fibre bundle over space-time. We indeed show that gravity theory in three and four dimensions can be related to theories of a completely different nature in six and seven dimension respectively. This theories, first advertised by Hitchin, are diffeomorphism invariant theories of differential three-forms.Starting with seven dimensions, we are only partially succesfull: the resulting theory is some deformed version of gravity. We however found that solutions to a particular gravity theory in four dimension have a seven dimensional interpretation as G2 holonomy manifold. On the other hand by going from six to three dimension we do recover three dimensional gravity. As a bonus, we describe new diffeomorphism invariant functionnals for differential forms in six dimension and prove that two of them are topological
Ménard, Richard. „Saturation d'ondes de gravité et balance non-linéaire“. Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65947.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoublil, Shachar, und Shachar Boublil. „L'enseignement de la gravité einsteinienne : étude et réflexions“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37667.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDepuis quelques années, le projet d’intégrer la physique einsteinienne dans le cursus scolaire soulève de l’intérêt grandissant dans la communauté des chercheurs en éducation en physique. D’après plusieurs chercheurs, pour mieux comprendre les sciences et les technologies d’aujourd’hui, les élèves ont besoin de connaissances de la physique moderne (Henriksen et al., 2014; Kaur, Blair, Moschilla, Stannard et Zadnik, 2017a). Pour Kaur et al. (2017), la visée éducative principale de l’enseignement des sciences est de faire apprendre aux élèves notre meilleure compréhension de l'univers afin de former les citoyens de demain (Kaur, Blair, Burman, et al., 2017). Puisque le concept de la gravité einsteinienne est absent du curriculum scolaire québécois, cette recherche vise à établir un portrait des recherches menées depuis les dernières années au sujet de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage de la physique einsteinienne aux niveaux primaire et secondaire. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, la recherche utilise une approche provenant de la méthodologie de l’ingénierie didactique (Artigue, 1988a). Cette méthode a permis d’établir une liste des éléments à étudier. À partir de la recension des écrits et des arguments mobilisés par les tenants de l’enseignement de la physique einsteinienne, la recherche met en exergue les principaux enjeux de l’enseignement de la gravité einsteinienne et tente de comprendre et d’expliquer les avantages de son enseignement à l’école primaire et secondaire, exprimés par des chercheurs dans ce domaine. Les résultats de cette étude permettent d’avoir une image sur la situation actuelle de l’enseignement de la gravité einsteinienne. Ils sont regroupés et présentés selon trois thèmes: étude épistémologique du concept et de l’histoire de son développement; implications du concept de la gravité einsteinienne sur le développement des technologies et de la physique moderne, sur la compréhension de l’univers et sur le développement de la pensée scientifique; résultats de l’étude des recherches menées sur l’enseignement du concept de la gravité. Ce mémoire me permet de préparer une base théorique pour réaliser, dans mon projet doctoral, les trois autres étapes proposées par la méthodologie d’ingénierie didactique, soit l’élaboration, la réalisation et l’évaluation d’un dispositif d’enseignement du concept de gravité einsteinienne au 2e cycle du secondaire. Mots clés : physique einsteinienne, enseignement de la gravité einsteinienne, approches et méthodes d’enseignement de la physique, développement de la pensée scientifique
Wieland, Wolfgang. „Structure chirale de la gravité quantique à boucles“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4094/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGeneral relativity is the most precise theory of the gravitational interaction. It is a classical field theory. All matter, on the other hand, follows the rules of quantum theory. At the Planck scale, at about distances of the order of 10E-35 meters, both theories become equally important. Today, theoretical physics lacks a unifying language to explore what happens at this scale, but there are several candidate theories available. Loop quantum gravity is one them, and it is the main topic of this thesis. To see whether a particular proposal is a viable candidate for a quantum theory of the gravitational field it must be free of internal inconsistencies, and agree with all experimental tests of general relativity. This thesis develops mathematical tools to check these
Jewtoukoff, Valerian. „Etude des ondes de gravité dans l'atmosphère au moyen de ballons et de simulations“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066376.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe goal of this thesis is to obtain a better knowledge of the atmospheric gravity waves in the atmosphere, of their sources and characteristics, and their propagation using balloon observations and modeling. The superpressure balloons (SPBs) used in this thesis are one of the best platform to observe gravity waves, and allow us to retrieve the ensemble of their characteristics. High-resolution models provide a complete description of the flow, not only of the waves, but also of their sources. We have combined SPB measurements and modeling in order to describe the gravity waves and evaluate the gravity wave field in model outputs. Using the observations from PreConcordiasi (2010), the convective gravity waves are described in the Tropics during the whole campaign, and also for a case of developing Tropical Cyclone. Second, observations from the Concordiasi campaign (2010) allow us to quantify the realism of the resolved gravity wave field in the ECMWF analyses at high latitudes (Southern Hemisphere). A good geographical and seasonal agreement is found for the momentum fluxes and the intermittency. However, it is shown that the magnitude is underestimated in the ECMWF. Finally, we bring a contribution to the operational balloon campaigns, with a focus on the open stratospheric balloons, which constitute the greatest challenge for the CNES. For cases during the Strapolété campaign, we show that the uncertainty on the final touchdown position of the balloons can be reduced using a simple setup that assimilates radiosoundings
Delepouve, Thibault. „Quartic Tensor Models“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS085/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTensor models are probability measures for random tensors. They generalise matrix models and were developed to study random geometry in arbitrary dimension. Moreover, they are strongly connected to quantum gravity theories as, additionally to the standard bare-bones models, they encompass the field theoretical approach to loop quantum gravity known as group field theory.In the present thesis, we focus on the restricted case of quartic tensor models, for which a far greater number of rigorous mathematical results have been proven. Quartic models can be re-written as multi-matrix models using the intermediate field representation, and their perturbative expansions can be written as series expansions over combinatorial maps. Using a variety of map expansions, we prove analyticity results and useful bounds for the cumulants of various tensor models : the most general standard quartic model at any rank and the simplest renormalisable tensor field theory at rank 3. Then, we introduce a new class of models, the enhanced models, which perturbative expansions display new behaviour, different to the so called melonic behaviour that characterise most known tensor models so far
Heinrich, Philippe. „Étude numérique et expérimentale des vagues générées par des effondrements de terrain“. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ECAP0189.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLeteurtre, Stéphane. „Etat de gravité des enfants en réponse à l'agression : évaluation des scores de gravité existants et élaboration d'un score de dysfonctions d'organes“. Lille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL2S006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first aim was to compare generic and specific scoring systems in children with meningococcal septic shock. The second was to develop and validate a paediatric organ dysfunction (OD) score, since such a score was not yet available for critically ill children. METHODS. Two prospective studies were performed to compare generic and specific scores during meningococcal septic shock. Two prospective, observational, multicentre studies were performed to develop and validate a paediatric OD score. RESULTS. The generic PRISM score was not surpassed by specific scores. Two paediatric OD scores (PEMOD and PELOD scores) were developed with two statistical methods. The PELOD score, which was more discriminant, was then validated. CONCLUSION. Generic scoring systems can be used for outcome prediction in children with meningococcal septic shock. The PELOD score is the first OD score available in paediatric intensive care unit
Motavallianbaran, Seyed Hani. „Détermination d’un modèle lithosphérique sous la chaine centrale de l’Alborz basée sur l’interprétation intégrée de données gravimétriques, du géoïde et de la topographie“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe wish to understand the Earth's origin, evolution and composition, curiosity of the human to comprehend our planet's future evolution plus the geological needs compel researchers to investigate tectonic evolution and their present day structure and behavior. Some key parameters to better understand these subjects are depth of the Moho (the boundary between crust and mantle) and of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB). The targeted area of this research includes the Alborz Mountains in northern Iran and the South Caspian Basin. The Alborz Mountains separate the South Caspian Basin from Central Iran. For our research, the definition of the LAB is an isotherm and we try to calculate the temperature distribution in the lithosphere. We also consider local isostasy to be valid for our modeling. Gravity, geoid, topography and surface heat flow data are used in this research to model the Moho and LAB discontinuities. Potential field data are sensitive to the lateral density variations which happen across these two boundaries but at different depth. In this research 1D, 2D and 3D modeling has been conducted in our targeted area. In 1D modeling, our data are topography and geoid undulations. The method is a 1D inversion based on a two-layered model comprising crust and lithospheric mantle. Using gravity, geoid, topography and surface heat flow data, we have modeled 2D distributions of the density and temperature in the lithosphere along three profiles crossing Iran in SW-NE direction from the Arabian foreland in the SW to the South Caspian Basin and the Turan Platform to the NE. Finally, a 3D algorithm has been developed and tested to obtain the density structure of the lithosphere from joint inversion of free air gravity, geoid and topography data based on a Bayesian approach with Gaussian probability density function. The algorithm delivers the crustal and lithospheric thicknesses and the average crustal density. The results show crustal root under the Alborz Mountains and a thin crust under the southernmost South Caspian Basin thickening northward until the Apsheron-Balkan Sill. Regarding LAB, the results show thick lithosphere under the South Caspian Basin compared to thin lithosphere of Central Iran
Grisouard, Nicolas. „Réflexions et réfractions non-linéaires d'ondes de gravité internes“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00540608.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLouazel, Stéphanie. „Influence des ondes d'inertie-gravité sur la dynamique tourbillonaire“. Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES2016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of this thesis is to study the influence of inertia-gravity waves on eddies dynamics, this process being part of the intercation between slow and fast dynamics of oceanic flows. Eddies dynamics is indeed slow but it is also intermediate between the fast inertia-gravity waves dynamics and the very slow frequency dynamics of general circulation. The first part reviews the literature on this interaction. Then two numerical studies are performed. The first one concerns the influence of inertia-gravity waves on the filamentation process is found to be slightly altered. However, the information required to analyse the filamentation process is shown to be entirely captured by the slow component of the flow and regions of filament ejection can be identified from the diagnostic criterion of Lapeyre et al. (1999) based on instateneous slow quantities. The second numerical study shows that inertia-gravity waves alter eddies interaction. For that purpose, the tripolar vortex is used as an academic example of an eddies intercation. The core of such a structure may split if the two satellites are strong enough. For all cases of waves that have been tested, the structure is systematically stabilized : the core breaks down more easily without inertia-gravity waves than in their presence
Trova, Audrey. „Gravité des systèmes verticalement homogènes : applications aux disques astrophysiques“. Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955555.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChristodoulou, Marios. „Transition de géométrie en gravité quantique à boucles covariante“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0273.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this manuscript we present a calculation from covariant Loop Quantum Gravity, of a physical observable in a non-perturbative quantum gravitational physical process. The process regards the transition of a trapped region to an anti--trapped region and is treated as a quantum geometry transition akin to gravitational tunneling. The physical observable is the characteristic timescale in which the process takes place. We start with a top--to--bottom formal derivation of the ansatz defining the amplitudes for covariant LQG, starting from the Hilbert-Einstein action. We then take the bottom--to--top path, starting from the EPRL ansatz, to the sum--over--geometries path integral emerging in the semi-classical limit, and discuss its close relation to the naive path integral over the Regge action. We proceed to the construction of wave--packets describing quantum spacelike three-geometries that include a notion of embedding in a Lorentzian spacetime. We derive a simple estimation for the amplitudes describing geometry transition and show that a probabilistic description for such phenomena emerges, with the probability of the phenomena to take place being in general non-vanishing.The Haggard-Rovelli spacetime, modelling the spacetime surrounding the geometry transition region for a black to white hole process, is formulated. We then use the semi--classical approximation to give a general estimation of amplitudes describing the process. We conclude that the transition is predicted to be allowed by LQG, with a crossing time that is linear in the mass. The probability for the process to take place is suppressed but non-zero
Michel, Florent. „Effets non-linéaires et effets quantiques en gravité analogue“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS164/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe present thesis deals with some properties of classical and quantum scalar fields in an inhomogeneous and/or time-dependent background, focusing on models where the latter can be described as a curved space-time with an event horizon. While naturally formulated in a gravitational context, such models extend to many physical systems with an effective Lorentz invariance at low energy. We shall see how this effective symmetry allows one to relate the behavior of perturbations in these systems to black-hole physics, what are its limitations, and in which sense results thus obtained are “analogous” to their general relativistic counterparts. The first chapter serves as a general introduction. A few notions from Einstein's theory of gravity are introduced and a derivation of Hawking radiation is sketched. The correspondence with low-energy systems is then explained through three important examples. The next four chapters each details one of the works completed during this thesis, updated and slightly reorganized to account for new developments which occurred after their publication. The other articles I contributed to are summarized in the last chapter, before the general conclusion. My collaborators and I focused on three aspects of the behavior of fields close to the (analogue) event horizon in models with an effective low-energy Lorentz symmetry. The first one concerns nonlinear effects, which had been given little attention in view of their crucial importance for understanding the evolution in time of Hawking radiation as well as for experimental realizations. We showed in particular how they determine the late-time behavior in stable and unstable configurations. The second aspect concerns linear and quantum effects. We studied the Hawking radiation itself in several models and what replaces it when continuously erasing the horizon. We also characterized and classified the different types of linear instabilities which can occur. Finally, we contributed to the design and analysis of “analogue gravity” experiments in Bose-Einstein condensates, hydrodynamic flows, and acoustic setups, of which I report the main results
Grisouard, Nicolas. „Réflexions et réfractions non-linéaires d'ondes de gravité internes“. Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInternal wave studies are crucial to the understanding of deep-ocean mixing. In this thesis, we first describe a 2D direct numerical simulation of a wave attractor and validate it against pre-existing experimental data. We then propose a model for the thickness of the attractor along the direction of propagation of energy. We eventually study nonlinear effects induced by the attractor. In a second part, we describe an experimental study of the reflection of plane waves on a sloping wall. Unexpectedly, resonances between different wave harmonics are not observed. However, a horizontal mean flow is generated and the wave characteristics are curved, due to the Doppler effect. 70 to 80% of the incident energy flux is dissipated and transferred to the mean flow, the latter being seemingly generated by wave dissipation. In a third part, we perform a numerical study of the generation of internal solitary waves by an impinging wave beam. We first present direct numerical simulations of this process and show that different solitary wave modes can be excited. Criteria for the selection of a particular mode are put forward, the first one being in terms of phase speeds and the second one based on geometrical arguments. Results are compared with the configuration of the Bay of Biscay in summer. We show that a beam impinging on a thermocline initially at rest cannot generate solitary waves which features agree with oceanic observations. This can be corrected by considering the background flow around the thermocline as found in the Bay of Biscay and independent of the internal wave beam
Bautista, Solans Maria Teresa. „Weyl anomalies and quantum cosmology“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066329/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis we study the cosmological consequences of Weyl anomalies arising from the renormalization of composite operators of the fundamental fields, including the metric. These anomalies are encoded in the gravitational dressings of the operators in a non-local quantum effective action. We derive the evolution equations that follow from this action and look for cosmological solutions. For simplicity, we focus on Einstein-Hilbert gravity with a cosmological constant. We first consider two-dimensional gravity, where Liouville theory allows us to compute the gravitational dressing of the cosmological constant operator. Using a Weyl-invariant formulation, we determine the gauge-invariant but non-local effective action, and compute the corresponding non-local momentum tensor. The Weyl anomalies modify the full quantum momentum tensor, not only its trace, and hence lead to interesting effects in the cosmological dynamics. In particular, we find a decaying vacuum energy and a slow-down of the de Sitter expansion. In four dimensions, motivated by our results in two dimensions, we parametrize the effective action with scale-dependent gravitational dressings, and compute the general evolution equations. In the approximation of constant anomalous dimensions, the momentum tensor leads to a decaying vacuum energy and a slow-roll quasi-de Sitter expansion, just as in two dimensions. The anomalous dimensions are in principle computable in a given microscopic theory using semiclassical methods. Even though the anomalous dimensions are small in perturbation theory, their integrated effect over several e-folds could add up to something significant during primordial cosmology
Andrianarison, Orlando. „Modélisation mécanique et numérique des interactions gravité/compressibilité dans les vibrations de structures couplées à des fluides internes“. Paris, CNAM, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CNAM0440.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of this study is the vibrational analysis of the fluid-structure interactions in an elastic tank partially filled with an inviscid liquide. In aeronautic industries where such problematics are currently encountered (launchers), coupling study of those two effects have been neglected due to the different wavelenghts involved : the fluid part was generally considered either as compressible, homogeneous, weightless (without gravity), or incompressible, homogeneous, heavy (with gravity). Nonetheless, in some situations, one may need to take in account both gravity (sloshing) and compressibility (acoustic) effects : this is the original aspect of this work. After setting the physical model as well as appropriate boundary value problems, different symmetric variationnal formulations are established depending on the choice of field variables decribing the fluid part. In particular, in some cases, the fluid may be considered as inhomogeneaous so that it has only "plane" irrottionality and a particular choice of unknowns must be discussed
Sarès, Frédéric Christophe Alain. „Du contrôle de la tête au contrôle de la main : études en environnement gravito-inertiel“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22081.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLouapre, David. „Modèles de mousses de spin pour la gravité quantique en 3 dimensions“. Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337352.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMazuet, Charles. „Cosmologies with massive gravitons and their properties“. Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4029/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCosmology in general and the cosmological constant problem are highly important as an insight on new physics. Indeed thanks to the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe a whole bunch of new theories appeared. Until then, the General Relativity was the theory describing the Universe at large scale, but now several alternatives are good candidates to provide a better description about the large scale behaviour of our Universe. Among these theories, there is one called ghost-free Massive Gravity which gives the graviton a mass in order to mimic the cosmological constant instead of using the so-called dark energy. This theory was proved to be consistent but, until nowadays, the existence of viable cosmologies is still an on-going issue. In the first part of this thesis, we investigated a procedure to obtain all de Sitter solutions in dRGT theory, using de Sitter space as the physical space, with at reference metric depending on a Stuckelberg field T(t; r). The second part is devoted to the analysis of the anistropic perturbations around one of this solution, to investigate the stability of the cosmology of the theory. In the last part, we explore the posibility to answer a long-standing question, using the ghost-free Massive Gravity as a starting point in order to obtain a consistent theory of a massive spin-2 field on an arbitrary background. This time, instead of describing the dark energy, we conjecture that this field can be a part of dark matter, which is one of the substantial question for modern physics
Sadeghi, Maryam. „Modeling and simulation of spiral concentrators“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69372.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSpiral concentrators are gravity separation devices used for the valorization of ores for which the specific gravity of the valuable minerals is significantly different from that of the gangue minerals. This is the case of iron ore processing discussed in this thesis. Spirals are preferred to other mineral separation devices because they are inexpensive, simple of operation, practically maintenance free, low energy demanding and do not require the use of reagents to separate minerals. Despite these appealing qualities and unlike flotation, few studies are dedicated to the analyze the spiral operation. Indeed, it is only recently that basic process analysis has shown that spirals fail to recover coarse dense mineral particles to the heavy product. It has also been recently found that wash water, as the main control variable for the operation of the studied spirals, is partly responsible for the loss of coarse valuable particles. To make up for this loss and to maintain a satisfactory operation of spirals, other control variables such as the concentrate cutter openings and position of the splitter gates at the spiral discharge should be used. The study of alternative control strategies for spirals implies testing these strategies in the industrial environment, which is practically impossible considering that the operation of mineral processing plants is subjected to constraints imposed on the production and on the quality of the plant product. Besides, the impact of disturbances due to ore variations and/or mechanical problems in the plant is unavoidable. Testing new control strategies in pilot plant is possible but it is certainly costly if one can find a pilot plant equipped for such testing. Plant operators are thus seeking for rapid and inexpensive approaches to carry out such investigation to identify strategies that can subsequently be safely tested in a plant. Process simulation offers this possibility, but a literature survey rapidly revealed the absence of simulation tools for spirals and more particularly for gravity separation circuits that use spiral concentrators. The first step in building such circuit simulator is to find or develop mathematical models for the units of the circuit. With the objective of testing control strategies, it is thus important that the model to be developed be able to account for the usual spiral operating variables, namely the cutter opening, the discharge splitter position and the wash water addition. The objective of this research project is to propose such model for spirals. A mathematical model is therefore described to predict the trajectory of particles distributed in mineral/size classes as they flow down a spiral. This is achieved here by introducing the new concept of Particle Displacement Functions (PDF) in spiral modelling to describe the movements of the particles flowing down the spiral. The model is calibrated using data generated from tests conducted on a pilot-scale test rig built around a Mineral Technologies WW6+ spiral, installed in the Mineral Processing Laboratory of Université Laval. The model is further validated with data obtained from a WW6E spiral operated at COREM. The test rig commissioned at Laval University uses a controlled wash water distribution within the spiral turns to overcome the observed problem of unequal wash water distribution when using the spiral built-in wash water distribution system. The test rig is also designed to sample simultaneously the product from each concentrate cutter of the spiral, so that the progress of the heavy mineral concentration down the spiral can be monitored. This information can be used to calibrate the model. The calibrated spiral simulator predicts adequately the spiral response to changes in the states of the operating variables. The model can simulate a cleaner spiral operation although it is calibrated using data collected from a rougher spiral operation. The proposed model is ready to be implemented into a simulator for an iron ore processing plant, although work remains to be done to finalize the calibration methodology to improve the prediction of the mineral size distribution in the spiral middling stream.
Lerisson, Gaétan. „Stabilité d'une onde de gravité interne, analyse locale, globale et croissance transitoire“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX017/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInternal gravity waves that exist in a continuously stratified fluid are particularly important in the ocean. They transport energy and are thought to generate turbulent mixing, which contribute to the deep ocean circulation.We generate an internal wave beam that propagates in a continuously stratified fluid with direct numerical simulations. This situation is equivalent to a tidal wave, where the tidal flow oscillates over a topography and generates a wave. Experimental results obtained by cite{Bourget13} are recovered, ie. the beam destabilizes into a small scale mode. We consider the effect of an horizontal mean flow on the instability and lower the forcing frequency in order to compensate for the doppler effect and to keep locally the same wave. A limit case appears when the forcing becomes stationary. This case is equivalent to a lee wave appearing when a stratified fluid flows over a topography.For small mean flow, small scale instabilities develop as in the tidal case. The beam then stabilizes at intermediate mean flows and destabilizes again for increasing flow speed. At this second threshold, down to the lee wave case, the instability is of much larger scale than for the tidal case. Varying the Reynolds number, the Froude number, the wave angle or the beam size doesn't affect the instability scale selection : a small scale instability in the tidal regime, and large scale instability in the lee regime.We show that the instability mechanism may be interpreted using the triadic instability. Scale selection corresponds to different branches of triadic resonance. We confirm the presence of a stability region for intermediate value of the mean advection velocity by computing the linear eigenmode as Floquet mode with an Arnoldi-Krylov technique and show that the leading eigenmode has a negative growth rate.In the lee wave, case the flow is unstable and a selective frequency damping method cite{Akervik06} is used to compute a steady base flow. We then implement a linear direct-adjoint method to compute the optimal perturbations that maximizes the total energy at different time horizons. At short time horizon, the optimal perturbation is small scale while at large time the perturbation switches to a large scale solution and converges to the large scale mode observed through the nonlinear simulations. Short time transients correspond to the small scale triadic instability advected by the flow whereas the long time large scale instability corresponds to large scale branch of the triadic instability that is able to sustain the flow.We propose an interpretation of the selection of these different instabilities in term of absolute and convective instability. In the case of the lee wave, the large scale instability is absolute whereas the small scale instability is convective (and dominates the short time transient growth because it has a larger local growth rate). When the mean flow is varied, the properties of small scale and large scale instabilities exchange: in the tidal case the short scale instability is absolute and the large scale convective. This conjecture is confirmed by computing the impulse response around a plane monochromatic internal gravity wave in an extended two dimensional periodic domain. The spatio temporal evolution of a perturbation localized in space and time points out the formation of three different wave packets corresponding to different branches of triadic instability. Using the triadic theory with finite detuning cite{McEwan77},we derive the group velocity at the maximum growth rate of the three different branches of triadic instability and find a good agreement with the velocity of the three wave paquet maxima in the impulse response. Analyzing the impulse response along rays, i.e. at x/t and z/tconstant, we compute the absolute growth rate along all possible rays and validate our conjecture
Pirat, Christophe. „Structures d'un film visqueux bidimensionnel continûment alimenté sous gravité déstabilisante“. Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00090041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOn observe, en fonction du débit d'alimentation et de la viscosité, une grande richesse de comportements spatio-temporels à travers trois régimes de référence, constitués de gouttes, de colonnes ou de nappes: réseaux hexagonaux centrés, défauts topologiques oscillant ou pas, nappes spiralantes...
L'étude théorique de la déstabilisation d'une structure hexagonale menée dans cette thèse, permet de prédire tous les vecteurs d'onde possibles de l'instabilité secondaire, en particulier le mode de doublement de période observé dans l'expérience.
L'étude de la transition au chaos spatio-temporel par intermittences, à partir du régime hexagonal et stationnaire de colonnes, est également menée. Selon la viscosité utilisée, la transition est du premier ou du deuxième ordre au sens des systèmes thermodynamiques.
Séon, Thomas. „Du mélange turbulent aux courants de gravité en géométrie confinée“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00115881.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlougonven, Riwal. „Jets, vortex et ondes d'inertie-gravité : séparation dynamique et émission“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011940.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleL'analyse de radiosondages de la campagne FASTEX montre que les jets et les fronts atmosphériques aux moyennes latitudes sont des sources importantes d'ondes de gravité.
Un mécanisme d'excitation d'ondes de gravité à partir de mouvements vorticaux est analysé théoriquement dans le cadre d'un fluide stratifié, pour les ondes excitées par un tourbillon ellispoïdal.
Langlois, Mehdi. „Conception et réalisation d'un gradiomètre de gravité à atomes froids“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066513/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is about the design and realisation of a new atomic interferometer experiment at SYRTE. It will allow ultra-sensitive measurements of the vertical gradient of gravity. This experiment will work using ultra-cold atoms as a source, prepared on an atom chip. It will use large momentum transfer beam-splitter, obtained by high order Bragg diffraction. The transport of atoms will be provided by moving optical lattices. A first part of the experimental setup was assembled and its operation was validated by producing a dual interferometer. This interferometer is performed on two atomic clouds produced successively from the same source of cold atoms, and interrogated by the same pair of Raman beams. A new method of differential phase extraction has been experimentally demonstrated. It is based on the exploitation of the correlations between the interferometer phase measurements and the estimation of the seismic phase provided by an additional classical sensor
Pierens, Arnaud. „L' auto-gravité dans les disques astrophysiques : méthodes et applications“. Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066238.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleClamond, Didier. „Amplitudes et phases dans la théorie des ondes de gravité“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10152.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHéon, Christian. „Le principe d'équivalence et les théories métriques de la gravité“. Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1992. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5346/1/000598074.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRousseau, Célia. „Comment la gravité est intégrée lors de la planification motrice : approches comportementale et par imagerie cérébrale“. Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS055/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGravity is immutable, ubiquitous and affects the dynamic of our daily movements. The gravitational attraction (9.81 m / s2) which varies less than 1% of the earth's surface, is an actress of the evolution of all living species. Thanks to an efficient sensorimotor system, the dynamical consequences of the effects of gravity on our movements are stored as internal representations. To circumvent the time delays of the afferent signals coming from the sensorimotor system (too long to plan quick movements), the Central Nervous System (CNS) acts in a proactive fashion by using suitable internal models developed during our past experiences. These models are mainly used during the motor planning to provide a motor command to initiate the action. Prior knowledge of our biomechanical system and our environment therefore characterizes the diversity of internal models of each individual. However, before movement’s execution, sensory feedback can also be used to develop an optimal strategy of the motor task. The role of this initial information coming from the sensory feedback to anticipate the effects of gravity remains to deepen. During this thesis, we have highlighted the critical role of the initial information to plan a movement. Once available (~ 100 ms after the beginning of the movement), the sensory feedback is then integrated into internal models to control the motor task and if it is necessary, to adjust the strategy during movement execution. The initial information is especially useful when we have to deal with a new dynamical context. Indeed, the CNS will much more rely on this information coming from the sensorimotor system, given that no internal model related to the unusual context has still been developed. During a learning phase new internal models will be established. The parameters which allow learning are various and depend on the sensorimotor system of each individual. We have shown that when all the sensory systems are affected by the effects of a new gravito-inertial environment, learning was facilitated. This result contrasts with the lack of adaptation - or interference - sometimes observed during learning tasks much easier. All these mechanisms observed at a behavioral stage are processed in the cerebral cortex, and the integration and encoding of the effects of gravity are processed in specific brain areas. In particular, concerning external objects, the vestibular network is engaged to predict the effects of gravity. Thus, we wanted to know if the same functional network was responsible of the processing of the dynamical constraints of gravity during movement’s execution. We have shown that the insular cortex, which is the core region of the visual vestibular system, plays an important role. Then, by using mental imagery paradigm that does not induce movement, we also observed differences in the circuitry within the insula when gravity-relevant signals related to movement’s execution are transmitted or not to the brain
Couhert, Alexandre. „Amélioration des références massiques de la Terre par synergie entre différentes mesures de géodésie spatiale : Application à l'océanographie par altimétrie spatiale“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30242.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the context of the overall climate change and the need to analyze the implications of the record ice-sheet melting for the sea level and global fluid mass redistribution budgets, our PhD work focuses on large-scale phenomena impacting the shape of the Earth, its gravity field, and the stability of its rotation pole. We explore strategies for the observation and modeling of subtle variations in geodynamic parameters (lowermost degree coefficients), which are still poorly constrained, despite their importance in determining fundamental terrestrial references. The first part of this PhD is dedicated to the observation of the geocenter motion, using different geodetic technics. The outcomes of this work provided explanations, through a correct handling of the dominant error sources, for the discrepancies between the reference laser-based LAGEOS geocenter time series (defining the origin of the international frame, ITRF) and independent solutions using DORIS/laser/GPS observations from the Jason-2 altimeter satellite. The second part of this PhD presents a self-consistent determination of the degrees 0 (gravitational coefficient GM), 1 (geocenter motion), and 2 (Earth's figure axis orientation) of the geopotential. To this end, we use the available laser data since the 1970s (e.g., the first geodetic satellite Starlette launched by CNES in 1975), as they are the only absolute measurements making possible the monitoring of the first three degree terms. Based on 35 years of satellite laser tracking, an updated value of the geocentric gravitational coefficient was obtained, and a viscoelastic behavior of the Earth's mantle manifesting at decadal time scales was exhibited, combining the derived figure axis variations of the Earth and polar motion observations with the Euler-Liouville equations