Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Kriminalistické stopy“

V článku jsou prezentovány možnosti predikce tělesné výšky osoby podle rozměrů nohy nebo parametrů chůze. Forenzní biomechanika umožňuje studovat především trasologické stopy lokomoce, které byly dosud v kriminalistice na okraji zájmu. Trasologické stopy bipedální lokomoce jsou typickým představitelem stop, které odrážejí funkční a dynamické vlastnosti působícího objektu a je možné z těchto stop dekódovat biomechanický obsah. Tělesná výška je jednou ze základních charakteristik, která slouží k identifikaci osoby. V článku jsou uvedeny vztahy pro predikci tělesné výšky z délky nohy nebo délky kroku a dvojkroku.

The dissertation thesis consists of four papers that have been published in scientific journals. Study n. 1 The need to recover evidence from water is quite common in criminal investigation. The article deals with the possibility to collect human scent from such objects and with the ability of specially trained dogs to match such scent samples with scent samples collected from detained suspects. During an experiment, designed as a blind one, it has been proved, that human scent can survive on submerged objects and can be later used for scent identification. Study n. 2 To collect odors the Czech Republic Police use special fabric sorbents manufactured under the registered mark ARATEX. Before use the fabric sorbent is treated by water vapor sterilization. After the scent identification the sorbent is destroyed. The goal of the study was to verify if the vapor sterilization is effective enough to remove human scent that has already penetrated into the sorbent structure or in other words if the sorbent can be exposed to vapor sterilization and then used again. Specially trained dogs were used to match starting odors with target odors in the line-ups. The results showed that dogs are able to correctly match human odors even after they have being exposed to vapor sterilization. Study n. 3 The purpose of the study was to determine the temperature at which the human scent is degraded so that a dog would not be able to identify it. In contrast to expectations, eight dogs used in the experiment almost flawlessly identified human scents from five scent donors exposed to temperatures of 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C. Only two of the dogs were able to identify 5 of 15 scent samples exposed to 900°C. No dog identified a scent exposed to 1000°C. Our study verified heat survivability of human scent far beyond existing expectations. Study n. 4 We tested the hypothesis that if odor fallout (the release of a human odor onto an untouched object) in human subjects exists, then holding a hand above an absorbent will produce a detectable scent which will be subsequently matched in a detection test by trained dogs. Scents were collected from seven males to sterile cotton absorbent squares. The left hand was used to get the control scent and the right hand served as the target scent. Each experimental subject was sitting and his left hand was laid down on a cotton square for 3 min. The right hand was held 5 cm above another cotton square for 3 min. The scent identification was done by two specially trained police German shepherds. Both dogs performed 14 line-ups and correctly matched the collected scents of all test subjects. The results suggest the existence of human odor fallout, whereby a human scent trace is left by humans even if they do not touch an object.

Trasology and its use in crime investigation Abstract Title of this thesis is Trasology and its use in crime investigation. This thesis focus on trasology which is discipline of forensic science examining foot traces, traces of other body parts and traces of vehicles. The objective of this thesis is to provide its reader basic summary about this discipline of forensic science and methods used in this discipline especialy aplication of biomechanincs in trasology and height estimation from foot prints dimensions. This thesis is divided into eleven chapters. First chapter after introducing chapter is chapter about history of trasology, folowing chapters describe individual groups of trasological traces. Folowing chapters focus on methods of detecting and capturing trasological traces. Chapters number seven and eight are about methods of forensic examination of trasological traces. Main part of this thesis consist of chapter about aplication of biomechanics in trasology and experimental chapter presenting results of comparison of methods of height estimetion from foot prints dimensions. Biomechanics is used in trasology mainly for estimation of height from traces of various body parts. In the experimental chapter you can find comparison of six methods of height estimation from length and breadth of foot traces....

Methodology of investigating specific homicides (focused on staged suicides) This diploma thesis deals with the methodology of investigating homicides and suicides, it determines the common and divergent traces left on a victim's body as well as on a crime scene and examines circumstances which motivate a perpetrator to stage a suicide. Last but not least, the thesis describes specific features of individual investigative acts. The aim of the thesis is not to bring a summary of the methodology of homicide investigation but it aims to draw the attention to the procedures typical for the investigation of murders which appear to be suicides and describes the ways how to distinguish staged suicides from the real ones. The thesis consists of six chapters. The first three chapters sum up the definitions of the terms homicide and suicide in criminal law and criminology, examine the circumstances prompting a murder perpetrator to stage a suicide, and describe the typical ways of committing homicides and suicides. The fourth chapter, which examines the important traces left on a victim's body and a crime scene, forms the core of the thesis. It brings the overview of the common and divergent traces in homicide and suicide cases and also the most frequently manipulated and faked traces in staged cases. The...

Criminology is a science dealing with the protection of citizens and state from infringement. Criminology uses mostly biological or genetic methods for crime detection. Forensic traces which are collected by forensic experts on the scene are the key items of those methods. Forensic genetics is among the most important forensic subdisciplines. Forensic genetics uses DNA analysis for identification. The main aims of this study are description and importance of biological, anthropological and genetic methods in criminology, different ways of forensic identification, division and collection of forensic traces, characterization and course of forensic DNA analysis and DNA profiling. Key words Criminology, forensic methods, forensic identification, forensic trace, forensic biology, anthropology and genetics, information systems, forensic DNA analysis, DNA profile.