Thematische Bibliographien / Knowledge and truth

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Knowledge and truth“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Knowledge and truth"

McLeod, Stephen K. „Knowledge of Necessity: Logical Positivism and Kripkean Essentialism“. Philosophy 83, Nr. 2 (April 2008): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819108000454.

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AbstractBy the lights of a central logical positivist thesis in modal epistemology, for every necessary truth that we know, we know it a priori and for every contingent truth that we know, we know it a posteriori. Kripke attacks on both flanks, arguing that we know necessary a posteriori truths and that we probably know contingent a priori truths. In a reflection of Kripke's confidence in his own arguments, the first of these Kripkean claims is far more widely accepted than the second. Contrary to received opinion, the paper argues, the considerations Kripke adduces concerning truths purported to be necessary a posteriori do not disprove the logical positivist thesis that necessary truth and a priori truth are co-extensive.

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Lepage, Francois. „Knowledge and Truth“. dialectica 43, Nr. 3 (September 1989): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.1989.tb00939.x.

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Essler, Wilhelm K. „Truth and Knowledge“. ProtoSociology 12 (1998): 12–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/protosociology1998122.

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Tolliver, Joseph Thomas. „Knowledge without truth“. Philosophical Studies 56, Nr. 1 (Mai 1989): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00646208.

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Lafont, Cristina. „Truth, Knowledge, and Reality“. Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 18, Nr. 2 (1995): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/gfpj199518221.

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Lynch, Michael P. „Coherence, truth and knowledge“. Social Epistemology 12, Nr. 3 (Juli 1998): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691729808578880.

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Modreanu, Simona. „Editorial. Truth and Knowledge“. Human and Social Studies 5, Nr. 1 (01.03.2016): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2016-0001.

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Cellucci, Carlo. „Knowledge, Truth and Plausibility“. Axiomathes 24, Nr. 4 (13.05.2014): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10516-014-9238-7.

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Taylor, Carolyn, und Susan White. „Knowledge, Truth and Reflexivity“. Journal of Social Work 1, Nr. 1 (April 2001): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146801730100100104.

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Peters, Michael A. „Truth and self-knowledge“. Educational Philosophy and Theory 53, Nr. 2 (05.11.2019): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2019.1682489.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Knowledge and truth"

Ghosh, Manjulika. „Performatives, knowledge and truth“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/39.

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Nguyen, Hai Hoang. „Truth maintenance in knowledge-based systems“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28434/.

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Truth Maintenance Systems (TMS) have been applied in a wide range of domains, from diagnosing electric circuits to belief revision in agent systems. There also has been work on using the TMS in modern Knowledge-Based Systems such as intelligent agents and ontologies. This thesis investigates the applications of TMSs in such systems. For intelligent agents, we use a “light-weight” TMS to support query caching in agent programs. The TMS keeps track of the dependencies between a query and the facts used to derive it so that when the agent updates its database, only affected queries are invalidated and removed from the cache. The TMS employed here is “light-weight” as it does not maintain all intermediate reasoning results. Therefore, it is able to reduce memory consumption and to improve performance in a dynamic setting such as in multi-agent systems. For ontologies, this work extends the Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS) to tackle the problem of axiom pinpointing and debugging in ontology-based systems with different levels of expressivity. Starting with finding all errors in auto-generated ontology mappings using a “classic” ATMS [23], we extend the ATMS to solve the axiom pinpointing problem in Description Logics-based Ontologies. We also attempt this approach to solve the axiom pinpointing problem in a more expressive upper ontology, SUMO, whose underlying logic is undecidable.

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Lopez-Lorenzo, Miguel-Jose. „Truth and knowledge in law : the integration challenge“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1565299/.

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There is a challenge that needs to be addressed in general jurisprudence, and the challenge I have in mind is composed of two questions: one of these raises a metaphysical issue about what makes it the case that the law requires what it does—call that the constitutive question; the other question raises an epistemological issue about what it is to know what the law requires in the instant case—call that the problem of legal knowledge. Although these questions raise different issues that need to be addressed by general theories of the nature of law, my view is that they are best regarded as two facets of a larger problem: how, if at all, can we reconcile a plausible account of what makes it the case that the law requires what it does with a credible account of what it is to know what the law requires on a particular issue? That, in a nutshell, is the integration challenge confronting the legal domain, and my discussion of it proceeds as follows: I shall begin, in Chapter II, by introducing the integration challenge for the legal domain and demonstrating why that challenge merits scrutiny in philosophical discussions of the nature of law; I shall then establish, in Chapters III-IV, the programme of legal dispositionalism and its attendant objectivity, relevance, and epistemological conditions that constrain adequate solutions to this pressing theoretical problem; as I explain in Chapter V, the problematic is confounded here in that our two leading theories of the nature of law, the orthodox view and the model of principle, fail to negotiate those constraints satisfactorily in their respective accounts of what law is and how it works; so, in Chapter VI, I shall review the importance of taking up our challenge in earnest.

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Antonova, Antonia Ivo. „Finding Truth in Literature“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/992.

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This thesis uses Amy Kind’s defense of epistemic relevance in imagination to examine how and when true beliefs imparted in literary imaginings are justified as knowledge. I will show that readers’ literary imaginings must pass a test of epistemic relevance, as well as be paired with a strong affirming emotional response in order to justify the truth behind the beliefs they impart. I believe the justificatory affective response is a kind of non-propositional emotional imagining, distinct from the type of literary imaginings that initially imparted the beliefs. Due to this thesis’ focus on the justificatory power of literary imaginings related to emotion, my work shows how literature can provide new knowledge to the philosophical realms of ethics and emotion. Literary implications in other types of philosophical inquiry still remain unexplored.

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Cameron, Ross P. „The source of modal truth“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10949.

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This thesis concerns the source of modal truth. I aim to answer the question: what is it in virtue of which there are truths concerning what must have been the case as a matter of necessity, or could have been the case but isn't. I begin by looking at a dilemma put forward by Simon Blackburn which attempts to show that any realist answer to this question must fail, and I conclude that either horn of his dilemma can be resisted. I then move on to clarify the nature of the propositions whose truth I am aiming to find the source of. I distinguish necessity de re from necessity de dicto, and argue for a counterpart theoretic treatment of necessity de re. As a result, I argue that there is no special problem concerning the source of de re modal facts. The problem is simply to account for what it is in virtue of which there are qualitative ways the world could have been, and qualitative ways it couldn't have been. I look at two ways to answer this question: by appealing to truthmakers in the actual world, or by appealing to non-actual ontology. I develop a theory of truthmakers, but argue that it is unlikely that there are truthmakers for modal truths among the ontology of the actual. I look at the main possibilist ontology, David Lewis' modal realism, but argue that warrant for that ontology is unobtainable, and that we shouldn't admit non-actual possibilia into our ontology. I end by sketching a quasi-conventionalist approach to modality which denies that there are modal facts, but nevertheless allows that we can speak truly when we use modal language.

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Fleming, Forrest Shoup. „Truth, Belief, and Inquiry| A New Theory of Knowledge“. Thesis, University of California, Irvine, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3626962.

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My dissertation lies at the philosophical intersection of the American pragmatist tradition and contemporary epistemology. By treating truth, justification, and belief as matters of degree, I develop a measure of knowledge that captures all of our fundamental intuitions while providing answers to the problems of epistemic luck, skepticism, and scientific pessimism.

Traditionally, knowledge is understood as justified true belief that is not due to luck. My project follows this general outline. First, I describe the pragmatist understanding of truth first articulated by Charles Sanders Peirce in the late nineteenth century. My first chapter offers Peirce's understanding of truth as the best explanation of our intuitive understanding of what it is for a proposition to be the case and shows how we can understand Peirce's theory as compatible with contemporary theories of truth.

In my second chapter, I develop a theory of belief such that an agent believes a proposition when she acts as if that proposition were a rule governing her behavior. On this view, beliefs are theoretical entities posited to make sense of other agents' actions. Following this account of belief, I describe what it is for a belief to be true and argue that sense of truth in which beliefs are true is best understood as an approximation of the full descriptive truth.

My third, fourth, and fifth chapters are an account of justification. Chapter 3 is a descriptive account of synchronic justification: we all reject or accept propositions in accordance with maximizing the coherence of our belief-networks. Chapters 4 and 5 articulate and then defend a new measure of diachronic justification, which is a measure of the degree to which a belief is appropriately revisable and therefore embeddable in an ongoing process of fallibilist inquiry. I develop a novel formal quantification of methodological justification and show that it gives plausible results when applied to popular cases.

My final chapter brings justification, truth, and belief together into a scalar knowledge measure. I locate my theory in ongoing epistemic inquiry, describing its conceptual advantages over rival theories as well as its ability to replicate their successes.

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Amsler, Sarah Suzann. „'From truth in strength to strength in truth' : sociology, knowledge and power in Kyrgyzstan, 1966-2003“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1852/.

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This dissertation is a critical sociology of sociology in Soviet and post-Soviet Central Asia. It explores the construction of sociology as a field of knowledge, academic discipline and professional practice in Kyrgyzstan (formerly the Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic) from 1966 to 2003, focusing on the late and post-socialist project to transform sociology from a heteronomous to autonomous field of knowledge and practice. It draws especially on the sociology of knowledge and science to explore the localised processes through which social scientific knowledge and political power have been co-constituted on the imperial periphery. Through a comparative case study of sociology in Kyrgyzstani universities, as well as smaller case studies of 'public science' in the national press, it reveals how sociologists have negotiated a fundamental tension in the institutionalisation project - the separation of the production of sociological knowledge from the logic of political power, on the one hand, and their simultaneous association, on the other - to establish both scientific legitimacy and social relevance for sociology in the republic. The types of sociology that emerge from this negotiation - the positivist, applied-professional model and the post-positivist liberal-critical model - are interpreted not as inevitable consequences of the Soviet collapse, but rather the product of decisions made by sociologists within particular intellectual and structural constraints and through the lens of partial bodies of theoretical knowledge. The ascendance of positivist and empiricist sociology in the post-Soviet period is explained as a deliberate, if often extremely uncritical, attempt to reorganise the relationship between power and knowledge in Kyrgyzstani society and to democratise the latter. Finally, the dissertation demonstrates that academic debates about the possibility of scientific truth assume deep personal and political significance when conducted in the context of pronounced social fragmentation and inequality, specifically, in the contexts of authoritarianism and neocolonialism.

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Joakim, Olsson. „Knowledge, truth and the life-affirming ideal in Nietzsche’s perspectivism“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för teoretisk filosofi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-340449.

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Kindermann, Dirk. „Perspective in context : relative truth, knowledge, and the first person“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3164.

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This dissertation is about the nature of perspectival thoughts and the context-sensitivity of the language used to express them. It focuses on two kinds of perspectival thoughts: ‘subjective' evaluative thoughts about matters of personal taste, such as 'Beetroot is delicious' or 'Skydiving is fun', and first-personal or de se thoughts about oneself, such as 'I am hungry' or 'I have been fooled.' The dissertation defends of a novel form of relativism about truth - the idea that the truth of some (but not all) perspectival thought and talk is relative to the perspective of an evaluating subject or group. In Part I, I argue that the realm of ‘subjective' evaluative thought and talk whose truth is perspective-relative includes attributions of knowledge of the form 'S knows that p.' Following a brief introduction (chapter 1), chapter 2 presents a new, error-theoretic objection against relativism about knowledge attributions. The case for relativism regarding knowledge attributions rests on the claim that relativism is the only view that explains all of the empirical data from speakers' use of the word "know" without recourse to an error theory. In chapter 2, I show that the relativist can only account for sceptical paradoxes and ordinary epistemic closure puzzles if she attributes a problematic form of semantic blindness to speakers. However, in 3 I show that all major competitor theories - forms of invariantism and contextualism - are subject to equally serious error-theoretic objections. This raises the following fundamental question for empirical theorising about the meaning of natural language expressions: If error attributions are ubiquitous, by which criteria do we evaluate and compare the force of error-theoretic objections and the plausibility of error attributions? I provide a number of criteria and argue that they give us reason to think that relativism's error attributions are more plausible than those of its competitors. In Part II, I develop a novel unified account of the content and communication of perspectival thoughts. Many relativists regarding ‘subjective' thoughts and Lewisians about de se thoughts endorse a view of belief as self-location. In chapter 4, I argue that the self-location view of belief is in conflict with the received picture of linguistic communication, which understands communication as the transmission of information from speaker's head to hearer's head. I argue that understanding mental content and speech act content in terms of sequenced worlds allows a reconciliation of these views. On the view I advocate, content is modelled as a set of sequenced worlds - possible worlds ‘centred' on a group of individuals inhabiting the world at some time. Intuitively, a sequenced world is a way a group of people may be. I develop a Stalnakerian model of communication based on sequenced worlds content, and I provide a suitable semantics for personal pronouns and predicates of personal taste. In chapter 5, I show that one of the advantages of this model is its compatibility with both nonindexical contextualism and truth relativism about taste. I argue in chapters 5 and 6 that the empirical data from eavesdropping, retraction, and disagreement cases supports a relativist completion of the model, and I show in detail how to account for these phenomena on the sequenced worlds view.

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Arıcı, Murat. „A study on the connection between justification and truth /“. Ankara : METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1214535/index.pdf.

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Bücher zum Thema "Knowledge and truth"

Poli, Roberto, Hrsg. Consciousness, Knowledge, and Truth. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2060-9.

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Bonk, Thomas, Hrsg. Language, Truth and Knowledge. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0151-8.

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Academy, British, Hrsg. Knowledge, truth and reliability. London: Oxford University Press, 1985.

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Paul, Sartre Jean. Truth and existence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

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Habermas, Jürgen. Truth and justification. Cambridge: Polity, 2003.

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Truth (knowledge) based religiosity series. London: Olympia Publishers, 2014.

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Ahmad, Tahir. Revelation, rationality knowledge and truth. Surrey: Islam International Publications, 1998.

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Revelation, rationality, knowledge and truth. Tilford, Surrey: Islam International Publications, Ltd., 1998.

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Higgs, Philip. Rethinking truth. 2. Aufl. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta & Co. Ltd., 2006.

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Truth. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2015.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Knowledge and truth"

Childe, V. G. „Truth and Truths“. In Society and Knowledge, 106–18. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003252610-9.

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Ramsey, Frank Plumpton, Nicholas Rescher und Ulrich Majer. „Knowledge and Opinion“. In On Truth, 55–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3738-6_5.

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McCain, Kevin. „Truth“. In The Nature of Scientific Knowledge, 41–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33405-9_4.

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Granström, Johan Georg. „Truth and Knowledge“. In Treatise on Intuitionistic Type Theory, 13–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1736-7_2.

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Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. „Knowledge and truth“. In Mastering Philosophy, 122–84. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-03589-9_5.

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Cellucci, Carlo. „Knowledge and Truth“. In European Studies in Philosophy of Science, 93–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53237-0_8.

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Barnett, Ronald. „Knowledge and truth“. In The Philosophy of Higher Education, 48–59. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003102939-6.

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Poli, Roberto. „On Truth“. In Consciousness, Knowledge, and Truth, 141–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2060-9_9.

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Unwin, Nicholas. „Belief and Knowledge“. In Aiming at Truth, 138–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230624900_6.

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Cooper, David E. „Truth and Metaphor“. In Knowledge and Language, 37–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1844-6_3.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Knowledge and truth"

Wang, Xianzhi, Quan Z. Sheng, Lina Yao, Xue Li, Xiu Susie Fang, Xiaofei Xu und Boualem Benatallah. „Empowering Truth Discovery with Multi-Truth Prediction“. In CIKM'16: ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2983323.2983767.

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Topsoe, Flemming. „On truth, belief and knowledge“. In 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - ISIT. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2009.5205905.

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Zhi, Shi, Bo Zhao, Wenzhu Tong, Jing Gao, Dian Yu, Heng Ji und Jiawei Han. „Modeling Truth Existence in Truth Discovery“. In KDD '15: The 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2783258.2783339.

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Zhang, Hengtong, Qi Li, Fenglong Ma, Houping Xiao, Yaliang Li, Jing Gao und Lu Su. „Influence-Aware Truth Discovery“. In CIKM'16: ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2983323.2983785.

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Setty, Vinay, und Erlend Rekve. „Truth be Told“. In CIKM '20: The 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3340531.3417463.

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M. Nair, Prof Sreekala. „Problem of truth in Indian Knowledge Analysis“. In Annual International Conference on Philosophy: Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2382-5677_pytt13.42.

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„KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: THE TRUTH BEHIND THE CONCEPT“. In 14th IADIS International Conference Information Systems. IADIS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33965/is2021_202103l013.

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Schöning, Julius, Patrick Faion und Gunther Heidemann. „Semi-automatic ground truth annotation in videos“. In K-CAP 2015: Knowledge Capture Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2815833.2816947.

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Zhao, Zhou, James Cheng und Wilfred Ng. „Truth Discovery in Data Streams“. In CIKM '14: 2014 ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661892.

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BrckaLorenz, Allison. „Advancing Truth: Expanding Our Knowledge of LGBQ+ Faculty“. In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1435478.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Knowledge and truth"

Borgwardt, Stefan, und Rafael Peñaloza. Infinitely Valued Gödel Semantics for Expressive Description Logics. Technische Universität Dresden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.217.

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Fuzzy Description Logics (FDLs) combine classical Description Logics with the semantics of Fuzzy Logics in order to represent and reason with vague knowledge. Most FDLs using truth values from the interval [0; 1] have been shown to be undecidable in the presence of a negation constructor and general concept inclusions. One exception are those FDLs whose semantics is based on the infinitely valued Gödel t-norm (G). We extend previous decidability results for the FDL G-ALC to deal with complex role inclusions, nominals, inverse roles, and qualified number restrictions. Our novel approach is based on a combination of the known crispification technique for finitely valued FDLs and an automata-based procedure for reasoning in G-ALC.

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Kriegel, Francesco. Learning description logic axioms from discrete probability distributions over description graphs (Extended Version). Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.247.

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Description logics in their standard setting only allow for representing and reasoning with crisp knowledge without any degree of uncertainty. Of course, this is a serious shortcoming for use cases where it is impossible to perfectly determine the truth of a statement. For resolving this expressivity restriction, probabilistic variants of description logics have been introduced. Their model-theoretic semantics is built upon so-called probabilistic interpretations, that is, families of directed graphs the vertices and edges of which are labeled and for which there exists a probability measure on this graph family. Results of scientific experiments, e.g., in medicine, psychology, or biology, that are repeated several times can induce probabilistic interpretations in a natural way. In this document, we shall develop a suitable axiomatization technique for deducing terminological knowledge from the assertional data given in such probabilistic interpretations. More specifically, we consider a probabilistic variant of the description logic EL⊥, and provide a method for constructing a set of rules, so-called concept inclusions, from probabilistic interpretations in a sound and complete manner.

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Lylo, Taras. Російсько-українська війна в інтерпретаціях іранського видання «The Tehran Times»: основні ідеологеми та маніпулятивні прийоми. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11730.

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The article analyzes the main ideologemes in the Iranian English-language newspaper The Tehran Times about the Russian-Ukrainian war. Particular attention is paid to such ideologemes as “NATO-created Ukraine war”, “Western racism”, “an average European is a victim of the US policy”. The author claims that the newspaper is a repeater of anti-Ukrainian ideologemes by the Russian propaganda, including such as “coup d’état in Ukraine”, “denazification”, “special military operation”, “conflict in Ukraine”, “genocide in Donbas”, but retranslates them in a specific way: the journalists of The Tehran Times do not often use such ideologemes, but mainly ensure their functioning in the newspaper due to the biased selection of external authors (mainly from the USA), who are carriers of the cognitive curvature. The object of the research is also the manipulative techniques of the newspaper (the appeal to “common sense”, simplification of a complex problem, etc.). Methods of modeling the image of the enemy are also studied (first of all, such an enemy for the Tehran Times is the USA), among which categoricalness occupies a special place (all features of the opponent are interpreted not only at its own discretion, but indisputably; such and only such perception of the opponent is “the ultimate truth”), stereotypes (stereotypes replace the true knowledge), demonization (the opponent is portrayed as the embodiment of absolute, metaphysical evil) and asynchrony (an astronomer’s view, who sees a star as if it was the same all eternity to this point. The dynamics of history is ignored by propagandist). Keywords: ideologeme, manipulative techniques, Russia, racism, propaganda.

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Cazenave, Pablo. PR-328-153721-R01 Development of an Industry Test Facility and Qualification Process for ILI Technology. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Dezember 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011020.

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The project "Development of an Industry Test Facility and Qualification Processes for in-line inspection (ILI) technology Evaluation and Enhancements" aims to expand knowledge of ILI technology performance and identify gaps where new technology is needed. Additionally, this project aims to provide a continuing resource for ILI technology developers, researchers and pipeline operators to have access to test samples with a range of pipeline integrity threats and vintages and in-line technology test facilities at the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) Technology Development and Deployment Center (TDC), a PRCI managed facility available for future industry and PHMSA research projects. An ILI pull test facility was designed and constructed as part of this project based on industry state of the art and opportunities for capability improvement. The major ILI technology provid-ers, together with pipeline operator team members, reviewed the TDC sample inventory and de-signed a series of ILI performance tests illustrating one of multiple possible research objectives, culminating in 16 inch and 24 inch nominal diameter test strings. The ILI technology providers proposed appropriate inspection tools based on limited knowledge of the integrity conditions in the test strings, a series of pull tests of the provided ILI tools were performed and the technology providers delivered reports of integrity anomaly location and physical dimensions for perfor-mance evaluation. PRCI engaged Blade Energy Partners, Ltd. (Blade) to conduct the evaluation of the ILI data obtained from repeated testing on the 16 and 24 inch pipeline strings at the TDC. Blade Energy was also requested by the PRCI Project Team to incorporate prior work concerning the development of the PRCI ILI test facility to serve as a final report for the PRCI project. The resulting data was analyzed, aligned, compared to truth data and evaluated by Blade, with the findings presented in this report. Quantitative measures of detection and sizing performance were disclosed in-confidence to the individual ILI technology providers. For instances where ILI predictions were outside of claimed performance, the vendors were given a limited sample of actual defect data to enable re-analysis, thus demonstrating the potential for improved integrity assessment with validation measurements. This report has a related webinar.

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Khomenko, Tetiana. TIME AND SPACE OF HISTORICAL PARALLELS OF EUGEN SVERSTIUK’S JOURNALISM. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11095.

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The article is dedicated to the investigation of time-space measurements of journalistic works of Eugen Sverstiuk, a well-known Ukrainian journalist. In particular, the time-space continuum of his works is being discussed, which is characterized as comprehensive, continuous, filled with archetypical images which metaphorize the text, but at the same time structure it, and are beaded on the axis of time and documentarily located in the space. The logics of images initiated in the text is exaggerated by constant dwelling of the author in the time-space dimensions of the epoque, of which he was a contemporary, as well as precise knowledge of World and Ukrainian history and culture. Historical parallelism of journalism of E. Sverstiuk possesses double potential. On the one hand, the author provides arguments for confirmation of his own opinion, and on the other, he shows us historical collisions in the new aspect, which helps consider the past, better understand the present, and think of the future. Pages of his works is space for author’s considerations, which logics impresses by free transgression of the author in the time, and his ability to grasp the most essential, although sometimes precedent, sometimes sudden and forgotten, or even unknown historical facts in order to force them to resonate in the new historical realities, first of all to indicate the importance of national and the need for assigning to it more significance. Using retrospectives, E. Sverstiuk encourages us to return to the national sources and to seek in ourselves the reflections of nationality in order to return historical truth to our audience. This is what, according to E. Sverstiuk, was believed to be one of the most necessary conditions of existence to the independent state. Time-space continuum of E. Sverstiuk’s journalism is reproduction of comprehensive history as continuous process of the development of humanity, and of formation of comprehensive, total, and so to say epic reading and understanding of these processes via accentuation of reader’s attention on key events, phenomena, and facts.

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Horrocks, Ian, und Stephan Tobies. Optimisation of Terminological Reasoning. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.99.

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An extended abstract of this report was submitted to the Seventh International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2000). When reasoning in description, modal or temporal logics it is often useful to consider axioms representing universal truths in the domain of discourse. Reasoning with respect to an arbitrary set of axioms is hard, even for relatively inexpressive logics, and it is essential to deal with such axioms in an efficient manner if implemented systems are to be effective in real applications. This is particularly relevant to Description Logics, where subsumption reasoning with respect to a terminology is a fundamental problem. Two optimisation techniques that have proved to be particularly effective in dealing with terminologies are lazy unfolding and absorption. In this paper we seek to improve our theoretical understanding of these important techniques. We define a formal framework that allows the techniques to be precisely described, establish conditions under which they can be safely applied, and prove that, provided these conditions are respected, subsumption testing algorithms will still function correctly. These results are used to show that the procedures used in the FaCT system are correct and, moreover, to show how effiency an be significantly improved, while still retaining the guarantee of correctness, by relaxing the safety conditions for absorption.

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Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic und Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements? GTAP Working Paper, Juni 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.

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With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho

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