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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Kids aged under 15"
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Segrott, Jeremy, Heather Rothwell, Gillian Hewitt, Rebecca Playle, Chao Huang, Simon Murphy, Laurence Moore, Matthew Hickman und Hayley Reed. „Preventing alcohol misuse in young people: an exploratory cluster randomised controlled trial of the Kids, Adults Together (KAT) programme“. Public Health Research 3, Nr. 15 (November 2015): 1–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr03150.
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BackgroundInvolvement of parents/carers may increase the effectiveness of primary school-based alcohol-misuse prevention projects. However, few interventions have been designed for pre-adolescent children, or specifically involve parents/carers. The Kids, Adults Together (KAT) programme in primary schools aimed to reduce alcohol misuse through such an approach.ObjectiveTo determine the value and feasibility of conducting an effectiveness trial of KAT.DesignParallel-group cluster randomised exploratory trial with an embedded process evaluation. Schools were the unit of randomisation.SettingPrimary schools (n = 9) in south Wales, UK.ParticipantsPupils in Year 5/6 (aged 9–11 years) and their parents/carers; school staff.InterventionThe Kids, Adults Together programme consisted of (1) classwork addressing the effects of alcohol; (2) a family event for children and parents/carers; and (3) a ‘goody bag’ containing fun items, including a digital versatile disc (DVD) for families to watch together. The intervention comprised KAT plus existing alcohol-related activities and lessons. Control-group schools continued with existing alcohol-related lessons and activities.Main outcome measuresKey outcomes related to the progression criteria for a potential future effectiveness trial. These included the acceptability, participation equity, feasibility and implementation of KAT; the recruitment and retention of research participants; and the acceptability and feasibility of research processes, including data collection methods and outcome measures.ResultsNine schools (free school meal entitlement ranging from 1% to 37.2%) participated. Two of five intervention schools withdrew but all four control schools were retained, and these seven schools facilitated all research data collections. Programme acceptability and participation rates were high in all three intervention schools (parent/carer participation rates ranged from 45.1% to 65.7%), although implementation quality varied. At baseline, approximately 75% of eligible children (n = 418) provided data, of whom 257 also provided data at follow-up. Only 27 parents/carers (estimated response rate 6.5%) completed interviews. Most children were willing to complete questionnaires but measures were not appropriate for this age group. Measures of alcohol consumption produced inconsistent responses. Intermediate outcomes on family communication showed no evidence of intervention effectiveness.ConclusionsIn the three schools that received the KAT intervention, it was found to be acceptable to schools and pupils and there were good levels of participation from parents/carers from across a range of socioeconomic groups. However, two intervention schools withdrew from the trial. Findings from intermediate outcomes on family communication did not support programme theory. In addition, the study highlighted challenges in identifying suitable outcome measures for children aged 9–11 years and the feasibility of long-term follow-up via secondary schools.Future workIt would not be appropriate to proceed to an effectiveness trial of KAT. There are doubts/uncertainties about the potential effects of KAT; suitability of measures; the large number of schools which would be required for an effectiveness trial of KAT, and the cost of this; feasibility of follow-up in secondary schools; and programme implementation and theory. There is a need to develop and validate measures for children aged 9–11 years; to test the feasibility of follow-up data collection methods in secondary schools; and to further consider sample size requirements and feasibility.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN80672127.FundingThe exploratory trial of this project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme and the process evaluation was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. The work was undertaken with the support of The Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), a UK Clinical Research Collaboration Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Joint funding (MR/KO232331/1) from the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, the Welsh Government and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. This project will be published in full inPublic Health Research; Vol. 3, No. 15. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Wilson, R. T. „Livestock production in central Mali: environmental factors affecting weight in traditionally managed goats and sheep“. Animal Science 45, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1987): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610001881x.
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ABSTRACTA study of the factors affecting weight in traditionally managed goats and sheep in central Mali was undertaken during 1978–84. Sheep were heavier than goats at all ages. Birth weights of goats (2·2 kg) were significantly affected by year and season of birth, parity, type of birth, sex and system (rain-fed millet or irrigated rice). Lamb birth weights (2·9 kg) were affected by all these sources of variation except year. System did not exert a significant influence on kid weights at 30 (4·3 kg), 90 (7·5 kg) or 150 days (10·5 kg) but the random effects of flocks and dams and the fixed effects of season, year, parity, type of birth, sex and the interaction of season × year were all significant at all three ages except for year at 30 days. Lamb weights (5·7, 11·1 and 15·5 kg) were significantly affected at all three ages by all sources of variation except season × year effects at 90 and 150 days. Repeatabilities of lamb weights were higher than of kids, probably due to milk being taken for human consumption from goats. There were few significant effects at post weaning to 730 days except those related to sex. Post-partum weights of goats (26·0 kg) were not affected by system, by the type of parturition nor by the sex of the young but were affected by season and year of parturition and by parity. Ewe post-partum weights (30·6 kg) were affected only by system and parity. Changes in weight over the year, pooled for 7 years, in specific age and sex groups averaged proportionately about 005 above and below the annual mean. Weights of mature animals were about 0·05 lower in 1984 than in 1978. Seasonal and long-term effects on weight are much less marked in small ruminants than in cattle under the same management system in the central Mali environment and the allocation of future research effort should take into consideration the relative advantages of the two types of stock.
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S., Ramya H., Anjana Gopi, Vivetha Elango und Dona Joseph. „Clinical spectrum of pneumonia in children aged 1 month to 18 years by serum polymerase chain reaction, in a tertiary care centre in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India“. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, Nr. 6 (22.05.2020): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20202152.
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Background: Pneumonia accounts for 15% all deaths in children under 5 years of age, being the single largest infectious cause of deaths in children worldwide according to WHO. Establishing the exact etiological factor is a difficult task, as there are no definite clinical, radiological markers to differentiate between causative organisms. Hence by detecting the genetic material of causative organism by serum PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and correlating it with the clinical and radiological features can help in appropriate use with antibiotics.Methods: It is a observational study conducted in department of paediatrics KIMS hospital Bangalore, India which included inpatients admitted with clinical and radiological features of pneumonia over a study period from February 2018-April2019 .In this study we excluded immunocompromised children . After obtaining informed written consent, detailed history and clinical examination was done. Investigations including complete hemogram, CXR were done. Under sterile precautions, blood samples for serum PCR and blood culture and sensitivity were obtained. Serum PCR was done for a panel of 33 respiratory pathogens.Results: Etiological agents were identified in 63% of cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common causartive agent being detected in 50.6% of the cases. Staphylococcus aureus has been detected to be the second common organism 16%.Conclusions: In our study Pneumococci was identified in 50.6% of cases. Multiplex serum PCR could be a useful rapid diagnostic tool to identify the etiological agents. Introduction of pneumococcal vaccine worldwide in government immunization schedule, nationwide will help to reduce the disease burden caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Toptygina, A. P., M. A. Smerdova, M. A. Naumova, N. P. Vladimirova und T. A. Mamaeva. „INFLUENCE OF POPULATION IMMUNITY PECULIARITIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF MEASLES AND RUBELLA PREVALENCE“. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 8, Nr. 3 (04.11.2018): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2018-3-341-348.
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According to the lasting serological investigations of patients with rubella and measles, a major factor that determines the resistance to the infections is specific antibodies, that are still circulating in blood of recovered persons during their life. Since vaccinated people are also included in this concept, serological monitoring of people different ages who get vaccinated against rubella and measles is conducted in Russia. However the discrepancy between specific immunity intensity and the measles incidence was showed last years. Using “Vector Best” kits, the study of the anti-measles and antirubella population immunity in scale of age: under 1 year, 1–2 years, 3–6 years, 7–14 years, 15–17 years, 18–30 years, 31–40 years, 41–50 years, and 51–60 years was carried out in Moscow and Moscow region in 2013 (period of unfavorable epidemic situation). The serum probes were obtained from 654 random healthy donors and 646 patients with serologically confirmed measles infection. As a result, gradual increase of percentage of people with protective antibodies to rubella and measles have been demonstrated: 81.3% donors aged 7–14 years were protected from measles and more than 90% — from rubella. Moreover, percentage of individuals who have had immunity to rubella were the same in adults too. The most marked increase of percentage of seronegative persons to measles virus (40% and more) was in age from 18 to 30 years, and in groups over the age 40 years old protection reaches 85–95%. Comparison between percentage of measles patients different ages and percentage of persons with protective antibodies in serum have demonstrated significant negative correlation between measles prevalence and the level of specific antibody in population (r = –0.76). According to the results, increase (to 28%) and decrease (to 2.9%) of measles patients aged 18 to 30 and 51 to 60 years are based on decrease (to 55%) and increase (to 95%) of persons with protective immunity, respectively. Results of analysis of measles prevalence in different ages have demonstrated, that among adult measles patients (18–50 years) 14.5% responded on infection by secondary immune response; among children and teenagers there were no such patients, that proves the significant effectiveness of prophylactic vaccines.
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S., Srinivasa, Nithya E., Varsha Monica Reddy und Shiva Devraj. „Clinical profile of children with pneumonia admitted at KIMS hospital, Bangalore, India: a prospective study“. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, Nr. 2 (23.02.2019): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190707.
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Background: In India acute respiratory infections are an important public health problem accounting for 15-30 % of under-five mortality. Early detection, timely intervention, standard management and a proper early referral service can reduce the mortality rate. The objective of this study was to study the sociodemographic and clinical profile of children admitted with pneumonia, to study its relation to the duration of stay at the hospital.Methods: The study was conducted in KIMS hospital, Bangalore from September 2016 to August 2017. Sociodemographic and clinical features of children aged from 2 months to 18 years of age were studied. A total of 92 children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for community-acquired pneumonia were studied. The patient population comprises mainly of the low-income group from rural areas, urban slums, referred patients from surrounding rural areas, and other centres.Results: A total of 92 children were studied, 52 boys and 40 girls. 45% children were breastfed for <6 months, and 28% were incompletely immunized. Majority of children belonged to lower socioeconomic group. Passive smoking was present in 38 % of the patients and overcrowding was seen in 50% of children studied. There is a significant association between passive smoking, delayed hospital care, and length of stay.Conclusions: Present study concluded that ARI was more common in LES children and incompletely immunised children. And children who got early medical attention i.e. <4 days had a lesser duration of hospital stay i.e. <7 days.
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Solodkaya, Kseniya I., N. D. Sorokina und Yu A. Gioeva. „THE ANALYSIS OF TASTE SENSITIVITY IN PATIENTS BEING ON ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT“. Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 23, Nr. 2 (15.04.2017): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2106-2017-23-2-84-88.
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Nowadays, number of studies covering issues of disorders of human gustatory sensitivity under effect of general and local factors is increasing. However, alterations of gustatory perception in orthodontic patients are studied insufficiently. The purpose of study. To determine quantitative and qualitative alterations of gustatory sensitivity in individuals bearing for a long time intra-oral orthodontic constructions. The sampling included 15 examined patients aged from 11 to 37 years being on the stage of orthodontic treatment (in average from 6 months to 1 year) at the chair of orthodontics of the A.E. Evdokimov Moskovskii state medical stomatological university. The gustatory sensitivity was investigated using gustometry technique identifying threshold of gustatory sensitivity i.e. the least concentration of solution of gustatory substance that provokes sensation at applying on tongue. In addition, attention was paid to health condition of patient, presence of harmful habits and food addictions. The studies demonstrated that in patients on various kinds of gustatory sensations (sweet, salted, bitter, sour) developed altered gustatory sensations that шт relation to normal reactions were higher, lower or within the limits of norm. The highest number of mistakes were observed in case of identification of soar and salted solutions. The dynamic observation testifies alteration of gustatory perception in examined patients during all period of treatment. Therefore, studies are to be continued increasing their duration and number of patients with purpose of making more concrete conclusions about dynamics of human gustatory sensitivity under bearing intra-oral orthodontic constructions.
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Khamees, Deena, Jennifer Klima und Sarah H. O'Brien. „Population Screening for Von Willebrand's Disease in Adolescents with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding“. Blood 120, Nr. 21 (16.11.2012): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.477.477.
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Abstract Abstract 477 Background Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is the most common presenting symptom in women with von Willebrand's disease (VWD), reported in 80–90% of patients. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that VWD screening be performed in all adolescents presenting with severe menorrhagia; however, the frequency of VWD screening in clinical practice remains unknown. Combining administrative health claims data and electronic medical records from a large population of Ohio Medicaid-enrolled adolescents, our objectives were to determine the frequency of 1) VWD screening and 2) new patient evaluations at a hemophilia treatment center in adolescents with HMB. We also sought to determine what patient-level factors predicted VWD screening. Methods The data for this study were obtained from Partners for Kids, an accountable care organization providing health care for Medicaid patients in Central (Columbus, OH and surrounding counties) and Southeastern Ohio (rural counties). Our study population included females 10–17 years of age with two or more ICD-9-CM diagnoses of HMB (626.2, 626.3, 626.8) continuously enrolled in Partners for Kids for at least 6 months prior to and 12 months following first diagnosis of HMB. We defined severe HMB as HMB plus one of the following clinical features appearing in the 12 months following first diagnosis: 1) inpatient stay for HMB, 2) iron deficiency anemia (ICD-9 codes 280.0, 280.8, 280.9), or 3) evidence of blood transfusion (CPT code 36430). We extracted data from Partners for Kids regarding patient age, county of residence, inpatient and outpatient diagnoses and procedures, and laboratory testing. By linking patient name and date of birth to electronic medical records at Nationwide Children's Hospital (the pediatric hemophilia treatment center for Central and Southeastern Ohio), we determined which patients had a hematology visit since time of first HMB diagnosis. Results Our study included 673 patients, 16% of whom met study definition for severe HMB. VWD screening occurred in only 10% of the total study population, but was significantly higher (24%) in patients with severe HMB (p <0.001). Patients living in Central Ohio (location of the region's hemophilia treatment center) were more likely to be screened for VWD (OR 2.1, p <0.03) than patients in Southeastern Ohio. When compared to 15–17 year olds, the youngest patients (aged 10–11 years) were more likely to be screened for VWD (OR 3.6, 95% C.I.: 1.6–8.1, p =0.002), and 12–14 year olds were also more likely to be screened than the oldest patients (OR 2.7, 95% C.I.: 1.5–4.8, p =0.001). Fifty-one (7.6%) patients were seen by the regional hemophilia treatment center. Almost 10% of all patients had a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia, although only 26% of patients were screened for this common complication of HMB. Though only 3% of the study population (11% of the severe HMB population) was diagnosed with a bleeding disorder within 1 year of diagnosis of HMB, over a third of these (36%) were VWD. The prevalence of platelet function defects was similar to VWD. Discussion Despite recommendations by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, VWD screening is performed in a minority of adolescents with HMB, even among those with the most severe disease. Given the low rates of screening, our population reported frequencies of inherited bleeding disorders in adolescents with HMB are likely under-estimates. The low rate of screening for iron deficiency anemia in adolescents with HMB is also of concern. Future studies are needed to identify and overcome barriers to laboratory screening for inherited bleeding disorders in young women with HMB. 1. Laboratory Evaluation and Final Diagnoses in Adolescents with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Disclosures: O'Brien: GSK: Consultancy, topic not relevant to this paper Other.
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Mathur, Anmol, Manish Jain, Koushal Jain, Mahima Samar, Balasubramanya Goutham, PrabuDurai Swamy und Suhas Kulkarni. „Gingival recession in school kids aged 10-15 years in Udaipur, India“. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 13, Nr. 1 (2009): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-124x.51889.
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Issahaku, Gyesi, Franklin Asiedu-Bekoe, Samuel Kwashie, Francis Broni, Paul Boateng, Holy Alomatu, Ekua Houphouet, Afua Asante, Donne Ameme und Ernest Kenu. „Protracted cholera outbreak in the Central Region, Ghana, 2016“. Ghana Medical Journal 54, Nr. 2 (31.08.2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i2s.8.
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Objective: On 24th October 2016, the Central Regional Health Directorate received report of a suspected cholera outbreak in the Cape Coast Metropolis (CCM). We investigated to confirm the diagnosis, identify risk factors and implement control measures.Design: We used a descriptive study followed by 1:2 unmatched case-control study.Data source: We reviewed medical records, conducted active case search and contact tracing, interviewed case-patients and their contacts and conducted environmental assessment. Case-patients' stool samples were tested with point of care test kits (SD Bioline Cholera Ag 01/0139) and sent to the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital Laboratory for confirmation.Main outcomes: Cause of outbreak, risk factors associated with spread of outbreakResults: Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa caused the outbreak. There was no mortality. Of 704 case-patients, 371(52.7%) were males and 55(7.8%) were aged under-five years. The median age was 23 years (interquartile range: 16-32 years). About a third 248(35.2%) of the case patients were aged 15-24 years. The University of Cape Coast subdistrict was the epicenter with 341(48.44%) cases. Compared to controls, cholera case-patients were more likely to have visited Cholera Treatment Centers (CTC) (aOR=12.1, 95%CI: 1.5-101.3), drank pipe-borne water (aOR=11.7, 95%CI: 3.3-41.8), or drank street-vended sachet water (aOR=11.0, 95%CI: 3.7-32.9). Open defecation and broken sewage pipes were observed in the epicenter.Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa caused the CCM cholera outbreak mostly affecting the youth. Visiting CTC was a major risk factor. Prompt case-management, contact tracing, health education, restricting access to CTC and implementing water sanitation and hygiene activities helped in the control.Keywords: Cholera outbreak, Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa, Cholera treatment center, Water sanitation and hygiene, Cape Coast MetropolisFunding: This work was supported by Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (GFELTP), University of Ghana
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EZEKWE, A. G., und T. M. KAMALU. „AGE AND BODY WEIGHT AT PUBERTY IN MUTURU HEIFERS UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES“. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 27 (03.01.2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v27i.1554.
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Age and body weight at puberty were studied in two groups of Mutun helfen aged 4 to 7 months and comprising 13 heifers in each group. Group 1 heifers received nutritional supplementation et lating of a mixture of dry brewer's spent porin and palm kernel cake in a ratio of 1:1 addition to normal grazing. Group 1 theifers were grazed without any supplementation. From the age of 10 months and tasting for a period of 6 months, blood samples were collected twice weekly from each heifer via the jugular vein into heparinized Vacutabner tubes. Samples were centrifuged within 30 minutes of collection and the plasma stored frozen until assayed for progesterone using coat-2-count solid phase 125, radioimmunoassay kits. Body weights of all heifers were also recorded bi-weekly during the experimental period. Puberty was assumed to have occurred in any heifer when plasma progesterone values reached/exceeded i mg/ml. Results showed that Group 1 heifers were significantly younger (P< 0.01) at puberty than Group II heifers (12.25 + 0.20 months vs. 14.60+1.67 months) but their body weights did not differ significantly (90.50+ 1.82 kg & 85.20+ 0.87 kg for Groups I and II heifers, respectively). These results show that under improved feeding, puberty in Muturu heifers could be attained relatively at an early age. the first oestrus in the young female, is due to ovarian changes which are in turn controlled by complex endocrinological events. In the Mutury bull, Ezekwe (1992) observed that under improved husbandry and nutritional conditions, puberty was attained at an early age of 11 months and a body weight of 87 kg. The study also revealed that Muturu bulls could be used for breeding from the age of 15 months. Studies on female reproduction of indigenous Nigerian Cattle breed have concentrated largely on zebu (Bos indicus) cattle (Johnson and Gambo, 1979, Zakari et al., 1981; Oyedipe et al., 1982; Dawuda et al., 1989). There is thus a dearth of inforination on the reproductive characteristics such as puberty of indigenous Nigerian non-zebu cattle like the Muturu. The Muturu, which is the most widely distributed indigenous non-zebu cattle in the southeastern states of Nigeria, has a population of 42,000 out of an estimated total national population of 177,000. The Mutunu is highly tolerant to trypanosomiasis and is also well adapted to the hot humid conditions prevalent in the southern rainforest areas. Despite these obvious advantages, the Muturu is considered an endangered breed because of its rapidly declining numbers (Adeniyi, 1984). The need to document important aspects of its reproductive characteristics is therefore impelling. This study was thus undertaken to determine the age and body weight at which Muturu heifers attain puberty under improved husbandry and management conditions.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Kids aged under 15"
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Štajnerová, Dominika. „Potřeby žáků s diabetem I. typu navštěvující vybrané základní školy“. Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446513.
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is chronic disease and the diploma thesis deals with the needs of students with this type of diabetes in selected primary schools. In the theoretical part I deal with the diet of these students, the education of children and their families, the problems arising from this disease and last but not least, the treatment and types of treatment for type I diabetes. I also mentioned the possible mental problems that can occur in children. In the practical part I found out the specific needs of students suffering from this disease. In my diploma thesis I set one main goal and that was to find out the needs of students. The data were provided with an unstructured interwiew with students from selected primary school. I addressed exactly 12 respondents with whom I interviewed. All interviews were without a single comlication and problem. I first met all the respondents to create friendly atmosphere for the upcoming convercation. During the interviews a large amount of data was indentified for processing. Thanks to the interviewe I came to the conclusion that students in primary school suffering from type I diabetes have certain needs. For example they need to have a mobile phone with them at all times and know subconsciously that they can call for help at any time. Furthermore...
Bücher zum Thema "Kids aged under 15"
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Gilmore, Sir Ian, und William Gilmore. Alcohol. Herausgegeben von Patrick Davey und David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0339.
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Alcohol has been used for thousands of years and, indeed, in very different ways. Two thousand years ago, the occupying Romans sipped wine regularly but reasonably moderately, and marvelled at the local English serfs who celebrated bringing in their crops with brief episodes of unrivalled drunkenness. The use of alcohol was not only tolerated but sometimes encouraged by the ruling classes as a way of subjugating the population and dulling their awareness of the conditions in which they had to live and work. The adverse impact of gin consumption was famously recorded by Hogarth’s painting of ‘Gin Lane’ but, at the same time, beer was reckoned a safer alternative to water for fluid intake and was linked to happiness and prosperity in the sister painting of ‘Beer Street’. It was against the ‘pernicious use of strong liquors’ and not beer that the president of the Royal College of Physicians, John Friend, petitioned Parliament in 1726. Some desultory attempts were made by Parliament in the eighteenth century to introduce legislation in order to tax and control alcohol production but they were eventually repealed. It was really the onset of the Industrial Revolution in nineteenth-century England that brought into sharp relief the wasted productivity and lost opportunity from excess consumption. England moved from a rural, relatively disorganized workforce to an urban, more closely scrutinized and supervised one—for instance, in factories, where men needed their wits about them to work heavy machinery, workers that were absent (in body or mind) were noticed. And, in Victorian Britain, there arose a greater social conscience—an awareness, for example, of the harm, through neglect, inflicted on the children of those who spent their wages and their days in an alcoholic stupor. Nonetheless, the per capita consumption of alcohol in the UK at the end of the nineteenth century was greater than it is today. It fell progressively through the first half of the twentieth century, with two marked dips. The first coincided with the introduction of licensing hours restrictions during the First World War, and the second with the economic depression of the 1930s. Following the Second World War, there was a doubling of alcohol consumption between 1950 and the present day, to about 10 l of pure alcohol per capita. There has been a small fall of 9% in the last 5 years; this may be, in part, related to the changing ethnic mix and increasing number of non-drinkers. There has always been a mismatch between the self-reported consumption in lifestyle questionnaires, and the data from customs and excise, with the latter being 40% greater. From the latter, it can be estimated that the average consumption of non-teetotal adults in England is 25 units (0.25 l of pure alcohol) per week, which is well above the recommended limits of 14 units for women, and 21 units for men. Of course, average figures hide population differences, and it is estimated that the heaviest-consuming 10% of the population account for 40% of that drunk. While men continue to drink, on average, about twice the amount that women do, the rate of rise of consumption in women has been steeper. Average consumption is comparable across socio-economic groups but there is evidence of both more teetotallers and more drinking in a harmful way in the poorest group. In 2007, 13% of those aged 11–15 admitted that they had drunk alcohol during the previous week. This figure is falling, but those who do drink are drinking more. The average weekly consumption of pupils who drink is 13 units/week. Binge drinking estimates are unreliable, as they depend on self-reporting in questionnaires. In the UK, they are taken as drinking twice the daily recommended limits of 4 units for men, and 3 units for women, on the heaviest drinking day in the previous week. In 2010, 19% of men, and 12% of women, admitted to binge drinking, with the figures being 24% and 17%, respectively, for those aged 16–24. The preferred venue for drinking in the UK has changed markedly, mainly in response to the availability of cheap supermarket drink. Thirty years ago, the vast majority of alcohol was consumed in pubs and restaurants, whereas, in 2009, the market share of off-licence outlets was 65%. However, drinkers under 24 years of age still drink predominantly away from home. The UK per capita consumption is close to the European average, but consumption has been falling in Mediterranean countries and rising in northern and eastern Europe. Europe has the highest consumption of all continents, but there is undoubtedly massive under-reporting in many countries, particularly because of local unregulated production and consumption. It is estimated that less than 10% of consumption is captured in statistics in parts of Africa.
Buchteile zum Thema "Kids aged under 15"
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Yosri, A., A. Zayed, S. Saad-Eldeen und H. Leheta. „Fatigue Assessment of Aged Steel Specimens Under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading“. In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 523–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9893-7_38.
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Panda, Arun Kumar, und Aarti Chowdhary. „Non-surgical Modalities of Facial Rejuvenation and Aesthetics“. In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician, 661–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_32.
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AbstractAgeing is an undesirable, ever progressing complex phenomenon that cannot be defied by anyone. An aged face definitely influences the individual’s personality and confidence. The various signs of ageing include droopy upper eyelids, hollowness in the under-eye area, folds and wrinkles on the face, genesis of nasolabial folds and jowls etc. Aesthetic medicine has evolved tremendously to counter many such telltale signs of ageing. In this chapter we have explained the mechanism of ageing at various levels of face and the effectiveness of diverse non-surgical modalities like the thread lift, platelet concentrates, High Intensity Focused Ultrasound and Radio Frequency in overcoming the ageing process. There modalities can be easily mastered to provide excellent results to patients to relive life to the fullest.
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Kaalby, Lasse, Axel Skytthe, Karen Andersen-Ranberg und Bernard Jeune. „Causes of Death Among 9000 Danish Centenarians and Semisuper-Centenarians in the 1970–2012 Period“. In Demographic Research Monographs, 85–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_8.
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AbstractAs most centenarians suffer from multiple diseases, they are at high risk of dying – but what do they ultimately die of? This question has scarcely been examined. We have carried out a register-based study of the causes of death (CoD) among Danish centenarians. Among 8559 centenarian deaths in the 1970–2012 period, the most common CoD was in the category of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD); at the end of the study period, this CoD accounted for one-third of the deaths in this age group. The mortality rate for CVD as an underlying CoD was more than halved during the period (from 358 to 170 per 1000 person-years). In contrast, the mortality rate for cancer remained stable during the whole period, but at a very low level (15–20 per 1000 person-years). Cancer made up a much smaller share of underlying CoDs among this age group (3–4%) than among 85–99-year-olds (15%). The mortality rate for pneumonia remained at a constant level (about 50 per 1000 person-years) of around 10% among centenarians and 5% among 85–99-year-olds. The underlying CoD groups that were reported with increasing frequency during the period were mental diseases, including dementia, which increased sevenfold; and ill-defined conditions/senility, which increased fourfold. The latter CoD group accounted for 28% of deaths among centenarians in the most recent years, and for more than one-third of deaths among semi-supercentenarians (aged 105–109). The increase in the proportion of deaths for which the CoD was listed as ill-defined conditions/senility was probably partly due to the under-diagnosis of diseases among centenarians, especially of heart diseases. However, a substantial proportion of these deaths may have been attributable to “old age” – i.e., a combination of several diseases and organ deficiencies – and not to a single underlying cause.
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Stein, Michael D., und Sandro Galea. „Dying Young in the United States“. In Pained, 61–62. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510384.003.0019.
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This chapter focuses on child mortality. Child mortality is declining worldwide, according to a half-century’s worth of data from the Human Mortality Database and the World Health Organization (WHO). Since the 1980s, however, the United States has had higher rates of mortality for kids aged 0 to 19, compared to other wealthy Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations. In 2013, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) ranked the health and safety of children in the United States 25th out of 29 developed countries. Meanwhile, according to a 2018 Health Affairs study, from 2001 to 2010, the risk of death in the United States compared to peer nations was 76% greater for infants and 57% greater for children and youth age 1 to 19. In that same time frame, American teens age 15 to 19 were 82 times likelier to die from gun-related homicide. As such, US policymakers need to focus on preventing child mortality by preventing the largest contributors to this challenge: perinatal deaths, car accidents, and firearm assaults.
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„Incorporating Uncertainty into Fishery Models“. In Incorporating Uncertainty into Fishery Models, herausgegeben von Ana M. Parma. American Fisheries Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569315.ch8.
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<em>Abstract.—</em>The uncertainty associated with estimates of stock size is increasingly acknowledged in the provision of management advice. Estimated variances, however, are usually small compared with the variability of abundance estimates for any given year produced by successive assessments, especially when changes in the assessment methods are introduced. Of all the different kinds of uncertainty, uncertainty in the specification of the model structure is often the most significant source of assessment errors in some closely monitored fisheries. Recent changes in Pacific halibut assessments illustrate this problem. A separable catch-at-age model used since the mid-1980s performed very poorly in retrospective analyses, initially overestimating biomass and then underestimating it in the 1990s. The latter has been attributed to trends in catchability at age associated with a remarkable decrease in halibut growth rate over the last 15 years. A new model was developed which replaced the assumptions of constant catchability and selectivity made in the old model by a more flexible and realistic treatment of observation and process variability. The change in model structure resulted in estimates of present biomass more than double the previous estimates. While retrospective performance of the new model is much improved, major uncertainties still remain. In particular, the relative importance of size and age effects in determining catchability of the setline surveys is difficult to discern from the data. Two extreme models, one based on the assumption that survey selectivity is a function of size and the other based on the assumption that survey selectivity <em>at age </em>is constant, have been formulated to incorporate this uncertainty. In this paper, Bayesian methods are used to evaluate the uncertainty around abundance estimates and short-term forward projections, including the uncertainty due to alternative possible model structures. The posterior distributions of parameters of interest under each of the two models are approximated by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, and the support given to the models by the data is evaluated by computing their integrated likelihoods. While far from a complete representation of all sources of model uncertainty, the analysis illustrates how uncertainty in model choice, in addition to the standard parameter uncertainty, can be incorporated in risk computations.
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„Incorporating Uncertainty into Fishery Models“. In Incorporating Uncertainty into Fishery Models, herausgegeben von Ana M. Parma. American Fisheries Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569315.ch8.
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<em>Abstract.—</em>The uncertainty associated with estimates of stock size is increasingly acknowledged in the provision of management advice. Estimated variances, however, are usually small compared with the variability of abundance estimates for any given year produced by successive assessments, especially when changes in the assessment methods are introduced. Of all the different kinds of uncertainty, uncertainty in the specification of the model structure is often the most significant source of assessment errors in some closely monitored fisheries. Recent changes in Pacific halibut assessments illustrate this problem. A separable catch-at-age model used since the mid-1980s performed very poorly in retrospective analyses, initially overestimating biomass and then underestimating it in the 1990s. The latter has been attributed to trends in catchability at age associated with a remarkable decrease in halibut growth rate over the last 15 years. A new model was developed which replaced the assumptions of constant catchability and selectivity made in the old model by a more flexible and realistic treatment of observation and process variability. The change in model structure resulted in estimates of present biomass more than double the previous estimates. While retrospective performance of the new model is much improved, major uncertainties still remain. In particular, the relative importance of size and age effects in determining catchability of the setline surveys is difficult to discern from the data. Two extreme models, one based on the assumption that survey selectivity is a function of size and the other based on the assumption that survey selectivity <em>at age </em>is constant, have been formulated to incorporate this uncertainty. In this paper, Bayesian methods are used to evaluate the uncertainty around abundance estimates and short-term forward projections, including the uncertainty due to alternative possible model structures. The posterior distributions of parameters of interest under each of the two models are approximated by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, and the support given to the models by the data is evaluated by computing their integrated likelihoods. While far from a complete representation of all sources of model uncertainty, the analysis illustrates how uncertainty in model choice, in addition to the standard parameter uncertainty, can be incorporated in risk computations.
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Freeman, Daniel, und Jason Freeman. „Introduction: Or, Why Fat is a Paranoid Issue“. In Paranoia. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199237500.003.0003.
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Over the past few years, a new and deadly epidemic has stalked the land. Britain and the US, just like much of the rest of the world, are getting fat. Around 60 per cent of adults in the UK are heavier than they should be. It’s a similar story in the US, where two-thirds of adults are overweight or extremely overweight (obese). That’s a pretty shocking statistic, but we all know that keeping in shape when you’re trying to balance the demands of work and family life is tough. Who’s got time to get to the gym? Who has the energy to do more than heat up a ready meal after ten hours in the office? Besides, we all get bigger as we get older, don’t we? It’s a metabolism thing—isn’t it? But if you think the statistics for adults are alarming, wait till you find out how our kids are faring. In 2003, 27 per cent of children under 11 in England were either overweight or obese. In the US, where different methods to measure obesity are used, nearly 20 per cent of children aged 6 to 11 were classified as overweight or obese in 2004. The numbers have almost doubled in a decade. How did so many children get to be overweight before they’ve even reached the ripe old age of 11? How do you become overweight when so much of your day is taken up with charging round a playground or park, when you can’t drive, and when you’re not free—like the rest of us—to stuff your face at will with chocolate, crisps, and alcohol? The answer, of course, is a complex one. If adults are eating much less healthily than they used to, so are their kids. Instead of spending their evenings playing outside, children now have the delights of multi-channel television, computer games, and the Internet to choose from. And then there’s the fact that increasing numbers of us just won’t let our children outside on their own. Back in the mid 1970s, we were 6 years old.
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Tannous, Wadad Kathy, und Kathleen Quilty. „Ageing“. In Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, 240–54. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6772-2.ch015.
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In 2019, the number of people in the world aged over 65 was 703 million. By 2050, this number is projected to be 1.5 billion. However, it is not only the number of older persons but the proportion that is changing. Italy was the first country to experience a demographic milestone known as the ‘Historic Reversal', reporting in 1995 that the population of people aged 65 years and older outnumbered children under the age of 15 for the first time ever. By 2050, this number is expected to reach 90 countries. This social ‘megatrend' collides with another shifting paradigm: technological advancement, accelerating every year at an extraordinary pace. While this trend of continuous technological evolution is not developing uniformly around the world, the scope of potential support that new and emergent technologies can bring to older adults is enormous. This chapter explores key areas of consideration to ensure that the promise of the digital future is realised for older people and that it is an enabling force, rather than a barrier to enjoying a longer, more supported later life.
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Chung, Jacqueline Pui Wah, und Tin Chiu Li. „Chronic pelvic pain“. In Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, herausgegeben von Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, William Ledger, Lynette Denny und Stergios Doumouchtsis, 550–59. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0044.
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Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a common gynaecological complaint with a similar consultation rate to low back pain, asthma, or migraine. It is estimated that up to 15–20% of women aged 18–50 years have experienced CPP for more than 1 year. Nevertheless, the incidence of CPP is likely to be underestimated due to under-reporting. CPP is a condition distressing to patients and challenging to gynaecologists. It is commonly associated with endometriosis, adhesions, pelvic inflammatory disease, as well as a variety of urological, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, or psychosocial conditions. This chapter provides a general overview of the condition, with a special emphasis on the management strategy in dealing with patients with this condition.
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Godden, Lorraine, und Christopher DeLuca. „Policies to Enhance Transition to Work“. In Young Adult Development at the School-to-Work Transition, 172–202. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190941512.003.0008.
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This chapter highlights the continued struggles faced by Canadian youth in their transition from school to work. In July 2016 the unemployment rate for youth (aged 15–24) in Canada stood at 13.3% compared to the general unemployment rate of 6.9%. Many young people under the age of 30 who are employed are working in increasingly precarious conditions (e.g., temporary, contract, part-time, or low paid) or nonpermanent jobs. In this chapter, the authors focus particularly upon recent secondary school-based policy developments in Canada aimed at enhancing the transition from school to work for youth. They specifically focus our analysis on the country’s most populous province, Ontario, and demonstrate how the policy context in Ontario has prompted several initiatives and programs to support youth in transition from school to meaningful work.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Kids aged under 15"
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Fontcuberta, J., R. M. de los Inocentes, N. Sala, M. Borrell und J. Félez. „STUDY OF A SPANISH FAMILY WITH INHERITED PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY“. In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644298.
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Protein S (PS) is a plasma glycoprotein that serves as a cofactor for activated protein C (PC) anticoagulant activity. Inherited PS deficiency has been found to be associated to thrombotic disease in several families. In the present study, we report on a Spanish family with type II PS deficiency.The propositus is a 40 year-old male that was referred to our center for study after having suffered from multiples thrombotic events since he was 20 year-old. After his first episode of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) he had 4 recurrences, three of them complicated with pulmonary embolism. It should be remarked that one of the episodes occured while the patient was under oral anticoagulant treatment. The basic screening of haemostasis and hepatic function were normal for a patient that was being treated with oral anticoagulants. Functional and antigenic levels of antithrombin III, protein C and plasminogen were also normal. When total and free protein S levels (method of Comp et al.) were measured using both an electroimmunoassay and an ELISA assay ,almost indetectable levels of free protein S (between 0 and 10%) and very low levels (20%) of total plasma PS, were found. These results were also confirmed by crossed-electriimnunophoretic studies.When the family of this patient was studied it was found that his two sons, aged 15 and 8 years, as well as one of his sisters, aged 35 years, and her daughter of 4 years, were also affected (free PS levels between 38-60% and total PS between 35 and 39%). All these members had been assymptomatic up to now and are not under oral anticoagulants.
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Ma, Kai-tung, Øystein Gabrielsen, Zhen Li, David Baker, Aifeng Yao, Pedro Vargas, Meng Luo et al. „Fatigue Tests on Corroded Mooring Chains Retrieved From Various Fields in Offshore West Africa and the North Sea“. In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95618.
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Abstract When an aged mooring system seeks a life extension, it is necessary to assess the remaining fatigue life of the corroded mooring chain. This paper summarizes the results of fatigue tests performed on mooring chain samples retrieved from six different fields in West Africa and North Sea. The impacts of corrosion on fatigue life on the samples were researched. The tests were managed under a Joint Development Project, “Fatigue of Corroded Chains (FoCCs JDP)”. The objectives of the JDP are (1) to derive a methodology for assessing the remaining fatigue life of corroded chain, (2) to develop guidance for performing reliable FEA of chain links to assess remaining fatigue life, and (3) to provide more rational basis to improve industry guidance on mooring line replacement criteria for life extension. Fatigue test procedure was defined by the fifteen (15) participating members. The procedure specified the testing parameters, including mean tension, tension range, and test frequency. Six sets of fatigue tests have been completed in seawater with the number of cycles to failure recorded. These chain samples were retrieved from floating production and storage units, e.g. FPSOs and FSUs, that were still in service. Fatigue data obtained from the tests were plotted against the design SN curves and results from fatigue testing of new chain. It was found that most of these samples have limited amount of fatigue capacity remained. Most interesting finding is that the sharpness of the surface feature on the corroded chain link has a significant impact on the remaining fatigue life. Another interesting finding is that the surface feature created by corrosion can be quite distinct and unique depending on the geophysical locations where the sample came from. These findings and test results may serve as references for life extension assessment of an aged mooring system.
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Leão, Celina P., Filomena Soares, João Sena Esteves und Paula Jorge. „Eggs, Oranges and Other Technological Devices in Science Dissemination“. In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66648.
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The present work aims to analyze the challenge of organizing a science exhibition outside the common places (science museums, schools, universities). The exhibition, named “Scientist for a day”, under analysis took place in a sports environment. It was organized by a group of five 15 years old athletes, supervised by three university professors, and attended by 120 participants. There were 12 experiments, from the simple Jumping Egg to the sophisticated Electromagnetic Levitation Plane and the eye-catching Wimshurst Machine. The analysis of the outlooks of the participants in this science dissemination activity was performed through questionnaires voluntarily answered by 59 attendees (aged between 3 and 64 years old). The survey was designed to investigate the level of satisfaction of the participants and their opinions regarding each experiment, identifying the most and the least preferred, and if they are considering further study at university and in what area. The results analysis is presented in terms of group age distribution. Summarizing the participants’ perceptions, they were unanimous in recognizing that they were completely satisfied with the event.
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Choi, Kyoung Joon, Seung Chang Yoo, Chi Bum Bahn und Ji Hyun Kim. „Investigation of Microstructural Changes due to Thermal Aging in Dissimilar Metal Welds“. In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28699.
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To investigate the effect of long-term thermal aging on the fusion boundary region between low-alloy steel A533 Gr. B and weld metal Alloy 152, a representative dissimilar weld mockup composed of Alloy 690/Alloy 152/A533 Gr. B was aged in laboratory furnaces under accelerated temperature conditions. The aging time was determined using the diffusion equation. The heat treatment was performed at 450°C for 60-y equivalent time (5,500 h) to simulate thermal aging effects. An additional aging heat treatment was also performed at 400°C for 15- and 30-y equivalent times (6,450 and 12,911 h, respectively) to determine the effects of temperature on aged microstructures. The characterization was mainly conducted in the microstructure of the fusion boundary region in the weld root region using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and three-dimensional atom probe tomography. It was determined that the region near the fusion boundary was generally divided into several regions, such as a dilution zone (that included a chemical gradient in the weld side), fusion boundary, and heat-affected zone in the low-alloy steel. The results of this study showed that heat treatment increased Cr content in the dilution zone, but the chemical gradient in the weld side near the fusion boundary persisted. For the microstructure, it was observed that treatment induced the formation and growth of Cr precipitates in the fusion boundary region of the dissimilar metal joints due to the thermodynamic driving force. At two heat treatment conditions (400 and 450°C), although the extent of the results described above differed, the trend in the results appeared to be the same. This microstructure information can improve the understanding of cracking-resistant change when structural changes occur. Furthermore, such data will be important for assessing the effects of aging on structural components and for evaluating the long-term operation of nuclear power plants.
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Shibata, Akira, Junichi Nakano, Masao Ohmi, Kazuo Kawamata, Takashi Saito, Kouji Hayashi, Junichi Saito, Tetsuya Nakagawa und Takashi Tsukada. „Technical Development for IASCC Irradiation Experiments at the JMTR“. In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48588.
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Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) is considered to be one of the key issues from a viewpoint of the life management of core components in the aged Light Water Reactors (LWRs). To simulate IASCC behavior by the in-pile IASCC experiment or post-irradiation experiment (PIE), it is necessary to irradiate specimens up to a neutron fluence that is higher than the so-called IASCC threshold fluence in a test reactor. There are, however, some technical hurdles to overcome for the experiments. For the in-pile IASCC test, techniques assembling pre-irradiated specimens into an in-pile test capsule in a hot cell by remote handling are necessary, and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) developed the techniques for the in-pile test to be carried out in the Japan Material Testing Reactor (JMTR). To examine crack growth and crack initiation behaviors under neutron irradiation, pre-irradiated specimens were relocated from pre-irradiation capsules to an in-pile capsule. Hence, a remote welding machine has been newly developed and welding work for inner and outer tubes of capsule are carried out with rotating of the capsule. The other hurdle is the material integrity of the capsule of the capsule housing for a long term irradiation. Since the changes in microstructure, micro chemistry and mechanical properties of materials increase with neutron fluence, the integrity for capsules of long irradiation period was evaluated by tensile tests in the air and slow strain rate test (SSRT) in oxygenated water. Specimens were obtained from the outer tubes of capsule irradiated to 1.0–3.9 × 1026 n/m2 (E> 1 MeV) previously. Elongation more than 15% in tensile test at 423 K was confirmed and no IGSCC fraction was shown in SSRT at 423 K which was estimated as temperature at the outer tubes of the capsule under irradiation.
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MALIŠOVÁ, Daniela, und Jana ŠTRANGFELDOVÁ. „Economical Evaluation of Public and Foreign Finances of Selected Secondary Schools“. In Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-8.
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The present situation of education in Slovakia is affected by various negative factors, like decrease of students for demographical reasons, discrepancy between kind and number of secondary schools and disregard to reactions of labor market. But, the main reason is an underfinancing across the education. Allocation of public finance by means of normative funding is inadequate. Normative funding forced secondary schools to accept students with low study score to gain more public finance. In the result it is wrong that school must find another foreign or external financial resource like grants and projects of the European Union. The aim of this paper is to assess the economy of selected secondary schools. Ten Business academies, with pupils aged 15-19 years old, established in Banská Bystrica and Žilina self-governing regions were examined. We used panel data gathered in school year 2013/2014 – 2017/2018 from valuable and verifiable sources like Annual reports of education and financial statements of schools. In paper we use qualitative method of semi-structured interviews with professionals in field to find out which indicators are suitable for economy measuring. Based on qualitative method we determined quantitative and financial indicators, like rate of public and external finance. We´re editing data by part of multi-criteria analyze, in the concrete standardized method. We get the economy result of selected secondary schools by integral indicator of applied mathematical method. In the conclusion of paper, we create economy ranking of schools and we suggest the economical solutions for schools with under average results. Our finding is designed by hands of Business academies for comparison with competition, founders of secondary school and resort of education.
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Saputri, Dyah Ayu, Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi und Bhisma Murti. „Biological, Social, and Economic Risk Factors of Child Tuberculosis in Surakarta Central Java: A Multiple Logistic Regression“. In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.45.
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ABSTRACT Background: Tuberculosis (TB) disease in children under 15 years (pediatric TB) is a public health problem of special significance because it is a marker for recent transmission of TB. This study aimed to analyze biological, social, and economic risk factors of child TB. Subjects and Method: A case control study was carried out at 25 villages in Surakarta, from August to September 2019. A sample of 200 chilren aged 0-18 years was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was TB. The independent variables were birthweight, BCG immunization, exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional status, family income, smoke exposure, family history of TB. Data on TB cases were obtained from medical record. The other variables were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of TB increased with poor house sanitation (OR= 4.50; 95% CI= 1.18 to 17.12; p= 0.027), smoke exposure (OR= 4.13; 95% CI= 1.05 to 16.22; p= 0.042), and had history of TB (OR= 5.54; 95% CI= 1.49 to 20.61; p= 0.011). The risk of TB decreased with normal birthweight ≥2,500 g (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.05 to 0.57; p= 0.003), BCG immunization (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.58 p= 0.004), exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 0.11; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.55; p= 0.006), good nutritional status (OR= 0.10; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.48; p= 0.004), and family income ≥Rp1,802,700 (OR= 0.09; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.36; p= 0.001). Conclusion: The risk of TB increases with poor house sanitation, smoke exposure, and had history of TB. The risk of TB decreases with normal birthweight ≥2,500 g, BCG immunization, exclusive breastfeeding, good nutritional status, and high family income. Keywords: Tuberkulosis, biological, sosial dan ekonomi. Correspondence: Dyah Ayu Saputri. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: ayusaputridyah7@gmail.com. Mobile: 081353236388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.45
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Gladović, Neven, Luka Leško und Martina Fudurić. „Effectiveness of manual yumeiho therapy and exercise on depression and neuropathic pain in patients suffering from chronic nonspecific low back pain“. In 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-27.
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Introduction: Chronic low back pain is the leading cause of disability, which reduces quality of life and increases the healthcare costs. Psychosocial factors (depression, kinesiophobia and somatization) may also have an important role in the appearance and duration of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Depression may predispose low back pain, while the chronicity of pain affects the degree of disability, which is also related to mental health. Many studies suggest the association between depression and low back pain by explaining a significant physiological link. Different types of manual therapy are used in the treatment of chronic low back pain, but recent studies suggest that a rehabilitation models which combine manual therapy and exercise, provide better results compared to individual (separate) applications. The aim of this research was to examine the effects of the rehabilitation program, which in-cludes manual yumeiho therapy and exercise, on depression in people suffering from chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methods: The study included 21 participants, aged 40 to 60 (M=51.1, SD=5.9) who suffer from chronic nonspecific low back pain. The study included the initial and final depression test and the initial and final neuropathic pain test. Between the initial and the final testing, a three-week therapeutic procedure of yumeiho manual therapy and exercise was performed (15 treatments). Repeated estimates of depression and neuropathic pain were tested 30 and 60 days after the implementation of the rehabilitation protocol. Results: Statistically significant improvements were noted between the initial and the final test in both observed variables. Significant improvements (lower depression and neuropathic pain) have also been noted 30 and 60 days after the implementation of the rehabilitation pro-tocol (in relation to the initial state). Conclusion: The findings indicate that the rehabilitation protocol, involving manual yumeiho therapy and exercise, is an effective method for treating depression and neuropathic pain in people suffering from chronic nonspecific low back pain. Considering the lack of research on the effects of manual therapy by yumeiho technique, the results contribute to a better under-standing of technique which, although used in practice, has not been suficiently explored. Further research is required, on comparing this rehabilitation model to other methods, as well as longer follow-up in the post-rehabilitation period.
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Hasan, S. M. Kamrul, Abdullah Fahim, Jeffrey C. Suhling und Pradeep Lall. „Evaluation of the Creep Response of Lead Free Solder Materials Subjected to Thermal Cycling“. In ASME 2020 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2020-2693.
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Abstract In the electronic assembly arena, lead is being targeted due to the concern regarding environmental pollutants. So, the lead-free solder and its reliability are getting highlighted. During qualification testing or actual use lead-free solders in electronic assemblies, they are often subjected to thermal cycling. In the lead-free solder material, microstructural evolution and material property degradation occurs due to the thermal aging phenomena during dwell periods at the high temperature extreme of thermal cycling. In addition, during ramping between low and high temperature extreme, lead-free solders can experience additional aging phenomena. In our prior work, we have compared material properties (stiffness and strength) degradation of lead-free solder materials in isothermal aging and five different thermal cycling exposures. Changes in material properties were higher for all the thermal cycling exposures compared to the aging. In addition, microstructural evolution and material property degradation were exacerbated as the ramp rate decreased in the thermal cycling. In this study, the creep behavior evolutions occurring in SAC305 lead free solder subjected to isothermal aging and slow thermal cycling exposures have been investigated. Uniaxial test specimens were prepared by reflowing solder in rectangular cross-section glass tubes with a controlled temperature profile. Afterwards, the reflowed samples were exposed to either isothermal aging at 125 °C, or to thermal cycling from −40 to +125 °C, under a stress-free condition (no load) for various durations in an environmental chamber. A slow thermal cycling profile, e.g. 150 minutes cycle with 45 minutes ramps and 30 minutes dwells, was chosen for this study as it was found in our previous work that it caused the most detrimental effects on the mechanical behavior evolution. The thermally exposed samples were isothermally aged for 0, 1, 2, and 5 days; or were thermally cycled for 0, 48, 96, and 240 slow thermal cycles, which had the same aging times at the high temperature extreme of T = 125 °C. After aging or cycling, creep testing was performed at room temperature on the thermally exposed samples at three different stress levels (10, 12, 15 MPa). The evolutions of the secondary creep strain rate were obtained as a function of the stress level, as well as the net aging time at the high temperature extreme, and then compared. Results showed that secondary creep strain rate increased dramatically with equivalent aging time, and that the degradation effects were larger for slow thermal cycling than for pure aging. For example, the creep rate increased by 3.0–3.4X for 5 days of pure aging at T = 125 °C; while they increased by 10.9–13.1X for 240 thermal cycles, when there had been 5 days of equivalent aging at the T = 125 °C high temperature extreme.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Kids aged under 15"
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Sultana, Munawar. Two worlds under the same roof: A brief on gender difference in transitions to adulthood. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1008.
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Adolescence, a time of transition to adulthood, is different for young men and women in Pakistan; brothers and sisters living under the same roof have different opportunities available in all aspects of life. More young people aged 15–24 live in Pakistan now than at any other time in its history—an estimated 36 million in 2004. Recognizing the dearth of information on the situation of this large group of young people, the Population Council undertook a nationally representative survey from October 2001 to March 2002. The analysis presented in this brief comes from Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001–02: A Nationally Representative Survey. The survey sought information from youth aged 15–24, responsible adults in the household, and other community members in 254 communities. A total of 6,585 households were visited and 8,074 young people were interviewed. This brief concludes that girls face disadvantages, especially in rural areas, and that parents, community, and policymakers need to work together to ensure that girls, like their brothers, are able to make a successful transition to adulthood.
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Bogdan, Alex, und Nikki Soo. Survey of consumer practices with respect to coated frozen chicken products. Food Standards Agency, Juni 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.hrb725.
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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is investigating a spike in Salmonella cases in the UK linked to the consumption of coated frozen chicken products. In March 2021, FSA, in collaboration with Food Standards Scotland (FSS) commissioned Ipsos MORI to conduct an online survey in order to identify consumer behaviours which could increase their risk to foodborne disease. The key research questions were: •Which consumers are purchasing coated frozen chicken products? •How do consumers store and cook these products? •Do consumers follow packaging instructions when cooking and storing these products?•Are consumers putting themselves at risk of Salmonellain the way they, store, cook and handle these products? •Do consumers take appropriate action to protect themselves from risk by washing their hands, and avoiding cross-contamination when handling these products? •Do children (aged 12 or under) or teenagers (aged 13-15) handle and cook these products?
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Faizunnissa, Azeema. The poverty trap: Leveling the playing field for young people. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1007.
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Family plays a critical role in young people’s lives and is key in determining the conditions under which young people make important transitions to adulthood. This brief examines the impact of family-level poverty on the educational attainment, economic activity, and marriage patterns of Pakistani youth, and shows how strongly socioeconomic status shapes the lives of future generations. More young people aged 15–24 live in Pakistan now than at any other time in its history—an estimated 36 million in 2004. Recognizing the dearth of information on the situation of this large group of young people, the Population Council undertook a nationally representative survey from October 2001 to March 2002. The analysis presented in this brief comes from Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001–02: A Nationally Representative Survey—the largest such survey focusing on young people. The survey sought information from youth aged 15–24, responsible adults in the household, and other community members in 254 communities. A total of 6,585 households were visited and 8,074 young people were interviewed.