Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Keywords: Harris“

Introduction: Total hip replacement is one of the most widely performed and amongst the most successful orthopedic procedures performed worldwide. Even though it is a common orthopedic procedure in developed nations, it is performed only in selected centers in Nepal. This study will review the functional outcome of total hip replacements carried out in Shree Birendra Hospital. Methods: We reviewed the records of total hip replacements, which were carried out in Shree Birendra Hospital, Kathmandu. Twenty-one hips were cemented and nineteen were uncemented. Cases were followed up in six weeks, twelve weeks, six months and every year from then on. Outcome in terms of Harris hip score of 40 osteoarthritic hips were measured pre-operatively as well as post-operatively. Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.63 years (range 22-79 years). The commonest reason for the replacement was primary osteoarthritis of the hip. Thirty-nine patients underwent unilateral total hip replacement while in one patient both hips were replaced. The mean Harris hip score for the forty hips that were available at the latest follow-up examination at an average of five years (range two to six and a half years) after the operation was 85.2 ± 7.65 points as compared to the pre-operative mean Harris hip score of 32.38 ± 3.4. Conclusions: Based on improved Harris hip scores, we believe that THR is a good option in patients with end stage arthritis of the hip. Keywords: cemented; primary osteoarthritis; total hip replacement.

This paper aims to employ one of the corpus stylistic methods to analyze Thomas Harris's novel, The Silence of the Lambs. Recently, technology has invaded our lives. To put it differently, researchers depend highly on computers to access and gain information about certain data. Thus, it is crucial to keep up with the up-to-date developments concerning computational methodologies and toolkits. Corpus stylistics helps to find certain features that cannot be understood without using the techniques of computers. In order to achieve this goal, a quantitative and qualitative methodology is applied. Corpus stylistics helps to analyze lengthy texts more efficiently. This is not to say that it substitutes the manual stylistic one. In fact, both the corpus and manual stylistic analyses work hand in glove, and they complement each other. The tool that is used to conduct the analysis by examining keywords and key semantic domains is Wmatrix3. In addition to the previous tool, AntConc is a complementary tool to investigate n- grams in the novel and to point out their significance to the overall interpretation.

Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of teriparatide in combination with low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field in the management of hip fracture.Methods: Patients with hip fracture internal fixation and under conventional postoperative basic adjuvant therapy were compared with those patients who received teriparatide combined with low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field after operation. The content of Bone-Specific AlkalinePhosphatase (BALP), type I Procollagen Carboxy Terminal Propeptide (PICP), serum bone glaprotein (BGP), Ca2+, hip function and degree of bone scab formation were evaluated using Harris score and Fernadez-esteve scoring system. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted to analyze differences in short-term prognosis of different postoperative adjuvant treatment measures.Results: Harris score of the hip joint and the effect of bone formation in the experimental group were higher than that of the control group. The blood levels of BGP, BALP, PICP and serum Ca2+ in the experimental group were higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The plotted Kaplan-Meier survival curve indicates that the prognosis of the experimental group was better than that of control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The adjuvant therapy of teriparatide combined with low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field can improve the recovery function and enhance the prognosis of patients who underwent hip fracture surgery. Keywords: Teriparatide; Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field, hip fracture

The aim of the present research is to find out the effect of role-playing on total self-concept score of students suffering from ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder). Participants of this study were 120 children divided into two groups of 60. The first group included ADHD children, and the second group were normal children. The participants in the second group were randomly selected among the students of a primary school. The research instruments were ADHD Questionnaire (Tavakoli, 1380), Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept, and Scale Role-playing scenarios & Clinical interview. The data gathered through the questionnaires were analyzed by the t-test. This is the indicator of a positive effect of role-playing on selfconcept of the students with or without ADHD. Keywords: role-playing; self-concept; ADHD;

Objective: To compare unstable intertrochanteric fracture by proximal femoral nail versus proximal femoral nail anti-rotation among adult patients. Methods: This was a comparative study. Patients were randomized into 2 groups: Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-rotation (n=30) and Proximal femoral nail group (n=30). Singh’s index was used to grade the radiographs for the degree of osteoporosis. Functional evaluation was done at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months by using Harris Hip Score. Results: Majority of patients in both PFN (60%) and PFNA (70%) were between 61-70 years. More than half of patients of PFN (56.7%) and 43.3% of PFNA were males. The operative time was 84.00±9.39 minutes among patients of PFN and 61.03±5.75 minutes among patients of PFNA with significant difference between the groups. Singh’s grade III was most common among patients of both PFN (36.7%) and PFNA (36.7%). There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in Harris Hip score between the groups at all the time periods. Excellent outcome was in 63.3% patients of PFNA and in 46.7% patients of PFNA. Good outcome was in 33.3% patients of PFN and in 10% of PFNA. Conclusion: The study suggests that both PFN and PFNA perform well, showing equally good functional outcomes following fixation of unstable trochanteric fractures. PFNA offers no significant benefits over PFN in terms of post-operative complications. Keywords: Unstable intertrochanteric fracture, Proximal femoral nail, Proximal femoral nail anti-rotation.

Aim: To evaluate the functional outcome of bipolar hemiarthroplasty in intracapsular fracture neck of femur. Study design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, Peoples Medical University Hospital, Shaheed Benazir Abad from 1st December 2017 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: Sixty six cases of intracapsular femoral neck fractures with age ranging from 50 year to 75 year of either gender who were ambulatory before injury were included; while basicervical, younger than 50 years, with neuromuscular disorder, unfit for surgery, open fracture, bilateral injuries, osteoarthritis of hip, Rheumatoid, Gouty, pathological fractures, bedridden & who did not give consent for study, were excluded from the study. Functional outcome assessed by Harris hip score & data analyzed by SPSS version 23. Results: Twenty six (59.09%) were male and 40 (40.91%) were female with mean age of 64.3±7.77 year. Average time from injury to hospital arrival was 14.7±6.8 hours. Average time from hospitalization to surgery was 4.67±2.23 days. Average time of surgery was 55.67±9.9 minutes. Average hospital stay was 9.7±4.3 days. The average time of follow-up was 18.45±7.63 months. Conclusion: Bipolar implant is safe, effective, reliable, stable and cost effective implant for intracpsular fracture of femoral neck in elderly populace. The 66.66% of patients have satisfactory Harris hip score in follow up duration of 18.45±7.63 months. Keywords: Functional, Outcome, Femoral neck fractures, FNF, Bipolar, Hemiarthroplasty, HHS

The level of motor skills is an important indicator of a child’s optimal growth and development. Shortcomings in this area can cause a gradual decrease in the child’s activity in the school group, which negatively effects the child’s adaptive behaviour. The aim of this pilot study was to analyse the relationship between the level of motor skills and the ability to adapt in a given social group – school class. The research group obtained 110 pupils of primary school aged 9–11. The data about adaptive behaviour skills were collected by Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale 2. The level of motor skills was monitored by TGMD-2 test. The research was authorised by the ethical committee of the pedagogical faculty at Olomouc. The aimed development of motor skills could lead to adaptation of pro-social behaviour also in older age categories. The data were collected within the Project IGA_PdF_2017_002. Keywords: Motorics, primary school, readjustment, children

Abstract: This research aims to study the implementation of green accounting on the hospitality industry in Malang based on internal and external perspectives. This type of research is a multi-case study. Data collection was conducted in 2018 through interviews with internal parties of Harris Hotel (five stars), The Balava Hotel (four stars), and ubud Hotel and Cottages (three stars); guests and people around the hotels and environmental Services in Malang; observation and documentation. The results of this research show that three, four, and five stars hotels in Malang have implemented green accounting very well. All of those hotels also spent some expenses on the environment to reduce the risk of pollution and environmental damage. From the external perspective, no one is feeling disadvantaged from the activities of hotel operational. In the future, the hotels are expected to improve their awareness on the environment. Keywords: Green Accounting, Environmental CostAkuntansi Hijau dan Industri Perhotelan: Sebuah KeniscayaanAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan akuntansi hijau pada industri perhotelan di Kota Malang dari perspektif internal dan eksternal. Jenis penelitian ini adalah multi studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada tahun 2018, melalui wawancara dari pihak internal Hotel Harris (bintang lima), The Balava Hotel (bintang empat), dan Ubud Hotel & Cottages (bintang tiga); tamu dan masyarakat sekitar dari ketiga hotel, pihak Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Malang; observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hotel bintang tiga, empat dan lima di Kota Malang telah menerapkan beberapa aktivitas akuntansi hijau. Ketiga hotel juga telah mengeluarkan beberapa biaya lingkungan dalam rangka mengurangi risiko pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan. Dari sisi eksternal, tidak ada pihak yang merasa dirugikan dari aktivitas operasional hotel, ke depannya diharapkan hotel dapat lebih peka terhadap lingkungan. Kata Kunci: Akuntansi Hijau, Biaya Lingkungan

BACKGROUND High velocity motor vehicle injuries are associated with hip fracture dislocations especially dash board injuries. Most commonly posterior hip dislocations are associated with occasional femoral head fractures. Computerized tomographic imaging is done to look at the congruency of the hip joint. Safe surgical dislocation or Ganz approach was described in 2001 for exposing the hip in a 360-degree view without damaging the vascularity of the femoral head. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the radiological and functional outcome using modified Merle d' Aubigne-Postel and Harris hip scoring. METHODS The current study is a prospective study in a tertiary referral centre where 8 young adult males were followed up for a period of 2 years 6 months from August 2018 to February 2021 after safe surgical dislocation and reduction with headless Herbert screws to maintain congruent hip surface. RESULTS We had 1 patient with associated chest injury requiring intercostal tube placement, while none of them had developed avascular necrosis or early arthritis. We had used modified Merle d'Aubigne-Postel and Harris hip scoring to assess the functional outcome. We had six patients with excellent results and two patients with good outcome due to occasional pain. We followed all the patients for more than 2 years. We evaluated the radiological and functional outcomes. The results are comparable to other researcher’s studies. CONCLUSIONS Safe surgical dislocation is a very good choice for fixation of femoral head fractures where the complications like early arthritis of femoral head and acetabulum are less along with preserving the vascularity of the femoral head and preventing the chances of avascular necrosis of femoral head. It also provides a good intraoperative view for handling the fracture reduction. KEYWORDS Pipkin Fracture, Ganz Approach, Safe Surgical Dislocation Hip, Herbert Screw

Self-concepts of very young children are consistently high but that with increasing life experience, and children learn their relative strengths and weaknesses, so that mean levels of self-concept decline, multiple dimensions of self-concept become more differentiated. Self-concepts become more highly correlated with external indicators of competence (skills and accomplishments). Well-developed motor abilities lead to positive feedback from significant others (teachers, parents, peers) which are related to positive emotions and motivation for physical activity. The data were measured by Piers–Harris questionnaire, and the level of motor skills was monitored by TGMD – two tests within the project IGA_PdF_2017_002. The research group consisted of 300 pupils (149 boys and 151 girls) in the middle school age (9–11 years). Based on the research results, we can say that the level of gross motor skills contributes on child’s adaptation in the group of school classes. It is necessary to examine this area further, support physical activity of children in young school age and intentionally develop children’s motor skills. Keywords: Primary school, children, school class, gross motor skills.

The article presents the concepts of the assessment of harmfulness of vibrations generated from various sources. Domestic and foreign standard procedures were discussed, including ISO proposals. It has been pointed out that all procedures can be considered as indirect ones, that they refer to vibrations affecting humans, and not those resulting from the dynamic response induced in individual human organs. The same applies to the criteria for determining the loss of life in communication collisions. It was pointed out that in the literature we find attempts of a direct approach, the essence of which is to study the dynamic reaction of individual human organs inscribed in the one or twodimensional model. The results of own tests of a person subjected to intensive oscillatory procedures were presented in order to identify the stiffness model proposed to assess the harmfulness of industrial type vibrations. It has been shown that two-dimensional models can be suitable here. Keywords: harmful effect of vibrations, human biomechanical models, one-dimensional model C.M. Harris, model identification, differential solution.

Objective: To reduce instability rate after hip replacement (HR) in postmenopausal osteoporosis in multiparous women. Methods: Analyzed data of HR performed by 126 multiparous women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and hip fractures and their consequences. In the main group (n=65; 51.6%) of patients prevention of instability of endoprosthesis components was carried out using the proposed measures, in the control group (n=61; 48.4%) of patients – with traditional approaches. Clinical and X-ray methods, densitometry, a comprehensive method of assessing hip function by Harris, statistical methods are used in the implementation of the work. Results: In the main group influenced by proposed approaches in the dynamics have seen a decrease in the frequency of osteoporosis and due to this – an increasing osteopenia. In addition, there was a decrease in the frequency of instability of endoprosthesis components compared to the control group from 14.8% to 4.6% (p<0.005). Conclusions: Rational operation planning, and its implementation taking into account the peculiarities of the current of osteoporosis, continuous medication and rational post-operative rehabilitation are effective ways to reduce the frequency of instability in hip replacement in considered pathology. Keywords: Postmenopausal osteoporosis, hip replacement, hip fractures, multiparous women, baseline treatment for osteoporosis

Geum peckii (Rosaceae), the Eastern Mountain Avens, is a small herbaceous plant that is listed as endangered federally and provincially. In Canada, this species is found in bogs on Brier Island and Harris Lake, Digby County, Nova Scotia. The only other population outside of Canada is in New Hampshire (USA). To enhance conservation research of this species, a seed sample from the native species seed bank at Acadia University was used to establish a plant tissue culture of G. peckii plants. Survival of out-planted material was then assessed in both the greenhouse and the field. The field test site was within 20km of the existing plant populations in Digby County. Our study also revealed that G. peckii grows in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). During out-planting, plants received a mycorrhizal inoculum with the goal of enhancing survival. We used either a commercial mycorrhizal inoculum, or a native inoculum. Control plants were left untreated. Survival was 97-100 % among all the treatments by the end of the 2016 planting season. The results to date underscore the potential value of seed banking for protection of endangered native plant species. This study marks the first time in Nova Scotia that an endangered plant species has been successfully retrieved from seed bank storage, propagated by tissue culture, and out-planted back into a natural habitat. Keywords: Conservation, endangered native species, Geum peckii, tissue culture propagation

Abstract A simple and popular childhood game, loves or the love calculator, involves an iterated rule applied to a string of digits and gives rise to surprisingly rich behaviour. Traditionally, players’ names are used to set the initial conditions for an instance of the game: its behaviour for an exhaustive set of pairings of popular UK childrens’ names, and for more general initial conditions, is examined. Convergence to a fixed outcome (the desired result) is not guaranteed, even for some plausible first name pairings. No pairs of top-50 common first names exhibit non-convergence, suggesting that it is rare in the playground; however, including surnames makes non-convergence more likely due to higher letter counts (for example, “Reese Witherspoon loves Calvin Harris”). Difierent game keywords (including from difierent languages) are also considered. An estimate for non-convergence propensity is derived: if the sum m of digits in a string of length w obeys m > 18=(3=2/)w-4, convergence is less likely. Pairs of top UK names with pairs of ‘O’s and several ‘L’s (for example, Chloe and Joseph, or Brooke and Scarlett) often attain high scores. When considering individual names playing with a range of partners, those with no loves letters score lowest, and names with intermediate (not simply the highest) letter counts often perform best, with Connor and Evie averaging the highest scores when played with other UK top names.

This study was aimed to find out whether or not (1) there was a significant difference in speaking achievement before and after the students were taught through time token arends strategy, and (2) there was a significant difference in speaking achievement between the students who were taught through time token arends strategy and those who were not. The sample of this study was 60 eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 5 Palembang which was chosen by using purposive sampling. It was divided into experimental and control groups, and each group had 30 students. To collect the data, pretest and posttest were given to the students. In scoring the students’ pretest and posttest, the writer used the rubric by Harris (1996). Then, the data were analyzed by using paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test in SPSS Version 24. The result of paired sample t-test showed that the p-value was lower than significance level (0.003<0.05). It means that there was a significant difference in speaking achievement before and after the students were taught through time token arends strategy. The result of independent sample t-test showed that the p-value was lower than significance level (0.006<0.05). It means that there was a significant difference in speaking achievement between the students who were taught through time token arends strategy and those who were not. In brief, time token arends strategy is helpful in enhancing students’ speaking achievement. Keywords: Improvement, Speaking Skill, Time Token Arends

Introduction: Fused or Ankylosed hip is late complication of chronic inflammatory disorder with progressive changes in and around articular as well as periarticular structures with alteration in bio-force line of body which later lead to severe flexion deformity of joint. This not only results decreased movements of hip, it’s also increase pain around the hip, back and contralateral hip.Methods: Retrospectively, all patients aged 18 years or older undergoing THA between June 2006 to June 2012 were reviewed with selection criteria. The five ankylosed hips (three left and two right) with severe flexion deformities which ankylosed spontaneously were successfully converted to THA at time period of 2006 to June 2012. Range of Motion (ROM), Harris Hip Score and Flexion Deformity Angle at preoperative, postoperative and follow-up periods were used as evaluation.Results: Mean follow up is 42 months. Mean HHS increased from 21.6±4.97 to 81.8±4.02 points with one excellent, two good and two fair cases. The FDA is corrected to mean 8°±10.95 postoperatively and 4°±5.47 at final follow up from 81.6°±4.39 with two hips of 10° residual deformity. Hip ROM is improved as flexion 70° to 100°, adduction 10° to 20°, abduction 10° to 30°, internal rotation 5° to 10° and external rotation 2° to 50° from 0° activity. As complications, one hip had loose prosthesis, two had early postoperative dislocations, one had Deep Vein Thrombosis and one had femoral nerve palsy with quadriceps weakness.Conclusions: THA is an effective treatment for ankylosed hip with severe flexion deformity although complications are noted more than routine hip arthroplasties. Keywords: ankylosed hip; fused hip; severe flexion deformity; total hip arthroplasty. | PubMed

Context:Hip-resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) has become a popular procedure in the treatment of hip-joint arthritis in individuals under the age of 65 y. Although the body of literature examining operative procedures has grown, there is a lack of consistent reporting of the effectiveness of an HRA postoperative rehabilitation program. To date, no systematic reviews have evaluated the available evidence on postoperative rehabilitation programs.Objective:To evaluate the available evidence on postoperative rehabilitation programs after HRA.Evidence Acquisition:A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A search of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar was conducted in April 2014 using the following keywords alone and in combination: postoperative, postsurgical, rehabilitation, physical therapy, programs, hip resurfacing, arthroplasty, and metal-on-metal. The grading of studies was conducted using the PEDro and Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine scales.Evidence Synthesis:The authors identified 648 citations, 4 of which met the inclusion criteria. The qualifying studies yielded 1 randomized control trial, 2 case reports, and 1 case series, for a total of 90 patients. Patients were mostly male (n = 86), had a mean age of 48 ± 5.47 y, and had been physically active before HRA. Postoperative rehabilitation programs varied in length (range 8–24 wk) and consisted of at least 3 phases. The methodology to assess program effects varied, but all 4 studies did measure a combination of function, pain, and quality of life using written questionnaires, with follow-up ranging from 9 mo to 1 y. The most common questionnaire was the Harris Hip Score.Conclusion:This review found postoperative rehabilitation programs after HRA to be underinvestigated. Limited results indicate that postoperative rehabilitation programs may be effective in improving gait (stride length, velocity, and cadence), hip range of motion, and pain and function, as measured by questionnaires, but not hip strength.

Jaunius Kurtinaitis, Narūnas Porvaneckas, Manvylius Kocius, Rimvaldas BrogaVilniaus universiteto Ortopedijos-traumatologijos ir plastinės chirurgijos klinikaVilniaus greitosios pagalbos universitetinė ligoninėŠiltnamių g. 29, LT-2043 Vilnius.El paštas: narunas.porvaneckas@mf.vu.lt Įvadas / tikslas Dažniausia endoprotezuoto klubo sąnario problema – gūžduobinio komponento intarpo susidėvėjimas arba jo išklibimas. Vieni autoriai pripažįsta cementinio, kiti – mechaninio tvirtinimo metodiką. Abiem atvejais vėlyvieji rezultatai yra panašūs. Kiekviena metodika tam tikru endoprotezuoto sąnario laikotarpiu išryškina jai būdingas problemas. Mūsų darbo tikslas – įvertinti vėlyvuosius mišraus ir mechaninio tvirtinimo klubo sąnario pirminio endoprotezavimo rezultatus po operacijos praėjus 5–10 metų. Ligoniai ir tyrimo metodai 1993–1998 metais VGPUL Ortopedijos, traumatologijos ir plastinės chirurgijos klinikoje buvo operuoti 36 ligoniai, kuriems buvo atliktos 39 pirminės klubo sąnario endoprotezavimo operacijos naudojant Bi-Metric mechaninio ir mišraus tvirtinimo endoprotezus (EP). Į tyrimą įtraukti 27 ligoniai (29 endoprotezai – 18 mechaninio ir 11 mišraus tvirtinimo), 2002–2003 metais atvykę pasitikrinti. Vidutinis pacientų su mechaninio tvirtinimo protezais stebėjimo laikas (mediana) siekė 7 metus, o su mišraus tvirtinimo – 5 metus. Visiems atvykusiems pacientams buvo atliktos ir įvertintos priekinės abiejų klubo sąnarių rentgenogramos, nustatyta klubo sąnario funkcija pagal Harris Hip Score skalę. Rezultatai 2002–2003 m. ištirta 29 (80%) iš 36 ligonių, operuotų 1993–1998 m. Rentgenologinių tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad aplink mechaninio tvirtinimo komponentus linijinės demarkacijos nėra. Visi komponentai buvo stabilūs. Kaulas įaugo į mechaninio tvirtinimo komponentus 100% atvejų. Įvertintos osteolizinio proceso aplink gūžduobinį ir šlaunikaulinį komponentus ypatybės, polietileninio intarpo susidėvėjimo prognozės veiksniai atsižvelgiant į endoprotezo tipą, ektopinė osifikacijos įtaka vėlyviesiems klubo sąnario funkciniams rezultatams. Išvados Įvertinti pagal HHS skalę mechaninio ar mišraus tvirtinimo endoprotezavimo rezultatai po 5–10 metų yra geri ir labai geri. Lyginant rentgenologinius pokyčius aplink gūžduobinį ir šlaunikaulinį komponentus matyti, kad pokyčiai aplink mechaninio ir cementinio tvirtinimo šlaunikaulinius komponentus yra gerokai mažesni negu aplink gūžduobinius. Statistiškai patikimo skirtumo tarp polietileno intarpo susidėvėjimo ir panaudoto endoprotezo tipo nebuvo. Gūžduobinio ir šlaunikaulinio komponentų osteoliziniai procesai yra besimptomiai. Šie procesai ir 76% atvejų nustatyta ektopinė osifikacija neturi įtakos geriems ir labai geriems vėlyviesiems operuoto klubo sąnario funkciniams rezultatams. Prasminiai žodžiai: pirminis klubo sąnario endoprotezavimas, mechaninio tvirtinimo endoprotezai, mišraus tvirtinimo endoprotezai. Primary hybrid and cementless total hip arthroplasty. 5 to 10 year follow-up results Jaunius Kurtinaitis, Narūnas Porvaneckas, Manvylius Kocius, Rimvaldas Broga Background / objective The major issue of hip arthroplasty is the wearout or loosening of the acetabular component. Some authors prefer cemented and others cementless hip arthroplasty. In both cases the outcome is similiar. Each method in different periods has its own problems. The aim of the study was to evaluate the late outcome of primary cementless and hybrid total hip replacement 5–10 years after operation. Patients and methods There were 36 patients operated on and 39 operations of primary total hip arthroplasty performed using Bi-Metric hybrid and cementless endoprostheses in 1993–1998. The study included 27 patients (29 endoprostheses) who responded to invitation in 2002–2003. Anteroposterior radiographs of the hip joints were performed for the patients and the functional outcome was evaluated using the Harris Hip score scale. Results During 2002–2003 investigation was carried out on 29 (74%) of 36 hip arthroplasties performed in 1993–1998. Analysis of the data showed no radiolucency signs around the cementless fixation components. All of the components were stable. Bone ingrowth into the cementless prosthesis components was observed in 100% of cases. The osteolysis zones around the acetabular and femoral components were related to the wearout of polythene insertion, but it was asymptomatic. There was no reliable difference between polythene insertion wearout and the type of prosthesis. Ectopic ossification was observed in 76% of cases. Conclusions The study based on HHS score revealed good and very good results 5–10 years after operation. They were comparable with the findings in similar studies. Rentgenological features indicated that there were less alterations around the femoral component compared to the acetabular. Osteolysis around the femoral and acetabular components was asymptomatic and ectopic ossification found in 76% of cases did not interfere with the good functional results. Keywords: primary total hip arthroplasty, cementless prostheses, hybrid prostheses

The implementation of mathematics learning in some kindergartens in the city of Padang has not developed optimally. While in Rahmah Abadi Kindergarten that learning mathematics, especially numeracy has been well developed. The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of mathematical learning using smart dice media for children's numeracy in Rahmah Abadi Kindergarten. The research method used was descriptive approach qualitative. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the implementation of mathematics learning using smart dice stacking media in kindergarten Rahmah Abadi was a child who was able to recognize numbers, count numbers 1-10 and simple summation. Keywords: Media Arrange Smart Dice, Counting Ability References Arikunto, S. (2014). Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Azhar Arsyad. (2013). Media Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Rajawali. Bowman, B. T., Donovan, M. S., & Burns, M. S. (2001). Eager to Learn. Eager to Learn. Washington DC: NAtional Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9745 Darmadi, H. (2014). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Sosial. Bandung: Alfabeta. E Sovia. (2015). Buat Anak Anda Jago Eksakta (Rahasia Membuka Kecerdasan Eksakta Sejak Dini). Yogyakarta: Diva Press. Harris, B., & Petersen, D. (2017). Developing Math Skills in Early Childhood. Issue Brief. Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., (February), 1–6. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED587415&site=ehost-live&scope=site Kustandi. (2013). Media Pembelajaran Manual dan Digital. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia. Mashar, R. (2011). Emosional Anak Usia Dini dan Strategi Pengembangannya. Jakarta: Kencana. Mulyani, N. (2016). Dasar-dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Yogyakarta: Kalimedia. Newzealand, G. (2013). Number: Early Learning Progression. Oktriyani, N. (2017). Peningkatan Kemampuan Berhitung Anak Usia Dini Melalui Permainan Lingkaran Angka Di Taman Kanak-Kanak Qatrinnada Kecamatan Koto Tangah Padang. Lectura: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 1(1), 82–96. Rohmah, N., & Waluyo, E. (2014). Arithmetic Dice Media as Counting Concept Introduction Media in Early Childhood Setting. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood, 3(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijeces.v3i2.9486 Rutherford, K. (2015). Why Play Math Games? US. Smith, S. S. (2009). Early Childhood Mathematics. USA: Pearson. Sudarna. (2014). Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Berkarakter. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasional RI. Sugiyono. (2016). MetodePenelitianPendidikan:PendekatanKuantitatif,Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Sujiono, Y. N. (2008). Metode Pengembangan Kognitif. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. Suryana, D. (2013). Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (teori dan praktik pembelajaran). Padang: UNP Press. Susanto, A. (2017). Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (Konsep dan Teori). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Suyanto, S. (2003). Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Trianto. (2011). Desain Pengembangan Pembelajaran Tematik Bagi Anak Usia Dini TK/RA & Anak kelas awal SD/MI. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Triharso, A. (2013). Permainan Kreatif dan Edukatif untuk Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Gaung Persada Press Group. Ulfah., S. dan M. (2013). Konsep Dasar PAUD. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

Architectural Form Factor Xue Minghui1, a, Zhang Hongzhe2,b, Liu Nan3,c1 Harbin Institute of Technology School of Architecture, China 2 Harbin University of Science And Technology, China 3 Northeast Forestry University, China aminghui1220@126.com, bzhanghongzhe126@126.com,c5484913@qq.com Keywords: Architectural Form ,Abstract Factor, Extenics Design Analysis Abstract. Architectural form factor is the reflection of architectural surface and decide its forms. This paper use extenics design analysis and make analysis on architectural design examples from four basic elements including point, line, surface, body. It is aimed at making better and clear relationship of abstract elements and finding the content in architectural design forms.

Aim: awareness of the inherent unsustainability of past economic development, the magnitude and multidimensionality of the resulting environmental problems and the urgency of a paradigm shift in politics and economics. Design / Research methods: reflection on Matthias Glaubrecht´s book “Das Ende der Evolution” (The End of Evolution). Additionally Yuval Harari´s book “Sapiens” and some online sources were used. Conclusions / findings: An evolutionary developed cognitive superiority has made Homo sapiens not only to the most successful but also the most destructive species ever, which makes a drastic shift towards sustainable development is overdue in the 21st century. Originality / value of the article: highlighting the slow and merciless mechanisms of evolution and its big cycles, raising more awareness of the vulnerability of mankind and the necessity for a paradigm shift. Implications of the research (if applicable): urgency of sustainable development in politics, economics and research. Keywords: sustainable development, evolution, environmental economics, politics JEL: B52, Q01, Q59

The aim of this research was to study the decline of organic functional group through the process of burning in peat. In addition, this study was also to examine the relationship between water content in peat and organic functional group after combustion (burning). Peat drying was conducted in an oven at a temperature of 75°C with the interval of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours. Each time interval had three replicates within two sets of experiments so that the total number of samples were 42 (experimental units). Variables measured were moisture content, total acidity, COOH groups, and OH-phenolate. The relationship between the water content with total acidity, COOH groups and OH-phenolate were determined by the equation y = bx + a. The results showed that the relationship between the water content with organic functional group was linear. While the relationship between peat water content with organic functional group after burning was irregular, although water levels through the process of burning have been greatly reduced. Keywords: Burning peat; organic functional groups; water content [How to Cite: Said R, FH Yusran, A Haris and S Asmawi. 2014. The Effects of Fire on Organic Functional Groups of Peat in Relation to Water Content. J Trop Soils 19: 143-149. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014.19.3.143]

AbstrakTwitter merupakan salah satu platform media sosial terkemuka di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia sendiri, penggunaannya sangat luas mulai dari update status, hiburan sampai berbisnis. Tak heran, berbagai kalangan sangat senang menggunakan media sosial ini. Namun, terdapat dampak dari penggunaan yang terus menerus. Maka dari itu, penulisan artikel ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak adiksi internet pada media sosial Twitter di Indonesia dengan pendekatan teori komunikasi. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Teori Komunikasi Media Baru oleh Daniel Harries dan Teori Komunikasi Interpersonal oleh Young Yun Kim dan William Gudykunst. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah dengan pendekatan kualitatif dimana teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kajian pustaka yang memfokuskan pada data sekunder. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Twitter memanfaatkan proses pembelajaran berbasis bakat alami kita yaitu pemicu, perilaku, dan penghargaan. Kita memiliki ide atau memikirkan sesuatu yang lucu (pemicu), tweet (perilaku), dan menerima likes dan retweet (hadiah). Proses belajar ini menyebabkan aliran dopamin di pusat-pusat otak. Semakin banyak kita melakukan ini, semakin perilaku ini semakin diperkuat bahkan karena kuatnya kebanyakan orang memilih untuk tidak tidur (atau susah tidur) karena euforia yang dirasakan.Kata-kata kunci: Adiksi internet; perilaku; media sosial; teori komunikasi; twitter.AbstractTwitter is one of the leading social media platforms throughout the world. In Indonesia, its use is very wide ranging from status updates, entertainment, to business. Not surprisingly, various groups are very happy to use social media. However, there is an impact of continuous use. Therefore, the writing of this article aims to analyze the impact of internet addiction on Twitter's social media in Indonesia with a communication theory approach. Theories used in this research are New Media Communication Theory by Daniel Harries and Interpersonal Communication Theory by Young Yun Kim and William Gudykunst. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach where data collection techniques use literature review that focuses on secondary data. The results of this study indicate that Twitter makes use of our natural talent-based learning process, namely triggers, behaviors, and rewards. We have ideas or think of something funny (triggers), tweet (behavior), and receive likes and retweets (gifts). This learning process causes the flow of dopamine in the centers of the brain. The more we do this, the more amplified this behavior is, even because most people choose not to sleep (or have trouble sleeping) because of the euphoria they feel. Keywords: Internet addiction; behavior; social media; communication theory; twitter.

The article is devoted to the literary heritage of the Russian emigration in China and the Russian cultural code, which was preserved in the works of emigrants. A brief overview of the scientific literature, which formed the basis of the research methodology, and a description of the centers of Russian emigration in the Middle Kingdom - Harbin and Shanghai, the living conditions of emigrants are given. The relevance of the topic is due to the attention of modern researchers to the insufficiently studied literary heritage of the “eastern branch” of the Russian emigration.The material for the research was the works from the ten-volume “Literature of Russian emigrants in China” published in 2005 in Beijing. In this work, an integrated research approach is used, when various literary methods are combined with general scientific, linguistic, and private ones. The ten-volume collection includes the works of almost a hundred of Russian writers and poets in China, who for various reasons found themselves in emigration in Harbin, Shanghai and other Chinese cities. This work reveals the frequency themes of emigre creativity: Motherland, China-stepmother, historical events, faith in God, separation, longing for the Fatherland, etc. Basically, these are cultural codes, encoded information transmitted to us by our ancestors and allowing us to identify Russian culture: “Motherland”， “Holy Russia”，“Faith”，“God”，“Icon”，“Love”，“Home”， “Family”，“Soul”，“Hope”，“War”，“Separation”，“Foreign”， “Longing for the Homeland”，etc., as well as concepts (code units) that make up the concept sphere of the Russian picture of the world.The peculiar cultural mission of the Russian writers and poets of the “eastern branch” is that their literature is as much a cultural monument of their time as the works of emigrant writers of the “western branch”. Russian emigrants not only preserved their native culture, language, traditions, religion in exile but also increased the cultural heritage of Russia. The literary work of Russian emigrants in China should become a full-fledged part of the great Russian literature. Keywords: Russian emigrant literature, Russia, China, cultural heritage, cultural code, theme

Background: Health disparities have become apparent since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. When observing racial discrimination in healthcare, self-reported incidences, and perceptions among minority groups in the United States suggest that, the most socioeconomically underrepresented groups will suffer disproportionately in COVID-19 due to synergistic mechanisms. This study reports racially-stratified data regarding the experiences and impacts of different groups availing the healthcare system to identify disparities in outcomes of minority and majority groups in the United States. Methods: Studies were identified utilizing PubMed, Embase, CINAHL Plus, and PsycINFO search engines without date and language restrictions. The following keywords were used: Healthcare, raci*, ethnic*, discriminant, hosti*, harass*, insur*, education, income, psychiat*, COVID-19, incidence, mortality, mechanical ventilation. Statistical analysis was conducted in Review Manager (RevMan V.5.4). Unadjusted Odds Ratios, P-values, and 95% confidence intervals were presented. Results: Discrimination in the United States is evident among racial groups regarding medical care portraying mental risk behaviors as having serious outcomes in the health of minority groups. The perceived health inequity had a low association to the majority group as compared to the minority group (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.78; P = .007), and the association of mental health problems to the Caucasian-American majority group was low (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.58; P < .001). Conclusion: As the pandemic continues into its next stage, efforts should be taken to address the gaps in clinical training and education, and medical practice to avoid the recurring patterns of racial health disparities that become especially prominent in community health emergencies. A standardized tool to assess racial discrimination and inequity will potentially improve pandemic healthcare delivery.

The usage of the Internet and other related technologies has never been without any consequences. One such consequence is what commonly referred to as cyber aggression, a new form of abusing someone online, which has become a new growing problem in today's society. Cyber aggression offers convenient opportunities to humiliate, bully, or harass another person online. Global studies on cyber aggression found that youths who were aggressed online are reported feeling depressed, anxious, afraid, showing poor academic performance, experiencing eating disorders, and substance abuse usages such as drugs and alcohol. On that account, the study aims to investigate the interrelationships between predictive factors namely peer attachment, parental attachment, exposure to the Internet and cyber aggression-victimization among youths. The renowned general aggression model (GAM) is applied to understand the phenomenon. A sample of 430 urban youths aged between 13 and 18 years living within Klang Valley area were randomly selected to participate in the study. Data were gathered through a self-report questionnaire and later analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. The results revealed several noteworthy findings; the majority of respondents made use of the Internet approximately 7 to 21 hours per day especially during weekends with surfing social media being the major purpose, followed by entertainment and playing online games. A relatively significant number of youths are engaged with cyber victimization through written-verbal and online exclusion. Finally, the structural path analysis indicates that the Internet exposure is the strongest predictor associated with cyber aggression-victimization. Based on these findings, the implications and recommendations for future investigations with reference to the current theoretical framework and empirical findings on cyber aggression-victimization are thoroughly discussed. Keywords: Cyber aggression, Cyberbullying, Internet exposure, Klang Valley, Parental and peer attachment, Victimization, Youth.

Background: Cochlear implant is a result of technology development which has a great contributionto bilateral sensorineural hearing loss patients when conventional hearing aid does not help or does notgive enough benefit for these patients. In Surabaya, this program was started in November 2008.Purpose:To report cochlear implant programme in Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya between November 2008 andOctober 2013.Methods: A descriptive retrospective study on complete data from medical record in Dr.Soetomo Hospital Surabaya between November 2008 and October 2013 were evaluated. Forty sevenpatients received cochlear implant, 3 patients did not have complete medical record and excluded, 44data were reviewed.Results: Forty four patients were implanted, the average of age identification was22.9 months old, the average of age of amplification was 29.7 months old and the average of age ofimplantation was 49.0 months old. All of the patients were prelingually deaf. Twenty seven patiens couldbe evaluated for habilitation with Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) and the result of receptive,language, expressive and communication abilites were in good progress.Conclusion: The sooner thedevice implanted the better, and evaluation with CAP was effective. Keywords : Hearing impairment, cochlear implant, habilitation ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Implan koklea adalah hasil suatu perkembangan teknologi yang mempunyaikontribusi besar untuk pasien gangguan pendengaran sensorineural yang tidak bisa dibantu oleh alatbantu dengar. Di Surabaya, program ini dimulai pada November 2008. Tujuan: Evaluasi hasil programimplan koklea di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya sejak November 2008 sampai dengan Oktober 2013.Metode: Penelitian deskriptif retrospektif dan data diambil dari rekam medik yang lengkap di poliAudiologi RSUD Dr. Soetomo selama periode November 2008 sampai dengan Oktober 2013. Dari 47pasien yang dioperasi, 3 rekam medik tidak lengkap dan dieksklusi, 44 pasien yang mempunyai rekammedik lengkap dievaluasi. Hasil: Empat puluh empat pasien yang dilakukan implan koklea, rerataumur identifikasi 22,9 bulan, rerata umur amplifikasi 29,7 bulan, dan rerata umur operasi 49,0 bulan.Semua pasien adalah tuli sensorineural pre-lingual. Sebanyak 27 pasien dapat dilakukan evaluasihabilitasi dengan Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) dengan hasil receptive, bahasa, ekspresifdan kemampuan berkomunikasi baik. Kesimpulan: Semakin muda umur pasien saat operasi hasilnyasemakin baik, dan evaluasi dengan CAP sangat efektif. Kata kunci: Gangguan pendengaran, implan koklea, habilitasi Correspondence: Haris M. Ekorini, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine AirlanggaUniversity/Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. E-mail: hmekorini@yahoo.com.

Background: The first 28 days of life, the neonatal period, are the most vulnerable time for a child’s survival. Neonatal mortality accounts for about 38% of under-five deaths in low and middle income countries. This study aimed to identify the determinants of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. Methods: The study used data from the nationally representative 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Once the data were extracted; editing, coding and cleaning were done by using SAS 9.4.Sampling weights was applied to en- sure the representativeness of the sample in this study. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression statistical analysis was used to identify determinants of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. Results: A total of 11,023 weighted live-born neonates born within five years preceding the 2016 EDHS were included this in this study. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that multiple birth neonates (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=6.38;95%- Confidence Interval (CI):4.42-9.21), large birth size (AOR=1.35; 95% CI: 0.28-1.62), neonates born to mothers who did not utilize ANC (AOR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.11-1.81), neonates from rural area (AOR=1.88; 95% CI: 1.15-3.05) and neonates born in Harari region (AOR=1.45; 95% CI: 0.61-3.45)had higher odds of neonatal mortality. On the other hand, female neonates (AOR=0.60; 95% CI: 0.47-0.75), neonates born within the interval of more than 36 months of the preceding birth (AOR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.43-0.75), neonates born to fathers with secondary and higher education level (AOR=0.51; 95%CI: 0.22-0.88) had lower odds of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. Conclusion: To reduce neonatal mortality in Ethiopia, there is a need to implement sex specific public health intervention mainly focusing on male neonate during pregnancy, child birth and postnatal period. A relatively simple and cost-effective public health intervention should be implemented to make sure that all pregnant women are screened for multiple pregnancy and if positive, extra care should be given during pregnancy, child birth and postnatal. Keywords: Neonatal mortality; logistic regression; odds ratio; Ethiopia.

The teaching work implies facing constant challenges, in all academic senses, and among these, the challenges of cultural diversity in the classroom, where scientific, technological, social and cultural traditions of each person's place of origin coexist in the classroom. This paper evaluates epistemological proposals for intercultural teaching practices. Academic works developed to improve multicultural teaching practice are reviewed. The results show that there has not been a real and conscious debate on multiculturalism in the classroom and aspects related to migration and education. Anthropology has not taken a significant role in the subject. Keywords: Multiculturalism, migration, education. References [1]RAE, «Real Academia Española,» 2021. [Online]. Available: https://dle.rae.es/intercultural#Ra6Zgbj. [Last access: July 01, 2021]. [2]J. Godenzzi, «Equidad en la diversidad. Reflexiones sobre educación e interculturalidad en los Andes y Amazonía,» Centro Bartolomé de Las Casas, , Cuzco-Perú. [3]Y. Harari, De animales a dioses, Titivillus, 2014. [4]V. Rovagnati, E. Pitt y N. Winstone, «Feedback cultures, histories and literacies: international postgraduate students’ experiences,» Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 2021. [5]M. Tovar, «Una América plural: Los retos de la interculturalidad,» La Piragua, vol. 24, nº II, p. 66, 2006. [6]El Universo, «¿Es el Ecuador racista?,» 17 marz0 2003. [Online]. Available: https://www.eluniverso.com/2003/03/17/0001/21/A43872FA22014CF7943CF6B117E70E94.html. [Last access: July 4, 2021]. [7]Ministerio de Cultura, «Discriminación y Racismo en el Perú,» [Online]. Available: https://alertacontraelracismo.pe/discriminacion-y-racismo-en-el-peru. [Last access: July 4, 2021]. [8]Á. Bello y M. Rangel, «ETNICIDAD, "RAZA" Y EQUIDAD EN AMÉRICA LATINAY EL CARIBE,» CEPAL, 2000. [9]Unión europea de protección civil y ayuda humanitaria, «Conociendo a la población refugiada y migrante de Lima Metropolitana,» PNUD, Lima-Perú, 2020. [10]Ministerio de Cultura del Perú, «Estadísticas de reportes,» Ministerio de Cultura del Perú, Lima-Perú, 2013.

The government is attempting to obtain the access of Early Childhood Education pro- grams providing educational assistance. Unfortunately, the government has spent funds to calculate the unit costs that should not occur in the real world of education. In consequence, the aims of this study are to (1) calculate the amount of operational unit costs for Early Childhood Education pro- grams, and (2) enumerate variations and projections of the amount of the operational unit costs in Early Childhood Education programs by region category. This study uses quantitative data with pop- ulation of all Early Childhood Education institutions in Indonesia. The unit of analysis of this re- search is Early Childhood Education institutions consisting of kindergarten, Playgroup, Daycare, and ECCD units. The findings are that the highest operating unit cost is in TPA because there is a full day of service. Next is a Kindergarten institution because at this institution already has a special curriculum to prepare the child proceed to the level of basic education. Then the unit cost is the highest area in the eastern region. Recommendation in determining the amount of financial assistance it is necessary to consider the amount of operational unit costs so that the purpose of providing fi- nancial assistance is to improve access and quality can be achieved. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Operational Unit Cost, Fund Aid Reference Afmansyah, T. H. (2019). Efektifitas Dan Efisiensi Pembiayaan Pendidikan. INA-Rxiv Paper. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/5ysw4 Akdon. (2015). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Aos, S., & Pennucci, A. (2013). K–12 CLASS SIZE REDUCTIONS AND STUDENT OUTCOMES: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE AND BENEFIT–COST ANALYSIS. Washington State Institute for Public Policy, (13), 1–12. Azhari, U. L., & Kurniady, D. A. (2016). 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Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/656521474904442550/Investing-in-school- readiness-an-analysis-of-the-cost-effectiveness-of-early-childhood-education-pathways-in- rural-Indonesia Pidarta, M. (2013). Landasan Kependidikan Stimulus Ilmu Pendidikan Bercorak Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. SISDIKNAS, U. (2003). Undang-undang Sisdiknas No 20 Tahun 2003. (1). Suyadi, S. (2017). Perencanaan dan Asesmen Perkembangan Pada Anak Usia Dini. Golden Age: Jurnal Ilmiah Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Dini, 1(1), 65–74. Retrieved from http://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/tarbiyah/index.php/goldenage/article/view/1251 Tedjawati, J. M. (2013). Pendanaan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 19(3), 346. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v19i3.294 UNESCO. (2013). Why every child deserves a quality education. 1–16. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000223826 West, A., & Noden, P. (2019). ‘Nationalising’ and Transforming the Public Funding of Early Years Education (and care) in England 1996–2017. British Journal of Educational Studies, 67(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2018.1478058 West, A., Roberts, J., & Noden, P. (2010). Funding Early Years Education And Care: Can A Mixed Economy Of Providers Deliver Universal High Quality Provision? British Journal of Educational Studies, 58(2), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071000903520850

Tujuan dan Latarbelakang: Kualiti penyampaian khidmat kerja sosial oleh pegawai kebajikan masyarakat dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang pengetahuan dan kemahiran kerja sosial yang mereka miliki. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai tahap pengamalan praktis kerja sosial dalam kalangan pegawai kebajikan di Malaysia. Metodologi: Pendekatan kuantitatif yang menggunakan reka bentuk tinjauan telah dilakukan ke atas 305 orang Penolong Pegawai dan Pembantu Pembangunan Masyarakat Gred 19 hingga Gred 38 terpilih yang berkhidmat di Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat di seluruh negara. Persampelan rawak mudah digunakan bagi mendapatkan responden. Tahap pengamalan terhadap praktis kerja sosial diukur berdasarkan Kerangka Kompetensi Kerja Sosial Nasional Singapura dan Piawaian Kompetensi Praktis Kerja Sosial Kebangsaan. Dapatan: Tahap pengamalan terhadap praktis kerja sosial dalam kalangan responden menunjukkan skor yang tinggi. Sumbangan: Bersandarkan dapatan kajian, tiga inisiatif bagi meningkatkan lagi kualiti pengamalan dan penyampaian praktis kerja sosial dalam kalangan pegawai kebajikan di negara ini telah dicadangkan iaitu i) pengukuhan program latihan; ii) penetapan semula maksud kecekapan dalam pengamalan; dan iii) penetapan pengamalan berdasarkan kod etika. Kata kunci: Tahap pengamalan, praktis kerja sosial, penyampaian khidmat kerja sosial, pegawai kebajikan, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Malaysia (JKM). ABSTRACT Background and Purpose: The quality of social service delivery by welfare officers is influenced by the knowledge and social work skills they possess. This paper aims to study the level of social work practice among welfare officers in Malaysia. Methodology: A quantitative approach using survey design was used to collect data from 305 Community Development Assistant Officers and Community Development Helper Grades 19 through 38 who served in the Social Welfare Department across Malaysia. The respondents were selected using simple random sampling. The level of social work practice was measured using the Singapore National Social Work Competency Framework and the National Social Work Practise Competency Standards. Findings: The findings showed that the level of social work practice among the respondents is at high score. Contribution: Based on the findings, three initiatives to improve the quality of social work practce among welfare officers are recommended: i) strengthening training programs; ii) redefining the meaning of practice; and iii) establishing practice based on ethical code. Keywords: Level of practise, social work practise, welfare officer, delivery of social services, Department of Social Welfare Malaysia (JKM) Cite As: Siti Hajar, A. B. A., Haris, A. W., Noralina, O., Mashitah, H., Zaiton, A., Al Azmi, B., ... Azreen, R. (2020). Tahap pengamalan praktis kerja sosial dalam kalangan pegawai kebajikan di Malaysia [The level of social work practice among Malaysian social welfare officers]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 68-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp68-85

The relevance of the study determines the interest of modern literary criticism in various forms of artistic understanding of ethnographic realities by Russian writers in Manchuria in the first half of the 20th century (literary ethnography). The novelty of the research lies in the study of the lyrical experiments of literary ethnography. The research problem is to determine the specificity of the lyrical method of ethnographic reflection and the creation of an image of artistic perception. The research methodology is based on the structural and semantic analysis of prose texts by Larissa Andersen, addressed to ethnographic material. The authors explore the methods of creating her artistic images of perception of China, Korea, and Japan through the analysis of narrative strategies, the system of image-concepts, and archetypal images of a foreign culture. Research methods: historical-literary, structural-semantic, method of mythological reconstructions, comparative analysis of the translation with the original. The authors state that the literary ethnography of the Far East in various genre and stylistic forms is developing in the literature of the Far Eastern emigration. The most convincing experiences of artistic ethnography, scientific and artistic beginnings are balanced, presented in the narratives of scientific writers N. Baikov and P.Shkurkin, and later genre modifications of M. Shcherbakov, V. Mart, B. Yulsky, focused on research and book experience. Lyrical reflection of ethnographic material has its own specifics. The authors compared the experiences of creating ethnographic lyrics and prose by Larissa Andersen and came to the following conclusions: despite the lack of well-founded scientific knowledge, in her ethnographic essays, on the one hand, her individual ability to comprehend the essence of the observed phenomenon and capture the artistic image of the perception of another culture in capacious detail-concept (mythologeme, characteristic, ethno-stereotype, meta-image), on the other hand, there is an interest in Chinese literary sources and ethnographic texts of predecessors (S. Alymova and others). A characteristic technique for creating an artistic image of perception in essays is the form of personal “narration”， bringing the point of view of the perceiving consciousness of the author and the reader closer together. Keywords: literary ethnography, poetic ethnographism, image of perception, literature of the Far Eastern emigration, Russian Harbin

The preliminary study showed that the main problem, however, faced by kindergarten students are lack of mathematics skill, such arithmetic ability in kindergarten Galis. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a modified bottle cap as an educational game tool towards enhancement of arithmetic ability. Samples were prepared for the quasi-experiment research design involving 60 children, aged 4-5 years. A detailed comparison is made between the experimental condition, consisted of 30 students, received the educational game tool activities and the control condition which consisted of 30 students, received the instructional activities as usual. Before and after two weeks of the intervention with the game tool of a modified bottle cap, measures of arithmetic ability were administered to either experiment or control class. The results of the study indicated that in the experiment class, children’s arithmetic ability increased significantly compared to children in the control class. The differences may have been due to the intervention. To conclude, the modified bottle cap as an educational game tool effective to improve children’s mathematics skill, especially for arithmetic ability. However, the findings required the extended study on other research methods and the bigger size of the samples. Keywords: Early Childhood, Modified bottle cap, Early Arithmetic Ability. References: Aqib, Zainal. (2010). Belajar dan Pembelajaran di Taman Kanak-Kanak. Bandung: Yrama Widya. Arsyad, A. (2017). Media Pembelajaran. PT Raja Grafindo Pursada. Aunio, Pirjo; Tapola, Anna; Mononen; and Niemivirta, M. (2016). Early Mathematics Skill Development, Low Performance, and Parental Support in the Finnish Context. In Blevins-Knabe; A.M.B. Austin (Ed.), Early Childhood Mathematic Skill Development in the home environment. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Ayuni, D., & Setiawati, F. A. (2019). Kebun Buah Learning Media for Early Childhood Counting Ability. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 3(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v3i1.128 Barblett, L., Knaus, M., & Barratt-Pugh, C. (2016). The Pushes and Pulls of Pedagogy in the Early Years: Competing Knowledges and the Erosion of Play-based Learning. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 41(4), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911604100405 Barth, H., La Mont, K., Lipton, J., & Spelke, E. S. (2005). Abstract number and arithmetic in preschool children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(39), 14116–14121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505512102 Blevins-Knabe, B. (2016). Early Mathematical Development : How the Home Environment Matters. In Belinda Blevins-Knabe; Ann M. Berghout Austin (Ed.), Early Childhood Mathematics Skill Development in the Home Environment (pp. 8–9). Cham, Swutzerland: Springer. Copley, J. V. (2016). The Young Child and Mathematics. In M. Hogarty (Ed.), Numbers and Stories: Using Children’s Literature to Teach Young Children Number Sense (Second, pp. 1–14). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483330907.n1 Depdiknas. (2005). Pedoman Pembelajaran di Taman Kanak-Kanak. Jakarta: Direktorat Pembinaan Taman Kanak-Kanak Sekolah Dasar. Depdiknas. (2007). Modul Pembuatan dan Penggunaan APE anak Usia 2-6 Tahun. Jakarta: Dirjen Pendidikan Luar Sekolah Direktorat PAUD. Dunekacke, S., Jenßen, L., Eilerts, K., & Blömeke, S. (2016). Epistemological beliefs of prospective preschool teachers and their relation to knowledge, perception, and planning abilities in the field of mathematics: a process model. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 48(1–2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-015-0711-6 Elizabeth, W. (2011). Cross-curricular Teaching to Support Child-initiated Learning in EYFS and KEY Stage I. In Suzanne and Kristine (Ed.), Early Childhood Educaiton: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. New York: Routledge. Fitri, F., & Syamsudin, A. (2019, May). The Effectiveness of Race Track Games on Counting Ability and Child Learning Motivation. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsie-18.2019.78 Grindheim, L. T. (2017). Children as playing citizens. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(4), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1331076 Guslinda; Kurnia, R. (2018). Media Pembelajaran Anak Usia Dini. Surabaya: Jakad Publiser. Harris, B., & Petersen, D. (2017). Developing Math Skills in Early Childhood. Issue Brief. Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., (February), 1–6. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED587415&site=ehost-live&scope=site Haskell, S. H. (2000). The determinants of arithmetic skills in young children: Some observations. 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The knowledge of the science of human body parts for early childhood is very important so that children have the ability to recognize and support the cleanliness and health of members of the body, as well as so that they recognize their identity. In addition, introducing environmentally friendly material for early childhood teachers to enrich learning media. This study aims to improve student learning outcomes in science using environmentally friendly media. The topic raised in this search was about recognizing body parts and their benefits and treatments. This type of research is action research. Respondents involved 19 early childhood students. The results showed that there was an increase in subjects' understanding of swallowing extremities and treatment 60% in the pre-cycle phase, 80% in the first cycle and 93% in the second cycle. The findings show that the use of happy body media has a positive effect on limb recognition. Further research is recommended on environmentally friendly media and ways of introducing limbs to early childhood through media or strategies suitable for the millennial era. Keywords: Media (Happy Body), Early Childhood Science, Human Body Parts References: Anagnou, E., & Fragoulis, I. (2014). The contribution of mentoring and action research to teachers’ professional development in the context of informal learning. Review of European Studies, 6(1), 133–142. Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62(4), 647. Black, M. M., & Hurley, K. M. (2016). Early child development programmes: further evidence for action. The Lancet Global Health, 4(8), e505–e506. Blok, H., Fukkink, R., Gebhardt, E., & Leseman, P. (2005). The relevance of delivery mode and other programme characteristics for the effectiveness of early childhood intervention. 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S., White, L. J., & Greenfield, D. B. (2018). Approaches to learning and science education in Head Start: Examining bidirectionality. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 44, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.02.013 Carr, W. (2006). Philosophy, methodology and action research. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 40(4), 421–435. Colker, L. J. (2008). Twelve characteristics of effective early childhood teachers. YC Young Children, 63(2). Cook, C., Goodman, N. D., & Schulz, L. E. (2011). Where science starts: Spontaneous experiments in preschoolers’ exploratory play. Cognition, 120(3), 341– 349. Dewi Kurnia, H. Z. (2017). Pentingnya Media Pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 1 No.1, 81–96. Gelman, R., & Brenneman, K. (2004). Science learning pathways for young children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1), 150–158. Gersick, C. J. (1988). Time and transition in work teams: Toward a new model of group development. Academy of Management Journal, 31(1), 9–41. 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<p>This study aims to determine the resilience picture of adolescents infected with HIV AIDS. Subjects in this study were adolescents who tested positive for HIV / AIDS, were undergoing ARV treatment and were willing to become research subjects. The informants who supported this research came from volunteers and the leadership of the shelter where the subjects resided. The method used in this research is a qualitative paradigm with a case study approach. Subject and informant data collection through structured interviews, while the analysis technique used uses triangulation of sources, by comparing the analysis of subject data with research informants. The results of this study are high levels of Sy resilience. Aspects of I Have include support and attention from others, Sy prioritizes pleasure and comfort, has a role model, has the drive to be independent, and has experienced health discrimination, gets good education and safety services. Factor I Am includes having an attractive attitude, expressing love through actions, and caring. I Can aspects include being able to express what is felt and thinking, being able to solve problems, being able to control emotions, and being able to foster good relations with others. The subject has good resilience and is able to accept his condition</p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Resilience, Youth, HIV / AIDS</em></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Daftar Pustaka</strong></p><p>Azwar, S. 2003. <em>Penyusunan Skala Psikologi</em>. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset</p><p> </p><p>Calhoun, J.F. dan Acocella, J.R. 1995. <em>Psikologi Tentang Penyesuaian dan Hubungan Kemanusiaan</em>. New York : Mc Graw Hill</p><p> </p><p>Chaplin, C.B. 1995. Kamus Lengkap Psikologi. (Terjemahan: Kartini Kartono).ed 1. cetakan ke-2. Jakarta: Grafindo Persada.</p><p>Davidoff. 1991. <em>Psikologi Suatu Pengantar</em>. Jilid 2. Alih Bahasa : Mari Jumiati.Jakarta : Erlangga</p><p> </p><p>Gerungan, W.A. 1996. <em>Psikologi Sosial</em>. Bandung : PT Eresco</p><p> </p><p>Herdiansyah, Haris. 2015. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif untuk Ilmu Psikologi. Jakarta : Salemba Humanika</p><p> </p><p>Hurlock, E. 2004. <em>Psikologi Perkembangan</em>. Jakarta : Erlangga Press</p><p> </p><p>Kementrian Kesehatan RI (2012) : <em>MEDIAKOM Mengenal, Mencegah Pertumbuhan</em><em> </em><em>HIV-AIDS. </em>Jakarta.</p><p> </p><p>Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS (KPA), (2003) <em>Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan AIDS, </em>2003-2007, Menkosesra, KPAN, Jakarta.</p><p> </p><p>Kurniawan, Y., &amp; Noviza, N. (2018). Peningkatan Resiliensi pada Penyintas Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan Berbasis Terapi Kelompok Pendukung. <em>Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo</em>, <em>2</em>(2), 125–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v2i2.1968</p><p> </p><p>Sarafino. 1998. <em>Health Psikologi : Biopsychosocial Interaction</em>. USA : John Willey and sons</p><p> </p><p>Smet, B. 1994, <em>Psikologi Kesehatan</em>. Jakarta : PT Grasindo</p><p><em><br /></em></p>

Abstract: This study discusses the effect of marketing strategies on customer satisfaction of Islamic Banks at Bank Syariah Mandiri Palopo Branch. The focus of the study discussion lies in the influence of marketing strategies and customer satisfaction in Bank Syariah Mandiri Palopo Branch. In this study using field research, by examining directly on the object, namely customers of Bank Syariah Mandiri Palopo branch. This research uses quantitative research type, the population in this study are customers of Bank Syariah Mandiri in Palopo branch totaling 3600 people, with a sample of 50 people given questionnaires. The technique used in sampling is a technique (probability sampling) simple random sampling (random sample). The instrument used was a questionnaire (questionnaire) with 23 statements presented in the form of a Likert scale. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be seen that the marketing strategy applied at the Bank Syariah Mandiri in the Palopo Branch has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction with value. the value of t-count (3,432) is greater than the value of t-table (1,660). The influence of marketing strategy on customer satisfaction at Bank Syariah Mandiri Branch Palopo 0.895. Customer satisfaction at Bank Syariah Mandiri before an increase in marketing strategy was 36,639 when the marketing strategy was increased by 1 point, satisfaction increased by 0.895.Keywords: Marketing Strategy, Customer Satisfaction. Abstrak: Penelitian ini membahas mengenai Pengaruh Strategi Pemasaran Terhadap Kepuasan Nasabah Bank Syariah pada Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Palopo. Fokus kajian pembahasan yaitu terletak pada pengaruh strategi pemasaran dan kepuasan nasabah di Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Palopo.Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian lapangan, dengan meneliti langsung pada objek, yaitu nasabah Bank Syariah Mandiri cabang Palopo. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif, populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah nasabah Bank Syariah Mandiri cabang Palopo berjumlah 3600 orang, dengan penarikan sampel 50 orang yang diberikan angket. Tehnik yang digunakan dalam pengambilan sampel adalah tehnik (probability sampling) pengambilan sampel acak sederhana (random sample). Instrumen yang digunakan adalah angket (kuesioner) dengan 23 butir pernyataan yang disajikan dalam bentuk skala likert.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan maka dapat diketahui bahwa strategi pemasaran yang diterapkan di Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Palopo mempunyai pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan nasabah dengan nilai yang diperoleh nilai thitung (3,432) lebih besar dari nilai ttabel (1,660). Besar pengaruh yang ditimbulkan strategi pemasaran terhadap kepuasan nasabah di Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Palopo 0,895. Kepuasan nasabah pada Bank Syariah Mandiri sebelum adanya peningkatan strategi pemasaran adalah sebesar 36,639 ketika strategi pemasaran ditingkatkan 1 poin maka kepuasan bertambah 0,895.Kata Kunci : Strategi Pemasaran, Kepuasan Nasabah.Daftar Pustaka‘Uwaidah, Kamil Muhammad, Fiqih Wanita, Cet. V, Jakarta: Timur: Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2000.Abu Zahrah, Muhammad, Ushul Fiqh, Jakarta: PT. 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Eating habits develop during the first years of a child's life, children learn what, when, and how much to eat through direct experience with food and by observing the eating habits of others. The aim of this study is to get a clear picture of the Eating program Healthy, starting from the planning, implementation, supervision, and evaluation as a case study of nutrition education; to get information about the advantages, disadvantages and effects of implementing a healthy eating program for children. This research was conducted through a case study with qualitative data analysed using Miles and Huberman techniques. Sample of children in Ananda Islāmic School Kindergarten. The results showed the Healthy Eating program could be implemented well, the diet was quite varied and could be considered a healthy and nutritious food. The visible impact is the emotion of pleasure experienced by children, children become fond of eating vegetables, and make children disciplined and responsible. Inadequate results were found due to the limitations of an adequate kitchen for cooking healthy food, such as cooking activities still carried out by the cook himself at the Foundation's house which is located not far from the school place; use of melamine and plastic cutlery for food; the spoon and fork used already uses aluminium material but still does not match its size; does not involve nutritionists. Keywords: Early Childhood, Eating Healthy Program References: Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Bandura, Albert. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education and Behavior, 31(2), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104263660 Battjes-Fries, M. C. E., Haveman-Nies, A., Renes, R. J., Meester, H. J., & Van’T Veer, P. (2015). Effect of the Dutch school-based education programme “Taste Lessons” on behavioural determinants of taste acceptance and healthy eating: A quasi-experimental study. 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<p align="center"><strong>TELAAH YURIDIS PENERAPAN SANKSI DI BAWAH MINIMUM KHUSUS </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>PADA PERKARA PIDANA KHUSUS</strong><strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Oheo K.</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Haris</span></p><p align="center">The School of Law, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia<strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK:</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pengadilan Negeri di lingkungan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta yang meliputi Pengadilan Negeri Sleman, kota Yogyakarta dan Bantul. Pengadilan tersebut dipilih dengan pertimbangan terdapat beberapa perkara yang menyangkut tindak pidana khusus. Tujuan penelitian : (1) untuk mengetahui apakah hakim boleh menjatuhkan sanksi di bawah standar minimum khusus pada perkara pidana khusus dan (2) untuk mengetahui apa dasar yuridis pemikiran hakim dalam menjatuhkan sanksi pidana di bawah minimum khusus pada perkara pidana khusus. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, maka penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan rancangan penelitian hukum. Sampling meliputi subjek sampling yang ditentukan secara purposive. Bahan hukum terdiri dari: bahan hukum primer dan sekunder yang dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan : (1) Peranan hakim dalam penerapan sanksi minimum dalam tindak pidana khusus pada proses peradilan pidana sangat besar, yaitu sebagai pemberi putusan akhir, hakim berpedoman pada peraturan perundang-undangan. Dengan demikian, maka penulis berpendapat bahwa hakim tidak boleh menjatuhkan sanksi di bawah standar minimum. Dengan alasan bahwa negara Indonesia menganut Sistem Kontinental yakni hakim (sebagai pedoman pemidanaan) terikat oleh undangundang (aliran konservatif). Hal tersebut, sebagai realisasi asas the binding persuasive of precedent. Selain itu, konteks sanksi minimum yang terdapat dalam rumusan pasal terhadap tindak pidana khusus, secara terang dan jelas, terdapat pernyataan sanksi pidana yang memuat ketentuan maksimal dan minimal, sehingga tidak memerlukan penafsiran lanjutan. (2) Selain mengacu Pasal 103 KUHP dan 284 ayat (1) dan (2) KUHAP, dasar yuridis penerapan sanksi, hakim mengacu pada peraturan perundangundangan tindak pidana khusus yang mengatur ketentuan minimum khusus. Selain kedua pasal di atas, yurisprudensi dapat digunakan sebagai dasar yuridis dalam penjatuhan sanksi, dengan catatan, tetap mengacu ketentuan minimum sekurang-kurangya sama atau di atas minimum.</p><p>Katakunci : <em>Penerapan Sanksi dan Pidana Khusus</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p> </p><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"> </p><p align="center"><strong>THE JURIDIS STUDY OF SANCTION APPLICATIONS UNDER SPECIAL MINIMUM</strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ON SPECIAL CREDIT CODES</strong><strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Oheo K.Haris</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> <br /> </span>The School of Law, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia</p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p>This research was carried out in the District Court in the Province of Yogyakarta Special Region covering the District Court of Sleman, the city of Yogyakarta and Bantul. The court was chosen with consideration of several matters involving special crimes. The objectives of the study are: (1) to determine whether a judge may impose sanctions below minimum standards specifically on special criminal cases and (2) to find out what the judicial mind's juridical grounds in imposing criminal sanctions are below a special minimum on special criminal cases. To achieve these objectives, the research was conducted by using the research design law. Sampling includes the subject of sampling which is determined purposively. Legal material consists of: primary and secondary legal materials, they were collected through interviews and documentation. The analysis was done qualitatively. The results of the research show: (1) the judge had a big role in the application of minimum sanction in a special criminal act in the criminal justice process, namely as the final decision maker, the judge is guided by the legislation. Thus, the researcher argues that the judge should not impose sanctions below minimum standards. For that reason, the Indonesian state embraces the Continental System ie the judge (as a guideline of punishment) is bound by the law (conservative school). That is, as the realization of the binding persuasive principle precedent. In addition, the context of minimum sanctions contained in the formulation of the article on specific criminal acts, clearly contain statement of criminal sanctions containing the provisions of the maximum and minimum, so it does not require further interpretation. (2) In addition to referring to Article 103 of the Criminal Code and 284 paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code, the juridical basis for the application of sanctions, judges refer to special criminal law legislation governing special minimum provisions. In addition to the above two chapters, jurisprudence may be used as a juridical basis in the imposition of sanctions, with a note, still referring to the minimum requirement of at least equal to or above the minimum.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Application of Special Penalties and Crimes</p>

ABSTRACTThe aims of this research is to know the effect of cooperative learning model of talking chips to social skill fourth grade student of Elementary School and to know the effect of cooperative learning model of talking chips to learning outcomes of Social Studies fourth grade student of Elementary School. The subject of this research is fourth grade student in SDN Kedungsumur I as control class and fourth grade student in SDN Kedungsumur III as experiment class school year 2015/2016. In this research using quasi experimental design with form of research is nonequivalent control group design. The research data was obtained as follows: social skills of student in pretest at experiment class there is nothing different with control class. This condition was shown with thitungscore (0.613) < ttabel (1.686) with mean score in experiment class is 58.3500 in control class 57.0500. While social skills of student in posttest at experiment class there is different with control class. This condition was shown with thitungscore (14.081) > ttabel (1.686) with mean score in experiment class is 86.5500 and in control class 63.3500. So, there are effect of the cooperative learning model of talking chips to social skills of student. After that for second hypothesis testing was showed that student learning outcomes in pretest at experiment class there is nothing different with control class. This condition was shown with thitung score (0.968) < ttabel (1.686) with mean score in experiment class is 60.7000 and in control class is 57.3500. While student learning outcomes in posttest at experiment class there is different with control class. This condition was shown with thitungscore (6.798) > ttabel (1.686) with mean score in experiment class is 89.6500 and in control class 74.1000. So, there are effect of cooperative learning model of talking chips to student learning outcomes.Based on the result of analyze data, it can be concluded that cooperative learning model of talking chips has an effect to student social skills and student learning outcomes in significant. Keyword: Talking Chips, Social Skill, Learning Outcomes. ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe talking chips terhadap keterampilan sosial siswa kelas IV Sekolah Dasar dan untuk menganalisis pengaruh model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe talking chips terhadap hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas IV Sekolah Dasar. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV SDN Kedungsumur I sebagai kelas kontrol dan IV SDN Kedungsumur III sebagai kelas eksperimen tahun pelajaran 2015/2016. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan quasi experimental design dengan bentuk desain penelitian nonequivalent control group design. Data hasil penelitian yang diperoleh sebagai berikut: keterampilan sosial siswa pada saat pretest di kelas eksperimen tidak ada perbedaan dengan kelas kontrol. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai thitung(0.613) < ttabel (1.686) dengan nilai mean pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 58.3500 dan pada kelas kontrol sebesar 57.0500. Sedangkan keterampilan sosial siswa pada saat posttest di kelas eksperimen ada perbedaan dengan kelas kontrol. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai thitung(14.081) > ttabel (1.686) dengan nilai mean pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 86.5500 dan pada kelas kontrol sebesar 63.3500. Jadi, ada pengaruh model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe talking chips terhadap keterampilan sosial siswa. Kemudian untuk pengujian hipotesis kedua menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa pada saat pretest di kelas eksperimen tidak ada perbedaan dengan kelas kontrol. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai thitung(0.968) < ttabel (1.686) dengan nilai mean pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 60.7000 dan pada kelas kontrol yaitu 57.3500. Sedangkan hasil belajar siswa pada saat posttest di kelas eksperimen ada perbedaan dengan kelas kontrol. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai thitung(6.798) > ttabel (1.686) dengan nilai mean pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 89.6500 dan pada kelas kontrol sebesar 74.1000. Jadi, ada pengaruh model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe talking chips terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe talking chips berpengaruh terhadap keterampilan sosial siswa dan hasil belajar siswa secara signifikan. Kata Kunci: Talking Chips, Keterampilan Sosial, Hasil Belajar.Fathurrohman, Muhammad. (2015). Model-Model Pembelajaran Inovatif: Alternatif Desain Pembelajaran yang Menyenangkan. Jogjakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media.Gillies, Robyn M, dkk. (2008). The Teacher’s Role in Implementing Cooperative Learning in the Classroom. USA: Springer Science.Gregoriadis, Athanasios, dkk. (2013). Evaluating Preschooles’ Social Skills: The Impact of a Physical Education Program from the Parents’ Perspective. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science.Vol. 3 No. 10, pp. 40-51.Huda, Miftahul. (2012). Cooperative Learning; Metode, Teknik, Struktur dan Model Terapan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.Imron, Ilmawati Fahmi. (2014). Pengaruh Penerapan Pendekatan Scientific dengan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah terhadap Berpikir Kritis dan Keterampilan Sosial Siswa Materi Manusia dan Lingkungannya di Sekolah Dasar (Tesis tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Negeri Surabaya.Isjoni. (2013). Cooperative Learning. Pekanbaru: Alfabeta.Jihad, Asep dan Abdul Haris. (2012). Evaluasi Pembelajaran. Yogyakarta: Multi Pressindo.Kunandar. (2014). Penilaian Autentik (Penilaian Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Berdasarkan Kurikulum 2013). Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.Kurniawan, Deni. (2014). Pembelajaran Terpadu Tematik (Teori, Praktik, dan Penilaian). Bandung: Alfabeta.Lie, Anita. (2008). Cooperative Learning (Mempraktikkan Cooperative Learning di Ruang-ruang Kelas). Jakarta: PT. Grasindo.Sapriya. (2009). Pendidikan IPS Konsep dan Pembelajaran. Bandung: PT. Rosda Karya.Subroto, Waspodo Tjipto. (2014). Bahan Pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial di Sekolah Dasar. Surabaya: Unesa University Press.Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.Yeo, Kee Jiar dan Kie Yin Teng. (2015). Social Skills Deficits in Autism: A Study among Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Inclusive Classrooms. Universal Journal of Educational Research. Vol. 3 No.12, pp. 1001-1007.

Abstract. Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-a-century frequency may become annual events by 2050.Disaster management needs to keep up. Good cooperation and coordination of crisis response operations are of critical importance to react rapidly and adequately to any crisis situation, while post-disaster recovery presents opportunities to build resilience towards reducing the scale of the next disaster. Technology to support crisis response has advanced greatly in the last few years. Systems for early warning, command and control and decision-making have been successfully implemented in many countries and regions all over the world. Efforts to improve humanitarian response, in particular in relation to combating disasters in rapidly urbanising cities, have also led to better approaches that grapple with complexity and uncertainty.The challenges however are daunting. Many aspects related to the efficient collection and integration of geo-information, applied semantics and situational awareness for disaster management are still open, while agencies, organisations and governmental authorities need to improve their practices for building better resilience.Gi4DM 2020 marked the 13th edition of the Geoinformation for Disaster Management series of conferences. The first conference was held in 2005 in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which claimed the lives of over 220,000 civilians. The 2019-20 Australian Bushfire Season saw some 18.6 million Ha of bushland burn, 5,900 buildings destroyed and nearly three billion vertebrates killed. Gi4DM 2020 then was held during Covid-19 pandemic, which took the lives of more than 1,150,000 people by the time of the conference. The pandemic affected the organisation of the conference, but the situation also provided the opportunity to address important global problems.The fundamental goal of the Gi4DM has always been to provide a forum where emergency responders, disaster managers, urban planners, stakeholders, researchers, data providers and system developers can discuss challenges, share experience, discuss new ideas and demonstrate technology. The 12 previous editions of Gi4DM conferences were held in Delft, the Netherlands (March 2005), Goa, India (September 2006), Toronto, Canada (May 2007), Harbin, China (August 2008), Prague, Czech Republic (January 2009), Torino, Italy (February 2010), Antalya, Turkey (May 2011), Enschede, the Netherlands (December, 2012), Hanoi, Vietnam (December 2013), Montpellier, France (2015), Istanbul, Turkey (2018) and Prague, Czech Republic (2019). Through the years Gi4DM has been organised in cooperation with different international bodies such as ISPRS, UNOOSA, ICA, ISCRAM, FIG, IAG, OGC and WFP and supported by national organisations.Gi4DM 2020 was held as part of Climate Change and Disaster Management: Technology and Resilience for a Troubled World. The event took place through the whole week of 30th of November to 4th of December, Sydney, Australia and included three events: Gi4DM 2020, NSW Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute (NSW SSSI) annual meeting and Urban Resilience Asia Pacific 2 (URAP2).The event explored two interlinked aspects of disaster management in relation to climate change. The first was geo-information technologies and their application for work in crisis situations, as well as sensor and communication networks and their roles for improving situational awareness. The second aspect was resilience, and its role and purpose across the entire cycle of disaster management, from pre-disaster preparedness to post-disaster recovery including challenges and opportunities in relation to rapid urbanisation and the role of security in improved disaster management practices.This volume consists of 22 scientific papers. These were selected on the basis of double-blind review from among the 40 short papers submitted to the Gi4DM 2020 conference. Each paper was reviewed by two scientific reviewers. The authors of the papers were encouraged to revise, extend and adapt their papers to reflect the comments of the reviewers and fit the goals of this volume. The selected papers concentrate on monitoring and analysis of various aspects related to Covid-19 (4), emergency response (4), earthquakes (3), flood (2), forest fire, landslides, glaciers, drought, land cover change, crop management, surface temperature, address standardisation and education for disaster management. The presented methods range from remote sensing, LiDAR and photogrammetry on different platforms to GIS and Web-based technologies. Figure 1 illustrates the covered topics via wordcount of keywords and titles.The Gi4DM 2020 program consisted of scientific presentations, keynote speeches, panel discussions and tutorials. The four keynotes speakers Prof Suzan Cutter (Hazard and Vulnerability Research Institute, USC, US), Jeremy Fewtrell (NSW Fire and Rescue, Australia), Prof Orhan Altan (Ad-hoc Committee on RISK and Disaster Management, GeoUnions, Turkey) and Prof Philip Gibbins (Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU, Australia) concentrated on different aspects of disaster and risk management in the context of climate change. Eight tutorials offered exciting workshops and hands-on on: Semantic web tools and technologies within Disaster Management, Structure-from-motion photogrammetry, Radar Remote Sensing, Dam safety: Monitoring subsidence with SAR Interferometry, Location-based Augmented Reality apps with Unity and Mapbox, Visualising bush fires datasets using open source, Making data smarter to manage disasters and emergency situational awareness and Response using HERE Location Services. The scientific sessions were blended with panel discussions to provide more opportunities to exchange ideas and experiences, connect people and researchers from all over the world.The editors of this volume acknowledge all members of the scientific committee for their time, careful review and valuable comments: Abdoulaye Diakité (Australia), Alexander Rudloff (Germany), Alias Abdul Rahman (Malaysia), Alper Yilmaz (USA), Amy Parker (Australia), Ashraf Dewan (Australia), Bapon Shm Fakhruddin (New Zealand), Batuhan Osmanoglu (USA), Ben Gorte (Australia), Bo Huang (Hong Kong), Brendon McAtee (Australia), Brian Lee (Australia), Bruce Forster (Australia), Charity Mundava (Australia), Charles Toth (USA), Chris Bellman (Australia), Chris Pettit (Australia), Clive Fraser (Australia), Craig Glennie (USA), David Belton (Australia), Dev Raj Paudyal (Australia), Dimitri Bulatov (Germany), Dipak Paudyal (Australia), Dorota Iwaszczuk (Germany), Edward Verbree (The Netherlands), Eliseo Clementini (Italy), Fabio Giulio Tonolo (Italy), Fazlay Faruque (USA), Filip Biljecki (Singapore), Petra Helmholz (Australia), Francesco Nex (The Netherlands), Franz Rottensteiner (Germany), George Sithole (South Africa), Graciela Metternicht (Australia), Haigang Sui (China), Hans-Gerd Maas (Germany), Hao Wu (China), Huayi Wu (China), Ivana Ivanova (Australia), Iyyanki Murali Krishna (India), Jack Barton (Australia), Jagannath Aryal (Australia), Jie Jiang (China), Joep Compvoets (Belgium), Jonathan Li (Canada), Kourosh Khoshelham (Australia), Krzysztof Bakuła (Poland), Lars Bodum (Denmark), Lena Halounova (Czech Republic), Madhu Chandra (Germany), Maria Antonia Brovelli (Italy), Martin Breunig (Germany), Martin Tomko (Australia), Mila Koeva (The Netherlands), Mingshu Wang (The Netherlands), Mitko Aleksandrov (Australia), Mulhim Al Doori (UAE), Nancy Glenn (Australia), Negin Nazarian (Australia), Norbert Pfeifer (Austria), Norman Kerle (The Netherlands), Orhan Altan (Turkey), Ori Gudes (Australia), Pawel Boguslawski (Poland), Peter van Oosterom (The Netherlands), Petr Kubíček (Czech Republic), Petros Patias (Greece), Piero Boccardo (Italy), Qiaoli Wu (China), Qing Zhu (China), Riza Yosia Sunindijo (Australia), Roland Billen (Belgium), Rudi Stouffs (Singapore), Scott Hawken (Australia), Serene Coetzee (South Africa), Shawn Laffan (Australia), Shisong Cao (China), Sisi Zlatanova (Australia), Songnian Li (Canada), Stephan Winter (Australia), Tarun Ghawana (Australia), Ümit Işıkdağ (Turkey), Wei Li (Australia), Wolfgang Reinhardt (Germany), Xianlian Liang (Finland) and Yanan Liu (China).The editors would like to express their gratitude to all contributors, who made this volume possible. Many thanks go to all supporting organisations: ISPRS, SSSI, URAP2, Blackash, Mercury and ISPRS Journal of Geoinformation. The editors are grateful to the continued support of the involved Universities: The University of New South Wales, Curtin University, Australian National University and The University of Melbourne.

Abstract. Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-a-century frequency may become annual events by 2050.Disaster management needs to keep up. Good cooperation and coordination of crisis response operations are of critical importance to react rapidly and adequately to any crisis situation, while post-disaster recovery presents opportunities to build resilience towards reducing the scale of the next disaster. Technology to support crisis response has advanced greatly in the last few years. Systems for early warning, command and control and decision-making have been successfully implemented in many countries and regions all over the world. Efforts to improve humanitarian response, in particular in relation to combating disasters in rapidly urbanising cities, have also led to better approaches that grapple with complexity and uncertainty.The challenges however are daunting. Many aspects related to the efficient collection and integration of geo-information, applied semantics and situational awareness for disaster management are still open, while agencies, organisations and governmental authorities need to improve their practices for building better resilience.Gi4DM 2020 marked the 13th edition of the Geoinformation for Disaster Management series of conferences. The first conference was held in 2005 in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which claimed the lives of over 220,000 civilians. The 2019-20 Australian Bushfire Season saw some 18.6 million Ha of bushland burn, 5,900 buildings destroyed and nearly three billion vertebrates killed. Gi4DM 2020 then was held during Covid-19 pandemic, which took the lives of more than 1,150,000 people by the time of the conference. The pandemic affected the organisation of the conference, but the situation also provided the opportunity to address important global problems.The fundamental goal of the Gi4DM has always been to provide a forum where emergency responders, disaster managers, urban planners, stakeholders, researchers, data providers and system developers can discuss challenges, share experience, discuss new ideas and demonstrate technology. The 12 previous editions of Gi4DM conferences were held in Delft, the Netherlands (March 2005), Goa, India (September 2006), Toronto, Canada (May 2007), Harbin, China (August 2008), Prague, Czech Republic (January 2009), Torino, Italy (February 2010), Antalya, Turkey (May 2011), Enschede, the Netherlands (December, 2012), Hanoi, Vietnam (December 2013), Montpellier, France (2015), Istanbul, Turkey (2018) and Prague, Czech Republic (2019). Through the years Gi4DM has been organised in cooperation with different international bodies such as ISPRS, UNOOSA, ICA, ISCRAM, FIG, IAG, OGC and WFP and supported by national organisations.Gi4DM 2020 was held as part of Climate Change and Disaster Management: Technology and Resilience for a Troubled World. The event took place through the whole week of 30th of November to 4th of December, Sydney, Australia and included three events: Gi4DM 2020, NSW Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute (NSW SSSI) annual meeting and Urban Resilience Asia Pacific 2 (URAP2).The event explored two interlinked aspects of disaster management in relation to climate change. The first was geo-information technologies and their application for work in crisis situations, as well as sensor and communication networks and their roles for improving situational awareness. The second aspect was resilience, and its role and purpose across the entire cycle of disaster management, from pre-disaster preparedness to post-disaster recovery including challenges and opportunities in relation to rapid urbanisation and the role of security in improved disaster management practices.This volume consists of 16 peer-reviewed scientific papers. These were selected on the basis of double-blind review from among the 25 full papers submitted to the Gi4DM 2020 conference. Each paper was reviewed by three scientific reviewers. The authors of the papers were encouraged to revise, extend and adapt their papers to reflect the comments of the reviewers and fit the goals of this volume. The selected papers concentrate on monitoring and analysis of forest fire (3), landslides (3), flood (2), earthquake, avalanches, water pollution, heat, evacuation and urban sustainability, applying a variety of remote sensing, GIS and Web-based technologies. Figure 1 illustrates the scope of the covered topics though the word count of keywords and titles.The Gi4DM 2020 program consisted of scientific presentations, keynote speeches, panel discussions and tutorials. The four keynotes speakers Prof Suzan Cutter (Hazard and Vulnerability Research Institute, USC, US), Jeremy Fewtrell (NSW Fire and Rescue, Australia), Prof Orhan Altan (Ad-hoc Committee on RISK and Disaster Management, GeoUnions, Turkey) and Prof Philip Gibbins (Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU, Australia) concentrated on different aspects of disaster and risk management in the context of climate change. Eight tutorials offered exciting workshops and hands-on on: Semantic web tools and technologies within Disaster Management, Structure-from-motion photogrammetry, Radar Remote Sensing, Dam safety: Monitoring subsidence with SAR Interferometry, Location-based Augmented Reality apps with Unity and Mapbox, Visualising bush fires datasets using open source, Making data smarter to manage disasters and emergency situational awareness and Response using HERE Location Services. The scientific sessions were blended with panel discussions to provide more opportunities to exchange ideas and experiences, connect people and researchers from all over the world.The editors of this volume acknowledge all members of the scientific committee for their time, careful review and valuable comments: Abdoulaye Diakité (Australia), Alexander Rudloff (Germany), Alias Abdul Rahman (Malaysia), Alper Yilmaz (USA), Amy Parker (Australia), Ashraf Dewan (Australia), Bapon Shm Fakhruddin (New Zealand), Batuhan Osmanoglu (USA), Ben Gorte (Australia), Bo Huang (Hong Kong), Brendon McAtee (Australia), Brian Lee (Australia), Bruce Forster (Australia), Charity Mundava (Australia), Charles Toth (USA), Chris Bellman (Australia), Chris Pettit (Australia), Clive Fraser (Australia), Craig Glennie (USA), David Belton (Australia), Dev Raj Paudyal (Australia), Dimitri Bulatov (Germany), Dipak Paudyal (Australia), Dorota Iwaszczuk (Germany), Edward Verbree (The Netherlands), Eliseo Clementini (Italy), Fabio Giulio Tonolo (Italy), Fazlay Faruque (USA), Filip Biljecki (Singapore), Petra Helmholz (Australia), Francesco Nex (The Netherlands), Franz Rottensteiner (Germany), George Sithole (South Africa), Graciela Metternicht (Australia), Haigang Sui (China), Hans-Gerd Maas (Germany), Hao Wu (China), Huayi Wu (China), Ivana Ivanova (Australia), Iyyanki Murali Krishna (India), Jack Barton (Australia), Jagannath Aryal (Australia), Jie Jiang (China), Joep Compvoets (Belgium), Jonathan Li (Canada), Kourosh Khoshelham (Australia), Krzysztof Bakuła (Poland), Lars Bodum (Denmark), Lena Halounova (Czech Republic), Madhu Chandra (Germany), Maria Antonia Brovelli (Italy), Martin Breunig (Germany), Martin Tomko (Australia), Mila Koeva (The Netherlands), Mingshu Wang (The Netherlands), Mitko Aleksandrov (Australia), Mulhim Al Doori (UAE), Nancy Glenn (Australia), Negin Nazarian (Australia), Norbert Pfeifer (Austria), Norman Kerle (The Netherlands), Orhan Altan (Turkey), Ori Gudes (Australia), Pawel Boguslawski (Poland), Peter van Oosterom (The Netherlands), Petr Kubíček (Czech Republic), Petros Patias (Greece), Piero Boccardo (Italy), Qiaoli Wu (China), Qing Zhu (China), Riza Yosia Sunindijo (Australia), Roland Billen (Belgium), Rudi Stouffs (Singapore), Scott Hawken (Australia), Serene Coetzee (South Africa), Shawn Laffan (Australia), Shisong Cao (China), Sisi Zlatanova (Australia), Songnian Li (Canada), Stephan Winter (Australia), Tarun Ghawana (Australia), Ümit Işıkdağ (Turkey), Wei Li (Australia), Wolfgang Reinhardt (Germany), Xianlian Liang (Finland) and Yanan Liu (China).The editors would like to express their gratitude to all contributors, who made this volume possible. Many thanks go to all supporting organisations: ISPRS, SSSI, URAP2, Blackash, Mercury and ISPRS Journal of Geoinformation. The editors are grateful to the continued support of the involved Universities: The University of New South Wales, Curtin University, Australian National University and The University of Melbourne.

Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). 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This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among college students Study Design: Qualitative research design Eight focus group discussions on 67 college students aged 18-24 years (48 females, 19 males) was conducted on College premises. Data were analysed using inductive approach. Participants identified a number of obstacles to physical activity. Perceived barriers emerged from the analysis of the data addressed the different dimensions of the socio-ecological framework. The result indicated that the young adults perceived substantial amount of personal, social and environmental factors as barriers such as time constraint, tiredness, stress, family control, safety issues and much more. Understanding the barriers and overcoming the barriers at this stage will be valuable. Health professionals and researchers can use this information to design and implement interventions, strategies and policies to promote the participation in physical activity. This further can help the students to deal with those barriers and can help to instil the habit of regular physical activity in the later adult years.

Aim: assessment of primary and secondary outcome among patients treated with PFNA and hemiarthroplasty. Materials and Methods: 20 patients each were included in PFNA group and hemiarthroplasty Patient followed. Patients were evaluated with multiple variables, complications and Harris hip score. The statistical test applied for the independent sample analysis was student t-test using SPSS version 20. Results: PFNA groups had significantly less blood loss, less surgery time, less hospital stay as compared to hemiarthroplasty group. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding to the Harris Hip Score. Conclusion: From the present investigation it seems that intertrochanteric fractures treated with PFNA may achieve better functional results than treated with hemiarthroplasty. It can definitely be a better option than replacement in elderly intertrochanteric fracture. Keywords: Harris hip score, Hemiarthroplasty, PFNA, Intertrochanteric fracture

Julian Harris outlines the ways in which the perceived threat to democracy presented by “fake news” and the manipulation of data has prompted politicians and decision-makers in the United Kingdom to address the situation. Index keywords: Information law, fake news, data security

The purpose of this study was to determine how the application of Balinese culture and the Tri HIta Karana (THK) concept at Harris Hotel Seminyak, one of the hotels in Bali. This study used a qualitative method. Informants were determined using the Purposive Sampling technique. The informant in this study was Harris Hotel Seminyak management. The types of data in this study are primary and secondary data. Data were obtained through interviews, observations and study documents. The implementation of Balinese culture in Harris Hotel Seminyak can be seen from the Balinese traditional clothes worn by Harris staffs conductiong Balinese traditional fashion competition, Balinese decoration making competition, making penjor, displaying paintings of the hindu religious activities and Balinese people’s daily activities, as well as serving Balinese traditional dishes. The implementation of the THK concept can also be seen from the Parhyangan concept, which is giving the freedom of worship, providing some worship places, arranging offerings or canang sari in padmasana and in each section of the department, installing pelangkiran in every room, doing religious activities or odalan in Padmasana and do tirtayatra or spiritual trip to several temples in Bali and Java. The implementation of the THK concept is seen from the concept of pawongan, namely holding Sima Krama Dharma Santhi / hospitality and A day to share activities. The implementation of the THK concept can be seen from the concept of palemahan that commemorates Tumpek Uduh (a special day for plants and trees), Tumpek Kandang (a special day of animals) and Mecaru (Bhuta Yadnya) with various levels, and cleaning the beach and the area of Seminyak village. Keywords: Balinese Culture, THK, Harris Hotel Seminyak

The background of this research is speech act as one important aspect in achieving a desired outcome by the speaker to the hearer. This research aimed to determine the use of locution, illocution, perlocution, in the movie “Small Letter to God” by Harris Nizam. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Data collection procedure in this study refers to the method to obtain data on the use of language by listening, and implication af speech act against Indonesian language learning at school. Basic techniques in this method are tapping and recording. Data were analyzed using the unified method. The techniques used are referential techniques to describe speech act conversations in the film, and pragmatic techniques to explain the speech acts and intentions of speakers based on speech act theory. This research conclude as follows: (1) in the film of “Small Letter to God” by Harris Nizam dominating by locution act; (2) speech act illocution found in film consisting of speech act of illocution are representative, directive, komisive, and expressive. The act of illocution speech act was not found in this film; (3) a speech perlocution also found in film conversation. Beside that speech act consisting of locution, illocution perlocution also found in “Small Letter to God” by Harris Nizam; (4) the findings speech act should be used by teachers in teaching Indonesia language communicatively related to pragmatic topic. Keywords: Speech Act, Locution, Ilocution, Perlocution, Film.

Background: Acetabular fractures are complex orthopaedic injuries and require a fair amount of expertise for management. Although undisplaced acetabular fractures can be managed by nonoperative means, displaced acetabular fractures need operative intervention for reduction and stabilization. Methods: The study was carried as a retrospective study, from February 2013 to July 2014. After getting the approval from the Ethics Committee of the Institute (Annexure I) and the consent from the patients the study was conducted on 49 patients who underwent Total Hip Arthroplasty after fracture acetabulum. Results: On evaluation, patients at short term follow up had good clinical outcome on the basis of Harris hip score. The Harris hip scores improved progressively in the patients at 2-4 years follow up having mean HHS of 92 which further increased to 97 in patients who were followed up after 4 years. The patients at short term follow up of up to 2 years had comparatively lower quality of life scores when compared to the follow up at 2-4 years. The patients followed up after 4 years had the best quality of life. Conclusion: We concluded that total hip arthroplasty after acetabulum fracture, as a result of good quality of reconstruction, a good functional outcome leads to improved quality of life in the patients. Keywords: Hip, Arthroplasty, Reconstruction.

Background: Intertrochanteric femur fracture incidence has increased due to increased life expectancy and osteoporosis. Management of these fractures in elderly is challenging due to difficult anatomical reduction, poor bone quality and osteoporosis. Internal fixation in these cases usually involves prolonged bed rest to prevent implant failure which leads higher complication such as deep vein thrombosis, pneumonia pulmonary embolism, bed sores, increased morbidity. Methods: The present study was prospectively carried out in 60 consecutive patients of Fracture Intertrochanter Femur and treated with Hemiarthroplasty with Cemented Bipolar Prosthesis and Proximal Femoral Nail. Results: The average harris hip score in PFN group is 88.21±4.36 and in Bipolar group is 85.21±8.12. Final functional outcome were better in PFN group (P value 0.02) than by Bipolar group and significant. Conclusion: The outcomes of the stable fractures treated with either Bipolar or PFN were similar. Unstable comminuted fractures treated with Bipolar showed significantly better outcomes with all patients having good results. Keywords: Hip arthroplasty, PFN, Complication

Background: Proximal femur nailing has become the treatment of choice in intertrochanteric femur fractures. There are different views regarding the use of distal locking in these fractures. It is said that the distal locking does not only provide rotational and axial stability but also improves the fracture healing ; However, reports of implant failure , implant breakage , stress fracture at nail tip or at distal screw insertion site , thigh pain ,cortical hypertrophy and difficulty in distal screw insertion are among the possible complications that can be encountered. In our study we investigated the outcome of omitting the distal screw in intertrochatric fractures. Materials and Methods: 19 patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures were treated with proximal femoral nail without distal locking. Distal locking was omitted when a tight fit of PFN was felt in the medullary canal by the operating surgeon. The results were evaluated with Modified Harris Hip Score. Results: 19 patients were followed up clinically and radiologically for 2 years. Conclusions: Distally unlocked proximal femoral Nail is an effective treatment modality with minimal complications in treatment of only STABLE intertrochantric fractures. Keywords: PFN, without distal lock, intertrochanteric fractures