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1
Park, Ho Hyun. „A Study on Standard Presentation about Age of Juveniles: Focus on criminal policy measures“. Forum of Public Safety and Culture 21 (30.03.2023): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52902/kjsc.2023.21.101.
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Juveniles are not physically and mentally mature compared to adults. Therefore, the Juvenile Act was enacted to protect, educate and re-socialize these juveniles. In other words, the juvenile law is based on the parent patriot. Therefore, juveniles are being dealt with juvenile crimes or juvenile delinquency through juvenile protective disposition rather than criminal punishment. However, recent juvenile crimes are indistinguishable from adult crimes. In other words, it has as much cruelty and ferocity as adult crime. Whenever these juvenile violent crimes occur, there has been an argument for a reduction in juvenile age. But juveniles are faster at reflection than adults. And it is possible to re-socialize through education. Therefore, age reduction is not the only alternative. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the relationship between the reduction of juvenile age and juvenile crime. Therefore, this paper will investigate the juvenile age of each country. Then, we will examine whether there is a common part about the juvenile age of each country. If there is no common juvenile age in each country, criminal policy measures will be devised. To this end, it is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of juvenile protective disposition. In addition, an individual educational environment for juveniles living in juvenile Detention Center should be created. Admissions to juvenile detention centers are not simply to give penal effect to juveniles. If you return to society through juvenile detention center, you have to find a job that suits you. In other words, juvenile detention centers should provide education suitable for the talents and aptitudes of juveniles. In addition, the problem of overcrowding in juvenile detention centers must also be solved. The living room should be a place where confidentiality can be guaranteed for juveniles in sensitive times. Therefore, overcrowding of juvenile detention centers should be prevented in advance.
2
Grbić, Bogdanka. „Juvenile imprisonment“. Pravo - teorija i praksa 40, Nr. 4 (2023): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2304155g.
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Juvenile delinquency is a negative social phenomenon and a socio-legal problem that has always existed in all societies of the world. In our country, the social response to juvenile crime has evolved over time. Initially, juveniles were treated as adults, and the primary purpose of punishment was repression. However, with the adoption of the Law on Juvenile Offenders and Criminal Protection of Juveniles in 2005, significant changes occurred. The new system of punishment primarily focuses on the protection, correction, and rehabilitation of juveniles. For this purpose, corrective orders are issued first. However, when the dimensions of juvenile crime surpass the possibilities offered by the application of corrective orders, criminal sanctions are imposed. Juvenile imprisonment is the only punishment recognized by our juvenile criminal legislation. It is applied as an "ultima ratio" for older juveniles, only when the legal requirements are met. The subject of the paper is precisely the analysis of the content of the sentence of juvenile imprisonment, the legal conditions for imposing it and the manner of its execution. The aim is to review the fundamental positive legal decisions in the Republic of Serbia related to the sentence of juvenile imprisonment and the criminal legal status of juveniles.
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Grażyna Rdzanek-Piwowar. „Granice nieletniości w polskim prawie karnym“. Archives of Criminology, Nr. XIX (08.08.1993): 191–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1993f.
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The entering into force on 13 May l983 of the Act on the treatment of juveniles of 26 October 1982 ended the period of over fifty years of validity of provisions of the penal code of 1932 (Chapter XI) and code of criminal procedure of 1928 (Chapter II of Book XI) which regulated the principles of responsibility of juvenile perpetrators of “acts prohibited under penalty”. Authors of the pre-war legislation, at the first stage of its preparation in particular, intended to make it specific and educational in nature through omission in the treatment of juveniles of the elements of responsibility and punishment. The finally adopted solution was a compromise: responsibility of juveniles have been related to age, discernment, and type of measures applied. With respect to undiscerning juvenile perpetrators of acts prohibited under penalty under the age of 13, and also to those aged 13–17, only educational measures could be applied (admonition; supervision by the parents, former guardians, or a probation officer; placement in an educational institution) Juveniles aged 13–17 who discerned the meaning of their act were to be placed in a correction al institution; educational measures were to be applied in their cases if the circumstances, the juvenile’s personality or his living conditions made such placement inexpedient. Thus the legislation concerning juveniles remained part of the system of penal law in spite of the special features it started to acquire. That was also the direction, after the war in particular, of interpretation of the legal provisions. As a result, the measures applied to juveniles were given an explicitly educational character. This was done through the relation of those imeasures to the perpetrator’s personality and not to the act, and through abolition of the institution of discernment. Since discernment. Since mid–1950s, the juvenile courts followed instructions which changed the legal status of a juvenile. The age limit of penal responsibility of juveniles was set initially at ten and then at 13 years; younger children were not to be brought before the courts unless the case concerned guardianship. Many changes in the post-war provisions were also introduced by means of statutes. They concerned organization and functioning of the system of treatment of juveniles (strengthening of the role of judge, introduction of the so-called family courts, increased number of probation officers). This way, a socially desirable continuation of the legal tradition was secured by means of reforms which were evolutionary and dictated by the current needs, and without liquidation of the existing structures, tested in the practice of many decades. The new statute adopted many of those changes more or less directly. Setting the upper age limit of juveniles, the post-war penal code of 1969 preserved the principle according to which criminal responsibility is conditioned upon the offender’s age of at least 17 (Art. 9). At the same time, though, Art. 9 made it possible to apply to offenders aged 17 the measures normally designed for juveniles, and to sentence juveniles aged 16 guilty of the most serious crimes to the ordinary but extraordinarily mitigated penalties. The final shape of the Act on the treatment of juveniles of 26 October 1982 was influenced both by the intent to preserve the developed and tested solutions, and by the discussion that preceded its introduction when optional conceptions of the treatment of juveniles were submitted. The following stages of the thirty-two years’ period of legislative works can be distinguished: – the years 1950–1956; long works on a new penal code were in progress and attempts were made at aggravating the responsibility of juveniles through the introduction of penalties (according to a draft of 1950, penalties were to be imposed on juveniles starting from the age of 12); – the years 1956–1960; in 1956, it was decided to work on a separate statute on juvenil and not within the preparation of a new penal code; a special team of the Codification Commission failed to agree upon a draft of the statute; – the years 1961–65; no legislative works were formally in progres but two different conceptions were discussed: of inclusion of prevention in the act (which would thus apply to the socially maladjusted juveniles as well) and of introduction of social courts; – the years 1966–1971; attempts were made at partly realizing those conceptions in a succession of draft statutes; – the years 1972–76; the works were conducted by the Ministry of Education which tried to include the problems of prevention of juvenile delinquency and treatment of juveniles in a broader statute called the young generation code; – the years 1977–82 when the works on a statute were again taken over by the Ministry of Justice and a succession of versions of the draft were prepared. The Act of 26 October 1982 on the treatment of juveniles changed the scope of the notion of “juvenile”. According to the statutory definition, juveniles are: 1) persons with respect to whom provisions of the act apply in the sphere of prevention and control of demoralization; the upper age limit in this category is 18 years, and the lower limit is not specified; 2) persons with respect to whom provisions of the statute apply in the sphere of proceedings in cases of punishable acts; such proceedings can be instituted towards persons who have been aged over 13 but under 17 while committing a punishable act; 3) persons with respect to whom provisions of the statute apply in connection with the carrying out of educational or corrective measures; the upper age limit of this category is 21 years. Tlerefore, the statute goes beyond the sphere traditionally reserved for penal law. The aim at making the statute educational in nature is manifested above all by the principle that the commission by a juvenile of a punishable act is not the only condition of the institution of proceedings in the case of that juvenile. The statute sanctions the need for intervention in the early stage of social maladjustment not only in cases where that maladjustment manifests itself in a punishable act. If a juvenile does commit an act of this kind, his offence is not examined in the categories of guilt and responsibility. This is manifested by the abolition of the criteria of discernment, by the term “punishable act” used to designate an offence committed by a juvenile, and by the absence of the term “responsibility of juveniles” in the name and provisions of the statute discussed. The statute bases on the assumption of education; its basic notion is demoralization. In its first meaning in which it has been used by the legislator, “demoralization'” is treated as a prerequisite of initiation of proceedings. Were the educational assumptions adopted to the full, commission of a punishable act could and should be treated as one of the symptoms of demoralization, not different in any way from the other symptoms. Assumed in the statute, however, is a special treatment of the juveniles with respecr to whom provisions of the statute apply in the sphere of prevention of demoralization, and in the sphere of control of demoralization. With respect to the latter, provisions of the statute on proceedings in cases of punishable acts apply, and with respect to the former – provisions on civil proceedings. The differentiation introduced by the statute (which is not consistent for that matter) results from a specific compromise: a combination of the ideas of prevention and education with the approach typical of penal law where the legal response is conditioned upon the gravity of the act. A conflict of the tendencies which clash nowadays all over the world – to preserve the model of treatment of juveniles within the institutions of penal law on the one hand, and to give the statute an educational character on the other hand – can be noticed in other provisions of the statute discussed as well. In the classical system, the age limits of juveniles were clear and had just as clearly defined functions – they marked out the age of the so-called conditional criminal responsibility, provided discernment could be ascertained. Today, the upper limit of the age of juveniles is usually also the limit of full criminal responsibility, although many legislations provide for an exceptional possibility of imposition of penalties upon the oldest juveniles who commit a crime or a serious offence. The problem of the lower limit is more entangled , the modern legislations adopting several age limits here which results usually from the need to determine different scopes of intervention of the legal provisions in the sphere of juvenile law. Therefore, what still remains an important issue is for the juvenile law to define an age limit below which provisions of penal law never apply, not even as auxiliaries.
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Kubrak, R. M., und V. M. Seheda. „PARTICULAR ISSUES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY“. Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 2023, Nr. 3 (23.10.2023): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2023.03.021.
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In the article on the basis of the analysis the authors determine the dynamic changes over the past ten years in certain indicators of juvenile delinquency. The positive dynamics of reduction of the main quantitative indicators of juvenile delinquency is determined. In particular, the author provides a criminal law characterization of criminal offenses committed by juveniles. Among the criminal offenses committed by juveniles, there is a prevalence of offenses committed for mercenary motives, which is also characteristic of adult offenders. In the structure of juvenile delinquency, a significant numerical predominance of males is noted, but despite a significant numerical decrease in the number of female juvenile offenders, their share has remained relatively stable over the past ten years. More than half of the convicted juveniles serving their sentence in an educational colony comply with the established procedure for serving their sentence, prove their correction and are released on parole. Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that the dynamics of reducing juvenile delinquency rates will remain stable in general, but the amount of annual quantitative changes will most likely decrease. At the same time, the elements of humanity and decriminalization will be further implemented in the punitive policy towards juvenile offenders. Key words: convicted juvenile, imprisonment, criminal offenses, personnel of penitentiary institutions, resocialization, educational colony, crime, prevention of criminal offenses.
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L.I., Olefir. „Correction and resocialization of juvenile delinquents: current trends“. Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 1, Nr. 12 (02.07.2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2021.01.069.
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Current trends in crime increasing indicate its prevalence among all categories of criminals. Particular attention needs to be paid to the issue of correction and re-socialization of persons serving sentences, especially for juvenile delinquents. This aspect determines the leading goal of the penal system of Ukraine. The attention of the state and its structures today is focused on correcting the juvenile delinquents’ behavior, their resocialization and crime prevention. After all, the working process with juvenile delinquents during this period determines their future life in society and the chances of returning to prison in the future. Therefore, it is important to unite the efforts of all professionals involved in the complex process of re-education of a juvenile offender, and to direct all methods, forms and tools based on individual programs of social and educational work. The issue of correction and re-socialization of convicted juveniles is currently of concern to both domestic and foreign scholars, whose position is determined by the offender’s age. We believe that current research on aspects of the re-education of juveniles who have committed crimes and are in prisons is an important and necessary task to identify new methods and ways to achieve the common goal pursued by the state for its future. The article describes the process of correction and resocialization of convicted juveniles. The components of the working process with juveniles serving sentences in correctional institutions of the penal system in Ukraine are analyzed. The content of the process stages of resocialization of juvenile convicts is revealed. The means of social and educational work used by specialists with juvenile delinquents during each of the periods of resocialization have been clarified. The article considers the purpose of probation programs for juveniles, which is the educational impact on the offender’s identity. Key words: crime, juveniles, correction process, resocialization, educational influence, social and pedagogical work, means of influence, individual approach, probation programs.
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Bhoge, Nitin D., Smita N. Panse, Alka V. Pawar, Girish T. Raparti, Sunita J. Ramanand und Jaiprakash B. Ramanand. „Study of sociodemographic profile of juvenile boys admitted in an observation home“. International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, Nr. 1 (23.01.2017): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20170117.
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Background: World Health Report estimated that 20% of children and adolescent suffer from a disabling mental illness worldwide. Incidences of vagrancy, delinquency and crime have been growing among steadily increasing juvenile population in the last few years. Various studies have revealed the presence of difficult family environment, lower socio-economic status, and low parental education associated with the psychiatric morbidity in children. Given the growth of juvenile delinquent population, epidemiologic data of this high risk group is becoming increasingly important. Therefore this study was undertaken to study the sociodemographic profile of male juvenile admitted in an observation home.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in an Observation Home for Boys. The study sample consists of 50 boys aged between 6-16 years. Out of 50, 20 juveniles under conflict of law and 30 under care and protection were included.Results: All the juveniles in this study were belonging to the lower socioeconomic status. Delinquency was significantly more common in older age group (12-16 years) than younger age group (6-11 years). The maternal education and school dropout rate had significant correlation with delinquency in our study, found to be more common in juveniles under conflict of law than those under care and protection.Conclusions: Establishment of multidisciplinary mental health services at each juvenile center of India, for complete rehabilitation of the juveniles admitted there, under social justice system is immediately required.
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Smirnykh, Sergey E. „Juvenile Justice as a Guarantee for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency“. Issues of juvenile justice 2 (10.06.2021): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2072-3695-2021-2-20-23.
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The article deals with the issues of international legal cooperation in the sphere of juvenile justice as a guarantee of juvenile delinquency prevention. It is stated that one of the most important rights of children in the sphere of juvenile crime prevention is the right of children for protection from crime and its harmful consequences. The world community and individual states need to prevent children’s contact with criminals, who have a particularly negative impact on children, given their special needs related to their age and development. Prevention of juvenile delinquency should be aimed at preventing the involvement of juveniles in criminal activities. Juvenile justice is the most effective way to prevent juvenile delinquency.
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Pospekhov, Vitaly V., und Elena V. Khamenkova. „Helminthes from juveniles of pacific salmons (Oncorhynchus) at the continental coast of the northern Okhotsk Sea“. Izvestiya TINRO 186, Nr. 3 (30.09.2016): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-186-145-156.
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Fauna of helminthes and feeding of pacific salmon (pink, chum, and coho) juveniles at the continental coast of the northern Okhotsk Sea are considered both for freshwater and early marine stages of their life. Possible conditions of the parasitic worms invasion are discussed. In total, 17 species of parasitic worms are found in salmon juveniles including cestodes (2 species), trematodes (8), nematodes (4), and acanthocephalans (3). The trematodes Brachyphallus crenatus and Pronoprymna petrowi have the highest values of infestation. The helminthes are mainly the representatives of freshwater ecological group (10 species are found in fresh waters and 8 species in estuaries), only 6 species represent the marine ecological group. One marine species ( Hysterothylacium gadi aduncum ) is found in estuarine coho juvenile and one freshwater species ( Diplostomum sp., met.) is found in marine coho juvenile.
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Адгезал гызы Мамедова, Айдан. „State, structure and dynamics of regional juvenile delinquency“. SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, Nr. 05 (20.05.2021): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/118-120.
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This article is devoted to the study of the state, structure, dynamics of juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Crime is a historically changeable social and criminal-legal negative phenomenon, representing a system of crimes committed on a certain territory in that or another period of time. A characteristic feature of adolescent criminality is a high degree of latency, which can also have a bad effect in the understanding of the foundations of society and its internal, psychological development. From the foregoing it is possible to draw a conclusion that crimes committed by teenagers to a large extent act as a predictive characteristic of crime as a whole. The crime of juveniles can be viewed in two senses: broad and narrow understanding. In the broadest sense, juvenile delinquency can be characterized as the entire set of qualitative and quantitative indicators of juvenile delinquency. In a narrow sense, under the crime of juveniles, one can understand the registered criminality of juveniles within a certain interval of time and territory. Key words: crime, minors, geography of crime, theft, structure of crime
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Beacham, Terry D. „Genetic variation in body weight of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)“. Genome 32, Nr. 2 (01.04.1989): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-433.
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A factorial mating design was used in which three males were mated to either two or three females in each of the three sets of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), and the juveniles were reared for 420 days after fry emergence. The parents used were derived from pink salmon that had been reared for one generation in captivity. Pink salmon families from this captive second generation were characterized by low growth rates, high within-family variance in juvenile weight, and low (< 0.11) heritability of juvenile weight. Maternal effects were estimated to account for about 20% of the observed variation in juvenile weight after the juveniles had been reared for 420 days. The observed results were postulated to be accounted for by variation in egg quality in the parental generation, presumably a consequence of an inadequate diet.Key words: development, genetics, growth, pink salmon, size.
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Kravchuk, S. „Imposing criminal liability on juveniles: problem issues and ways to address them“. Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 66 (29.11.2021): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.66.33.
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The article highlights the issues of how to impose criminal liability on juveniles. Based on the analysis of consistency between the effective Criminal Code of Ukraine and the international standards of juvenile rights protection, the author has outlined the ways of how to improve the existing legal standards of such imposing. More specifically, the grounds for punishment mitigation have been determined depending on the gravity of offence.
The punishment should be consistent with the offence committed. And the best way to match the punishment and the offence is when the punishment derives from the offence itself, from its nature. A fine will be a good enough response, because it makes the committed offence kind of unprofitable for the convicted individual.
One of the punishments that the Criminal Code of Ukraine anticipates for juveniles is a fine. However, Article 99 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine mentions no minimum fine amount allowed for juveniles. As these specific standards are absent, juveniles should be subject to the general standards available, i.e. the minimum fine amount is equal for both juveniles and adults. It would be reasonable to decrease the minimum fine amount for juveniles in the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author believes that the only guarantee for this fine to be paid can be the standalone property owned by the convicted individual, which could be foreclosed.
An important type of punishment for juveniles is correction works. However, no specific conditions of its imposing on juveniles exist. One of the major ways to influence the individual convicted to correction works is labor and disciplinary impact of the labor collective (employees), which is but unfeasible today. In fact, no legal pattern exists to ensure that the employees will fulfill their obligations to rehabilitate the convicted individuals.
Yet another type of punishment that Article 98 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine anticipates for juveniles is arrest.
That arrest is considered a milder type of punishment in the punishment list than restraint can be deemed a disadvantage of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, 2001. At the same time, it is proposed to impose the so-called “youth arrest” on the juveniles of fourteen and on older ones, i.e. the service of punishment on days-off or holidays.
The analysis of the system of punishments imposed on juveniles for the committed offences, which has been made in this article, shows that this system not always makes it possible to select the punishment consistent with the action committed. That is why the author has proposed to add new types of punishment to the already existing statutory system of punishments, such as obligating a juvenile to recover the caused damage or to execute certain works in favor of the affected party to compensate it for the damage caused; depriving a juvenile of the right to be engaged in certain activities; sending a juvenile to a special custodial rehabilitation center.
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Cook, A. „Ontogeny of feeding morphology and kinematics in juvenile fishes: a case study of the cottid fish Clinocottus analis“. Journal of Experimental Biology 199, Nr. 9 (01.09.1996): 1961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.9.1961.
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The development of feeding morphology, kinematics and behavior was examined in the juveniles of the cottid fish Clinocottus analis. The attacks of 18 juvenile C. analis, between 17.59 mm and 42.15 mm in standard length (SL), feeding on brown worms were filmed using high-speed video. Feeding mode, ram- or suction-dominated, kinematic variables and morphology were quantified and compared over the juvenile period. The analysis of these three factors was based on the following questions: (1) do they change over ontogeny; (2) how do their values compare with those of larvae, juveniles and adults of other species; and (3) what is the level of stereotypy, as measured by the variance in these factors, at this stage in ontogeny and does it change? Small C. analis juveniles have the small gape and large buccal cavity of a suction feeder, and this morphology becomes more pronounced as they become larger. The kinematic variables of C. analis juveniles are similar to those of adult suction-feeding cottids and least-squares regression analysis showed significant changes in only two variables (time to prey capture and absolute attack predator­prey distance) over the juvenile period. Feeding mode, as measured by the ram-suction index, shows an increase in the suction component of the strike with increasing size. This study demonstrates that, in C. analis, suction feeding behavior develops during the juvenile period. Within the juvenile stage, morphology, prey-capture kinematics and feeding mode are not tightly linked ontogenetically such that suction-feeder kinematics (short predator­prey distance and low attack velocity) and basic morphology (small gape, large buccal volume) develop much earlier than the employment of a large suction component during the strike.
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FEDOTOVA, EVGENIYA N. „Current state of practical applying criminal punishment in the form of imprisonment for a certain period in relation to juveniles“. Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 229, Nr. 6 (2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-229-6-32-44.
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The article analyzes the criminal punishment in the form of imprisonment for a certain period in terms of its application to juveniles. The article considers the criminal, penal and criminological aspects, as well as the correlation of the procedure for applying the specified criminal punishment with the provisions of international standards in the administration of juvenile justice. The subject of the article is the statistical reporting of the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Russian legislation, provisions of international regulatory legal acts, scientific literature on the stated topic. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively analyze punishment in the form of imprisonment for a certain period of time as a type of punishment applied to juveniles, to identify problems in the practice of its appointment and execution in relation to the designated category of persons, as well as to find possible ways of eliminating such problems. The methodological basis of the research was made up of statistical, comparative legal, systemic and structural methods, analysis, synthesis, induction and other general scientific methods. The author has investigated the essence and content of imprisonment, the procedure for its appointment to juveniles, analyzed the data of judicial statistics. On the basis of statistical data of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, the practice of organizing the execution of sentences in the form of imprisonment in relation to underage persons has been studied. A criminological personality study of a juvenile convicted to this type of criminal punishment, held in an educational colony, has been carried out. The main tendencies and peculiarities of appointing imprisonment for juveniles and the practice of its implementation are revealed, the effectiveness of this type of punishment for juveniles is assessed, the existing problems are formulated, and the author's ways of eliminating them are proposed. In conclusion, the author states that, in general, the practice of applying imprisonment to juveniles does not have critical problems and complies with the requirements of international normative legal acts. The main problem is the weak organization of post-penitentiary monitoring of minors who have served their imprisonment sentence. Key words: juvenile, imprisonment, educational colony, juvenile delinquent, juvenile delinquency, re-socialization.
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Robb, Emily, Erin M. McCammick, Duncan Wells, Paul McVeigh, Erica Gardiner, Rebecca Armstrong, Paul McCusker et al. „Transcriptomic analysis supports a role for the nervous system in regulating growth and development of Fasciola hepatica juveniles“. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, Nr. 11 (07.11.2022): e0010854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010854.
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Fasciola spp. liver flukes have significant impacts in veterinary and human medicine. The absence of a vaccine and increasing anthelmintic resistance threaten sustainable control and underscore the need for novel flukicides. Functional genomic approaches underpinned by in vitro culture of juvenile Fasciola hepatica facilitate control target validation in the most pathogenic life stage. Comparative transcriptomics of in vitro and in vivo maintained 21 day old F. hepatica finds that 86% of genes are expressed at similar levels across maintenance treatments suggesting commonality in core biological functioning within these juveniles. Phenotypic comparisons revealed higher cell proliferation and growth rates in the in vivo juveniles compared to their in vitro counterparts. These phenotypic differences were consistent with the upregulation of neoblast-like stem cell and cell-cycle associated genes in in vivo maintained worms. The more rapid growth/development of in vivo juveniles was further evidenced by a switch in cathepsin protease expression profiles, dominated by cathepsin B in in vitro juveniles and by cathepsin L in in vivo juveniles. Coincident with more rapid growth/development was the marked downregulation of both classical and peptidergic neuronal signalling components in in vivo maintained juveniles, supporting a role for the nervous system in regulating liver fluke growth and development. Differences in the miRNA complements of in vivo and in vitro juveniles identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs, including fhe-let-7a-5p, fhe-mir-124-3p and miRNAs predicted to target Wnt-signalling, which supports a key role for miRNAs in driving the growth/developmental differences in the in vitro and in vivo maintained juvenile liver fluke. Widespread differences in the expression of neuronal genes in juvenile fluke grown in vitro and in vivo expose significant interplay between neuronal signalling and the rate of growth/development, encouraging consideration of neuronal targets in efforts to dysregulate growth/development for parasite control.
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FADEEVA, SVETLANA A. „New approaches to the professional development of specialists of the bodies and institutions of the penal system: experience and opportunities“. Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 230, Nr. 7 (2021): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-230-7-74-78.
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The article analyzes the relevance of the problem of professional development of specialists of the penal system in the field of educating juvenile convicts in the conditions of the penal system; emphasis is placed on professional deficiencies and manifestations of the employee's subjective stand when working with juvenile convicts in a pre-trial detention center or an educational colony. The subject of the article is an analysis of the main documents of educational policy in the field of upbringing of juveniles, the results of a control snapshot of the organization of educational work in colo- nies, as well as a quantitative analysis of additional professional training programs for employees implemented in the penitentiary system. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the importance of updating the content of training for prison staff, showing the inadequacy of educational programs on the education and socialization of juvenile convicts. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the analysis, synthesis and formal-logical methods. The value and practical significance of the study lies in identifying a list of issues that are relevant for inclusion in additional professional training programs when training an employee of the penitentiary system; in focusing attention on ensuring the formation of universal pedagogical actions of an employee working with juveniles. The work makes a conclusion on the need to search for modern approaches to improving the qualifications of pedagogical personnel of the penal system when working with juveniles in educational colonies and pre-trial detention centers. Key words: juvenile convicts, education, staff, professional development, subject’s stand, training programs for penitentiary institutions, universal pedagogical actions.
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Mytska, О. І. „Features of criminal liability and punishment of juveniles: reality and perspectiv“. ScientifiScientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 2021, Nr. 2 (05.10.2021): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2021.02.115.
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In the article the author analyses the features of criminal liability and punishment of juveniles in the current criminal legislation. Particular attention is paid to the release of adolescents from punishment and serving sentences. The author points out that for a long time there have been discussions among scholars about the possibility and expediency of applying to adolescents release from punishment and serving sentences considering the obvious need for their urgent re-education and return to the law-abiding citizens. The author categorically looks positively at this subinstitution of criminal legislation and believes that in some way it allows criminal legislation to perform its protective, educational and preventive functions. It also notes that the list of currently available types of release for both adults and juveniles is quite limited, which does not allow to fully differentiate them according to the specifics of the criminal offense committed by each individual juvenile. A comparative analysis of the current criminal legislation with the draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine is carried out. It is stated that scientists have identified not only juveniles but also young people, which is also due to the European vision of the subject of the criminal offense. Most criminal legislations of the Member States of the European Union have a similar differentiation. It is concluded that despite the rapid development of criminal legislation and Ukraine itself, the legislative vision of the limits of criminal responsibility and punishment of juveniles remains almost unchanged. A study of the draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine showed that only the age of the subject of the criminal offense was revised, as well as certain features of punishment and release from it. At the same time, any fundamentally new alternative criminal-legal measures and means of interaction with juvenile offenders are not provided, which indicates that the juvenile criminal legislation of Ukraine is not yet fully compliant with European and international standards of justice according to juveniles who are in conflict with the law. Key words: juvenile, criminal liability, punishment, release from punishment and serving sentences, draft, new Criminal Code, European Union.
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Yermak, O. V. „Current state and prospects of legislative regulation development of measures of criminal legal influence on juveniles“. Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 2021, Nr. 3 (15.12.2021): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2021.03.058.
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Dynamic processes of European integration in Ukraine to some extent have a positive effect on the state of Ukrainian legislation. In the criminal law of Ukraine, such positive trends include the transformation of the worldview of criminologists into forms of criminal law response, which is manifested through the adoption of the so-called “two-line response system”; official enshrinement in the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the introduction of the criminal offenses division declared in 2012 by the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine into crimes and criminal offenses; etc. The author states the fact of rethinking the understanding of the dominant position of the legislator on the need and success of punitive measures against persons who have committed socially dangerous acts. A serious problem on the way to expanding the practices of restorative justice is the lag of domestic legislation from world and European standards in this area and from scientifically sound recommendations prepared on the basis of research by domestic and foreign criminologists. The article provides examples of normative sources in the field of protection of human rights and freedoms, statistical evidence of the feasibility of reforming the existing system of other measures of criminal law, expanding the practice of their application in the field of juvenile justice. A review of recent scientific sources has outlined the prospects for future scientific research on the application of other measures of criminal law response to criminal offenses of juveniles. The humanization of juvenile criminal policy and legislation is actively taking place, which should be reflected in the norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the form of new forms of alternative criminal liability measures to influence special subjects (juveniles) of criminal offenses. Key words: juvenile, measures of criminal law nature, other measures of criminal law nature, punishment, criminal liability.
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Anishchenko, V. O., und O. I. Mytska. „PREVENTIVE ACTIVITIES OF PROBATION BODIES IN THEIR WORK WITH JUVENILE OFFENDERS“. Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2024, Nr. 1 (27.06.2024): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2024.01.076.
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The development of probation in Ukraine is one of the main directions of reforming the penitentiary system. Probation helps to solve a number of issues in the field of correction and re-socialization of persons who have committed certain offenses and who have been given the opportunity by the state to reform and avoid being placed in places of detention. Among the subjects of probation, the category of “juveniles” requires special attention, as the results of the study confirm that probation authorities should intensify their work with them to prevent repeat offenses. While studying it was found that a number of measures should be added to the existing tasks of probation authorities to strengthen their preventive activities in working with juvenile offenders. The results of the study can be used in lawmaking and law enforcement activities during the probation of juveniles. Key words: juvenile probationers, probation authorities, repeat offense, preventive activity, probation, system of preventive measures, social and educational work.
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Lacalli, Thurston C., und Jenifer E. West. „Foregut innervation in juvenile Spirobranchus spinosus (Polychaeta)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, Nr. 6 (01.06.1988): 1488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-217.
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The intraepithelial system of nerves supplying the larval pharynx in trochophores of the serpulid polychaete Spirobranchus spinosus is retained through metamorphosis and, with minimal alteration, provides the sole source of nerves in the juvenile foregut. Stomatogastric nerves and ganglia in adult worms are typically subepithelial in position. Intraepithelial innervation of the type described is previously unreported from either juveniles or adults.
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Franco, Vinícius De Moraes, und Vládia Maria De Moura Soares. „A IMPERTINÊNCIA DO DISCURSO DO DIREITO PENAL JUVENIL À LUZ DA TEORIA GERAL DO GARANTISMO JURÍDICO DE FERRAJOLI: REFLEXÃO SOBRE AS TENDÊNCIAS SUBVERSIVAS DA PROPOSTA GARANTISTA“. Revista de Criminologias e Politicas Criminais 6, Nr. 1 (12.08.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/indexlawjournals/2526-0065/2020.v6i1.6382.
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RESUMO Este artigo busca analisar a adequação do Direito Penal Juvenil à luz das teorias garantistas de Ferrajoli. Para tanto, delinear-se-ão os elementos da Teoria Geral do Garantismo Jurídico para confrontá-la com o chamado Garantismo Penal Integral, filiado à lógica punitivista e à hipertrofia do Direito Penal. O desenvolvimento evolui para a análise da pertinência do Direito Penal Juvenil ao cotejá-lo com a legítima teoria garantista. Ao final, realizar-se-ão os apontamentos necessários acerca da inadequação do Direito Penal Juvenil, que segue a mesma lógica contraditória e expansionista do Direito Penal Integral.Palavras-chave: Direito Constitucional da Criança e do Adolescente. Direito Infracional. Garantismo Penal Integral. Direitos fundamentais. Garantias constitucionais. ABSTRACT This article seeks to analyze the adequacy of Juvenile Criminal Law in the light of Ferrajoli's guaranteeing theories. For that, will be outlined the elements of the General Theory of Legal Guarantee to confront it with the so-called Integral Penal Guarantee, affiliated to the punitivist logic and the hypertrophy of Criminal Law. Development has evolved into an analysis of the relevance of Juvenile Criminal Law by comparing it with the legitimate Guarantor Theory. At the end, the necessary notes will be made about the inadequacy of Juvenile Criminal Law, which follows the contradictory and expansionist logic as Integral Criminal Law.Key words: Constitutional Law for Children and Adolescents. Infractional Law. Integral Penal Guarantee. Fundamental rights. Constitutional guarantees.
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Martínez-Coronel, Matías, Martha Isela Verona-Trejo und Yolanda Hortelano-Moncada. „Anomalías morfológicas y cromáticas en murciélagos de Chiapas, México“. Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 10, Nr. 2 (31.12.2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2020.10.2.307.
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RESUMENCon base en ejemplares capturados en la cueva “Los Laguitos”, Chiapas, se da a conocer el primer caso de braquidactilia en un murciélago mexicano, que corresponde a un juvenil de Leptonycteris yerbabuenae. Asimismo, reportamos dos nuevos casos del fenotipo “manchas blancas” en murciélagos mexicanos; uno corresponde a un juvenil de Natalus mexicanus y el otro a una hembra adulta de Mormoops megallophyla. Éstos representan el primer y segundo caso de su especie respectivamente.Palabras clave: Braquidactilia, fenotipo de manchas blancas, hipopigmentación, leucismo, murciélagos tropicales, piebaldismo.ABSTRACTWith specimens captured in the cave “Los Laguitos”, Chiapas, Mexico, here we report the first case of brachydactyly for a Mexican bat, which corresponds to a juvenile of Leptonycteris yerbabuenae. Likewise, we report two new cases of the “white spots” phenotype for Mexican bats, one corresponds to a juvenile of Natalus mexicanus and the other to an adult female of Mormoops megallophyla, which represent the first and second cases of their species, respectively.Key words: Brachidactily, hypopigmentation, leucism, piebald, tropical bats, white spots phenotype.
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Garcês, João Pedro, und Pedro Pousão-Ferreira. „Intraspecific density effect on growth of Marphysa “sp.” Juveniles“. Scientia Marina 85, Nr. 2 (11.06.2021): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.05078.012.
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There is growing demand for the territorial tube-building genus Marphysa (Eunicidae: Polychaete), commonly known in Portugal as “goose”, for use as fishing bait, and it is being harvested all around the world for that purpose. Effects of intraspecific density on juvenile growth were studied over a four-month period in laboratory facilities. Three polychaete densities (low, 50 worms; medium, 150 worms; and high, 250 worms) were used in a 0.25 m2 aquarium containing sandy sediment and recirculating water. Total length, dry weight and number of segments were recorded for 60% of the initial population. All polychaetes were also counted to determine mortality rate and territorial behaviour through the existence of body lesions and broken and regenerating posterior segments. The results obtained in this study showed that density had a significant effect (p<0.001) on growth rates in any of the densities studied and that growth was significantly higher at lower densities (p<0.001). For all density levels, estimated daily growth was higher in the first month, decreasing progressively over time. The high aggressiveness and territorial behaviour of Marphysa “sp.” juveniles, well evidenced by the highest mortality (35%) under high density and by the presence of worms with lesions under low density (30%) observed in the first month, suggests that territoriality is probably the main factor involved in the organization and spatial arrangements of individuals within a population. Marphysa juveniles probably compete for burrow space. The results reveal that Marphysa juveniles have a very territorial and aggressive behaviour that should be considered if the species is used for aquaculture production. Additional studies are required to determine the density effects for different developmental stages.
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Miller, P. M., L. E. Eddleman und J. M. Miller. „The response of juvenile and small adult western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) to nitrate and ammonium fertilization“. Canadian Journal of Botany 69, Nr. 11 (01.11.1991): 2344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-295.
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Effects of nitrate-N and ammonium-N fertilization on foliar nitrogen concentrations, carbon dioxide assimilation, leaf conductance, transpiration, intercellular carbon dioxide, xylem pressure potentials, specific leaf mass, and growth were measured on naturally established juvenile and small adult Juniperus occidentalis growing in central Oregon where ammonium-N was the dominant form of soil nitrogen throughout the summer. Fertilization with both forms of nitrogen increased foliar nitrogen concentrations in juveniles and small adults in May; concentrations in small adult foliage from the nitrate-N treatment were still higher than controls in September. Both forms of nitrogen reduced carbon dioxide assimilation and potential photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. The negative relationship between nitrogen addition and carbon dioxide assimilation was more apparent in juveniles than in small adults; negative effects were more pronounced in the ammonium-N treatment than in the nitrate-N treatment. Leaf conductance and transpiration were also reduced, but reductions of water loss were greater than were negative effects of fertilization on carbon gain; thus water-use efficiency of juvenile and small adults increased in May and July. The depression in gas exchange processes was detectable for a longer period during the summer in juveniles than in small adult J. occidentalis. Branchlet elongation of juvenile and small adult J. occidentalis was increased with nitrate-N and ammonium-N addition, but variability reduced significance levels. Juniperus occidentalis appears to be adapted to utilize low, ambient levels of soil nitrate at the research site and did not preferentially utilize ammonium. Key words: gas exchange, water relations, foliar nitrogen, growth.
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Osho, Gbolahan S. „Is the United States Juvenile Justice System Working: An Empirical Investigation from the Life Course Approach“. Journal of Public Administration and Governance 3, Nr. 1 (11.04.2013): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v3i1.3006.
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The juvenile court was given jurisdiction over neglect and dependent children for the purpose of this act the words dependent child and neglected shall mean any child who for any reason is destitute or homeless, abandoned, no proper parental care or guardianship; or who habitually begs or receives alms; or who is found living, in any house of ill fame or with any vicious or disreputable person; or whose home, by reason of neglect, cruelty or depravity on the part of its parents, guardian or other person in whose care it may be, is an unfit place for such a child” (Abadinsky pg 102). In 1968 Congress “passed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act. The act was designed to encourage states to develop plans and programs that would work on community levels to discourage juvenile delinquency. The Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act was precursor to the extensive Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act that replaced it in 1974. However, to prevent a juvenile from committing a crime or re-offending, this study believes that the juvenile court and the state legislators must designed a program that juveniles can participate in and engage them in positive activities. This way a youth will change his or her behavior and become a law-abiding
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Cameron, J. L., D. J. Koerker und R. A. Steiner. „Metabolic changes during maturation of male monkeys: possible signals for onset of puberty“. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 249, Nr. 4 (01.10.1985): E385—E391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1985.249.4.e385.
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There is a close relationship between the metabolic status of a maturing animal and the timing of puberty onset. However, the signals linking metabolic status to the maturation of the reproductive axis remain unknown. We looked for metabolic differences before and after puberty by comparing plasma profiles of insulin, glucose, amino acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glycerol between juvenile and adult monkeys in fed and fasted states. Thirteen juvenile and 13 adult male crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were fed a mixed meal, and blood samples were collected at intervals between 1.5 and 52 h after the meal. Plasma insulin concentrations decreased in a similar manner in both groups during the first 16 h of fasting. By 20 h after a meal, basal insulin levels were significantly lower (P less than 0.025) in juveniles compared with adults and remained so until the end of the fast. Circulating levels of glucose were similar in juveniles and adults immediately after a meal and then decreased significantly (P less than 0.025) in juveniles by 28 h of fasting and in adults by 52 h of fasting. Plasma concentrations of all large neutral amino acids (i.e., tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, LNAA) except tryptophan decreased more precipitously in juveniles than in adults during the first 20 h of fasting. However, the ratios of tyrosine to other LNAA and tryptophan to other LNAA were similar in juveniles and adults at all times. beta-Hydroxybutyrate concentrations were low in both groups until 24 h after a meal, at which time plasma levels increased more rapidly and attained higher values in juveniles compared with adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Oshevskiy, D. S., und N. G. Nazarova. „The semantic sphere of juvenile offenders“. Psychology and Law 6, Nr. 4 (2016): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2016060407.
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The article presents the results of a preliminary empirical study aimed to identify features of the semantic sphere of adolescents who have committed illegal, including aggressive acts. The study included 50 male juveniles aged of 16 - 17 years. The first group consisted of adolescents convicted of aggressive and violent crimes; the second – of property socially dangerous acts (SDA). It is shown that evaluation of such adolescents is generally categorical and polar, the semantic field is subdifferentiable, less hierarchic, and has not enough realistic structure of meanings. Developed structure of motives and meanings is the basis of voluntary regulation of socially significant behavior. Thus, assessing the semantic sphere of juvenile offenders we can highlight its characteristics as risk factors of unlawful behavior, as well as the resource side, that will contribute to addressing issues of prevention and correction of unlawful behavior. Key words: juvenile offenders, semantic field of juvenile offenders, unlawful behavior.
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Hackler, James C. „Practicing in France What Americans Have Preached: The Response of French Judges to Juveniles“. Crime & Delinquency 34, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1988): 467–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128788034004007.
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Despite a downturn in delinquency in North America, juvenile justice systems and the public act as if there has been an increase in delinquency. Calls for “get-tough” policies are common and the system is responding accordingly. The recent Canadian Young Offenders Act also reflects this theme. However, most criminologists argue for keeping juveniles in normal community settings, and France may have accomplished what these scholars have been recommending since World War II. Relatively few youths are placed in closed custody. When a juvenile is being helped, the notion of punishment is set aside. For example, if a juvenile leaves a group home it is not an offense. Incarceration is not used when a youth fails to obey administrative rules. This paternalistic system pays minimal attention to due process, but it may avoid the negative aspects of North American systems while providing services that are utilized more effectively.
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Curran, Daniel J., und Sandra Cook. „Growing Fears, Rising Crime: Juveniles and China's Justice System“. Crime & Delinquency 39, Nr. 3 (Juli 1993): 296–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039003003.
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While the officially reported incidence of juvenile offenses in the People's Republic of China is significantly lower than that in much of the remainder of the world community, youthful offenders account for about 75% of all criminal cases. This article provides some preliminary insights into juvenile justice in China based on the data available. The study examines survey data from the Chinese Ministry of Public Security and establishes that juveniles in China have a greater fear of crime than their elders and are less willing to cooperate with and less trusting of the justice system. Next, the analysis examines statistical data, both national and provincial, and establishes that youthful offenders account for a disproportionate amount of total crime committed. The work briefly examines crime causation theories forwarded by Chinese scholars and concludes by focusing on gongdu (work-study) schools, examining their philosophy, structure, and their apparent success in reforming juvenile offenders.
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Rakonjac, Milica. „Recidivism of criminal offenses in juvenile delinquency“. Megatrend revija 19, Nr. 3 (2022): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2203255r.
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Recidivism of juvenile offenders in the domestic professional literature is an insufficiently researched socially unacceptable phenomenon, in relation to the crime of adults. Although juvenile delinquency is widespread in countries around the world and even in our country, statistics show that there is a large disproportion in the prevalence of recidivism of juvenile offenders in total crime. Recidivism is a phenomenon that can be studied from the aspect of several areas such as criminal law, criminology, penology, however, for the purposes of this paper, the focus is on criminal law science. The aim of this paper is to point out the very concept and development of recidivism in minors from the aspect of legal science. However, Through this paper, we will try to present in more detail the types of crimes and areas of crime, where juveniles most oft en appear as returnees in execution.
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Shkuta, О. O., und V. V. Muzyka. „LEGAL STATUS OF JUVENILES SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT IN UKRAINE AND THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA: COMPARATIVE AND LEGAL ANALYSIS“. Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2021, Nr. 1 (30.08.2021): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2021.01.070.
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The article conducts a comparative legal analysis of the legal status of juveniles sentenced to imprisonment in Ukraine and the Republic of Lithuania. Institutions where juveniles are serving sentences have been identified. The list of their rights and distinctive features has been also analyzed and highlighted. It is established that the list of convicted juveniles’ rights in Ukraine and the Republic of Lithuania has many common features, but by the way there are some clear differences. Thus, short-term appointments in Ukraine are provided without restrictions in contrast to Lithuanian ones, and long-term appointments, compared to the usual group, are provided more. The article specifies the responsibilities assigned to convicted juveniles. Thus, the responsibilities of juveniles sentenced to imprisonment in Ukraine and Lithuania are quite similar and there are no significant differences between them. A comparison of incentives and penalties applied to juveniles sentenced to imprisonment in these countries has been compared. Thus, in the Republic of Lithuania there are two measures of incentives that are not inherent in the domestic penitentiary system, and this is: «permission to go home during the holidays» and «granting a short-term trip home». Convicted juveniles who have served at least one third of a sentence imposed by the court may be allowed to go home every three months for a period of three days. In Ukraine, a convicted juvenile may not be deprived of the right to receive a parcel or may not be prohibited from purchasing food. As for the being placed in a disciplinary detention center, in Ukraine the terms of juveniles’ detention in such places are twice shorter than in Lithuania. The maximum age of convicts in special institutions for juveniles has been also determined in the article. It is noted that there are norms in Lithuanian legislation that could also improve the legal status of juvenile convicts in Ukraine for better. The authors have formulated the proposals to improve the criminal and executive legislation of Ukraine, namely to supplement Article 143 of the Criminal and Executive Code of Ukraine of the part 3 of the following content: «3. Convicts who have served at least half of their sentence, considering their personality, a part of their sentence and their behavior during the sentence, may be allowed to go home during the holidays, but not more than once per every three months. The trip is accompanied by parents or other close relatives. Travel expenses are paid by a convict or his/her close relatives». Key words: legal status, juvenile convicts, imprisonment, incentives, the Republic of Lithuania.
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Ho, Beng-Chuan, Lai-Ming Chew, Eu-Hian Yap und Mulkit Singh. „Infections of forest rat filaria, Breinlia booliati, in neonate and juvenile laboratory white rats“. Journal of Helminthology 61, Nr. 3 (September 1987): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00010026.
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ABSTRACTThe kinetics of Breinlia booliati infection in 3 inbred rat strains (Lewis, Wistar and Sprague Dawley) were investigated. One group of rats was infected as neonates (less than 24 hours of age) with third-stage larvae of B. booliati and the other group was infected as juveniles (4 weeks of age). The results showed that infection in the neonates were significantly different from the infection in the juveniles. The 60 rats infected as neonates, when necropsied between 8 to 10 months postinfection, yielded adult worms. The 2 neonatal infection groups of Lewis and Wistar strains showed highest susceptibility to the infections. The mean prepatent period was 85 days. Ninety to 95% of the infected rats were patent with microfilaraemia and a large percentage (33 to 47%) of them had high microfilaraemia counts exceeding 3000 mff/20 mm3 of blood and larger sizes (mean 157·11 mm for female adult worms and 61·88 mm for male adult worms. The adult worms were distributed equally in both the pleural (57%) and peritoneal cavity (43%). In most aspects, the neonatal infection group of the Sprague-Dawley strain was intermediate in susceptibility between the 2 neonatal infection groups of the Lewis and Wistar strains and the 3 juvenile infection groups. In contrast to neonatal infection groups, the 3 juvenile infection groups exhibited low infection rates (37%, 58% and 47% for the Lewis, Wistar and Sprague Dawley strains respectively), longer prepatent periods (mean 101 days), lower recovery rates (2 to 4%), lower adult worm loads (mean 0·4 to 0·8 female worms, and 0·2 to 0·8 male worms per rat), and smaller sizes (mean 141·24 mm for female adult worms and 53·75 mm for male adult worms). Forty-four to 57% of these infected rats harboured either single male or single female adult worms in the body cavity. Most (92%) of the adult worms recovered from the juvenile infection groups resided in the pleural cavity and the remaining 8% were recovered from the peritoneal cavity. Microfilaraemia could be detected in only 3/20 Lewis rats, 5/20 Wistar rats and 5/20 Sprague Dawley rats. The mean peak microfilaraemia of the 3 pooled juvenile infection groups was 632 mff/20 mm3 of blood, ranging from 7 mff/20 mm3 to 1856 mmf/20 mm3. Our results indicate that the susceptibility to B. booliati infection in white rats is both genetic and age-associated. The responses of the 2 distinct infection groups to B. booliati infections are discussed.
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Musyka, V. V. „Characteristics of imprisonment as a type of punishment imposed on minors in Ukraine in comparison with the Republic of Poland and the Republic of Lithuania“. Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 2021, Nr. 3 (15.12.2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2021.03.082.
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A comparative analysis of imprisonment as a type of punishment imposed on minors in Ukraine, the Republic of Poland, and the Republic of Lithuania was conducted in the article. The term of applying the punishment in these states was compared. It was stated that life imprisonment was not applied to juveniles in all three states, and the terms of punishment were milder than in the same sentence for adults. It was determined that the age from which imprisonment was imposed in Ukraine and Lithuania were identical. However, this age differed in Poland, where it was one year higher. The purpose of punishment in the form of imprisonment was analyzed. It was noted that the key place was given to the correction of convicts and crime prevention, as the main purpose of this type of punishment. Institutions where juveniles were serving sentences of imprisonment were compared. It was determined that in all these states, juvenile convicts were kept in specialized penitentiary institutions for juveniles, where they were kept separate from other categories of convicts. It was determined that in Lithuania convicts could be left in correctional facilities for juveniles until they reached the age of twenty-one, and in Ukraine for a year longer, which provided an additional opportunity to consolidate the correctional influence. Polish law stipulates that convicts will serve a sentence of imprisonment in juvenile correctional facilities until they reach the age of twenty-one and provides for the possibility of remaining there after reaching the age of twenty-one. It was concluded that in Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania imprisonment as a type of punishment imposed on minors is quite similar, but each of these states has its own characteristics and rules of law that could improve national legislation. The proposals were presented taking into account the positive foreign experience in improving the national legislation in the field of execution of imprisonment for minors. Key words: juvenile convicts; imprisonment; comparative analysis; Republic of Poland; Republic of Lithuania.
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Méndez Casariego, Agustina, Juan Alberti, Tomas Luppi und Oscar Iribarne. „Stage-dependent interactions between intertidal crabs: from facilitation to predation“. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, Nr. 4 (29.07.2008): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408002324.
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Large parts of the south-western Atlantic soft bottom intertidals are inhabited by the burrowing crab Neohelice granulata (previously known as Chasmagnathus granulatus) and the mud crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus, but adults rarely coexist in the same microhabitat. We describe the influence of burrows of N. granulata on the recruitment dynamic of C. angulatus and the effects of different ontogenetic stages of N. granulata on survival of recruits of C. angulatus. A two summer sampling shows that N. granulata burrows facilitate settlement of both species. To evaluate the mortality of recruits inside burrows, we performed a field experiment with juvenile and adult crab exclusion cages and inclusion of juveniles or adults of N. granulata. The results showed differences in crab sizes between treatments, due to predatory interactions that depended on prey size. When only juveniles of N. granulata were present, the higher mortality of C. angulatus was observed in smaller crabs. However when adults of N. granulata were present, larger juvenile crabs are the ones that suffered the highest mortality. These results show that adults are preying upon larger juveniles (of both species) reducing the mortality of the smaller ones that are preyed by the larger ones. We also measured emigration from these burrowing assemblages using bidirectional pitfall traps which showed that C. angulatus juveniles are leaving the burrows towards the subtidal. Here we demonstrate that N. granulata have positive and negative effects on the settlement of C. angulatus. These results highlight the importance of including stage-dependence relationships to analyse species interaction in marine ecology field works.
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Harris, Anjelica. „“We Can’t Just Throw Our Children Away”“. Texas A&M Law Review 7, Nr. 3 (Mai 2020): 613–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v7.i3.4.
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In the words of Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan, children are different. The issue of how to sentence juvenile offenders has long been controversial. Although psychology acknowledges the connection between incomplete juvenile brain development and increased criminality, the justice system lags behind in how it handles juvenile offenders. A prime example is the case of Bobby Bostic, who at the age of sixteen was charged with eighteen offenses and sentenced to 241 years in prison. This sentence, known as a term-of-years or virtual life sentence, essentially guarantees that no matter what Bobby does or who he proves himself to be as an adult, he will die in prison. Since Bobby’s sentencing in 1997, the Supreme Court has held that sentencing juveniles to death violates the Eighth Amendment and has banned life without parole for juvenile offenders. Despite landmark Supreme Court decisions, a gap in the law continues to exist when it comes to juvenile non-homicide of- fenders who are certified and tried as adults. Thousands of juvenile offenders are now trapped in the legal gap that exists in the distinction, or lack thereof, between life without parole and lengthy term-of-years sentences. This Comment will explore the gap in the law, the various ways the States have chosen to handle this issue, and will propose a possible solution for Texas.
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Cho, Younoh, und Jeff Mellow. „Exploring the Impact of an AVRS Curfew Program on Recidivism of Juvenile Probationers in Korea“. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, Nr. 14 (02.08.2018): 4425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18790427.
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Community corrections agencies across the world have adopted biometric technologies as a security tool and cost-effective monitoring strategy. This study investigates the effectiveness of the automated voiceprint recognition supervision (AVRS) curfew program for 386 Korean juvenile probationers from the Seoul Probation Office. Although the AVRS curfew program in Korea has been in effect for more than 14 years, effectiveness of the program has not been fully tested. A propensity score analysis was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the AVRS program, controlling for potential covariates of referring juveniles to the program. Contrary to expectations, a logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the innovative curfew program is a statistically significant factor in increasing the odds of recidivism. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for court-ordered juvenile curfew programs.
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Ceniga, Pavel, und Viera Sukalova. „Current problems of juvenile labour protection in the conditions of globalization“. SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 07012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219207012.
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Research background: Over the past years, employment and conditions of work have changed considerably; labour market is more flexible what enables enterprises to react faster to changing market requirements. Labour rules make it easier to hire and fire workers. A special category of employees includes juveniles who are covered by increased legal protection; a juvenile employee is an employee under 18 years of age. Work is an important part of every person. Many adolescents want to raise funds to provide for the basic necessities of life, but also to meet the needs of self-realization, socialization and creativity. Young people are regulated by many laws that contain prohibitions and obligations; employers are obliged to create favourable conditions for the all-round development of the physical and mental abilities of juvenile workers also by special adjustment of their working conditions. Purpose of the article: The article is focused on the analysis of current possibilities and specific conditions of employment of juveniles, identification of problems in the field of employment protection of juveniles in their employment as well as in the performance of work in dual education and proposal of systemic measures for practice. Methods: The method of analysis, synthesis, deduction, interview and questionnaires were used in the research. Findings & Value added: The ever-increasing demands on businesses in a globalized world require a more skilled workforce that is able to contribute to and adapt to technological change with new models of work organization. In connection with this, it is necessary to pay attention to the employment of juveniles, their specific conditions at work and in training for future occupations and elimination of risks.
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Fleidervish, I. A., und M. J. Gutnick. „Paired-pulse facilitation of IPSCs in slices of immature and mature mouse somatosensory neocortex“. Journal of Neurophysiology 73, Nr. 6 (01.06.1995): 2591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.6.2591.
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1. Whole cell recordings from layer V neurons of mouse somatosensory cortex were made with the use of a "blind" patch-clamp technique. In slices from immature [postnatal days 6 to 11 (P6-P11)] and juvenile (P18-P21) animals, inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were evoked in all cells by extracellular stimulation at the layer V-VI border. Monosynaptic IPSCs, with latency < 2 ms, were isolated pharmacologically by blockade of ionotropic glutamatergic transmission. IPSCs were blocked by bicuculline methiodide and reversed near the predicted equilibrium potential for Cl-. 2. IPSC characteristics were not different for the two age groups. At 1.5-2 times threshold intensity (0.2 Hz), they fluctuated in amplitude with occasional failures. At -70 or -80 mV, mean amplitudes were -202 +/- 20 (SE) pA and -207 +/- 32 pA for immature (39 cells) and juvenile (13 cells) cortex, respectively. Half rise times were 0.74 +/- 0.03 ms (n = 7 cells) in neonates and 0.67 +/- 0.04 ms (n = 7 cells) in juveniles. Decays were biexponential with tau 1 = 14.8 +/- 1.3 ms and tau 2 = 59.0 +/- 7.4 ms (n = 7 cells) in neonates, and tau 1 = 11.9 +/- 1.1 ms and tau 2 = 55.5 +/- 4.2 ms (n = 7 cells) in juveniles. 3. Pairs of stimuli elicited paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) when delivered at brief interstimulus intervals (ISI), and paired-pulse depression (PPD) at long ISI. PPF, which was evident in 64% of immature cells and 38% of juvenile cells, was maximal (38 +/- 4% greater than the conditioning response) at 20-40 ms. PPD, which was evident in 82% of immature cells and 87% of juvenile cells, was maximal (29 +/- 2% smaller than the conditioning response) by 300 ms. In each age group, some animals showed PPF without PPD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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FAGHROUR, Rabeh. „THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY IN PROTECTING JUVENILES FROM DELINQUENCY _LEGAL SOCIAL VISION _“. International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 4, Nr. 6 (01.12.2022): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.17.8.
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The issue of juvenile delinquency has become a dangerous phenomenon in society, directly affecting its security and the future of its children, due to its prejudice to a group that represents the basic cell of society. Therefore, interest in this group was great from various components of society in order to protect them from delinquency.The family is considered the most important social factor that contributes to the protection of juveniles from delinquency, in addition to the National Authority for the Protection and Promotion of Childhood, which was created by the Algerian legislator in Law No. 15-12 related to child protection, as the family is responsible for building the child’s personality, and for instilling good qualities and morals in it, and from During the family that socializes, the child learns the principles of love, hate, cooperation, competition, bullying, honesty, lying, honesty, betrayal, and so on. These are basic rules for building the future personality of the child.Therefore, it is through this study that we will try to explain what is meant by juvenile delinquency, and the role of the family in the field of juvenile education and the extent of its contribution to protecting it from delinquency. Accordingly, I decided to divide this research paper into two requirements according to the following:The first requirement: What is juvenile delinquencyThe second requirement: the role of the family in preventing juvenile delinquency. Key words: Family, Delinquency, Juvenile, Education, Prevention
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Meynecke, Jan-Olaf, Kyler Abernathy und Greg Marshall. „In Murky Waters: Crittercam on Juvenile Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas)“. Marine Technology Society Journal 49, Nr. 5 (01.09.2015): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.5.3.
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AbstractAssessing bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) behavior is relevant for conservation and risk management. However, information on bull sharks—in particular, behavior of juveniles—is very limited in some parts of the world. Studying small-scale habitat use of juvenile bull sharks is challenged by their preferred habitats in estuarine environments with fast-changing environmental conditions. A number of advanced methods including acoustic telemetry, baited remote underwater video, and satellite tagging have been used to shed light on habitat utilization, food preferences, and movement. We tested the application of an underwater video camera recorder (“Crittercam”) combined with acoustic tags on three juvenile bull sharks during daytime and nighttime deployments and demonstrated the feasibility and limitations of this technique for juvenile bull shark research. All three tagged individuals used deeper channels (>5 m) moving alongside the river bank in a crisscross manner. We used additional information on habitat type and depth to support the findings. Our results provide important insights for future tagging studies combining tagging technologies to monitor bull sharks in coastal environments.
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Demidova-Petrova, Elizaveta V. „Research on juvenile delinquency in modern Russia“. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, Nr. 1 (2021): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.101.
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In this article, the developed matrix of criminologically significant information is proposed. This matrix reflects the content, structure, and methodology of the study of juvenile delinquency. The described criminological heptagonal matrix is a fairly complete structure of in formation significant for criminological science, which is implemented for the purpose of gaining the most in-depth knowledge of the modern features of juvenile delinquency. The interrelated elements of this matrix are also proposed in this work. Special attention is paid to the area of conducting, on a planned basis, criminological monitoring of juvenile delinquency. It is noted that criminological monitoring has previously been the subject of research by other authors. It is emphasized that conducting criminological monitoring of juvenile delinquency will allow for a “cross-cutting” study of this type of crime, and develop adequate, modern approaches to its prevention. The author provides the results of research on the attitude of citizens to the Internet space. A separate role is assigned to the theory of intersectionality (the theory of intersections of social spheres). The conclusion is substantiated that, based on the fact that the world of modern juveniles is structured, the application of this theory becomes an important element of cognition, study, and identification of the mutual influence of such social spheres as the real (offline) social sphere, virtual (online) social sphere with the identity of a juvenile.
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Beacham, Terry D., und Clyde B. Murray. „A genetic analysis of body size in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)“. Genome 30, Nr. 1 (01.02.1988): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-006.
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Two small-sized and two large-sized male pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were mated to each of four females, producing eight families sired by small males and eight sired by large males. The juveniles were reared for 500 d after fry emergence. Juvenile weight in the two male size classes was similar until the spring of the year of maturity, when juveniles sired by large males grew faster than those sired by small ones. Heritability estimates of weight based upon the dam component of variance increased during 500 d of rearing from 0.4 to 0.8. Heritability of weight based upon the sire component of variance generally ranged between 0.1 and 0.3. The large variation in male body size in spawning pink salmon populations may have resulted from different male breeding strategies.Key words: heritability, salmon, body size.
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Hesse, J., J. A. Stanley und A. G. Jeffs. „Do changes in reef habitats influence relative predation risk on the juvenile Australasian spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875)?“ Crustaceana 88, Nr. 7-8 (2015): 839–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003447.
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Kelp habitats are in decline in many temperate coastal regions of the world due to climate change and expansion of populations of grazing urchins. The loss of kelp habitat may influence the vulnerability to predators of the juveniles of commercially important species. In this study relative predation rates for kelp versus barren reef habitat were measured for early juvenile Australasian spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875), on the northeastern coast of New Zealand using tethering methods. Variation in assemblages of predators over small spatial scales appeared to be more important for determining the relative predation of lobsters, regardless of habitat type. Therefore, the assessment of relative predation risk to early juvenile lobsters between kelp and barren habitats will require more extensive sampling at a small spatial scale, as well as a specific focus on sampling during crepuscular and nocturnal periods when these lobsters are most at risk of predation.
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Pyatikopova, Olga Victorovna, Dmitry Kirillov und Walida Dosaeva. „Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of spawning-growing farms of the Volga River delta for artificial reproduction of roach Rutilus rutilus caspicus (Yakovlev, 1870)“. Fisheries 2023, Nr. 4 (02.08.2023): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2023-4-43-48.
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The analysis of reference and analytical information on the results of work on the artificial cultivation of juvenile roach in the NVH in mono and polyculture; the results of observations from the early 70s to the 2000s on the quantitative and qualitative composition of juveniles of semi-migratory fish species obtained from the self-entry of producers in the NVH during the cultivation of profile species (bream, carp), the influence of the dependence of the NVH, watered by gravity, on the hydrological regime of the Volga River during flood waters and reclamation works. It is determined that in order to increase the survival rate of juvenile roach during artificial reproduction in the NVH, research will be required, including experimental work to determine fish-breeding and biological indicators, the development of methods and standards for this species, taking into account the current state of the population.
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Адгезал гызы Мамедова, Айдан. „Improvement of legislation and calls for combating juvenile delinquency“. SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, Nr. 05 (20.05.2021): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/217-220.
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The legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan pays considerable attention to the issues of the legal status of minors. Azerbaijan is a party to international conventions related to these issues, in connection with which it is lawful to update the Azerbaijani legislation in order to bring our country into the international legal space and bring internal legislation into conformity. The problem of juvenile delinquency is a multitude of monographs and scientific articles. At the same time, it should be noted that in connection with the changes taking place in the socio-economic sphere and the ideological basis of our society, the well-known, it would seem, the topic acquires new practical aspects that require legal and theoretical resolution. Along with this, the attempts of the state, made at the legislative level, to designate the specifics of this problem are noticeable. The 1999 Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan in a separate section defined the particulars of criminal responsibility and punishment of juveniles, highlighting them in a special demographic group of criminals and emphasizing the importance of and significance of a special approach to the problem of juvenile delinquency. Key words: juvenile delinquency, legislation, crimes
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S.R., Tahiiev, und Kobzar K. S. „PECULIARITIES OF JUVENILES AND MINORS’ INTERROGATION DURING INVESTIGATIVE (SEARCH) ACTIONS“. Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2020, Nr. 2 (22.12.2020): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2020.02.084.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the peculiarities of juveniles and minors’ interrogation during investigative (search) actions. It is mentioned that the nature of the interrogation is that an investigator receives from the mentioned persons as a suspect, accused or witness information about the event of a criminal offense and other facts that are important for revealing the objective truth and compliance with all legal requirements. It is clarified exactly how the testimony of a minor and a juvenile should be written and to which person the investigator has the right to read the protocol at the end of the interrogation.The issue of who the summons should be written for in order to invite a minor and a juvenile for interrogation during the investigative (search) actions is covered.The personality of a teacher during the interrogation of a minor and the issue of what factors the investigator should rely on when involving the teacher in the interrogation are considered. It has been revealed that a kindergarten teacher has the right to be involved in the interrogation of a minor.The time of interrogation of minors of different age groups and juveniles, as well as the involvement of a legal representative, teacher, psychologist and psychiatrist in the interrogation are studied. The opinions of scholars regarding the optimal time of interrogation of these age groups are revealed.The problem issues of establishing and conducting interrogation of minors suffering from mental retardation or mental disorders and involving a doctor or psychiatrist during the interrogation is revealed. The classification of minors is considered.The moments at which the investigator should pay special attention to during preparing and conducting interrogation of minors and juveniles are analyzed.It is considered where it is better to interrogate minors and juveniles of different age groups in order to achieve the goal of interrogation and create comfortable conditions for the interrogated. It is clarified what tactics the investigator should use during the interrogation of minors.Some problems in the interrogation of minors in the course of investigative (search) actions are analyzed and conclusions on their solution are offered. Key words: interrogation, juveniles and minors’ interrogation, pre-trial investigation, juveniles and minors, investigator, time of interrogation.
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Bhanu, Dr Arvind P. „Juvenile Criminal Responsibility: Need to Address the Issue Through Other Jurisdictions of World“. International Journal of Scientific Research 3, Nr. 1 (01.06.2012): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2014/67.
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Meilisza, Nina, Rina Hirnawati, Sulasy Rohmy, Agus Priyadi und Jacques Slembrouck. „THE UTILIZATION OF THE KINDS OF LIVE FOOD ON CLOWN LOACH FISH JUVENILES (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker)“. Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 6, Nr. 1 (30.06.2011): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.6.1.2011.47-58.
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Domestication and mass production technology of clown loaches fish have been developed by the Research Institute for Ornamental Fish Culture, Depok and the Institute de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD). In the process, some constraints has been found and one of them was the cost of production and sustainable supply of Artemia as the only one of live food which used for clown loaches post-larvae until 2-3 months old juvenile. To solve this constraints, the use of other live feed as a substitute or replacement of Artemia should be applied, caused by it research of the utilization of the kinds of live food on clown loach juvenile need to be done. This research aims to determine the kinds of live food which be recommended for the substitution of Artemia on clown loaches fish juvenile (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker). Research carried out using 1 month old clown loach juveniles designed into the Complete Randomized Design in two factors namely are class of fish size S (35-50 mg), M (55-70 mg), L (75-90 mg) and the kinds of live food in the form of Artemia as a control, Moina, mini maggot, blood worms (Chironomus), and silk worms (Tubifex). Three levels treatment by class of fish size factor and five levels treatment by the kinds of live food factor produce 15 kinds of interactions with duplications. The research was conducted at recirculation system for 8 weeks to 3 months old juveniles. Observations were carried and measuring the growth parameters including weight, total length of fish, as well as survival rate parameters based on the number of fish that live at the end of the research. The support is done by measuring the water quality of pH, DO, temperature, ammonia, conductivity, and nitrites, proximate analysis of feed also performed. The two of research step analyzed by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and continued by Tukey test.
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Hammond, Ebenezer Nii Ayi, Shijie Zhou, Hongrong Cheng und Qihe Liu. „Improving Juvenile Age Estimation Based on Facial Landmark Points and Gravity Moment“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 18 (08.09.2020): 6227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186227.
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Facial age estimation is of interest due to its potential to be applied in many real-life situations. However, recent age estimation efforts do not consider juveniles. Consequently, we introduce a juvenile age detection scheme called LaGMO, which focuses on the juvenile aging cues of facial shape and appearance. LaGMO is a combination of facial landmark points and Term Frequency Inverse Gravity Moment (TF-IGM). Inspired by the formation of words from morphemes, we obtained facial appearance features comprising facial shape and wrinkle texture and represented them as terms that described the age of the face. By leveraging the implicit ordinal relationship between the frequencies of the terms in the face, TF-IGM was used to compute the weights of the terms. From these weights, we built a matrix that corresponds to the possibilities of the face belonging to the age. Next, we reduced the reference matrix according to the juvenile age range (0–17 years) and avoided the exhaustive search through the entire training set. LaGMO detects the age by the projection of an unlabeled face image onto the reference matrix; the value of the projection depicts the higher probability of the image belonging to the age. With Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 89% on the Face and Gesture Recognition Research Network (FG-NET) dataset, our proposal demonstrated superior performance in juvenile age estimation.
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JUMA, N. G., und C. C. MISHRA. „EFFECT OF AN ANNUAL AND A PERENNIAL CROP ON TROPHIC GROUP DYNAMICS OF NEMATODES“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, Nr. 1 (01.02.1988): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-009.
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Adult and juvenile nematode distribution and trophic group dynamics were studied in oat (Avena sativa L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plots of a 5-yr rotation at Breton, Alberta. Nematodes were separated into two groups: (i) adults including the late juveniles and (ii) juveniles. The adults and the late juveniles were further separated into four trophic groups: (i) plant parasites, (ii) microbivores, (iii) miscellaneous feeders and (iv) predators. Adults accounted for 83% of the total population in the oat plot and 79% in the alfalfa plot. There were no significant differences in percent distribution of adults between plots over the season or at a given date. The average density of adults over the season in the oat plot (3.3 × 106 individuals m−2) was greater than that in alfalfa plot (2.1 × 106 individuals m−2, P < 0.001). Adult density in the oat plot increased steadily from 3.2 × 106 to 4.2 × 106 individuals m−2 between July and September. There was a sharp decline after harvest. In contrast, the adult population in the alfalfa plot remained steady over the growing season. Juvenile density showed similar trends as the adults. Distribution of microbivores, plant parasites, miscellaneous feeders, and predators, was 63, 22, 13, and 2% in oat and 51, 34, 13, and 2% in alfalfa plot, respectively. Crop effect on microbivores and plant parasites was significant at P < 0.05. Our study showed that microbivores are the dominant group in cultivated soils and plant parasites build up in the presence of living roots. Key words: Microbivores, miscellaneous feeders, nematodes, plants parasites, predators, trophic groups
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Gordon, J. B., S. Clement de Clety und K. Chu. „Developmental changes in vascular responses to histamine in normoxic and hypoxic lamb lungs“. Journal of Applied Physiology 70, Nr. 1 (01.01.1991): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.1.323.
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This study of newborn (3–10 day old) and juvenile (6–8 mo old) in situ isolated lamb lungs was undertaken to determine whether 1) histamine receptor blockade accentuates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction more in newborns than in juveniles, 2) histamine infusion causes a decrease in both normoxic pulmonary vascular resistance and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in newborns, and 3) the H1-mediated dilator response to infused histamine in newborns is due to enhanced dilator prostaglandin release. Pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) was determined at baseline and in response to histamine (infusion rates of 0.1–10.0 micrograms.kg-1 min-1) in control, H1-blocked, H2-blocked, combined H1- and H2-blocked, and cyclooxygenase-inhibited H2-blocked lungs under "normoxic" (inspired O2 fraction 0.28) and hypoxic (inspired O2 fraction 0.04) conditions. In newborns, H1-receptor blockade markedly accentuated baseline hypoxic Ppa, and H2-receptor blockade caused an increase in baseline normoxic Ppa. In juveniles, neither H1 nor H2 blockade altered baseline normoxic or hypoxic Ppa. Histamine infusion caused both H1- and H2-mediated decreases in Ppa in normoxic and hypoxic newborn lungs. In juvenile lungs, histamine infusion also caused H2-mediated decreases in Ppa during both normoxia and hypoxia. During normoxia, histamine infusion caused an H1-mediated increase in normoxic Ppa in juveniles as previously seen in mature animals; however, during hypoxia there was an H1-mediated decrease in Ppa at low doses of histamine followed by an increase in Ppa. Combined histamine-receptor blockade markedly reduced both dilator and pressor responses to histamine infusion. Indomethacin failed to alter the H1-mediated dilator response to histamine in newborns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)