Dissertationen zum Thema „Juvenile Encyclopedias and dictionaries“

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries often do not satisfy the requirements of the dictionary users because they contain a relatively small percentage of articles displaying absolute equivalence between the source and the target language. This impedes the users from retrieving the required information. Communicative equivalence is a relation holding between source and target language entries in translation dictionaries. A translation equivalent should not be seen as a statement about the meaning of the lemma, but it should be regarded as an item that represents the target language and can be used to translate a specific occurrence of the source language item. If semantic and communicative equivalence do not hold between the source and the target language dictionary users will not be able to use the target language successfully. Instead of achieving communicative equivalence, the dictionary user is confused and ends up using language in an unacceptable way. Relying on translation dictionaries to improve their language skills and to learn more about the target language, dictionary users often come across haphazardly arranged articles in dictionaries that do not lead to communicative equivalence. In this case, the dictionary users are confused and end up using language in an unacceptable way. This thesis explores and investigates different ways to achieve communicative equivalence in translation dictionaries. The research formulates some of the needed guidelines for the lexicographers of translation dictionaries. It intends to assist lexicographers to compile useroriented translation dictionaries that can foster multilingualism amongst the dictionary users. As a result of this research, lexicographers will be able to compile translation dictionaries that will assist dictionary users to achieve communicative success. These dictionaries will establish semantic and communicative resemblance between the source and the target language forms. As a lexicographic problem, communicative equivalence is being addressed in the thesis and the researcher aims to make lexicographers aware of the mistakes in translation dictionaries. The objective of the thesis is to help lexicographers with the compilation of dictionaries where the users can achieve an optimal retrieval of information. The research focuses on metalexicographic issues in order to enhance the quality of practical lexicography. By doing so both the practical and theoretical lexicography can benefit from this research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tweetalige woordeboeke voldoen dikwels nie aan die behoeftes van hulle gebruikers nie omdat hulle Onbeperkte aantal artikels bevat met absolute ekwivalensie tussen bron- en doeltaal. Dit weerhou die gebruikers daarvan om die verlangde inligting te onttrek. Kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie is onverhouding tussen die bron- en doeltaalinskrywings in vertalende woordeboeke. OnVertaalekwivalent moet nie beskou word as Onuitspraak oor die betekenis van die lemma nie maar dit moet gesien word as Onitem wat die doeltaal verteenwoordig en wat gebruik kan word om onbepaalde optrede van die brontaalvorm te vertaal. As semantiese en kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie nie tussen bron- en doeltaal bestaan nie sal woordeboekgebruikers nie daartoe in staat wees om die doeltaal suksesvol te gebruik nie. In stede daarvan om kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie te behaal, is die gebruiker verward en gebruik hy taal op Ononaanvaarbare manier. Wanneer woordeboekgebruikers op vertalende woordeboeke staatmaak om hulle taalgebruik te verbeter en meer oor die doeltaal te leer, vind hulle dikwels arbitrêr geordende artikels in woordeboeke wat nie tot kommunikatiewe ekwivalendie lei nie. Dit verwar gebruikers en lei tot foutiewe taalgebruik. Hierdie tesis ondersoek verskillende maniere waarop kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie in vertalende woordeboeke bereik kan word. Die navorsing lei tot die formulering van sommige riglyne wat nodig is vir die opstellers van vertalende woordeboeke. Dit poog om leksikograwe te help om gebruikersgerigte woordeboeke saam te stel wat veeltaligheid tussen die gebruikers kan bevorder. As gevolg van hierdie navorsing sal leksikograwe daartoe in staat wees om vertalende woordeboeke saam te stel wat gebruikers kan help om kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie te bereik. Hierdie woordeboeke salon semantiese en kommunikatiewe ooreenkoms tussen bron- en doeltaalvorme vestig. In hierdie tesis word kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie as Onleksikografiese probleem behandel en die navorser poog om leksikograwe bewus te maak van foute in vertalende woordeboeke. Die mikpunt van hierdie tesis is om leksikograwe te help met die samestelling van woordeboeke waar gebruikers onoptimale inligtingsherwinning kan behaal. Die navorsing fokus op metaleksikografiese aangeleenthede ter wille van Onverhoging in die gehalte van die praktiese leksikografie. Sodoende kan sowel die teoretiese as die praktiese leksikografie by hierdie navorsing baat vind.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
In my research I will comment on the development of the national lexicography units in South Africa, following the establishment of the eleven official languages in South Africa in the post-apartheid society. I will also outline the weaknesses that exist in the traditional dictionaries to ensure limited mistakes in the lexicographic sector. I strongly believe that bilingual dictionaries in a multilingual society like South Africa, especially printed dictionaries, will play a great role in the African society as there is a shortage of reference sources, to assist translators in the development of our languages. The research will also advocate society to fight the major challenges faced by the national lexicography units in South Africa and other countries. I hope that with the research people will become aware of the necessity of using a dictionary at all times and that dictionaries are not only used for professional purposes by academics and highly qualified people, but can also be used for pleasure.

Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.
Thesis Advisor(s): Lamm, David V. Second Reader: Fitzgerald, David M. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 1, 2010. DTIC Descriptor(s): Air Force, Contract Administration, Students, Dictionaries, Theses, California, Regulations, Delphi Techniques, Acquisition, Ohio. DTIC Identifier(s): Acquisition, Contracting Term Dictionary, Dictionary, Definitions. Author(s) subject terms: Acquisition and Contracting Term Dictionary, Dictionary, Definitions. Includes bibliographical references (p. 119). Also available in print.

Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
This study reports on a metalexicographical investigation into contextual guidance in Afrikaans translation dictionaries. The problem that gives rise to the need for such an investigation is demonstrated from a practical perspective, after which attention is paid to determining the genuine purpose of a dictionary by looking at the component parts of the concept, i.e. the typological placement and the target user group of the dictionary in question. The discussion of the target user group evolves into an in-depth look at the user aspect, which results in the development and presentation of the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries. This model aims to provide a scientific description of lexicographical user friendliness. Existing proposed definitions of the genuine purpose of a dictionary coupled with the benefit of insights derived from the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries make the presentation of a new definition of the genuine purpose of a (translation) dictionary possible, which is followed by defining a polyfunctional translation dictionary for Southern Africa. Attention is also paid to some macrostructural issues pertaining to standard translation dictionaries, among others vertical and horizontal alphabetical macrostructures and niching and nesting as manifestations of horizontal alphabetical macrostructures. With regard to nesting, the classification of first and second level nesting is expanded by the description of third and fourth level nesting. The influence of the organisation plan and the dictionary conceptualisation plan on the selection of lexical items for the macrostructure of a standard dictionary is touched upon. An in-depth evaluation of contextual guidance in Afrikaans standard translation dictionaries follows the exposition of the rationale for it and the definitions of the terms context, contextualisation and contextual guidance. The discussion produces the identification of the types of contextualising entries, among others meaning explanations, lexicographical labels and glosses, which fall under the main class of discriminators and which in turn functions alongside the main classes of cotext entries and inserted texts. Each type and subtype is studied meticulously, and distribution structures are determined and evaluated through the study of dictionary data. The study of the data also results in the identification of different levels of contextualisation as well as different types of translation equivalent paradigms. The discussion of lexicographical labels takes on the form of a critical overview of the existing literature on this topic and results in the presentation of a new and scientifically sounder model for the description of labelling in dictionaries in general, i.e. the deixis model. The study of contextualising entries is followed by a discussion of certain elements of the composition of dictionary articles that can support successful contextual guidance, i.e. types of microstructures and the rapid internal access structure. The in-depth study of contextualisation makes the revision of the definition for the term contextualising entry possible. Ultimately a practical model for more effective contextual guidance in polyfunctional Afrikaans translation dictionaries is presented in three main components, i.e. (i) standards for the application of contextual entries, (ii) the proposal of an adapted rapid internal access structure, and (iii) the effective application of functional types of microstructures. The requirements of lexicographical accountability and user-friendliness remain central motives throughout the study.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Propõe-se, nesta pesquisa, analisar o tratamento lexicográfico na microestrutura de um conjunto de unidades lexicais heterogenéricas no par de línguas português e espanhol em dicionários bilíngues escolares de espanhol para aprendizes brasileiros. As unidades lexicais heterogenéricas são aquelas que, embora possuam grafia igual ou semelhante, apresentam gêneros diferentes entre as duas línguas em questão. Os heterogenéricos são o objeto de estudo deste trabalho, porque no caso do ensino da língua espanhola para brasileiros estas palavras costumam apresentar-se como uma dificuldade em seu processo de aprendizagem, sobretudo nas habilidades de produção oral e escrita. Ao produzir seus enunciados em língua espanhola, o aprendiz brasileiro com frequência se equivoca no uso dos gêneros dos substantivos. Para este estudo foi selecionada uma amostra de unidades lexicais heterogenéricas de um corpus composto por gêneros textuais veiculados em livros didáticos de espanhol, especificamente as três coleções eleitas pelo PNLD (Programa Nacional do Livro Didático) 2011/2012. A presente pesquisa fundamenta-se nas teorias e práticas da Lexicografia Pedagógica Bilíngue e Linguística de Corpus e o objetivo central é analisar como são apresentadas as informações lexicográficas e se trazem indicações que sirvam de apoio para a aprendizagem dos substantivos heterogenéricos em espanhol por aprendizes brasileiros. Os resultados indicam que os dicionários bilíngues analisados, em geral, não apresentam informações suficientes para auxiliar o aprendiz em seu processo de aprendizagem das unidades lexicais heterogenéricas
The objective of this research is to analyze the lexicographical treatment given to a set of heterogeneric lexical units in the microestructure of Portuguese-Spanish School Dictionaries for Brazilian learners. Heterogeneric lexical units are those which have the same or similar spelling, but different genres in each of the two languages considered. The heterogenerics are the object of study of this work, mainly because in the Spanish language learning process Brazilians usually find these words difficult to learn and use, especially in the speaking and writing production. When expressing themselves in Spanish, Brazilian learners often make mistakes in the use of noun genders. This study was conducted by selecting a sample of heterogeneric lexical units in a corpus composed by different text genres from Spanish language teaching textbooks, more specifically from three Spanish teaching collections pre-selected by the PNLD (National Textbook Program) 2011/2012. This research is based on the theories and practices of Bilingual Pedagogical Lexicography and Corpus Linguistics and it focused on analyzing how the lexicographical information is presented to serve as a support for the learning of heterogenerics nouns in Spanish by Brazilian learners. The results indicate that the bilingual dictionaries analyzed, generally do not have enough information to assist the learner in the learning process regarding heterogeneric lexical units

Orientador: Odair Luiz Nadin da Silva
Banca: Regiani Aparecida Santos Zacarias
Banca: Maria Helena de Paula
Resumo: Propõe-se, nesta pesquisa, analisar o tratamento lexicográfico na microestrutura de um conjunto de unidades lexicais heterogenéricas no par de línguas português e espanhol em dicionários bilíngues escolares de espanhol para aprendizes brasileiros. As unidades lexicais heterogenéricas são aquelas que, embora possuam grafia igual ou semelhante, apresentam gêneros diferentes entre as duas línguas em questão. Os heterogenéricos são o objeto de estudo deste trabalho, porque no caso do ensino da língua espanhola para brasileiros estas palavras costumam apresentar-se como uma dificuldade em seu processo de aprendizagem, sobretudo nas habilidades de produção oral e escrita. Ao produzir seus enunciados em língua espanhola, o aprendiz brasileiro com frequência se equivoca no uso dos gêneros dos substantivos. Para este estudo foi selecionada uma amostra de unidades lexicais heterogenéricas de um corpus composto por gêneros textuais veiculados em livros didáticos de espanhol, especificamente as três coleções eleitas pelo PNLD (Programa Nacional do Livro Didático) 2011/2012. A presente pesquisa fundamenta-se nas teorias e práticas da Lexicografia Pedagógica Bilíngue e Linguística de Corpus e o objetivo central é analisar como são apresentadas as informações lexicográficas e se trazem indicações que sirvam de apoio para a aprendizagem dos substantivos heterogenéricos em espanhol por aprendizes brasileiros. Os resultados indicam que os dicionários bilíngues analisados, em geral, não apresentam informações suficientes para auxiliar o aprendiz em seu processo de aprendizagem das unidades lexicais heterogenéricas
Abstract: The objective of this research is to analyze the lexicographical treatment given to a set of heterogeneric lexical units in the microestructure of Portuguese-Spanish School Dictionaries for Brazilian learners. Heterogeneric lexical units are those which have the same or similar spelling, but different genres in each of the two languages considered. The heterogenerics are the object of study of this work, mainly because in the Spanish language learning process Brazilians usually find these words difficult to learn and use, especially in the speaking and writing production. When expressing themselves in Spanish, Brazilian learners often make mistakes in the use of noun genders. This study was conducted by selecting a sample of heterogeneric lexical units in a corpus composed by different text genres from Spanish language teaching textbooks, more specifically from three Spanish teaching collections pre-selected by the PNLD (National Textbook Program) 2011/2012. This research is based on the theories and practices of Bilingual Pedagogical Lexicography and Corpus Linguistics and it focused on analyzing how the lexicographical information is presented to serve as a support for the learning of heterogenerics nouns in Spanish by Brazilian learners. The results indicate that the bilingual dictionaries analyzed, generally do not have enough information to assist the learner in the learning process regarding heterogeneric lexical units
Mestre

Thesis (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation attempts a study in the design of school dictionaries for their use in the mother tongue or first language education. Pedagogical dictionaries have undergone changes, which are also due to changes, which had taken, place in the teaching of the mother tongue and in descriptive linguistics from the 1950s onwards. Features of the pedagogical model also have been affected by the development in language-teaching methodology. The teaching of the mother tongue is now less concerned with the knowledge and critical exploration of texts than with competence in oral and written expression.

Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation offers metalexicographical criteria for the compilation of standard translation dictionaries in non-standardized languages. It particularly focuses on the role that the proposed dictionary model can play in the language standardization, with special reference to Fang. These criteria are based on different theoretical frameworks. Criteria for the dictionary structure are particularly based on Hausmann & Wiegand's General Theory of Lexicography, while a discussion of the role that dictionaries can play in the standardization process of languages is particularly based on criteria introduced by Zgusta. This dissertation is structured as follows: • Chapter 1, Introduction and problem statement, presents the motivation for the choice of the present topic, as well as the theoretical frameworks that I use to build my metalexicographical criteria. • Chapter 2, Fang and its dialects, focuses on the concerned language and its dialects. Apart from a historical overview of the Fang people, a wide inventory of works that have been implemented in Fang, as well as the choice and the motivation of the standard dialect are presented. • Chapter 3, Dictionaries and corpora, highlights the strong relationship between the compilation of modern dictionaries and electronic corpora. More precisely this chapter intends to demonstrate the importance of electronic corpora in the lexicographic practice. In this regard, the importance of some software and new corpus methods are also demonstrated. • Chapter 4, Aspects of the dictionary structure, mainly focuses on different structures of the dictionary and how data should be spread and organized in each dictionary component. A detailed account is given of the structure of each dictionary component. • Chapter 5, Dictionaries and standardization, focuses on the main purpose of the dissertation and demonstrates why and how the dictionary can be an instrument in the standardization process of languages, with specific reference to Fang. • Chapter 6, Concluding remarks, reviews all chapters by highlighting the focal points of each of them. Some perspectives or potential new developments are foreseen in order to pave the way for the elaboration of new theoretical frameworks and the improvement of the proposed dictionary model.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif bied metaleksikografiese kriteria vir die samestelling van standaard vertalende woordeboeke vir nie-gestandaardiseerde tale. Die fokus is veralop die rol wat die voorgestelde woordeboekmodel kan speel in taalstandaardisering, met spesifieke verwysing van Fang. Hierdie kriteria is gebaseer op verskillende teoretiese raamwerke. Kriteria vir die woordeboekstruktuur is veral gebaseer op Hausmann en Wiegand se algemene leksikografieteorie, terwyl 'n bespreking van die rol van woordeboeke in die standaardiseringsproses van tale veral gebaseer is op kriteria wat deur Zgusta voorgestel is. Die proefskrif is soos volg saamgestel: • Hoofstuk 1 bied 'n motivering vir die keuse van die betrokke onderwerp asook vir die teoretiese raamwerke waarvolgens die metaleksikografiese kriteria geformuleer is. • Hoofstuk 2 fokus op die betrokke taal, Fang, en sy dialekte. Naas 'n historiese oorsig van die Fang sprekers word 'n wye keuse uit die Fang literatuur asook die keuse van 'n standaarddialek aan die orde gestel. • Hoofstuk 3 wys op die sterk verhouding tussen die samestelling van 'n moderne woordeboek en elektroniese korpora. Hierdie hoofstuk benadruk die belang van elektroniese korpora vir die leksikografiese praktyk. In hierdie verband word daar ook verwys na die belang van sekere sagtewareprodukte asook nuwe korpusmetodes. • Hoofstuk 4 is veral gerig op die verskillende woordeboekstrukture en op hoe data versprei en in die verskillende woordeboekkomponente aangebied moet word. Die struktuur van elke woordeboekkomponent word in besonderhede bespreek. • Hoofstuk 5 fokus op die hoofdoel van die proefskrif en wys hoe en waarom In woordeboek, met spesifieke verwysing na die situasie van Fang, In instrument kan wees in die taa Istandaardiseri ngsproses. • Hoofstuk 6 gee In oorsig oor die voorafgaande hoofstukke en wys op sekere belangrike aspekte wat bespreek is. Nuwe ontwikkelinge wat voorsien word om die weg te baan vir die ontwerp van nuwe teoretiese raamwerke ter verbetering van die voorgestelde model word beklemtoon.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
Dictionaries are important and necessary resources for translators, but still translators have mixed feelings regarding especially bilingual dictionaries. On the one hand, they cannot really work without them, but on the other hand the dictionaries often give the translator little or no help. In this study, reasons are examined as to why bilingual dictionaries aren't a sufficient resource for professional translators with regard to the translation of idioms. During the study attention is given to the theories regarding and the approaches to translation. The focus falls specifically on three important methods of translation, namely the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalist approaches. The development of lexicography as discipline is also examined. The translation of idioms entails more than just the translation of single words. Attention is given to the attributes of idioms, as well as the problems and methods with which translators are confronted during the translation of idioms. Subsequently attention is also given to the current treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries as well as aspects such as presentation, equivalence, register and language structures. Based on the evidence of this a model is suggested for the improved treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries.

Orientador: Lygia Arcuri Eluf
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa propõe o estudo do processo de legitimação do autor e de suas obras nas artes visuais em duas frentes complementares de trabalho. A primeira, de natureza artística, é a criação de uma enciclopédia de artistas que, em um primeiro momento, não se difere de outras publicações desse tipo, mas que, na verdade, possui uma característica bastante peculiar. A segunda frente de trabalho, de natureza mais teórica, é a escrita de uma dissertação que analisará o processo de criação dessa enciclopédia e algumas das questões levantadas em sua produção. Entre elas, o papel da fotografia do objeto artístico e do texto crítico na validação de obras e de artistas no campo das Artes Visuais
Abstract: This research proposes a study about the author and his works' process of legitimation in the visual arts on two complementary work fronts. The first, from artistic nature, is the creation of an encyclopedia of artists which, at first, does not differ from other publications of this type, but in fact has a very peculiar feature. The second work front, more theoretical, is the writing of a dissertation that will examine this encyclopedia's creative process and some of the issues raised in its production, among them the roles photography, art object and critic text concerning the validation of works and artists in the visual arts
Mestrado
Artes Visuais
Mestre em Artes Visuais

Dissertation (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The dictionaries available in the Gabonese languages are all translation dictionaries biased towards French and compiled by missionaries and colonial administrators. No proper monolingual dictionaries exist in the Gabonese languages. There is therefore a need for monolingual dictionaries in the Gabonese languages, particularly in Yipunu, one of the Bantu languages (B 43) spoken in the South of Gabon. Yipunu is a regional vehicular language or a major or majority language. Yipunu is a domestic language i.e spoken inside Bapunu communities or a mother tongue or first language and Yipunu is also taught as subject in the national educational system. As a response to this need, this dissertation proposes metalexicographic criteria for the compilation of a standard descriptive monolingual dictionary with special reference to Yipunu. The proposed model focuses primarily on the inclusion and the treatment of the standard variety of Yipunu and to a lesser degree on the other varieties. Such a model is directed at a dictionary primarily dealing with the needs of the average, educated members of the Yipunu speech community, the mother-tongue speakers, and also designed for experienced and advanced learners of Yipunu and their teachers. This study aims to point out how important standard descriptive monolingual dictionaries are in general and specifically in the case of African Bantu languages. This study also aims to highlight the importance for Gabonese lexicographers to adopt modern lexicographical principles in dictionary compilation such as the user-driven dictionary and the corpus-based dictionary. This model, although devised for Yipunu, will eventually serve as model for the design of standard descriptive dictionaries in all Gabonese languages. This study provides information about the content and the structures of such a dictionary and is structured as follows: Chapter 1 focuses on introducing and contextualising the research. It presents the linguistic situation in Gabon with reference to the status of Yipunu. It also shows the importance and the relevance of the research and gives the theoretical basis, methodology, hypotheses and objectives underlying the study. Chapter 2 criticises the lexicographic works in Yipunu in order to improve the quality of future Yipunu dictionaries and examines the major needs of Yipunu lexicography. Chapter 3 envisages some aspects of the standardisation of Yipunu. It targets the discussion at the level of the language analysis namely the phonology, the grammar, the dictionary and the orthography of Yipunu. Chapter 4 discusses the user perspective, which guides the dictionary compilation. It focuses on the user profile, user typologies and dictionary functions. The intended dictionary has a multifunctional character. Special attention is given to a pioneering survey of dictionary use among Gabonese students and to the discussion of the teaching of dictionary use in Gabon. Chapter 5 deals with the dictionary plan. Different aspects such as the style guide, the genuine purpose, the dictionary basis, data collection, the data collection policy, data collection methods and the corpus of the proposed dictionary are discussed Chapter 6 elaborates on the macrostructure of the proposed dictionary. The dictionary gives priority to a strict alphabetical macrostructure. Macrostructural elements, lemmatisation strategies, and types of lemmas and articles to be included in the proposed dictionary are discussed. Chapter 7 focuses on the microstructure of the proposed dictionary. The model suggests an obligatory microstructure and an extended obligatory microstructure and discusses the variety of data to be included in the articles of the proposed dictionary. Chapter 8 deals with the outer text section and the guide structures of the proposed dictionary, which includes front and back matter texts. Polyaccessibility, a system of cross-referencing, and lemmatic and non-lemmatic addressings are characteristics of the proposed dictionary. Chapter 9 makes some concluding remarks by highlighting the focus point of each chapter of the dissertation. It gives also some recommendations for the research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die woordeboeke beskikbaar in die Gaboenese tale is almal vertalende woordeboeke gerig op Frans en saamgestel deur sendelinge en koloniale administrateurs. Geen werklike eentalige woordeboeke bestaan in die Gaboenese tale nie. Daar is gevolglik 'n behoefte aan eentalige woordeboeke in die Gaboenese tale, veral in Jipoenoe, een van die Bantoetale (B 43) wat in die Suide van Gaboen gepraat word. Jipoenoe is 'n streeksvoertaal of 'n hoof- of meerderheidstaal. Jipoenoe is 'n huistaal d.w.s. wat binne Bapoenoegemeenskappe gepraat word of 'n moedertaal of eerste taal en Jipoenoe word ook as vak in die nasionale opvoedingstelsel onderrig. In reaksie op hierdie behoefte stel hierdie proefskrif metaleksikografiese kriteria voor vir die samestelling van 'n standaard beskrywende eentalige woordeboek met spesiale verwysing na Jipoenoe. Die voorgestelde model fokus primêr op die insluiting en behandeling van die standaardvariëteit van Jipoenoe en in 'n mindere mate op die ander variëteite. Die model is gerig op 'n woordeboek wat primêr aandag gee aan die behoeftes van die deursnee- opgevoede lede van die Jipoenoespraakgemeenskap, die moedertaalsprekers, en wat ook ontwerp is vir kundige en gevorderde leerders van Jipoenoe en hul onderwysers. Die doel van hierdie studie is om aan te toon hoe belangrik standaard beskrywende eentalige woordeboeke in die algemeen en spesifiek in die geval van die Bantoetale van Afrika is. Die doel van hierdie studie is ook om die belangrikheid vir Gaboenese leksikograwe te belig om moderne leksikografiese beginsels toe te pas in die samestelling van woordeboeke soos die gebruikersgedrewe woordeboek en die korpusgebaseerde woordeboek. Hierdie model, alhoewel ontwerp vir Jipoenoe, sal uiteindelik dien as model vir die opstel van standaard beskrywende woordeboeke vir al die Gaboenese tale. Die studie verskaf inligting oor die inhoud en strukture van so 'n woordeboek en is soos volg gestruktureer: Hoofstuk 1 fokus op 'n inleiding tot en 'n kontekstualisering van die navorsing. Dit beskryf die taalkundige toestand in Gaboen met betrekking tot die status van Jipoenoe. Dit toon ook die belangrikheid en relevansie van die navorsing en gee die teoretiese basis, metodologie, hipoteses en doelstellings onderliggend aan die studie. Hoofstuk 2 kritiseer die leksikografiese werk in Jipoenoe met die doel om die gehalte van die Jipoenoewoordeboeke te verbeter en die behoeftes van die Jipoenoeleksikografie te ondersoek. Hoofstuk 3 beskou 'n aantal aspekte van die standaardisering van Jipoenoe. Dit is gemik op 'n bespreking op die vlak van taalontleding, naamlik die fonologie, die grammatika, die woordeboek en die ortografie van Jipoenoe. Hoofstuk 4 bespreek die gebruikersperspektief wat die woordeboeksamestelling rig. Dit fokus op die gebruikersprofiel, gebruikerstipologieë en woordeboekfunksies. Die beplande woordeboek het 'n multifunksionele karakter. Spesiale aandag word gegee aan 'n baanbrekende ondersoek na woordeboekgebruik onder Gaboenese studente en aan 'n bespreking van die onderrig van woordeboekgebruik in Gaboen. Hoofstuk 5 handel oor die woordeboekplan. Verskillende aspekte soos die stylgids, die werklike doel, die woordeboekbasis, dataversameling, die dataversamelingsbeleid, dataversamelingsmetodes en die korpus van die voorgestelde woordeboek word bespreek. Hoofstuk 6 wei uit oor die makrostruktuur van die voorgestelde woordeboek. Die woordeboek gee voorkeur aan 'n streng alfabetiese makrostruktuur. Makrostrukturele elemente, lemmatiseringstrategieë, en soorte lemmas en artikels vir insluiting in die beplande woordeboek word bespreek. Hoofstuk 7 fokus op die mikrostruktuur van die voorgestelde woordeboek. Die model stel 'n verpligte mikrostruktuur en 'n uitgebreide verpligte mikrostruktuur voor en bespreek die verskeidenheid data wat in die artikels van die voorgestelde woordeboek ingesluit behoort te word. Hoofstuk 8 handel oor die buiteteksgedeelte en die gidsstrukture van die voorgestelde woordeboek wat voor- en agtervoor- en agtertekste insluit. Politoeganklikheid, 'n stelsel van kruisverwysings, en lemmatiese en nielemmatiese adresserings is kenmerke van die voorgestelde woordeboek. Hoofstuk 9 maak 'n aantal slotopmerkings deur die fokuspunt van elke hoofstuk van die proefskrif te belig. Dit verskaf ook 'n aantal aanbevelings vir navorsing.

Orientador: Roberto Romano
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_BrunaTorlay_M.pdf: 872423 bytes, checksum: be8c8d08a94b8036f9de854463720614 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: Este trabalho procura assinalar traços da filosofia de Francis Bacon na Enciclopédia francesa do século XVIII. Estes traços se manifestam nas teses que defendem o intercurso entre avanço técnico e progresso do conhecimento, e o ideal de ciência como conquista indefinida que escapa ao gênio individual, e sobrevive como patrimônio comum da humanidade. Compreensivamente, mostra que o ¿utilitarismo¿ de Francis Bacon e dos enciclopedistas na verdade se fundamenta na idéia capital de que a existência produz-se mediante engenho
Abstract: This work search after some traces of Francis Bacon¿s thought in eighteenth century¿s French Encyclopaedia. These traces are manifest on the thesis that defend the intercourse between technical improvement and advancement of learning, and the ideal of science as an undefined acquisition not due to individual genius, but thought of as mankind¿s common inheritance. As a whole, it points that Bacon¿s and enciclopaedists¿ ¿utilitarianism¿ is in fact grounded on the capital idea that existence is made through ingenuity
Mestrado
Filosofia
Mestre em Filosofia

Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel woordeboeke op spesifieke teikengebruikers gerig is, het die leksikografie slegs 'n baie beperkte bydrae gelewer om hulpmiddels vir vertalers te ontwikkel. Veral die bestaande vakwoordeboeke gee min blyke van 'n teoretiese fundering en nog minder van 'n erkenning van die behoeftes van een van die tipiese gebruikersgroepe, te wete die professionele vertaler. Vertalers is 'n gebruikersgroep met eiesoortige behoeftes en benodig woordeboeke wat spesifiek op hierdie behoeftes gerig is. In hierdie proefskrif word daar eerstens aandag gegee aan die ontwikkeling van die leksikografie met spesifieke verwysing na die vakleksikografie en die belangrikste rolspelers op hierdie gebied sowel as aan die ontwikkeling van die vertaalteorie wat insluit die linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese benaderings tot vertaling en die onderskeie rolspelers binne elk van die benaderings. Daar word ook gekyk na die probleem van ekwivalensie binne die vertaalteorie sowel as binne die leksikografie. Daarna word daar gekyk na die woordeboekgebruiker, die gebruikersperspektief en die verskillende woordeboekfunksies wat tydens die beplanning en samestelling van woordeboeke in gedagte gehou en in ag geneem moet word. Daar word vervolgens aandag gegee aan vertalers as woordeboekgebruikers en daar word aangedui watter soort probleme vertalers met bestaande vertalende vakwoordeboeke het. Daarna word die fokus geplaas op die leksikografiese behoeftes van en vereistes wat professionele vertalers aan vertalende vakwoordeboeke stel. Laastens word 'n teoreties gefundeerde model ontwikkel vir die beplanning en opstel van vertalende vakwoordeboeke wat aan 'n wye reeks eiesoortige probleme aandag gee en aan die spesifieke behoeftes van professionele vertalers voldoen.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although dictionaries are aimed at specific target users, lexicography has only made a very limited contribution to developing resources for translators. Existing language for special purposes dictionaries (LSP dictionaries) in particular show very little evidence of a theoretical foundation and even less evidence of recognising the needs of one of the most typical user groups, namely the professional translator. As a user group translators have distinctive needs and they are therefore in need of dictionaries specifically targeting these needs. In this dissertation the development of lexicography with specific reference to LSP lexicography and the most important role players in the field as well as the development of translation theory which includes the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalistic approaches to translation and the various role players with regard to each of these approaches are dealt with first. Furthermore the problem of equivalence with regard to translation theory as well as lexicography are also investigated. Thereafter attention is given to the dictionary user, the user perspective and the different dictionary functions that should be kept in mind during the planning and compilation of dictionaries. Translators as dictionary users are also explored and the type of problems translators have with existing translation LSP dictionaries is indicated. Then the focus falls on the lexicographical needs and requirements that professional translators have with regard to translation LSP dictionaries. Lastly a theoretically founded model is developed for the planning and compilation of translation LSP dictionaries that address a wide range of problems and meet the specific needs of professional translators.

This study concerns itself with the phenomenon of literary encyclopaedism, as especially evident in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, Philippe Sollers' Paradis and Ezra Pound's Cantos. The study focuses on developing the notion of an encyclopaedic literary mode and on establishing the existence of a genre of fictional encyclopaedias. It finds an encyclopaedic mode in literature to be one comprehending and imitating other literary modes, both mimetic and didactic. Further, the idea of a fictional encyclopaedia is developed through an understanding of the traits of the neighbouring forms of essay, Menippean satire and epic, and through an understanding of the paradoxes associated with the making of the non-fictional encyclopaedia. The fictional encyclopaedia thus comprehends and exceeds the following traits: 1. A tension, characteristic of the essay, between integrated autobiography and impersonal (and ultimately fragmented) exposition of the categories of knowledge. 2. A tension, characteristic of the Menippean satire, between tale and digression, between a single narrating subject and a multiplicity of transient narrating voices. The menippea also contributes a simultaneous preoccupation with the most sacred and the most profane subjects. 3. A totalizing drive characteristic of the epic, a desire--rivalling the urge to tell a story--to list or include all aspects of the culture in the epic past. The fictional encyclopaedia also translates into fiction the following paradoxes associated with the encyclopaedic enterprise: 1. The recognition, implicit in the drive to trace a complete and eternally-perfect circle of the arts and sciences, that encyclopaedic knowledge is always ultimately incomplete and obsolete. 2. The recognition, at the heart of the attempt to produce an objective and unmediated picture of the world, that encyclopaedic knowledge is ideologically shaped and textually mediated. The dominance of the encyclopaedic gesture in Finnegans Wake, Paradis and the Cantos allows us to account for the characteristic length, obscurity and "bookishness" of these works; they absorb the traits and tensions of essay, Menippean satire and epic while yet exceeding these traits in their fictional translation of the encyclopaedic paradoxes noted above. This translation manifests itself in each work as a characteristic parodic hesitation before the authority of totalizing predecessors; it manifests itself in the texts' fascination with images of a paradisiacal completion and timelessness, a tendency that is undercut by a repetitive, digressive or fragmented form which asserts the inevitability of time and incompletion. Further, the Wake, Paradis and the Cantos, in their overt and extensive intertextual activity, emphasize the textual boundaries of encyclopaedic knowledge. Nonetheless, in their foregrounding and valorization of speech rhythms, the works also repeat the challenge that the encyclopaedia brings to its own limited nature as written book.
Arts, Faculty of
English, Department of
Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how categorisation of marginalised groups is done on Swedish Wikipedia. Taking its starting point in social constructionism and critical knowledge organisation research, classic knowledge organization is seen as inherently flawed. In its quest for universal knowledge organisation systems, the fact that knowledge is contingent (emerging and constructed), is obscured. This runs the risk of marginalising marginalised groups further. Instead it is claimed that knowledge organization systems ought to strive for transparency by inviting its users to witness and take part in the knowledge process. A discourse analysis was made on two source materials: an interview study with three editors of Swedish Wikipedia and openly available discussion threads from Swedish Wikipedia. The result of the discourse analysis shows that the wider to write at Wikipedia discourse contains two nodal points: neutrality and consensus. The neutrality nodal point is a floating signifier in the sense that two different discourses try to give it two different meanings. In one of the discourses neutrality is seen as possible to achieve when describing reality. Categorisation is uncomplicated, it is simply a case of reflecting the categories that already exist ”out there”. In another discourse neutrality is seen as something impossible to achieve when describing reality because it is ever-changing and many-faceted. Categorisation is hard and complicated. Between these two discourses there is a discursive struggle which is mitigated by the nodal point consensus. Through discussions leading to consensus a ”neutral enough” way of describing the world is achieved. Categorisation on Wikipedia can thus be seen to achieve the transparency that critical knowledge organization research requests: the categories are results of discussions that all reading users can access. But there is doubt as to how many of the reading users of Wikipedia actually find and read the discussion pages. If there are only a few who ever finds the discussions, the transparency remains low and the constructed nature of Wikipedias knowledge organization system remains obscured. This is a two years Master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

Any text which criticizes, undermines and/or transforms the encyclopaedic ideal of ordering and textualizing the world in a closed, linear fashion can be defined as a post-encyclopaedic text. This thesis explores both theoretical and artistic texts which inhabit the realm of post-encyclopaedism. In the past, critical speculation on encyclopaedism in literature has been concerned with the ways in which artistic texts attempt to live up to the encyclopaedic ideal. In some cases, this effort to establish an identity between the artistic text and the encyclopaedia has led to an ignorance of the disruptive or even deconstructive effects of so-called fictional encyclopaedias. Once we recognize the existence of such effects, we must begin to examine the techniques and possibilities of post-encyclopaedism. Hence we can see post-encyclopaedic qualities in the condensed meta-encyclopaedism of Jorge Luis Borges' "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius", the disrupted quests for encyclopaedic revelation in Herman Melville's Moby Dick and Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, and the principle of textualized world as fugue in Louis Zukofsky's "A"-12. In addition, we can create a theoretical space for the post-encyclopaedic text by weaving together Mikhail Bakhtin'sideas on the novel as opposed to the epic, Michel Foucault's notion of restructuring the closed circle of the text through mirrored writing, Jurij Lotman's theory of internal and external recoding in texts, and Umberto Eco's concept of the open text. By combining an investigation of theoretical and artistic texts which lend themselves to post-encyclopaedism, we can create a generic distinction between texts which attempt to be encyclopaedic in themselves: and texts which disrupt and/or transform the encyclopaedic ideal
Arts, Faculty of
English, Department of
Graduate

陳綺婷.
"2004年8月".
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004.
參考文獻 (leaves 1-7).
附中英文摘要.
"2004 nian 8 yue".
Chen Qiting.
Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004.
Can kao wen xian (leaves 1-7).
Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.
Chapter (1)第一部份： --- 硏究《淮南子》與類書的背景資料 --- p.1
Chapter 一、 --- 《淮南子》的注本與流傳
Chapter 二、 --- 類書資料簡述
Chapter 1. --- 槪論
Chapter 2. --- 類書源起、體裁及應用
Chapter 2. 1 --- .類書的起源
Chapter 3. --- 類書內容略述
Chapter 4 . --- 《太平御覽》的體例及對於古籍校勘的作用
Chapter 5 . --- 以《太平御覽》爲硏究對象的原因
Chapter 5 . 1 --- 其他類書引文太少
Chapter 5 . 2 --- 其他類書過份割裂原文
Chapter 5 . 3 --- 其他類書引用古籍正文及注文相混
Chapter 5 . 4 --- 其他類書材料不可盡據
第一部份總結
Chapter (2)第二部份： --- 文本問題一一《太平御覽》詮釋《淮南子》硏究 --- p.25
Chapter 1. --- 引言
Chapter 2. --- 詮釋學的起源、定義及發展
Chapter 3. --- 類書對文獻資料的詮釋
Chapter 4. --- 《太平御覽》詮釋《淮南子》的現象
Chapter 4.1. --- 删去《道應訓》故事末「老子曰」
Chapter 4.1.1 --- 删「老子曰」
Chapter 4.1.2. --- 保留「老子曰」
Chapter 4.2. --- 《太平御覽》「兵部」對《淮南子´Ø兵略訓》的詮釋
Chapter 5 . --- 「事物的秩序」一一《太平御覽》中部類的排列次序與詮釋學的關係
第二部份總結
Chapter (3)第三部份： --- 文獻問題一《太平御覽》引用《淮南子》的情況與 校理古籍之關係 --- p.56
Chapter 1 . --- 《太平御覽》省略《淮南子》正文例
Chapter 2 . --- 《太平御覽》省略《淮南子》注文例
Chapter 3. --- 以《太平御覽》引文校正今本《淮南子》例子舉隅
Chapter 3.1. --- 《太平御覽》所引文義較今本《淮南子》優勝者
Chapter 3.2. --- 《太平御覽》所引可補今本《淮南子》之脫文
Chapter 3.3. --- 以《太平御覽》所引見今本《淮南子》之誤字
Chapter 4. --- 《太平御覽》引《淮南子》版本硏究
Chapter 4.1. --- 《太平御覽》引同一條《淮南子》文句不一
Chapter 4.2. --- 《太平御覽》轉引《水經注》內的《淮南子》文
附論一一《太平御覽》引文之特例
Chapter (4)第四部份： --- 《太平御覽》引《淮南子》注文硏究 --- p.88
Chapter 1. --- 《太平御覽》引《淮南子》注文中的音注問題
Chapter 2. --- 《太平御覽》引《淮南子》可用以判別許、高注異同者
Chapter 3. --- 《太平御覽》與許、高注今本對讀所見之異文
本節結論
Chapter (5)第五部份： --- 《太平御覽》所見《淮南子》佚文 --- p.147
Chapter (6)第六部份： --- 《太平御覽》引《文子》與《淮南子》關係考 --- p.152
Chapter (7) --- 全文總結 --- p.171
Chapter (8) --- 附錄：
附錄一： 魏晉至南宋主要類書一覽表
附錄二：《太平御覽》引《淮南子》對抄
附錄三：《太平御覽》「兵部」與《淮南子´Ø兵略訓》對應資料
附錄四：《太平御覽》引〈道應訓〉與今本《淮南子´Ø道應訓》對抄
附錄五：《太平御覽》引《文子》與今本《文子》及《淮南子對抄》
Chapter (9) --- 參考書目及論文

陳佩瑜.
"2005年7月".
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005.
參考文獻(leaves 1-19, 2nd group).
"2005 nian 7 yue".
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Chen Peiyu.
Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005.
Can kao wen xian (leaves 1-19, 2nd group).
提要 --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1-6
Chapter 第一節 --- 硏究動機 --- p.1
Chapter 第二節 --- 硏究方法 --- p.3
Chapter 第二章 --- 吳淑生平背景、《事類賦》的成書及刊本 --- p.7-41
Chapter 第一節 --- 吳淑的生平 --- p.7
Chapter 第二節 --- 吳淑的著作 --- p.9
Chapter 第三節 --- 《事類賦》的成書背景 --- p.11
Chapter 第四節 --- 刊本及流傳 --- p.34
章節附錄〔一〕：《事類賦》的版本與流傳 --- p.36
Chapter 第三章 --- 《事類賦》的體系和分類 --- p.42-74
Chapter 第一節 --- 緒論 --- p.42
Chapter 第二節 --- 《事類賦》的內容體例 --- p.49
Chapter 第三節 --- 類書的分類思想 --- p.52
Chapter 第四節 --- 《事類賦》的分類背景 --- p.61
Chapter 第四章 --- 賦體類書´ؤ´ؤ《事類賦》 --- p.75-125
Chapter 第一節 --- 賦體的特點與類書之關係 --- p.75
Chapter 第二節 --- 「賦寫類書」 --- p.87
Chapter 第三節 --- 《事類賦》的賦體格局 --- p.98
Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.124
Chapter 第五章 --- 《事類賦》的命名及藝文特色 --- p.126-176
Chapter 第一節 --- 「事類」考釋 --- p.126
Chapter 第二節 --- 《事類賦》的藝文特色 --- p.147
Chapter 第三節 --- 小結：《事類賦》與文學 --- p.175
Chapter 第六章 --- 《事類賦》在元明的流傳與清人的續書 --- p.177-214
Chapter 第一節 --- 類書的續補情況及續補原因 --- p.177
Chapter 第二節 --- 刊刻、續補《事類賦》與時代之關係 --- p.181
Chapter 第三節 --- 《事類賦》在清代續補的原因 --- p.190
Chapter 第四節 --- 《事類賦》在清代的續補 --- p.205
Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.213
Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.215-216
參考書目 (1)-(19)
附錄 --- p.1-62
附錄一：《事類賦》、李嶠《雜詠》及《文苑英華》詩賦分類對照表 --- p.1
附錄二 ：《事類賦注》天部賦篇用韻及對偶簡表 --- p.5
附錄三：附錄三：《事類賦》引用的賦篇篇目簡表 --- p.60