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1
Celis, Galvis María Laura, Mendoza William Esneyder Hernández und Caballero Luis Alejandro Roa. „The judge's obligations in front of challenges of the constitutional precedents with regard to motivation of the judicial providences“. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115771.
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Judicial autonomy has suffered changes all through Colombian constitutional history, especially due to the expedition of the Political Constitution in 1991. This implies that the judge’s function was affected and suffered relevant changes, particularly in duties such as the motivation of judicial providences and the search for real justice in concrete cases. As a consequence of these relevant changes, now judges must pay special attention to the constitutional precedent and the charges imposed on them in order to avoid sanctions like the annulment of their judgments through the «vías de hecho» doctrine. These limitations and consequences were issued with the aim of protecting fundamental rights, and making the legal system dynamic and coherent.La autonomía judicial ha sufrido transformaciones en la historia constitucional colombiana, aún más con la entrada en vigencia de la Constitución Política de 1991. Esto implica que la función del juez se ve afectada y sufre mutaciones relevantes, sobre todo en cuanto a sus deberes, como la motivación de las providencias y la búsqueda efectiva de justicia para el caso concreto. Nótese, entonces, que el juez debe observar con atención los precedentes constitucionales y las cargas que estos le imponen, so pena de incurrir en sanciones, como la cesación de efectos jurídicos del fallo a través de las así llamadas «vías de hecho». Dichas limitaciones y consecuencias fueron pensadas en clave de la máxima protección de los derechos fundamentales, la dinamización y la coherencia del sistema jurídico.
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Baier, Gerald John. „In defence of doctrine, the judicial review of Canadian federalism in comparative perspective“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ49243.pdf.
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Arroyo, Morales Angélica. „Enfoque doctrinario y factual del peritaje judicial contable en el Perú (2004- 2008)”“. Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/4566.
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La presente tesis realiza un estudio a fin de determinar cuáles son los argumentos doctrinarios y factuales que sustentan el peritaje judicial contable en el Perú. Para ello el presente estudio se apoyó en 89 dictámenes y/o informes periciales emitidos por peritos contables según mandatos judiciales en los fueros: civil, laboral y penal, proporcionados por peritos contables asistentes a las convenciones nacionales de perito contables: 2004, 2006, 2008 y al Congreso Nacional de Contadores Públicos del Perú 2008.Tesis
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Apio, Joyce Freda. „The Doctrine of political question and the judicial protection of the right to health in Uganda“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/36778.
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Letteau, Gabrielle Tracey. „A court without resort? comparative aspects of the "Act of State" doctrine : traditional limitations on the judiciary's power of review, and its implications for Hong Kong's court of final appeals /“. Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38627826.
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Reggio, Ross C. „Harmless Constitutional Error: How a Minor Doctrine Meant to Improve Judicial Efficiency is Eroding America's Founding Ideals“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2253.
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The United States Constitution had been in existence for almost two hundred years before the Supreme Court decided that some violations of constitutional rights may be too insignificant to warrant remedial action. Known as "harmless error," this statutory doctrine allows a court to affirm a conviction when a mere technicality or minor defect did not affect the defendant's substantial rights. The doctrine aims to promote judicial efficiency and judgment finality. The Court first applied harmless error to constitutional violations by shifting the statutory test away from the error's effect on substantial rights to its impact on the jury's verdict. Over time, the test evolved even further, now allowing a court to disregard the constitutional error when a majority of justices believe that the untainted record evidence shows that the defendant is, in fact, guilty. This sacrifice of individual and institutional constitutional protections at the altar of judicial efficiency and judgment finality subverts the harmless error doctrine's purposes and strikes at the core of America's founding ideals. In particular, it allows appellate courts to invade the jury's role as the finder of fact and guilt, to sidestep their constitutional role to review and correct errors and protect the Constitution, and to incentivize government actors to commit constitutional violations with little-to-no ramifications. After conducting a comprehensive review of the harmless error doctrine and its development, this thesis traces through many substantive, theoretical, and practical problems with the doctrine's current application. It then proposes that the Constitution and the values that it protects should once again be elevated above the harmless error doctrine's pragmatic concerns of judicial efficiency and judgment finality.
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Fowler, Joshua Emmanuel. „The Trouble with Tax Avoidance: Two General Anti-Avoidance Rules, a Judicial Doctrine, and their Respective Implications for the value of Certainty in Tax Law“. Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Law, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8358.
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Tax avoidance is an exceedingly complex area of law. It is also a matter generally found not far from the headlines, or from the concerns of state and policy forums such as the G8 and the OECD. In an increasingly capital mobile world, the concern on the part of Governments for the protection of their sources of revenue has increased.
Adam Smith’s four canons of taxation are well known. In his work, The Wealth of Nations, Smith regarded the values of certainty, equity, efficiency and convenience as integral to the functioning of a tax system. Among these, however, Smith would seem to have regarded certainty as of particular significance. The prominence afforded to the value of certainty, in conjunction with the smaller role afforded the state likely contributed to the formalistic approach taken by the courts of the British Commonwealth to the interpretation of taxing statutes. In recent times, however, the importance of certainty among policy makers and jurists has declined. Although this is not to contend that the value of certainty has ceased to be a consideration, it would seem to have come to be regarded as a lesser value among many rather than an end in itself.
Although the optimal level of certainty within a jurisdiction is undoubtedly a matter for debate, the presence of uncertainty may carry with it a number of risks and unintended consequences which may hinder the achievement of the ends sought after by policy makers. These may include an increase in the rate of capital flight and in the use of asset sheltering devices, a decrease in the incidence of economic activity, and decreased rates of compliance among taxpayers. The value of certainty, in other words, may be of greater significance to the efficient functioning of a tax system than it has in recent times been thought to be.
In contending with tax avoidance, the countries of the British Commonwealth tend to employ either one of two instruments; a statutory General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) or a judicial doctrine; an innovation of the common law. In this thesis, the writer sets out to examine the judicial doctrine applied in the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom (UK), and the statutory GAARs deployed in Canada and New Zealand, and the respective implications of each instrument for the value of certainty.
While the difference in the implications presented by the application of a broad judicial doctrine and a narrow GAAR may be slight, it is the writer’s contention that, all things held equal, the use of a judicial doctrine is likely to have a less deleterious effect on the value of certainty than a GAAR. Accordingly, it is the writer’s contention that the use of a judicial doctrine is for this reason be preferred.
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Letteau, Gabrielle Tracey. „A court without resort?: comparative aspects of the "Act of State" doctrine : traditional limitations on thejudiciary's power of review, and its implications for Hong Kong'scourt of final appeals“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38627826.
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Salzberger, Eli M. „Economic analysis of the doctrine of separation of powers : the independence of the judiciary“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5dc9c87f-01a1-4fd7-a544-21c3aab6d8f0.
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This thesis attempts to apply an economic approach to deal with the positive analysis of the doctrine of separation of powers, focusing on the judicial branch of government, and more specifically on the question: why do we find an 'independent' judiciary as an almost universal phenomenon in democratic countries? The first part of the thesis sets the analytical framework - what I perceive as the broad and moderate view of the economic approach towards law - and defines the phenomenon of the independence of the judiciary to be examined - the gap between the structural independence of the judiciary and its substantive independence. It also includes a literature survey of previous work related to the economic analysis of the doctrine of separation of powers and the positive analysis of the judiciary. A theoretical discussion is in the focus of the second part. It departs from a critical view of the Landes-Posner model of the independence of the judiciary, and proceeds to offer an alternative model. The main argument of the thesis is that, in contrast to the traditional view of separation of powers, we have an independent judiciary because it is in the interests of the government of the day to maintain one. Such an institution is delegated legislative and other powers, by which politicians can maximize their self-goal choices. The third part of the thesis presents some empirical findings in an attempt to support the proposed positive model of judicial independence. A statistical approach is taken to investigate the decisions whether to promote judges from the English Court of Appeal to the House of Lords, shedding new light on attitudes of British governments towards the independence of the judiciary. A more descriptive-narrative approach is taken in the final chapter, portraying and analyzing the relations between the Israeli judiciary and the other branches of government. It is argued that the analysis of these relations lends support to the delegation theory of the independence of the judiciary.
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Shackleford, Caroline Sara. „The fate of Heath's special investigation unit : an evaluation in terms of the separation of powers doctrine“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53119.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a response to the judgment of the Constitutional Court in South African Personal Injury Lawyers v Heath, in which certain provisions of the Special Investigating Units and Special Tribunals Act were subjected to constitutional review. The outcome of the case was the striking down of certain provisions of the Act as unconstitutional, and the removal of Judge Willem Heath from his position as head of the Unit. The provisions were said to infringe upon the principle of separation of powers, an implicit term of the Constitution of South Africa. This principle affects the extent of the judicial power because of its influence on determining the acceptability of extra-judicial functions. The doctrine of separation of powers is therefore considered in its historical and theoretical context, with particular reference to the way in which it tends to limit or define the role of judges. Following this analysis, the status of institutions supporting constitutional democracy is examined, and the legislation governing Special Investigating Units is compared with that which regulates the office of the Public Protector. As a result, some alternative legislative means of achieving the ends of the Units, namely the combating of state corruption and maladministration, are suggested.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis volg op die uitspraak van die Grondwetlike Hof in South African Personal Injury Lawyers v Heath, waarin sekere bepalings van die Wet op Spesiale Ondersoekeenhede en Spesiale Tribunale aan grondwetlike hersiening onderwerp is. Die uitkoms van die saak was dat sekere ongrondwetlike bepalings van die Wet ongeldig verklaar is, en dat Regter Willem Heath van sy posisie as hoof van die Eenheid onthef is. Dit is bevind dat die bepalings die beginsel van skeiding van magte, 'n implisiete term van die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet, geskend het. As gevolg van sy invloed op die bepaling van aanvaarbaarheid van buite-juridiese funksies, beïnvloed dié beginsel die omvang van die juridiese mag. Die skeiding van magte leerstuk word dus in sy historiese en teoretiese konteks oorweeg, met spesifieke verwysing na die manier waarop dit neig om die rol van regters te beperk of te omskryf. Na hierdie analise word die status ondersoek van instellings wat grondwetlike demokrasie ondersteun, en die wetgewing wat die Spesiale Ondersoekeenhede beheer, vergelyk met dié wat die Openbare Beskermer reguleer. Op grond hiervan word sekere alternatiewe wetgewende metodes voorgestelom die doeleindes van die Eenhede, naamlik die bekamping van staatskorrupsie en wanadministrasie, te bereik.
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Weston, Tracey Lee. „A comparison of the effectiveness of the judicial doctrine of "substance over form" with legislated measures in combatting tax avoidance“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/100.
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Taxation statutes often provide opportunities for tax avoidance by taxpayers who exploit the provisions of the taxing statute to reduce the tax that they are legally required to pay. It is, however, important to distinguish between the concepts of tax avoidance and tax evasion. The central issue, especially where the contract has no business purpose, is whether it is possible for the substance and legal form of the transaction to differ to such an extent that a court of law will favour the substance rather than the legal format. The debate is whether the courts should be encouraged to continue with their "judge-made" law or whether the tax jurisdictions should be supporting a legislative route as opposed to a judicial one, in their efforts not only to combat tax avoidance but also to preserve taxpayer certainty. The question is whether the Doctrine of "Substance over Form" as applied by the judiciary is effective in combating tax avoidance, or whether a legislated general anti-avoidance provision is required. An intensive literature survey examines the changes which have occurred in the application of judicial tests from the 1930's to date and investigates the different approaches tax jurisdictions follow in order to combat tax avoidance. The effect of the introduction of anti-avoidance provisions in combating tax avoidance is evaluated by making a comparison between the United Kingdom and South Africa. [n the United Kingdom, the courts are relied on to create anti-tax avoidance rules, one of which is the Doctrine of "Substance over Form". The doctrine is very broad and identifies various applications of the doctrine, which have been developed by the courts. In South Africa, the Doctrine of "Substance over Form" has been applied in certain tax cases; however the South African Income Tax Act does include anti-tax avoidance sections aimed at specific tax avoidance schemes, as well as a general anti-tax avoidance measure enacted as section 103. The judicial tests have progressed and changed over time and the introduction of anti-avoidance legislation in the Income Tax Act has had an effect on tax planning opportunities. A distinction needs to be made between fraudulent and bona fide transactions while recognising the taxpayer's right to arrange his or her affairs in a manner which is beneficial to him or her from a tax perspective. Judicial activism and judicial legislation in the United Kingdom has created much uncertainty amongst taxpayers and as a result strongly supports the retention of a general anti-avoidance section within an Income Tax Act. A general anti-avoidance provision, following a legislative route, appears to be more consistent and effective in combating tax avoidance.
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MELLO, RODRIGO GASPAR DE. „FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, REPUTATION AND CIVIL LIABILITY: ACTUAL MALICE DOCTRINE AS A WAY TO PREVENT JUDICIAL CENSORSHIP IN THE BRAZILIAN LEGAL SYSTEM“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=32415@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
PROGRAMA DE DOUTORADO SANDUÍCHE NO EXTERIOR
Atualmente, no direito brasileiro, a liberdade de expressão corre perigo e a censura judicial é exercida de diversas maneiras. Dentre elas, figura a condenação de jornalistas e demais cidadãos que, sob o pretexto de violação da honra das pessoas afetadas pela expressão do pensamento, se vêem obrigados ao pagamento de indenizações indevidas e excessivas mesmo quando em debate assuntos de interesse público. As pessoas afetadas, geralmente políticos, empresários e outros poderosos, se valem do poder judiciário para silenciar o pensamento e gerar autocensura. O Superior Tribunal de Justiça convalida este meio indevido de restrição da liberdade de expressão na medida em que adota, em sua jurisprudência, um critério de posição preferencial da honra quando em conflito com a liberdade de expressão. Esta tese busca uma solução para este problema. A doutrina da malícia real, desenvolvida no direito norte-americano a partir do julgamento do caso New York Times v. Sullivan pela Suprema Corte em 1964, consiste em poderoso mecanismo de proteção da liberdade de expressão nos Estados Unidos, conferindo a ela a posição preferencial quando em questão assuntos de interesse público. A partir da análise da doutrina da malícia real, seus critérios deproteção da liberdade de expressão foram identificados e transpostos para um sistemaromano-germânico de responsabilidade civil como o brasileiro. A tese propõe uma reforma legal no direito brasileiro, apresentando um anteprojeto de lei da proteção da liberdade de expressão elaborado com base na doutrina da malícia real. A tese também convoca o Supremo Tribunal Federal a exercer o seu papel de guardião das normas constitucionais de proteção da liberdade de expressão e sugere, por fim, que todos os juízes e tribunais brasileiros considerem a adoção dos critérios de proteção da liberdade de expressão elaborados pela jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos.
Nowadays, in the Brazilian legal system, freedom of expression is in danger and judicial censorship is imposed in many different ways. Among them, the presumed and punitive damages awarded over journalists and other citizens for violating someone s reputation on the basis of mere negligence even when speech about public affairs is at stake. Powerful people, politicians, and corporations go to court to silence the criticism and generate self-censorship. The Brazilian Superior Court of Justice does not oppose this restriction on freedom of expression as far as its jurisprudence assumes that reputation has a preferred position in the Brazilian law. This dissertation seeks a solution for that issue. The real malice doctrine, construed in the American law since the Supreme Court s ruling in New York Times v. Sullivan in 1964, is a powerful device to protect the freedom of expression in the United States, granting the speech a preferred position when public measures are at stake. The dissertation tries to identify the tools and mechanisms adopted by the real malice doctrine and make them work in a civil law jurisdiction as the Brazilian legal system. It proposes a legal reform in the Brazilian law by submitting a new statute containing legal rules to protect the freedom of expression based on the real malice doctrine. The thesis also exhorts the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court to exercise its constitutional powers to grant effective protection to the freedom of expression and makes to all Brazilian judges and courts a suggestion to consider the adoption of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights jurisprudence on freedom of speech, and of the press.
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Flores, Zamorano Mauricio Andrés, und Lobos Christián Diego Vera. „La inmunidad de jurisdicción y ejecución del Estado y el derecho a tutela judicial efectiva en el derecho internacional : análisis doctrinario y práctica jurisprudencial“. Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146141.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)Tradicionalmente la inmunidad de jurisdicción estatal ha sido entendida como una prerrogativa de la cual gozan los Estados que intervienen fuera de su espacio territorial, la cual impide que se vean expuestos al ejercicio jurisdiccional del Estado en el cual desarrollan actividades, especialmente de índole comercial. Este deber de abstención, que se expresa en la máxima Par in parem non habet imperium, es el resultado de un largo devenir histórico en la práctica judicial de las naciones, la cual se ha ido alejando de sus formulaciones iniciales, dando paso a una concepción restrictiva en materia de inmunidades soberanas del Estado y de sus bienes. En este contexto el objeto del presente trabajo es presentar mediante un proceso de investigación y recopilación de antecedentes históricos, legales y jurisprudenciales, una serie de nociones básicas acerca de la inmunidad de jurisdicción y ejecución de los Estados y de sus bienes, y particularmente exponer la controversia existente, y no del todo resuelta, que se suscita entre el principio de la igualdad soberana de los Estados y la garantía constitucional del derecho a la tutela jurisdiccional efectiva. En este sentido, es que se intentará abordar la pregunta relativa a los conflictos de relevancia jurídica que se produzcan en el orden interno y en el cual interviene un Estado extranjero y un particular, respecto a si corresponde dar preponderancia a los intereses de la nación extranjera por sobre la pretensión requerida de los ciudadanos frente al órgano jurisdiccional, o incluso analizar la posibilidad de compatibilizar la garantía de inmunidad estatal respecto a la tutela judicial de derechos, lo anterior al amparo de la normativa de derecho internacional consuetudinario existente en la actualidad. Con la finalidad antes propuesta, es que el siguiente trabajo de investigación será dividido en los siguientes cuatro capítulos: 1.- La Inmunidad de jurisdicción y ejecución de los Estados. Desarrollo histórico y conceptual. 2.- Regulación normativa de las inmunidades estatales. 3.- Análisis Jurisprudencial en el orden internacional e interno y, 4.- El derecho a la Tutela Judicial efectiva en el ámbito de las inmunidades estatales.
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Martins, Tarihan Chaveiro. „O processo e o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente: uma análise da apuração do ato infracional à luz da doutrina da proteção integral“. Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6906.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This dissertation has, as its object of analysis, the process issue within the ascertainment of the infrigement act. With all the construction and legislative and modification brought by the Doctrine of Integral Protection, Federal Constitution of 1988, ECA and other productions there was a breakthrough in the issue of the rights of adolescents in conflict with the law. So what was intended was to shed light on the legislative production of the ECA and the practice of the justice system in order to verify the positivized mechanisms and practice of judicial agents comply with all the theoretical construction and conception change. These changes resulted in taking the adolescent as a subject of rights and liable to undergo application of educational measures only at the formation of a process, understood as a procedure in contradictory. To this end, was built all change the conception of the Doctrine of the Irregular Situation and the Doctrine of Integral Protection, nationally and internationally, to see if the mechanisms of the ECA and the practice of justice in cases that imposed educational measures in Goiânia in 2014 were in accordance (or not) with the adolescent conception as a subject of rights and their individual rights and due process. For this purpose, 287 questionnaires were analyzed by means of the construction of a database made from a sheet of reading of these records, with the procedural parts in the records being the focus of the analysis. The main finding is that ministerial and judicial referrals correspond to 78% of the total cases studied and the complete procedural relationship was formed in only 22% of the total cases.
A presente dissertação tem como objeto de análise da questão processual dentro da apuração do ato infracional. Ante toda a construção e modificação legislativa e de concepção trazidas pela Doutrina da Proteção Integral, pela Constituição Federal de 1988, pelo ECA e demais produções legislativas, houve um avanço na questão dos direitos dos adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Portanto, o que se pretendeu foi lançar luz sobre a produção legislativa do ECA e a prática do sistema de justiça, no sentido de verificar se os mecanismos positivados e a prática dos agentes do judiciário estão de acordo com toda a construção teórica e a mudança de concepção. Tais mudanças resultaram em se tomar o adolescente como sujeito de direitos, passível de sofrer aplicação de medidas socioeducativas somente ante a formação de um processo, entendido como um procedimento em contraditório. Para tal, foi construída toda a mudança de concepção entre a Doutrina da Situação Irregular e a Doutrina da Proteção Integral, no âmbito nacional e internacional. Aqui, propõe-se verificar se os mecanismos previstos no ECA e a prática do Judiciário nos processos que impuseram medidas socioeducativas na cidade de Goiânia no ano de 2014 estavam de acordo (ou não) com as garantias individuais e processuais dos adolescentes enquanto sujeitos de direitos. Para tanto, foram analisados 287 questionários, por meio da construção de um banco de dados feito a partir de uma ficha de leitura desses prontuários, sendo as peças processuais constantes nos prontuários o foco da análise. O principal achado é que as remissões ministerial e judicial correspondem a 78% do total de casos estudados, e a relação processual completa foi formada em somente 22% do total dos processos.
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Saunier, Claire. „La doctrine des « questions politiques ». Étude comparée : Angleterre, France, États-Unis“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020034.
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En tant que garant du respect des lois ou de la Constitution, le juge se trouve nécessairement confronté à des recours mettant en cause des décisions du pouvoir exécutif ou du pouvoir législatif. Certaines de ces décisions touchent à des sujets politiquement sensibles, parce qu'elles traduisent des choix discrétionnaires de la part de l'une et l’autre de ces deux branches. Face à cette situation délicate, le juge doit concilier deux impératifs potentiellement contradictoires. Il semble, d’une part, avoir l'obligation de trancher les litiges qui lui sont soumis, afin de concrétiser les exigences de l’État de droit (ou de la rule of law). D’autre part, il est tenu de respecter le principe fondamental de séparation des pouvoirs, lequel exige qu’il n’excède pas ses compétences. Ces deux impératifs étant communs à toutes les démocraties occidentales, le problème s'y est par conséquent posé. Pour y répondre, une solution similaire a pu être donnée par les jurisprudences de différents systèmes. Ces affaires ont donné lieu à la reconnaissance d'une catégorie particulière d'actes, dont l'immunité juridictionnelle constitue le caractère principal : les political questions aux États-Unis, les Acts of State mais également les actes émanant du pouvoir de prérogative royale en Angleterre et enfin, les actes de gouvernement et les actes parlementaires en France. En dépit des différences culturelles de ces systèmes juridiques, il est intéressant de voir que ces catégories jurisprudentielles regroupent des litiges aux objets similaires. En d’autres termes, la doctrine des “questions politiques” suggère qu’il existerait une matière politique distincte de la matière juridique. L’objectif de cette recherche sera d’interroger la pertinence de cette apparente dichotomie entre droit et politique, à travers une analyse du contentieux des « questions politiques » et des études doctrinales qui lui ont été consacréesAs guardians of the respect of the laws and the constitution, judges often have to face cases that question the legality of decisions from the highest executive authorities or from the legislator. Some of those issues are highly politically sensitive because they reflect discretionary choices made by those political authorities. In such delicate cases, judges have to reconcile two imperatives. On the one hand they have to provide a remedy to the claimants, in order to achieve the rule of law (or, the État de droit) and decide the case and, on the other hand, they have to respect the fundamental principle of the separation of powers which requires that they do not exceed their powers. Those two imperatives are central in western democracies, therefore this problem appears in various legal systems. A similar device has been elaborated in those different systems. French, American and English judges have indeed decided to isolate certain issues, which seemed to make them improper for judicial resolution. This judicial category can be designated by the term “political questions,” which is used in the American case law. This term also suits other categories found in the French case law, such as the “actes de gouvernement” and “actes parlementaires”, but also in the English case law, where judges refused to decide what they call “Acts of State” or some decisions based on the Royal Prerogative. In spite of the important cultural differences between those systems, it is interesting to see that those categories gather similar decisions. In other words, these “political questions” doctrine reflect the idea that political matters could be distinguished from legal matters. The whole point of this research will be to examine the significance of the dichotomy between law and politics, through the analysis of case law related to the “political questions” doctrine and the doctrinal approaches of this category
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Gonzales, Barbadillo Miguel Angel. „La Doctrina de la protección integral de los derechos del niño y adolescente y la aplicación de la remisión en los casos de adolescentes en conflicto con la ley penal en el distrito judicial de Lima Norte 2010-211“. Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1171.
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La justicia especializada en niños y adolescentes, tiene su origen reciente, así pues en el caso del Perú, el Código de Menores de 1962, fue la primera norma que sistematizó de manera orgánica los casos de los menores que accedían a la administración de justicia, empero es de hacer presente que el Código Penal de 1924 contenía ya normas específicas aplicables a los menores de edad que infringían una norma penal (artículos 137° a 149° y 410° a 416°), así se establecía el tratamiento, las medidas y la jurisdicción a la que eran sometidos los menores infractores en base a los postulados de la Doctrina Irregular de menores.
No obstante, cuando la Doctrina de la Situación Irregular comenzó a ser materia de cuestionamiento por la afectación de derechos fundamentales de los menores, surge la Doctrina de Protección Integral, que no tuvo un surgimiento espontáneo, sino que como señala Alessandro Baratta, es el resultado de un amplio movimiento social a favor de los derechos de los niños y de las reformas de los derechos de la infancia que se llevaron acabo en América La tina y Europa. 1
La doctrina de la Protección Integral se funda básicamente en la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño de 1989, que reconoce los derechos del niño, como una categoría específica dentro de los derechos humanos, a decir del profesor Miguel Cillero. La Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño es un instrumento de derechos humanos que concibe al niño, no como objeto de derechos, sino como sujeto de derecho, lo que desde ya fue un avance y permite que varios países de Latinoamérica se encuentren reformulando sus legislaciones.Tesis
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Touré, Aminata. „L'influence des nouvelles technologies dans l'administration de la justice pénale“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1081.
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Procédant dʼune volonté de modernisation et de rationalisation de lʼinstitution judiciaire, la présence des nouvelles technologies dans l’administration de la justice pénale est croissante. Ces outils esquissent un changement sans précédent, dans une institution pourtant marquée par un certain traditionalisme. Touchant aux aspects juridiques, symboliques, humains, et gestionnaires de lʼintervention judiciaire, cette émergence du numérique pose les jalons de la justice pénale du XXIe siècle. Inexorablement, le formalisme qui caractérise lʼinstant de justice, procédural ou ritualisé, subit de profondes modifications, parfois dans le sens dʼune altération ; le fond culturel fondamental de la justice pénal est alors mis à lʼépreuve. Entre influence néfaste et renouveau bénéfique, les apports de ces instruments du travail judiciaire sont marqués par lʼambivalence. La résistance obstinée semble inadaptée, et le modernisme irréfléchi au nom d’une optimisation des moyens de l’institution, à proscrire. Seule la régulation de lʼusage dʼoutils qui sʼimmiscent jusque dans le contenu de la décision de justice peut être gage dʼune évolution harmonieuse. Afin que cette transition technologique nʼinduise pas une dénaturation de lʼintervention judiciaire, mais constitue au contraire, une aide à la relégitimisation dʼune justice pénale encore traversée par une crise à la fois de confiance et fonctionnelle, un véritable processus dʼintégration des nouvelles technologies doit sʼinstaurer, mêlant considérations éthiques, juridiques et institutionnellesAs a result of a will to modernize and rationalize the legal institution, the use of new technologies in criminal courts administration is increasing. Nowadays, those tools of communication, information, and management represent essential ways of evolution of justice, at the heart of its performance. They imply an unprecedented change for an institution marked by a certain traditionalism. Related to judicial, symbolic, human and managerial aspects of the legal intervention, the emergence of digital is paving the way of (characterizing) the criminal justice in the XXI century. Inexorably, the formalism characterizing the justice moment, procedural or ritualized, is going through deep changes. Sometimes those changes are distorting the cultural founding of criminal justice. Between bad influence and beneficial renewal, the inputs of these judicial work tools are characterized by ambivalence. The obstinate opposition is inadequate. As the thoughtless modernism to optimize the institution tools, is to proscribe. The regulation of the tools’ practice, which is even involved in the content of the justice decision, is a necessity to ensure a smooth evolution. In order to avoid a denaturation of the legal intervention, a real integration processs of new technologies should be established, mixing ethical, legal and institutional considerations. In that way, this technological transition will be helping to legitimate the criminal justice, still affected by a functional and trust crisis
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Condorelli, Martina. „I principi di certezza del diritto e di sécurité juridique e le garanzie offerte al cittadino in Italia e in Francia“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020081.
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Depuis quelques années, les juges administratifs italien et français montrent un souci de plus en plus explicite de protection de la sécurité juridique, qui les a portés à s’arroger le pouvoir de moduler les effets des annulations, sur le modèle de la Cour de Justice de l’Union Européenne. Ce souci n’est pourtant pas nouveau : en France comme en Italie, de nombreuses théories jurisprudentielles, anciennes et nouvelles, visant à préserver les actes illégaux des effets de l’annulation contentieuse témoignaient déjà de son existence. Les nouvelles techniques de protection de la sécurité juridique, et notamment la modulation, ont reçu un accueil doctrinal très différent dans les deux pays: si en France elles ont - du moins initialement - trouvé un terrain favorable, en Italie, le recul de la légalité au profit de la sécurité juridique a été fortement critiqué comme allant à l’encontre des garanties offertes aux administrés par l’art. 113 de la Constitution italienne. D’une part, la thèse décrit et analyse les techniques de protection de la stabilité de l’acte illégal - ou de ses effets - utilisées par les juges administratifs italien et français, dans le but de cerner ce que, concrètement, les juges entendent protéger lorsqu’ils écartent le principe de légalité au profit de la sécurité juridique afin de parvenir à une définition plus précise de ce que représente ce principe dans ce contexte. D’autre part, la recherche analyse l’impact des tendances jurisprudentielles décrites sur les garanties offertes aux administrés, afin de parvenir à une explication du différent accueil reçu par les techniques de protection de la sécurité juridique dans les deux paysSince the beginning of the XXI century, Italian and French administrative courts have shown an increasing interest in the protection of legal certainty, which eventually culminated in the adoption of the power to modulate the temporal effects of judicial annulments, along the lines of the powers granted to the European Court of Justice by art. 264, sect. 2 T.F.E.U. An in-depth analysis of Italian and French case law revealed that several legal doctrines aimed at the preservation of unlawful administrative acts from the effects of an annulment had already been developed by domestic Courts prior to the introduction of the power to modulate their decisions, thus demonstrating a long-lasting commitment to legal certainty by the Courts.The new techniques generated different responses in the two sides of the Alps. While in France, they received general approval by legal scholars – at least initially – and their use is now widespread, in Italy they have been almost unanimously deemed in contravention of the guarantees enshrined in article 113 of the Italian Constitution. The dissertation describes and analyses the old and new techniques by which the stability of an unlawful act or of its effects are protected by Italian and French Courts, with the aim of further defining the concept of legal certainty by illustrating what is actually protected by the Court when the principle of legal certainty is acknowledged to prevail on the principle of legality. Furthermore, the dissertation focuses on the impact of these techniques on the justiciability of citizens’ rights, in France and in Italy, as a means to explain the different reception the power of modulation has had in the two Countries
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Saraiva, Luciana de Pontes. „A modulação temporal de efeitos como técnica de decisão na jurisdição constitucional“. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1989.
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A modulação temporal de efeitos como técnica de decisão possibilita ao Supremo Tribunal Federal a mitigação dos efeitos retroativos da declaração de inconstitucionalidade, ao mesmo tempo em que resguarda o princípio da supremacia da Constituição. Nos casos em que há mudança de jurisprudência, atua como importante mecanismo de salvaguarda das legítimas expectativas dos jurisdicionados na estabilidade dos julgados do Tribunal Constitucional. Em ambas as hipóteses, concretiza o princípio da segurança jurídica, inclusive na sua vertente subjetiva, a proteção da confiança legítima e assegura a melhor realização dos interesses públicos, próprios de uma sociedade pluralista.The prospective doctrine as a decision technique makes possible the mitigation of the retroactive effects of the unconstitutionality declaration to the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court, at the same time it protects the Constitution supremacy principle. In cases with statement of overruling precedents, it plays an important role in protecting the legitimate expectations of the citizens in the stability of the Constitutional Court precedents. In both cases, it enforces the principle of legal certainty, including its subjective aspect, the legitimate confidence protection and it assures the best fulfilment of the public interests that are typical of a pluralist society.
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Ginjo, Milena de Mayo. „Pinheirinho: dinâmica de repressão e resistência na reconstrução dogmática do conflito fundiário urbano“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17319.
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On January 22, 2012, eight thousand people were forcibly evicted from their homes as a result of judicial decison that determined the repossession of the area. This happened in a litigation started in 2004, when the company's bankrupt estate Selecta Industry and Trade S.A. proposed the repossession against the residents of Pinheirinho occupation in São José dos Campos, São Paulo. Given these facts, the main goal of this study is to focus attention on the justice system before the conflict processing. We wanted to understand how the actors of this system influence the urban space and how was the legal mobilization of Pinheirinho actors around the judicial process. How the legal instruments were articulated to resist the repressive state? Through the dogmatic reconstruction of the land conflict, through judicial proceedings instituted from the Pinheirinho foundation in 2004, we observe how the space of the judicial process is configured in a dispute arena of social movements around the meanings of rights and the roles of the Rule of Law.
Em 22 de janeiro de 2012, oito mil pessoas foram removidas forçadamente de suas casas em consequência do cumprimento de uma decisão liminar de reintegração de posse. Essa decisão foi tomada nos autos de um processo judicial iniciado em 2004, em que a Massa Falida da empresa Selecta Indústria e Comércio S.A. propôs uma ação de reintegração de posse contra os moradores da ocupação Pinheirinho, em São José dos Campos, São Paulo. Diante desses fatos, o objetivo do trabalho consiste em focar a atenção no sistema de justiça diante do processamento do conflito. Com isso, queremos compreender como os atores desse sistema influenciam na produção do espaço urbano e como se deu a mobilização jurídica dos atores do Pinheirinho em torno do processo judicial. De que maneira os instrumentos jurídicos foram articulados para resistir ao aparelho repressivo do Estado? Para isso, através da reconstrução dogmática do conflito fundiário, por meio dos procedimentos judiciais instaurados a partir da fundação do Pinheirinho em 2004, observamos como o espaço do processo judicial se configura em arena de disputa do movimento social em torno dos significados do direitos e dos papeis do Estado Democrático de Direito.
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Martins, Irena Carneiro. „A importância da limitação da responsabilidade de sócios e da delimitação da responsabilidade de administradores para as relações econômicas no ordenamento brasileiro“. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UFBA, 2008. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10752.
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Este trabalho tratou de investigar as origens do instituto da limitação da responsabilidade dos sócios e estabelecer a importância de tal limitação – a partir da harmonização entre os princípios constitucionais de proteção aos direitos sociais e os princípios – igualmente constitucionais – da livre iniciativa do qual decorre também o princípio da preservação da empresa. De modo semelhante buscou se estabelecer a importância da delimitação da responsabilização dos administradores que não possuem vínculo societário com as empresas por eles administradas tanto no âmbito legislativo quanto judicial. Nesse contexto buscou-se demonstrar – para além dos prejuízos – a ociosidade da aplicação da teoria da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica em face dos remédios jurídicos já existentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para as ocasiões em que se verifique a ocorrência de fraude simulação e prática dos atos ultra vires. Advoga-se neste trabalho a possibilidade de se buscar a preservação da empresa atendendo ao chamado do devido processo legal e – simultaneamente– ao chamado da busca pela satisfação do crédito ou reparação de prejuízos ensejados mediante o abuso. da pessoa jurídica seja por administrador seja por sócio fortalecendo assim os caros institutos da segurança jurídica e previsibilidade das decisões judiciais. Concorrem também para a consagração do tudo quanto aqui exposto uma redução do ativismo judicial que se verifica em preterimento de direitos processuais que gozam de status constitucional como os da ampla defesa e do contraditório. Além disso buscou-se evidenciar a necessidade de diálogo entre Direito – através dos magistrados – e Economia a partir da compreensão por parte daqueles dos reflexos de sua atuação para o desenvolvimento econômico e consequentemente para o desenvolvimento social. Nesse tocante acredita-se útil a colaboração que pode ser fornecida pela Psicanálise a partir de uma das três instâncias do aparelho psíquico: o superego no entendimento do Judiciário como superego da sociedade.
Salvador
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Kordeva, Maria. „Le principe de la séparation des pouvoirs en droit allemand : étude doctrinale et jurisprudentielle“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAA033.
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L'objet de la présente thèse est de procéder à l'étude comparée des doctrines et jurisprudences françaises et allemandes consacrées au principe de la séparation des pouvoirs. D'origine philosophique, ce principe n'est pas, aujourd'hui, dépourvu d'effets juridiques pratiques, comme le montrent les problèmes récents, soulevés dans la jurisprudence du conseil constitutionnel et de la cour constitutionnelle allemande. Toutefois, on ne saurait comparer la mise en oeuvre d'un principe dans deux ordres juridiques différents sans faire l'effort d'un retour nécessaire sur la genèse doctrinale de ce principe, sans apporter au travail comparatif une dimension d'histoire de la culture juridique dans les pays comparés. Le point essentiel de ce travail serait d'expliquer les développements jurisprudentiels les plus récents à la lumière de l'histoire des doctrines. Si notre travail sera essentiellement centré sur une comparaison franco-allemande, il doit rester ouvert à toute perspective intéressante que pourraient fournir, sur le sujet, d'autres jurisprudences nationales et européennesThe thesis focuses on the german constitutional case law and doctrine relating to the principle of the separation of powers. The analysis of the problems concerning the meaning of the rule deducted under article 20 paragraph 2 of the German Basic Law of 23 May 1949 point up its practical application today. The interpretation of the solutions of the Federal Constitutional Court constitues the main part of this research however it is impossible to globally appreciate and understand the principle of the separation of powers without make the necessary effort to explain its genesis in the german constitutionnal law. Ergo, the theories of the Vormärz also the thought of the legal scolars of the Empire and the Weimar Republic are an important key stage that permit to grasp the present form of the principle in the decisions of the judge. The functional justice or the theory of the substantial decision complete the definition of the constitutional separation of powers. The concretisation of these integral elements of the principle create the system of checks and balances that govern the conflicting relations between legislative, executive and judicial powers
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Mhango, Mtendeweka Owen. „Separation of powers and the political question doctrine in South Africa : a comparative analysis“. Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24238.
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Section 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 outlines the scope
of judicial authority as encompassing the resolution of any dispute that can be resolved
by the application of law. The courts in South Africa have developed several
justiciability canons that restrain when courts may adjudicate disputes, such as
standing, mootness, ripeness, and the prevention of advisory opinions. These
justiciability canons emanate from constitutional considerations such as respect for
separation of powers and the proper role and scope of judicial review in a constitutional
democracy.
This study focuses on another justiciability canon - the political question doctrine. This
doctrine arises from the principle of separation of powers and, in the main, provides
that certain questions of constitutional law are allocated to the discretion of the elected
branches of government for resolution. As a result, such questions are non-justiciable
and require the judiciary to abstain from deciding them because not doing so intrudes
into the functions of the elected branches of government. The underlying theme is that
such questions must find resolution in the political process.
Through a comparative lens, the study examines the origins and current application of
the political question doctrine in selected countries with a view to obtain lessons
therefrom. It examines the origins of the doctrine, by placing particular emphasis on
the early application of the doctrine by the US Supreme Court. The study also
examines the modern application of the doctrine in the constitutional jurisprudence of
several countries, including Ghana, Uganda and Nigeria. It advances the view that
while the doctrine exists in the South African jurisprudence, the Constitutional Court
should articulate and develop it into a clear doctrine taking into account lessons from
those countries. The study offers some recommendations in this regard.
The study submits that the political question doctrine is an appropriate legal
mechanism through which the South African judiciary can address the recent problem
of the proliferation of cases brought to the courts that raise non-justiciable political
questions and threaten to delegitimize the role of the courts in a democracy.Public, Constitutional and International Law
LL. D.
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Liu, Hsien Wen, und 劉獻文. „Comparative Studies on Sino-American Judicial Review based on Doctrine of Political Question“. Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04306204871151106014.
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Huang, Wen-I., und 黃文儀. „The Political Restraint of the Judicial Review—Based on the U.S.“Political Question Doctrine”“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65415922568221237278.
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碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系法律專業組
96
In our country, based on the Constitution, the Justices of the Constitutional Court monopolize the power of the judicial review. That is to say that the Justices of the Constitutional Court will act as the guardians of the Constitution. However, should all of the controversies, no matter what types they will be, always resort to the Justices of the Constitutional Court for final resolutions? Should the Justices of the constitutional Court even examine the political controversies? This thesis turned out to be a critical dispute in both the academia and legal practices. At the same time, it prompted the birth of” Political Question Doctrine.” Furthermore, based on “Doctrine of Separation of Powers”, the power of each branch of the government shall be confined within restraints. This consequence should also apply to the judiciary branch. Except for the publicized regulations in the Constitution or laws, these restraints also come from the nature of the power on the basis of “Doctrine of Separation of Powers.” Therefore, the operation of the judicial review should also have its restraints. And the political restraint of the judicial review mentioned hereafter is the same content as” Political Question Doctrine” in the United States. According to the related explanations from the Councils of Grand Justices, the Justices of the Constitutional Court are deeply influenced by the United States by quoting the” Political Question Doctrine” under the similar cases. Even though the discussions about the” Political Question Doctrine” still continue, as yet, we do not reach any consensus about how to utilize it. Under such circumstance, we need to analyze the U.S. experiences more thoroughly in order to clear the content of the ”Political Question Doctrine”and find the best way to exercise it in our country.
26
Craig, Mckinzie. „Legal Doctrine and Self Imposed Norms: Examining the Politics of Stare Decisis“. Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-08-11588.
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The "law versus politics" debate is central in the study of the Supreme Court's institutional role in US democracy and law making. Research has sought to determine if the Supreme Court is an unconstrained political actor or if it is constrained by precedent. This dissertation contributes to this debate by theorizing that there is not a direct tradeoff; instead, even a politically motivated Court can be constrained by precedent. Given precedent is an internally imposed norm, what incentive does a politically motivated Supreme Court have to adhere to precedent when it results in outcomes that deviate from the Court's most preferred ideological outcome?
There has been a lack of theoretical development and empirical testing that would explain the Court's incentive to adhere to precedent. I argue that even a politically motivated Supreme Court has an interest in adhering to precedent as a means of control over the lower courts. The Court has a role as a principal with the Courts of Appeals acting as an agent. The Supreme Court uses precedent as a standard that guides lower court decision-making in thousands of cases that the Court will never hear. The Supreme Court is willing to sacrifice the dispositional outcome (who wins and who loses) in a given case to issue or adhere to a precedent that will better guide lower court decision-making in a given area.
To test this theory, this project will construct an original data set using a new measure of precedent. Specifically, "the law" and "precedent" for a case will be coded in terms of the standard of review. The standard of review can be understood as a precise legal statement of which party has the burden of proof or justification in a given case and the nature of that burden. This is an ordinal measure (coded 0-4) based on the Court's finite legal rules in a given area of law (rational basis, heightened rational basis, intermediate, heightened intermediate and strict). This novel understanding better captures the legal content of court opinions.
27
Kuo, Li-Wei, und 郭立偉. „The Judicial Review on Adminstrative Dicisions of Spatial Cultural Heritage in Perspective of the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28797816834770289283.
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碩士國立臺北教育大學
文教法律研究所
100
The administrative litigation in Taiwan has been generally used ,but the Administrative Courts sometimes don’t take a a strict attitude to review cultural heritage events related to ” The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine”.However,the administrative decisions of cultural heritage are involved to people’s rights protecting and also the interactive relationship between the government departments based on the Constitution including of the Administration, Legislation, and the Judicition.In the context,I observe in the spatial cultural heritage decisions(including of Monuments, historic buildings, settlements, sites, cultural landscapes) and put ” The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine”in a high positon.By aggregatting and commentting the domestic opinions of Academia and the judicial authorities,I wish that the judicial review on cultural heritage decisions in Taiwan could be more precise and more contributed to people’s rights protecting, and also create the better interactive relationship between the government departments based on the Constitution.
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Su, Jhih-chang, und 蘇志昌. „A study on the Judicial review and Doctrine of Separation of Powers－From J.Y .Interpretation No.613 to mention“. Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s644s8.
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碩士國立中山大學
政治學研究所
97
This article releases of Constitutional Interpretation No.613 of Grand Justices, Judicial Yuan.Discussion jurisdiction and legislative power of separation of power boundary.Judicial review since U.S.A.''s Marbury v.s Madison case is developed in 1803 .Safeguards the people''s basic right not the illegal violation.The most countries introduces for the world. Grand Justices enjoy the good name of “the constitution protector”.Is only short of the public opinion to be authorized and counter-majoritarian diffculty, Causes the democratic validity to be subject to the question, between “the judicature is positive” and “the judicature is negative”,it is become Judicial review development mechanism the important topic. Administration, legislation and judicial is also known as trias politica, Performing its own functions, doctrine of separation of powers for most important constitutional government principle, The Congress direct gathering people meaning indicated that.Is on behalf of the Popular Sovereignty for State agency, three read through the law, suffers unexpectedly declares invalid, and has the abstract standard potency, sends the Judicial review from “the constitutional interpreter” to become “the legislator” or “framers of constitution” the negative appraisal. This article advocated that the Judicial review should distinguish the people''s basic right or the pure institution in advance disputes and so on, is safeguarding the people''s basic right case, should involve positively, being suitable of the non-judicial self-restraint principle. The Judicial review should not take the doctrine of political question the separation of power the only boundary, should accumulate the case type, develops standard of the difference, avoids fording into the pure institution jurisdiction dispute. Constitutional Interpretation article should not “the legalization”, be supposed to establish the mechanism of “retires after meritorious service”.
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Wu, Shih-feng, und 吳時鳳. „Norm controls or Case/Controversies Adjudication – on the doctrine of judicial review by Justice from the statutory of the R.O.C Constitution“. Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zcez52.
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Astorquiza, Césped Josefa. „Dos perspectivas de la revisión judicial de los contratos : desde la teoría general de contrato y desde la doctrina chilena y comparada“. Tesis, 2019. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/168753.
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Memoria para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y SocialesLa presente tesis ha sido realizada en el marco del taller de memoria “Formación del contrato, perspectivas actuales”, impartido por el profesor Enrique Barros Bourie. El principal objetivo del trabajo es analizar la revisión judicial de los contratos por circunstancias sobrevinientes imprevistas desde distintas perspectivas: analizando su evolución histórica, entregándole fundamentos desde la teoría general del contrato, dando un panorama de su estado actual en Chile y haciendo un análisis comparativo con el modelo francés, inglés, alemán e instrumentos de soft law.
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Skořepa, Petr. „Princip soudního sebeomezení v judikatuře Ústavního soudu ČR“. Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412446.
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Judicial self-restraint in the judicature of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic Abstract The thesis deals with the role of the judicial self-restraint in the judicature of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. Besides the theoretical definitions is the pivotal part of the thesis practical section that is focused on the analysis of pre-selected decisions of the Constitutional Court with respect to the judicial self-restraint. The first chapter contains definition of the theory of separation of powers as basis for the judicial self-restraint and its subcategories. Part of this chapter is oriented at the judicial power itself, which is crucial for the thesis. The second chapter provides definitions of key concepts - principal of judicial self-restraint, priority of the constitutionally conformal interpretation, political question doctrine and judicial activism, as it is called. These concepts are defined from the points of view of the angloamerican legal system as well as czech legal system. In the second chapter are also stated possible factors that may lead to the judicial activism and to the judiciary state, as it is called. The chapter afterwards describes the judicial interpretation and application of law in the context of the judicial self-restraint and provides relevant historical...