Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Journaux – Édition – 2000-“

RÉSUMÉLe principal objectif de cet article est d’encourager une approche plus large, supraconfessionnelle, du mariage et de la famille à l’époque moderne. La conjugalité a été “désacralisée” par les réformateurs protestants du 16e siècle. Martin Luther, parmi d’autres, a refusé le statut de sacrement au mariage, tout en valorisant celui-ci comme une arme contre le péché. En réaction, le concile de Trente a réaffirmé avec force que le mariage est bien un des sept sacrements chrétiens. Mais, promouvant la supériorité du célibat, l’Église catholique n’a jamais beaucoup insisté sur les vertus de la vie et de la piété familiales avant le 19e siècle. En parallèle, les historiens décèlent des signes de “sacralisation” de la famille protestante à partir du 16e siècle. Leurs conclusions doivent être relativisées à la lumière de recherches plus récentes et plus critiques, centrées sur les rapports et les représentations de genre. Elles peuvent néanmoins inspirer une étude élargie et comparative, inexistante dans l’historiographie traditionnelle, des réalités et des perceptions de la famille chrétienne au-delà des frontières confessionnelles.MOTS-CLÉ: Époque Moderne, mariage, famille, protestantisme, Concile de TrenteABSTRACTThe main purpose of this paper is to encourage a broader supra-confessional approach to the history of marriage and the family in the Early Modern era. Wedlock was “desacralized” by the Protestant reformers of the 16th century. Martin Luther, among others, denied the sacramental status of marriage but valued it as a weapon against sin. In reaction, the Council of Trent reinforced marriage as one of the seven sacraments. But the Catholic Church, which promoted the superiority of celibacy, did little to defend the virtues of family life and piety before the 19th century. In parallel, historians have identified signs of a “sacralization” of the Protestant family since the 16th century. These findings must be relativized in the light of newer and more critical studies on gender relations and representations. But they can still inspire a broader comparative study, non-existent in traditional confessional historiography, of the realities and perceptions of the Christian family beyond denominational borders.KEY WORDS: Early Modern Christianity, marriage, family, Protestantism, Council of Trent BIBLIOGRAPHIEAdair, R., Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modern England, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1996.Beaulande-Barraud, V., “Sexualité, mariage et procréation. Discours et pratiques dans l’Église médiévale (XIIIe-XVe siècles)”, dans Vanderpelen-Diagre, C., & Sägesser, C., (coords.), La Sainte Famille. Sexualité, filiation et parentalité dans l’Église catholique, Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions, 24, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2017, pp. 19-29.Bels, P., Le mariage des protestants français jusqu’en 1685. Fondements doctrinaux et pratique juridique, Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1968.Benedict, P., Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed. A Social History of Calvinism, New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 2002.Bernos, M., “Le concile de Trente et la sexualité. La doctrine et sa postérité”, dansBernos, M., (coord.), Sexualité et religions, Paris, Cerf, 1988, pp. 217-239.Bernos, M., Femmes et gens d’Église dans la France classique (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle), Paris, Éditions du Cerf, Histoire religieuse de la France, 2003.Bernos, M., “L’Église et l’amour humain à l’époque moderne”, dans Bernos, M., Les sacrements dans la France des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Pastorale et vécu des fidèles, Aix-en-Provence, Publications de l’Université de Provence, 2007, pp. 245-264.Bologne, J.-C., Histoire du mariage en Occident, Paris, Lattès/Hachette Littératures, 1995.Burghartz, S., Zeiten der Reinheit – Orte der Unzucht. Ehe und Sexualität in Basel während der Frühen Neuzeit, Paderborn, Schöningh, 1999.Calvin, J., Institution de la Religion chrétienne (1541), édition critique en deux vols., Millet, O., (ed.), Genève, Librairie Droz, 2008, vol. 2, pp. 1471-1479.Carillo, F., “Famille”, dans Gisel, P., (coord.), Encyclopédie du protestantisme, Paris, PUF/Quadrige, 2006, p. 489.Christin, O., & Krumenacker, Y., (coords.), Les protestants à l’époque moderne. Une approche anthropologique, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017.Corbin, A., Courtine, J.-J., et Vigarello, G., (coords.), Histoire du corps, vol. 1: De la Renaissance aux Lumières, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2005.Corbin, A., Courtine, J.-J., et Vigarello, G., (coords.), Histoire des émotions, vol. 1: De l’Antiquité aux Lumières, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2016.Cristellon, C., “Mixed Marriages in Early Modern Europe“, in Seidel Menchi, S., (coord.), Marriage in Europe 1400-1800, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2016, chapter 10.Demos, J., A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony, New York, 1970.Flandrin, J.-L., Familles. Parenté, maison, sexualité dans l’ancienne société, Paris, Seuil, 1976/1984.Forclaz, B., “Le foyer de la discorde? Les mariages mixtes à Utrecht au XVIIe siècle”, Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales (2008/5), pp. 1101-1123.Forster, M. R., Kaplan, B. J., (coords.), Piety and Family in Early Modern Europe. Essays in Honour of Steven Ozment, St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2005.Forster, M. R., “Domestic Devotions and Family Piety in German Catholicism”, inForster, M. R., Kaplan, B. J., (coords.), Piety and Family in Early Modern Europe. Essays in Honour of Steven Ozment, St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2005, pp. 97-114.François W., & Soen, V. (coords.), The Council of Trent: Reform and Controversy in Europe and Beyond, 1545-1700, Göttingen, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2018.Gautier, S., “Mariages de pasteurs dans le Saint-Empire luthérien: de la question de l’union des corps à la formation d’un corps pastoral ‘exemplaire et plaisant à Dieu’”, dans Christin, O., & Krumenacker, Y., (coords.), Les protestants à l’époque moderne. Une approche anthropologique, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017, pp. 505-517.Gautier, S., “Identité, éloge et image de soi dans les sermons funéraires des foyers pastoraux luthériens aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles”, Europa moderna. Revue d’histoire et d’iconologie, n. 3 (2012), pp. 54-71.Goody, J., The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe, Cambridge, 1983; L’évolution de la famille et du mariage en Europe, Paris, Armand Colin, 1985/2012.Hacker, P., Faith in Luther. Martin Luther and the Origin of Anthropocentric Religion, Emmaus Academic, 2017.Harrington, J. F., Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany, Cambridge, 1995.Hendrix, S. H., & Karant-Nunn, S. C., (coords.), Masculinity in the Reformation Era, Kirksville, Truman State University Press, 2008.Hendrix, S. H., “Christianizing Domestic Relations: Women and Marriage in Johann Freder’s Dialogus dem Ehestand zu ehren”, Sixteenth Century Journal, 23 (1992), pp. 251-266.Ingram, M., Church Courts. Sex and Marriage in England 1570-1640, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.Jacobsen, G., “Women, Marriage and magisterial Reformation: the case of Malmø”, in Sessions, K. C., & Bebb, P. N., (coords.), Pietas et Societas: New Trends in Reformation Social History, Kirksville, Sixteenth Century Journal Press, 1985, pp. 57-78.Jedin, H., Crise et dénouement du concile de Trente, Paris, Desclée, 1965.Jelsma, A., “‘What Men and Women are meant for’: on marriage and family at the time of the Reformation”, in Jelsma, A., Frontiers of the Reformation. Dissidence and Orthodoxy in Sixteenth Century Europe, Ashgate, 1998, Routledge, 2016, EPUB, chapter 8.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “Une oeuvre de chair: l’acte sexuel en tant que liberté chrétienne dans la vie et la pensée de Martin Luther”, dans Christin, O., &Krumenacker, Y., (coords.), Les protestants à l’époque moderne. Une approche anthropologique, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017, pp. 467-485.Karant-Nunn, S. C., The Reformation of Feeling: Shaping the Religious Emotions in Early Modern Germany, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “The emergence of the pastoral family in the German Reformation: the parsonage as a site of socio-religious change”, in Dixon, C. S., & Schorn-Schütte, L., (coords.), The Protestant Clergy of Early Modern Europe, Basingstoke, Palgrave/Macmillan, 2003, pp. 79-99.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “Reformation Society, Women and the Family”, in Pettegree, A., (coord.), The Reformation World, London/New York, Routledge, 2000, pp. 433-460.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “Marriage, Defenses of”, in Hillerbrand, H. J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 2, p. 24.Kingdon, R., Adultery and Divorce in Calvin’s Geneva, Harvard University Press, 1995.Krumenacker, Y., “Protestantisme: le mariage n’est plus un sacrement”, dans Mariages, catalogue d’exposition, Archives municipales de Lyon, Lyon, Olivétan, 2017.Le concile de Trente, 2e partie (1551-1563), vol. XI de l’Histoire des conciles oecuméniques, Paris, (Éditions de l’Orante, 1981), Fayard, 2005, pp. 441-455.Les Decrets et Canons touchant le mariage, publiez en la huictiesme session du Concile de Trente, souz nostre sainct pere le Pape Pie quatriesme de ce nom, l’unziesme iour de novembre, 1563, Paris, 1564.Luther, M., “Sermon sur l’état conjugal”, dans OEuvres, I, Paris, Gallimard/La Pléiade, 1999, pp. 231-240.Luther, M., “Du mariage”, dans Prélude sur la captivité babylonienne de l’Église (1520), dans OEuvres, vol. I, édition publiée sous la direction de M. Lienhard et M. Arnold, Paris, Gallimard/La Pléiade, 1999, pp. 791-805.Luther, M., De la vie conjugale, dans OEuvres, I, Paris, Gallimard/La Pléiade, 1999, pp. 1147-1179.Mentzer, R., “La place et le rôle des femmes dans les Églises réformées”, Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 113 (2001), pp. 119-132.Morgan, E. S., The Puritan Family. Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England, (1944), New York, Harper, 1966.O’Reggio, T., “Martin Luther on Marriage and Family”, 2012, Faculty Publications, Paper 20, Andrews University, http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/church-history-pubs/20. (consulté le 15 décembre 2018).Ozment, S., When Fathers Ruled. Family Life in Reformation Europe, Studies in Cultural History, Harvard University Press, 1983.Reynolds, P. L., How Marriage became One of the Sacrements. The Sacramental Theology of Marriage from the Medieval Origins to the Council of Trent, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016/2018.Roper, L., Martin Luther. Renegade and Prophet, London, Vintage, 2016.Roper, L., The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg, Oxford Studies in Social History, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989.Roper, L., “Going to Church and Street: Weddings in Reformation Augsburg”, Past & Present, 106 (1985), pp. 62-101.Safley, T. M., “Marriage”, in Hillerbrand, H. J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 3, pp. 18-23.Safley, T. M., “Family”, in Hillerbrand, H. J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 93-98.Safley, T. M., “Protestantism, divorce and the breaking of the modern family”, dans Sessions, K. C., & Bebb, P. N., (coords.), Pietas et Societas: New Trends inReformation Social History, Kirksville, Sixteenth Century Journal Press, 1985, pp. 35-56.Safley, T. M., Let No Man Put Asunder: The Control of Marriage in the German Southwest. A Comparative Study, 1550-1600, Kirksville, Sixteenth Century Journal Press, 1984.Seidel Menchi, S., (coord.), Marriage in Europe 1400-1800, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2016.Stone, L., The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, New York, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977.Strauss, G., Luther’s House of Learning, Baltimore/London, 1978.Thomas, R., “Éduquer au mariage par l’image dans les Provinces-Unies du XVIIe siècle: les livres illustrés de Jacob Cats”, Les Cahiers du Larhra, dossier sur Images et Histoire, 2012, pp. 113-144.Vanderpelen-Diagre, C., & Sägesser, C., (coords.), La Sainte Famille. Sexualité, filiation et parentalité dans l’Église catholique, Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions, 24,Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2017.Walch, A., La spiritualité conjugale dans le catholicisme français, XVIe-XXe siècle, Paris, Le Cerf, 2002.Watt, J. R., The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, Ithaca, 1992.Weis, M., “La ‘Sainte Famille’ inexistante? Le mariage selon le concile de Trente (1563) et à l’époque des Réformes”, dans Vanderpelen-Diagre, C., & Sägesser, C., (coords.), La Sainte Famille. Sexualité, filiation et parentalité dans l’Église catholique, Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions, 24, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université deBruxelles, 2017, pp. 31-40.Westphal, S., Schmidt-Voges, I., & Baumann, A., (coords.), Venus und Vulcanus. Ehe und ihre Konflikte in der Frühen Neuzeit, München, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2011.Wiesner, M. E., Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, 1993.Wiesner, M. E., “Studies of Women, the Family and Gender”, in Maltby, W. S., (coord.), Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research, Saint Louis, 1992, pp. 181-196.Wiesner-Hanks, M. E., “Women”, in Hillerbrand, H. J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 4, pp. 290-298.Williams, G. H., The Radical Reformation, (1962), 3e ed., Truman State University Press, 2000, pp. 755-798Wunder, H., “He is the Sun. She is the Moon”: Women in Early Modern Germany, Harvard University Press, 1998.Yates, W., “The Protestant View of Marriage”, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 22 (1985), pp. 41-54.

O artigo se propõe a fazer uma leitura do processo de escrita do primeiro dos cinco cadernos de Marguerite Duras publicados em 1985 sob o título La douleur. O caderno contempla o período em que Marguerite espera notícias de seu marido Robert Antelme, membro da resistência deportado pelos alemães, até seu retorno. Buscamos perceber como a escrita do relato de Duras se constrói, e como se ressignifica como a ancoragem que possibilita a esse corpo que espera não só narrar, mas sobretudo sobreviver ao horror e à dor aos quais é exposto. REFERÊNCIAS ADLER, Laure. Marguerite Duras. Paris: Gallimard, 1998. ALEKSIÉVITCH, Svetlana. A guerra não tem rosto de mulher. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2016. ANTELME, Robert. L’espèce humaine. Paris: Gallimard, 1957. COUTINHO, Ana Paula. Escrever entre ruínas: Marguerite Duras e a dor da memória. Libretos, n. 4, p. 121-136, abr. 2015. DIDI-HUBERMAN, Georges. Essayer Voir. Paris: Minuit, 2014. DURAS, Marguerite. Cahiers de la guerre et autres textes. Édition établie par Sophie Bogaert et Olivier Corpet. Paris: P.O.L., 2006. ______. Escrever. Tradução Rubens Figueiredo. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 1994. ______. La douleur. Paris: P.O.L., 1985. ______. Outside – Notas à margem. Tradução Maria Filomena Duarte. São Paulo: DIFEL, 1983. IMBERT, David Conte. La doble espera de Robert Antelme y Marguerite Duras (una ilustración) 1616: Anuario de Literatura Comparada, n. 4, p. 169-199, 2014. JOUVENOT, Christian. La folie de Marguerite: Marguerite Duras et sa mère. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2008. KÈGLE, Christiane. Écrire la douleur de la disparition. Marguerite Duras à propos de Robert Antelme. Frontières, v. 27, n. 1–2, 2015, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/fr/2015-v27-n1-2-fr02596/1037078ar/. Acesso em: 13 jul. 2021. NESTROVSKI, Arthur; SELIGMANN-SILVA, Márcio. Apresentação. In: NESTROVSKI, Arthur; SELIGMANN-SILVA, Márcio (orgs.) Catástrofe e representação. São Paulo: Escuta, 2000. SARLO, Beatriz. Tempo passado: cultura da memória e guinada subjetiva. Tradução Rosa Freire d’Aguiar. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras; Belo Horizonte: UFMG, 2007.

Plants for medicinal purposes are considered as the main source of health care for the majority of the world population. In order to promote medicinal plants in Algeria, the present work aimed to assess the physico-chemical characterization, hemolytic, and antioxidant activities of Ammodaucus leucotrichus essential oil of an endemic plant from south-west of Algeria. The plant was harvested from the region of Bechar (south-west of Algeria). The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger apparatus. The antioxidant activity of the oil was carried out using DPPH scavenging assay, and its effect on erythrocyte cells was evaluated by measuring the hemolytic degree. The obtained results showed that this oil presented a low antioxidant activity compared to positive control (ascorbic acid). The hemolytic activity was very low since the oil diluted to 1/10, while it was low in the pure state. This fact proves the safety of A. leucotrichus oil, which can explain its use without risk by the indigenous population. REFERENCES: Abu Zarga, M.H., Al-Jaber, H.I., Baba Amer, Z.Y., Sakhrib, L., Al-Qudah, M.A., Alhumaidi, J.Y.G., Abaza, I.F., & Afifi, FU. (2013). Chemical composition, antimicrobialand antitumor activities of essential oil of Ammodaucus leucotrichus growing in Algeria.Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 3, 224–231.http://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2013.833469.Adorjan, B., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Biological properties of essential oils: An updatedreview. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 25, 407–426. http://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2024.AFNOR. (1992). Association Française de Normalisation «Recueil des normes françaises surles huiles essentielles». II édition, Paris.Amorati, R., Foti, M.C., & Valgimigli, L. (2013). Antioxidant activity of essential oils.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, 10835–10847.http://doi.org/10.1021/jf403496k.Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essentialoils- a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 446–475.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09106.Barao Paixao, V.L., & de Carvalho, J.F. (2021). Essential oil therapy in rheumatic diseases:A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 43, 101391.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101391Benhouhou, S. (2005). A Guide to Medicinal plants in North Africa: database on Medicinalplants, IUCN center for Mediterranean cooperation. Mâlaga.Bouaziz, M., Yangui, T., Sayadi, S., & Dhouib, A. (2009). Disinfectant properties of essentialoils from Salvia officinalis L. cultivated in Tunisia. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47,2755–2760. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.08.005.Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties applications in foods-a review.International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94, 223–253.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022.Conforti, F., Sosa, S., Marrelli, M., Menichini, F., Statti, G.A., Uzunov, D., Tubaro, A., &Menichini, F. (2009). The protective ability of Mediterranean dietary plants against theoxidative damage: The role of radical oxygen species in inflammation and thepolyphenol, flavonoid and sterol contents. Food Chemistry, 112, 587–594.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.013.Dalar, A., Türker, M., & Konczak, I. (2012). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic constituentsof Malva neglecta Wallr. and Plantago lanceolata L. from Eastern Anatolia region ofTurkey. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2, 42–51.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2012.03.001.Dawidowicz, A.L., Szewczyk, J., & Dybowski, M.P. (2016). Modified application of HSSPME for quality evaluation of essential oil plant materials. Talanta, 146, 195–202.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.043.El Haci, I.A., Bekhechi. C., Atik-Bekkara, F., Mazari, W., Gherib, M., Bighelli, A.,Casanova, J., & Fellix, T. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of Ammodaucus leucotrichusfruit oil from Algerian Sahara. Natural Product Communications, 9, 711–712.http://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1400900533 Essid, R., Rahali, F.Z., Msaada, K., Sghair, I., Hammami, M., Bouratbine, A., Aoun, K., &Limam, F. (2015). Antileishmanial and cytotoxic potential of essential oils frommedicinal plants in Northern Tunisia. Industrial Crops and Products, 77, 795–802.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.049.Fillatre, Y., Rondeau, D., Daguin, A., & Communal, P.Y. (2016). A work flow for multiclassdetermination of 256 pesticides in essential oils by liquid chromatography tandem massspectrometry using evaporation and dilution approaches: Application to lavandin, lemonand cypress essential oils. Talanta, 149, 178–186.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.052.Gainza, Y.A., Domingues, L.F., Perez, O.P., Rabelo, M.D., Lopez, E.R., & Chagas, A.C.S.(2015). Anthelmintic activity in vitro of Citrus sinensis and Melaleuca quinquenerviaessential oil from Cuba on Haemonchus contortus. Industrial Crops and Products, 76,647–652. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.07.056.Gomes, M.R.F., Schuh, R.S., Jacques, A.L.B., Dorneles, G.G., Montanha, J., Roehe, P.M.,Bordignon, S., Dallegrave, E., Leal, M.B., & Limberger, R.P. (2013). Biologicalassessment (antiviral and antioxidant) and acute toxicity of essential oils from Drimysangustifolia and D. brasiliensis. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23, 284–290.http://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000142.Halla, N., Helenoa, S.A., Costa, P., Fernandes, I.P., Calhelha, R.C., Boucherit, K., Rodrigues,A.E., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., & Barreiro, M.F. (2018). Chemical profile and bioactiveproperties of the essential oil isolated from Ammodaucus leucotrichus fruits growing inSahara and its evaluation as a cosmeceutical ingredient. Industrial Crops and Products,119, 249–254. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.043.Hammiche, V., & Maiza, K. (2006). Traditional medicine in central Sahara: pharmacopoeiaof Tassili N’ajjer. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105, 358–367.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.028.Hossain, M.H., Shah, M.D., Sang, S.V., & Sakari, M. (2012). Chemical composition andantibacterial properties of the essential oils and crude extracts of Merremia borneensis.Journal of King Saud University –Science, 24, 243–249.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2011.03.006.Hussein, G., Miyashiro, H., Nakamura, N., Hattori, M., Kakiuchi, N., & Shimotohno, K.(2000). Inhibitory effects of Sudanese medical plant extracts on hepatitis C virus (HCV)protease. Phytotherapy Research, 14, 510–516. http://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7<510::aid-ptr646>3.0.co;2-b.Idm’hand, E., Msanda, F., & Cherifi, K. (2020). Medicinal uses, phytochemistry andpharmacology of Ammodaucus leucotrichus. Clinical Phytoscience, 6,6.http://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-0154-7.Khaldi, A., Meddah, B., Moussaoui, A., & Sonnet, P. (2017). Anti-mycotoxin effect andantifungal properties of essential oil from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. onAspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus. Journal of Essential Oil and BearingPlants, 20, 36–44. http://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2017.1282840.Lee, J.Y., Cho, P.Y., Kim, T.Y., Kang, S.Y., Song, K.Y., & Hong, S.J. (2002). Hemolyticactivity and developmental expression of pore-forming peptide, clonorin. Biochemicaland Biophysical Research Communications, 296, 1238–1244.http://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02062-4.Manssouri, M., Znini, M., & Majidi, L. (2020). Studies on the antioxidant activity of essentialoil and various extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. fruits from Morocco.Journal of Taibah University for Science, 14, 124–130.http://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2019.1710394. Pavlović, I., Petrović, S., Radenković, M., Milenković, M., Couladis, M., Branković, S.,Pavlović, M.D., & Niketic, D.M. (2012). Composition, antimicrobial, antiradical andspasmolytic activity of Ferula heuffelii Griseb. ex Heuffel (Apiaceae) essential oil. FoodChemistry, 130, 310–315. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.043.Pillai, S., Mahmud, R., Lee, W.C., & Perumal, S. (2012). Anti-parasitic Activity of Myristicafragrans Houtt. essential oil against Toxoplasma Gondii parasite. APCBEE Procedia, 2,92–96. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.017.Quezel, P., & Santa, S. (1963). Nouvelle flore de l’Algérie et des régions désertiquesméridionales, CNRS, Paris.Riaz, M., Rasool, N., Bukhari, I.H., Shahid, M., Zubair, M., Rizwan, K., & Rashid, U.(2012). In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and GC/MS analysis of Mazusgoodenifolius. Molecules, 17, 14275–14287. http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171214275Sadaoui, N., Bec, N., Barragnan-Montero, V., Kadri, N., Cuisinier, F., Larroque, C., Arab,K., & Khettal, B. (2018). The essential oil of Algerian Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss.& Dur. and its effect on the cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities.Fitoterapia, 130, 1–5. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.07.015Saleh, M.A., Clark, S., Woodard, B., & Deolu-Sobogun, S.A. (2010). Antioxidant and freeradical scavenging activities of essential oils. Ethnicity and Disease, 20 Suppl 1, 78–82.Salem, M.Z.M., Zidan, Y.E., Mansour, M.A.M., El Hadidi, N.M.N., & Abo Elgat, W.A.A.(2016). Antifungal activities of two essential oils used in the treatment of threecommercial woods deteriorated by five common mold fungi. InternationalBiodeterioration and Biodegradation, 106, 88–96.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.10.010.Sebaaly, C., Charcosset, C., Stainmesse, S., Fessi, H., & Greige-Gergesa, H. (2016). Cloveessential oil-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposomes in the aqueous and lyophilized states: fromlaboratory to large scale using a membrane contactor. Carbohydrate Polymers, 138, 75–85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.053.Sharma, P., Sharma, J.D. (2001). In vitro hemolysis of human erythrocytes by plant extractswith antiplasmodial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74, 239–243.http://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00370-6.Tampieri, M.P., Galuppi, R., Macchioni, F., Carelle, M.S., Falcioni, L., Cioni, P.L., &Morelli, I. (2005). The inhibition of Candida albicans by selected essential oils and theirmajor components. Mycopathologia, 159, 339–345. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-003-4790-5.Turek, C., & Stintzing, F.C. (2012). Impact of different storage conditions on the quality ofselected essential oils. Food Research International, 46, 341–353.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.028.Velasco-Negueruela, A., Pérez-Alonso, M.J., Pérez de Paz, P.L., Palá-Paúl, J., & Sanz, J.(2006). Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the volatiles from thefruits of Ammodaucus leucotrichus subsp. leucotrichus and subsp. nanocarpus grown inNorth Africa and the Canary Islands, respectively. Journal of Chromatography A, 1108,273–275. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.031.

In this paper, it is discuss the points raised from a pilot study for qualitative research planning. The argumentation present here is the result of a pilot study that focused the games of mathematical language on teacher training for rural schools. The data production took place in the Federal University of Reconcâvo Baiano, campus of Feira de Santana, state of Bahia, Brazil. The pilot study did not only provide insights for the research, but for any qualitative inquiry. Based on that, it is suggest that pilot study raises questions for reviewing a qualitative research planning in at least six dimensions: ethical, methodological, theoretical, analytical, operational and representational.ResumoNeste artigo, são discutidas as potencialidades do estudo piloto para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa qualitativa. A argumentação ora apresentada é fruto de um estudo piloto que focalizou os jogos de linguagem matemáticos na formação de professores do campo. A produção de dados ocorreu no curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo com Habilitações em Ciências da Natureza e Matemática em uma universidade pública no interior da Bahia, Brasil. O estudo piloto dessa pesquisa não gerou insights apenas para o delineamento da referida pesquisa, mas para qualquer investigação qualitativa. Baseado nisso, argumenta-se que o estudo piloto levanta questões para o refinamento do planejamento da pesquisa, pelo menos, em seis dimensões: ética, metodológica, teórica, analítica, operacional e representacional.Keywords: Pilot study, Qualitative research, Research Planning.Palavras-chave: Estudo piloto, Pesquisa qualitativa, Planejamento da pesquisa.ReferencesARAIN, Mubashir et al. What is a pilot or feasibility study? A review of current practice and editorial policy. BMC Medical Research Methodology. UK, jul. 2010. Disponível em: <https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2288-10-67>. Acesso em: 21 set. 2017.ARNOLD, Donald et al. The design and interpretation of pilot trials in clinical research in critical care. Crit Care Med. USA, vol. 37, n. 1, jan. 2009. Disponível em: <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.622.1427&rep=rep1&type=pdf>. Acesso em 22 set. 2017.BELLO, Samuel Edmundo Lopez; RÉGNIER, Jean-Claude. Linguagem, realidade e subjetividade: elementos para uma Educação Matemática contemporânea. In: JELINEK, Karin Ritter; BELLO, Samuel Edmundo Lopez; SANTOS, Suelen Assunção (Orgs.). Educação Matemática: linguagens, práticas e sujeitos. Porto Alegre: Editora Canto - Cultura e Arte, p. 25-41, 2017. Disponível em: <http://canto.art.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Educacao-Matematica-linguagens-praticas-e-sujeitos-versao-digital-espelhada.pdf>. Acesso em: 6 abr. 2019BIRMAN, Joel. Jogando com a Verdade. Uma Leitura de Foucault. PHYSIS: Revista Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v. 12, n.2, p.301-324, 2002. Disponível em: < http://www.scielo.br/pdf/physis/v12n2/a07v12n2.pdf>. Acesso em: 5 abr. 2019.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Projeto Pedagógico do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo com Habilitações em Ciências da Natureza e Matemática. Feira de Santana: Coordenadoria de Ensino e Integração Acadêmica. CETENS/UFRB, 2013.CREPALDE, Rodrigo Santos; KLEPKA, Verônica; PINTO, Tânia Halley Oliveira. Interculturalidade e conhecimento tradicional sobre a Lua na formação de professores no/do campo. Revista Brasileira de Educação do Campo, Tocantinópolis, v. 2, n. 3, p. 836-860, jul./dez., 2017. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.20873/uft.2525-4863.2017v2n3p836>. Acesso em: 5 maio 2017.CRESWELL, John. W. Investigação Qualitativa e Projeto de Pesquisa: escolhendo entre cinco abordagens. 3 ed. Porto Alegre: Penso, 2014. 341 p.DANNA, Cristiane Lisandra. O teste piloto: uma possibilidade metodológica e dialógica na pesquisa qualitativa em educação. In: I COLÓQUIO NACIONAL E VII ENCONTRO DO NÚCLEO DE ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS (NEL) da FURB, 16, 2012, Blumenau. Anais eletrônicos. Blumenau: FURB, 2012. Disponível em: <https://www.tecnoevento.com.br/nel/anais/artigos/art16.pdf>. Acesso em: 21 set. 2017.DE VAUS, David. Surveys in Social Research - 3rd edn. London: UCL Press, 1993. 379 p. FLICK, Uwe. Introdução à Pesquisa Qualitativa. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2009. 405 p.FONGER, Nicola. Lessons learned as a novice researcher: A pilot study in Mathematics Education. The Hilltop Review, Michigan, apr. 2011. Disponível em: <https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=hilltopreview>. Acesso em: 6 fev. 2018.FOUCAULT, Michel. O cuidado com a verdade. In: FOUCAULT, Michel. Ditos e Escritos V. Ética, Sexualidade e Política. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 2004c, p. 240-251.FOUCAULT, Michel. A Ordem do Discurso. Trad. Laura Fraga de Almeida Sampaio. 24 ed. São Paulo: Loyola, 2014. 74 p.GAIA, C.; PIRES, L. Saberes matemáticos e história de vida na zona rural de Marabá-PA. Revista Brasileira de Educação do Campo, Tocantinópolis, v. 1, n. 1, p. 128-146, jan./jun.,2016. Disponível em: < https://doi.org/10.20873/uft.2525-4863.2016v1n1p128>. Acesso em: 5 mai 2017.GLOCK, Hans-Johann. Dicionário de Wittgenstein. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1998. 398 p.GRIX, Jonathan. The Foundations of Research. New York: Palgrave Study Skills, 2004. 200 p.GROS, Frédéric; DAVIDSON, Arnold. Foucault, Wittgenstein: de possibles rencontres. Paris: Éditions Kimé, 2011.ISMAIL, Nashwa; KINCHIN, Gary. EDWARDS, Julie-Ann. Pilot study, does it really matter? Learning lessons from conducting a pilot study for a qualitative PhD Thesis. International Journal of Social Science Research. USA, mar. 2018. Disponível em: <http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijssr/article/view/11720/9594>. Acesso em: 8 fev. 2018.JANGHORBAN, Roksana; ROUDSARI, Robab Latifnejad; TAGHIPOUR, Ali. Pilot study in qualitative research: the roles and values. Journal of Hayat, Tehran, mar. 2014. Disponível em: <http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=666&sid=1&slc_lang=en>. Acesso em: 6 fev. 2018.KIM, Yujin. The pilot study in qualitative inquiry: identifying issues and learning lessons for culturally competent research. Qualitative Social Work, USA, may 2011. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010362001>. Acesso em: 6 fev. 2018.KNIJNIK, Gelsa. Differentially positioned language games: ethnomathematics from a philosophical perspective. Educational Studies in Mathematics, Switzerland, v. 80, p. 87-100, may 2012. Disponível em: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10649-012-9396-8>. Acesso em: 10 mar 2018.KNIJNIK, Gelsa. Etnomatemáticas en movimiento: Perspectiva Etnomatemática, sus formulaciones teóricas y ejemplificaciones. Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática, Colombia, v. 7, n. 2, p. 139-151, jun./sep. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.revista.etnomatematica.org/index.php/RevLatEm/article/view/127>. Acesso em: 5 abr. 2019.KNIJNIK, Gelsa. A ordem do discurso da matemática escolar e jogos de linguagem de outras formas de vida. Perspectivas da Educação Matemática, Campo Grande, v. 10, n. 22, p. 45-64, 2017. Disponível em: <http://seer.ufms.br/index.php/pedmat/article/view/3877/3104>. Acesso em: 10 mar 2018.MACKEY, Alison; GASS, Susan. Second language research: methodology and design. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. 405 p.RICHARDSON, Roberto Jerry. Pesquisa social: métodos e técnicas. 3. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2012. 394 p.SILVEIRA, Maria Rosâni Abreu. Matemática, discurso e linguagens: contribuições para a Educação Matemática. São Paulo: Editora Livraria da Física, 2015. (Coleção Contextos da Ciência). TEIJLINGEN, Edwin Van; HUNDLEY, Vanora. The importance of pilot studies. Social Research Update. England, jan./mar. 2001. Disponível em: <http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU35.html>. Acesso em: 5 fev. 2018.THABANE, Lehana et al. A tutorial on pilot studies: the what, why and how. BMC Medical Research Methodology. London, jan. 2010. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824145/>. Acesso em: 7 fev. 2018.UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RECÔNCAVO DA BAHIA. Projeto Pedagógico do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo com Habilitações em Ciências da Natureza e Matemática. Feira de Santana, 2013.VEIGA-NETO, Alfredo. Foucault & a Educação. 2 ed. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2007. (Coleção Pensadores & Educação).VEIGA-NETO, Alfredo. Teoria e método em Michel Foucault: (im)possibilidades. Cadernos de Educação. Pelotas, n. 34, p. 83 - 94, set./dez., 2009. Disponível em: <https://periodicos.ufpel.edu.br/ojs2/index.php/caduc/article/view/1635/1518>. Acesso em: 6 abr. 2019.VERGÈS, P. Ensemble de Programmes Permettant L’annalyse des Évocations – EVOC 2000. Manuel, version, 5. 2002.WANDERER, Fernanda. Educação Matemática, jogos de linguagem e regulação. São Paulo: Livraria da Física, 2014. (Coleção Contextos da Ciência).WANDERER, Fernanda. Educação Matemática, processos de regulação e o Programa Escola Ativa. Revista de Educação Pública. Cuiabá, v. 26, n. 61, p. 201-221, jan./abr., 2017. Disponível em: <http://periodicoscientificos.ufmt.br/ojs/index.php/educacaopublica/article/view/2397/pdf>. Acesso em: 6 abr. 2019WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig. Investigações Filosóficas. Trad. Marcos G. Nontagnoli. 6. ed. São Paulo: Vozes, 2009. 350 p.WRAY, Jane; ARCHIBONG, Uduak; WALTON, Sean. Why undertake a pilot in a qualitative PhD study? Lessons learned to promote success. Nurse Researcher. Ontário, jan. 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312593847_Why_undertake_a_pilot_in_a_qualitative_PhD_study_Lessons_learned_to_promote_success>. Acesso em: 8 fev. 2018.

RESUMENUna de las manifestaciones más significativas de cada sociedad es el diseño de su ritual funerario, puesto que refleja las bases religiosas e ideológicas en las que se sustenta su organización. Aunque muchos de los procesos implicados en los funerales son efímeros, los cementerios y las sepulturas contienen información material que es estudiada por la arqueología con métodos cada vez más sofisticados, entre los que destacan los análisis isotópicos y genéticos. No menos importantes son los nuevos planteamientos teóricos. Si en la arqueología de la muerte tradicional los enterramientos eran ordenados por riqueza, sexo y cronología, en la actualidad se añaden otras perspectivas de estudio, como el papel asignado al género o la manipulación ideológica del ceremonial fúnebre. Finalmente, las nuevas ideologías del presente plantean retos y cortapisas que estimulan, pero también dificultan, el trabajo arqueológico. Palabras clave: arqueología funeraria, muerte, ideología, ritual, género, excavación de cementerios ABSTRACTOne of the most significant manifestations of every society is the design of its funeral ritual since it reflects the religious and ideological frames on which its organization is based. Although many of the processes involved in funerals are ephemeral, cemeteries and graves contain material information that is studied by archeology with increasingly sophisticated methods, including isotopic and genetic analyses. No less important are the new theoretical approaches. Within the traditional “Archeology of Death”, burials were ordered by wealth, sex, and chronology. Nowadays, other study perspectives are added, such as the role assigned to gender or the ideological manipulation of the funerals. Finally, the new ideologies of the present pose challenges and obstacles that stimulate, but also hinder, archaeological work. Keywords: funerary archaeology, death, ideology, ritual, gender, excavation of cemeteries REFERENCIASAlmansa Sánchez, J. (2013): Arqueología Pública en España Madrid, JAS Arqueología.Arnold, B. (2012): “The Vix Redux: a retrospective on European Iron Age gender and mortuary studies”, en L. Prados Torreira, C. López Ruiz, y J. Parra Camacho (coords), La Arqueología funeraria desde una perspectiva de género. Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Colección Estudios 145, pp. 215-233.Arnold, B. y Wicker, N. L. (eds.) (2001): Gender and the Archaeology of Death, N. York-Oxford, Altamira Press.Arnold, D. (2016): “Burning Issues: Cremation and Incineration in Modern India”, NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin, 24, pp. 393–419.Bartel, B. (1982): “A Historical Review of Ethnological and Archaeological Analysis of Mortuary Practices”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1, pp. 32-58.Agustí, B., Palomo, A., Palmada, G., et alii (2009): El Cementiri Vell de Banyoles. Girona, Ajuntament de Banyoles.Belarte, M.C., Noguera, J., Bertral, A. et alii (2022): “El ritual funerario en las necrópolis ibéricas a partir de nuevas aproximaciones metodológicas: Les Esquarterades (Ulldecona, Tarragona)”, Trabajos de Prehistoria, 79 (1), pp. 141-158.Bertolino, F., Alaimo, F. y Vassallo, S. (2017): Battles of Himera (480 and 409 B. C.): Analysis of Biological finds and historical interpretation. Experiences of restoration in the ruins of Himera 2008-2010. Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage 15 (2), pp. 27-40. Binford, L.R. (1972): An Archaeological Perspective, N. York-London, Seminar Press. Bodel, J. (2018): “Roman tomb gardens”, en W. F. Jashemski, K. L. Gleason, K. J. Hartswick, and A. Malek (eds.), Gardens of the Roman Empire, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 199-242.Chapa Brunet, T. (2006): “Arqueología de la Muerte: aspectos metodológicos”, en D. Vaquerizo, J.A. Garriguet y A. León (eds): Espacios y usos funerarios en la ciudad histórica. Anales de Arqueología Cordobesa 17 (1), pp. 25-46.Chapman, R. (2003): “Death, society and archaeology: the social dimensions of mortuary practices” Mortality 8 (3), pp. 305-312.Clegg, M. (2020): Human Remains. Curation, Reburial and Repatriation. Cambridge Texts in Human Bioarchaeology and Osteoarchaeology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Conkey M. W. y Spector J. D. (1984): “Archaeology and the Study of Gender” en M. Schiffer (dir.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7, N. York-London, Academic Press, pp. 1-38.Cuello del Pozo, P. (2018): “Análisis preliminar de los isótopos estables de estroncio (87 SR/ 86 SR) biodisponibles en la isla de Lanzarote: propuesta para la creación de una base de datos de referencia para su aplicación en la arqueología canaria”, Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos 65, pp. 1-17.Depierre, G. and Duday, H. (2003) : “‘La Dame de Vix’ hier et aujoud’hui”, in C. Rolley (ed.), The tombe princière de Vix, Société des Amis du Musée du Châtillonais, Paris, Picard, pp. 29-39.Díez Fernández, S. (2019): “Origen y migración: el papel de los isótopos de estroncio”,MoleQla: revista de Ciencias de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide 33, s.p.Salazar-García, D.C., Vives-Ferrándiz, J. Fuller B.T. y Richards, M.P. (2010): “Alimentación estimada de la población del Castellet de Bernabé (siglos v-iii a. C.) mediante el uso de ratios de isótopos estables de C y N”, Saguntum (PLAV) extra 9, pp. 313-322.Duday, H. (2009): The Archaeology of the Dead. Lectures in Archaeothanatology.Oxford, Oxbow Books.Endere, M.L. (2000): “Patrimonios en disputa: acervos nacionales, investigación arqueológica y reclamos étnicos sobre restos humanos”, Trabajos de Prehistoria 57 (1), pp. 5-18.Esteban López, C. (2014): “Orientación de las tumbas y astronomía en la necrópolis de la Angorrilla”, en M. Casado Ariza, A. Fernández Flores, E. Prados Pérez y A. Rodríguez Azogue (eds), La necrópolis de época tartésica de la Angorrilla. Alcalá del Río, Sevilla. Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, pp. 321-327.Galán, J. M. (2017): “El jardín de Sinuhé”, National Geographic, ed. España (vol. agosto), pp. 56-65.Gilchrist, R. (2009): “The Archaeology of Sex and Gender”, en B. Cunliffe, C. Gosden and R. Joyce (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology, Oxford, OxfordUniversity Press, pp. 1029-1047.Hendy, J. (2021): “Ancient protein analysis in archaeology”, Science Advances 7 (3), s.p.Henriksen, M. B. (2019): “Experimental cremations. Can they help us to understand prehistoric cremation graves?”, en A. Cieśliński y B. Kontny (eds), Interacting Barbarians. Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD. Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 9. Varsovia, Universidad de Varsovia, pp. 289-296.Hoskin, M. (2009): “Orientation of dolmens of Western Europe”, Complutum 20 (2), pp. 165-175.Hubert, J. y Fforde, C. (2002): “Introduction: the reburial issue in the twenty-first century”, en C. Fforde, J. Hubert y P. Turnbull (eds): The Dead and their Possessions, Repatriation in Principle, Policy and Practice, London, Routledge, pp. 19-34.Jiménez, J.L. y Mata, C. (2001): “Creencias religiosas versus gestión del Patrimonio Arqueológico: El caso del cementerio judío de Valencia”, Trabajos de Prehistoria 58 (2), pp. 27-40.Joffroy, R. (1979): Vix et ses Trésors, Paris, Librairie Jules Tallandier. Knüsel, C.J. (2002): “More Circe than Cassandra. The Princess of Vix in ritualized social context”, European Journal of Archaeology 5 (2), pp. 275-308.Knüsel, C.J. y Robb, J. (2016): “Funerary taphonomy: An overviewof goals and methods”Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10 (2), pp 655-673.Kristiansen, K. (2022): Archaeology and the Genetic Revolution in European Prehistory, Cambridge Elements, The Archaeology of Europe. European Association of Archaeologists, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Lightfoot E. y O’Connell T.C. (2016): “On the Use of Biomineral Oxygen Isotope Data to Identify Human Migrants in the Archaeological Record: Intra-Sample Variation, Statistical Methods and Geographical Considerations” PLoS ONE 11(4), s.p.Lomba Maurandi, J. J. y Haber Uriarte, M., (2016): “El registro funerario calcolítico en el extremo suroriental de la Península Ibérica: los valles del Guadalentín y Segura”, en Del neolític a l’edat del bronze en el Mediterrani occidental. Estudis en Homenatge a Bernat Martí Oliver. Trabajos Varios del SIP 119, València, pp. 349-364.Milcent, P. Y. (2003) : “Statut et fonctions d´un personnage féminin hors norme”, en C. Rolley (dir): La tombe princière de Vix, Paris, ed. Picard, pp. 312-366.Moshenska, G., (2009): “The reburial issue in Britain” Antiquity 83, pp. 815-820.— (2017), Key Concepts in Public Archaeology, Londres, UCL Press. Oestigaard, T. (2013): “Cremations in Culture and Cosmology”, en S. Tarlow and L. Nilsson-Stutz (eds.), Handbook on the Archaeology of Death and Burials. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 497-509.Olivier, L. (1999): “The Hochdorf ‘princely’ grave and the question of the nature of archaological funerary assemblages”, en T. Murray (ed), Time and Archaeology. One World Archaeology 37. Londres-N.York, Routledge, pp. 109-138.— (2011): “Images de l´aristocratie guerrière dans les pratiques funéraires de la fin du Bronze final au premier âge du fer dans l´Europe nord-alpine. Quelques perspectives inspirées de l´anthropologie des représentations collectives de la mort”, en L. Baray, M. Honegger y M-H. Dias-Meirinho (dirs), L´Armement et l´image du guerrier dans les sociétés anciennes. De l´objet à la tombe. Centre de Recherche et d´Étude du Patrimoine de Sens. Dijon, Éditions Universitaires de Dijon, pp. 289-314.Parker Pearson, M. (2005): The Archaeology of Death and Burial (4ª ed) Austin, Texas AM University Press.— (2017): “Dead and (un)buried: Reconstructing attitudes to death in long-term perspective”, en J. Bradbury y C. Scarre (ed): Engaging with the Dead: Exploring Changing Human Beliefs about Death, Mortality and the Human Body. Oxford, Oxbow Books, pp. 129-137.Pellegrini, M., Pouncett, J., Jay, M., Parker Pearson, M., Richards, M. (2016): “Tooth enamel oxygen “isoscapes” show a high degree of human mobility in prehistoric Britain”. Scientific Reports 6 (1), pp. 1-9.Pereira, J., Chapa, T., Madrigal, A., Uriarte, A., Mayoral, V. (2004): La necrópolis ibérica de Galera (Granada). La colección del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura.Péré-Noguès, S. (2011): “Le genre au prisme de l’archéologie: quelques réflexions autour de la ‘dame de Vix’”, Les Cahiers de Framespa 7, s.p. Prados Torreira, L., López Ruiz, C. y Parra Camacho, J. (coords) (2012): La Arqueología funeraria desde una perspectiva de género, Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.Quesada, F. (1993): “Riqueza y jerarquización social en las necrópolis ibéricas: los ajuares” en J. Mangas y J. Alvar (eds): Homenaje a Jose M.ª Blázquez, vol. II, Serie Arys. Madrid, Ediciones Clásicas, pp. 447-466.Reinember, K.L., Reitsema, L.J., Kyle, B., Vassallo S., Kamenov G., Krigbaum J. (2021): “Isotopic evidence for geographic heterogeneity in Ancient Greek military forces”, PLoS ONE 16(5), s.p. Reitsema, L. J., et alii. (2022): “The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army”, PNAS 119 (41), s.p.Richier, A. F. (2019): “L’archéologie de la mort face aux temps récents: pratiques et questionnements éthiques à partir d’une étude de cas”, Canadian Journal of Bioethics. Revue canadienne de bioéthique 2(3), pp. 146-148.Robb, J. (2012): “Creating Death: An Archaeology of Dying”, en L. Nilsson-Stutz y S. Tarlow (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 441-456.Rodríguez-Corral, J. y Ferrer Albelda, E. (2018): “Teoría e Interpretación en la Arqueología de la Muerte”, Spal 27.2, pp. 89-123.Ruiz Taboada, A. (2014): “La gestión de los cementerios históricos: La muerte como disputa”, Complutum 25 (1), pp. 203-215.Salazar-García, D. C., Vives-Ferrándiz, J., Fuller, B. T. y Richards, M.P. (2010): “Alimentación estimada de la población del Castellet de Bernabé (siglos v-iii a. C.) mediante el uso de ratios de isótopos estables de C y N”. Saguntum (PLAV) Extra 9, pp. 313-322.Saxe, A.A. (1970): Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, Ph.D. Thesis. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan. Sayer, D. (2010): Ethics and Burial Archaeology, Duckworth Debates in Archaeology, London, Gerald Duckworth Co Ltd. Snodgrass, A. (2015): “Putting Death in Its Place: The Idea of the Cemetery”, en C. Renfrew, M. J. Boyd, I. Morley (eds), Death Rituals, Social Order and the Archaeology of Immortality in the Ancient World. ‘Death Shall Have No Dominion’, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 187-199.Sofaer, J., Stig Sørensen, M.L. (2013): “Death and Gender”, en L. Nilsson-Stutz y S. Tarlow (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 527-541.Spindler, K. (1983): Die frühen Kelten, Reclaim, Stuttgart, Philipp Reclam.Talavera González, J. A., Díaz de la Cruz, S. T., Valadez Sanabria, M. P. (2017): “La Arqueología en contextos forenses”, Arqueología 52 (Abril), pp. 154-175.Van Gennep, A. (1986): Los ritos de paso, Madrid, Taurus. Verger, S. (2006): “La grande tombe de Hochdorf, mise en scène funéraire d’un cursus honorum tribal hors pair”, Siris 7, pp. 5-44.— (2009) : “La Dame de Vix: une défunte à personalité multiple”, en J. Guilaine (ed), Sépultures et sociétés. Du Néolithique à l ´Histoire. Collection des Hespérides, Paris, Ed. Errance, pp. 285-309.Vicent García, J.M. (1995): “Problemas teóricos de la Arqueología de la Muerte. Una introducción”, en R. Fábregas Valcarce, F., Pérez Losada, C. y Fernández Ibáñez, (eds), Arqueoloxía da Morte na Península Ibérica desde os Orixes ata o Medievo, Concello de Xinzo de Limia, pp. 13-31. Voss, B. L. (2000): “Feminisms, Queer Theories, and the Archaeological Study of Past Sexualities”, World Archaeology 32 (2), 180-192.Weismantel, M. (2013): “Towards a Transgender Archaeology: A Queer Rampage Through Prehistory”, en S. Stryker y A. Z. Aizura (eds), The Transgender Studies Reader 2. N. York, Routledge, pp. 319-334.West J. B., Bowen, G.J., Dawson, T.E. y Tu, K. (eds) (2010): Isoscapes: Understanding Movement, Pattern, and Process on Earth Through Isotope Mapping, N. York, Springer.

RESUMENEste trabajo presenta los resultados de la última documentación y estudio de los grabados existentes en el Pozo de la Cruz, que forman parte de las estructuras visibles en el yacimiento arqueológico de San Marcial de Rubicón (Yaiza, Lanzarote, España). Gracias al uso combinado de la fotografía nocturna y de la fotogrametría 3D, y a partir del análisis detallado de dos de sus grabados más singulares, se propone una nueva hipótesis de trabajo que apoya en gran medida la teoría inicial lanzada por sus descubridores a finales de la década de 1980. El objetivo es arrojar luz sobre uno de los hallazgos más polémicos de la arqueología canaria, sobre el que se han construido y apoyado varias teorías hasta la fecha. Palabras clave: grabados, pozos, fotogrametría, podomorfos, marcas de cantero Topónimos: islas Canarias, Lanzarote Período: Edad Media ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of the latest documents and studies on the existing engravings in Pozo de la Cruz, which are part of the visible structures in the archaeological site of San Marcial de Rubicón (Yaiza, Lanzarote, Spain). Thanks to the use of 3D photogrammetry and from the detailed analysis of two of its most unique engravings, a new working hypothesis is proposed supporting the initial theory launched by its discoverers in the late 1980s. The aim is to shed light on one of the most fascinating archaeological findings in the Canary Islands, on which several theories have been built and supported to date. Keywords: engravings, wells, photogrammetry, footprints, stonemason marks Place names: Canary Islands, Lanzarote Period: Middle Ages REFERENCIASAlarcón, F. J. (2010): “Enterramientos fenicio-púnicos hallados en 1997 en un solar de la c/ Tolosa Latour”, A. M. Niveau de Villedary y V. Gómez (coords.), La necrópolis de Cádiz. Apuntes de arqueología gaditana en homenaje a J.F. Sibón Olano, Cádiz, pp. 93-119.Alexander, J. y Martin, T. (2014): “Sistemas constructivos en las fases iniciales de la catedral de Santiago: una nueva mirada al edificio románico a través de las marcas de cantería”, En el principio: Génesis de la catedral románica de Santiago de Compostela, pp. 142-164. Almagro-Gorbea, M. y Lorrio, A. J. (2015): “Nuevas joyas feno-púnicas de Villaricos”, Rivista di Studi Fenici, 53, pp. 67-90.Alonso Ruiz, B. (2014): “La catedral gótica de Jaén”, Laboratorio de Arte (Universidad de Sevilla), 26, pp. 47-71.Alvarado Planas, J. (2009): Heráldica, simbolismo y usos tradicionales de las corporaciones de oficios, las marcas de canteros, Madrid, Hidalguía. Arqueocanaria (2006): Propuesta de clasificación y estudio de los materiales arqueológicos procedentes del ingenio azucarero de Alonso Fernández de Lugo en Agaete. Gran Canaria (años 1486-1642), Inédito. Atoche Peña, P., Martín Culebras, J., Ramírez Rodríguez, M. A., González Antón, R., Del Arco Aguilar, M. C., Santana Santana, A., Mendieta Pino, C.A. (1999): “Pozos con cámara de factura antigua en Rubicón (Lanzarote)”, VIII Jornadas de Estudios sobre Lanzarote y Fuerteventura, Arrecife, 1997, pp. 365-419. Atoche Peña, P. y Ramírez Rodríguez, M. Á. (2009): “Manifestaciones rupestres protohistóricas de Lanzarote: viejas y nuevas iconografías en un diferente contexto cronológico, cultural e interpretativo”, Grabados rupestres de la fachada atlántica europea y africana, BAR International Series 2043, pp. 187-209.Aznar, E., Corbella, D., Pico, B., y Tejera, A. (coords.) (2006): Le Canarien. Retrato de dos mundos, La Laguna, Instituto de Estudios Canarios. Aznar Vallejo, E. (1988): “El capítulo de Canarias en el islario de André Thevet”. VI Coloquio de Historia Canario-Americana (1992), II, pp. 829-862.—(2000): “Iglesia y ‘nación castellana’ en la Baja Edad Media: el caso de Canarias”, Almogarén, 26, pp. 35-48.—(2006): “Conquistar y colonizar en las regiones meridionales”, Le Canarien: Retrato de dos mundos, 2, pp. 63-88.Beltrán Fortes, J. (en prensa): “El anfiteatro de Itálica (Santiponce, Sevilla). Análisis arqueológico de los espacios y cultos documentados en el edificio en época romana imperial”, Analecta Malacitana Revista electrónica. Bertilsson, U. (2013): “Divine footprints. Traces of cosmological archetypes and prehistoric religion on the rock faces”, Art as a Source of History. Papers XXV Valcamonica Symposium 2013, Capo di Monte, pp. 163-172.Bertrandy, F. y Sznycer, M. (1987): Les stèles puniques de Constantine, Paris, Musée du Louvre, Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux.Bonde, S., Mark, R. y Robison, E. C. (2002): “Muros y otros elementos verticales”, Tecnología arquitectónica hasta la revolución científica, Akal, pp. 73-164.Borrela, L. (1996): “Iconografia pacense: Castelo de Beja, XVI. Torre de menagem”, Diario do Alentejo, 30 de agosto de 1996. Caballero Mújica, F. (1996): Documentos episcopales canarios, Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.Cabrera Pérez, J. C., Perera Betancor, M. A. y Tejera Gaspar, A. (1999): Majos. La primitiva población de Lanzarote, Islas Canarias, Madrid, Fundación César Manrique.Caridad Arias, J. (2010): “Las antiguas divinidades Tanit, Támara o Tamar, Tara o Tana y su proyección en la religión de los canarios”, Almogaren XLI (Institutum Canarium), Wien, pp. 95-112.Chaves, L. (1917): “Arqueología artística”, O archeólogo portugués,XXIII pp. 220-237. Cressier, P. (2001): “El acarreo de obras antiguas en la arquitectura islámica de primera época”, Cuadernos Emeritenses, 17, pp. 309-334.Del Arco Aguilar, M. C., González Antón, R., De Balbín Behrmann, R., Bueno Ramírez, P., Rosario Adrián, M. C., Del Arco Aguilar, M. M. y González Ginovés, L. (2000): “Tanit en Canarias: iconografía”, Eres. Arqueología/Bioantropología, 9, pp. 43-65.Dobrez, P. (2017): “From tracks to gesture-derived inscription: An australian genealogy for ‘tracks and lines’ petroglyphs”, Rock Art Research, 34, pp. 149-168.Dunbabin, K. M. D. (1990): “Ipsa Deae Vestigia... Footsprints Divine and Human on Graeco-Roman Monuments”, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 3, pp. 85-109.Eisenberg-Degen, D. y Nash, G. (2015), “Foot and Sandal prints Ramat Matred, the Negev Desert, Israel”, ARKEOS, 37, pp. 355-360.Esquieu, Y., Hartmann-Virnich, A., Baud, A., Costantini, F., Guild, R., Pitte, D., Prigent, D., Parron, I., Reveyron, N., Saint-Jean-Vitus, B., Sapin, C. y Tardieu, J. (2007): “Les signes lapidaires dans la construction médiévale: études de cas et problèmes de méthode”, Bulletin Monumental, 165-4, pp. 331-358.Falchi, M. P. y Podestá, M. M. (2015): “Aquí estuvimos, por acá pasamos. Grabados de pisadas y huellas humanas en los desiertos sur andinos”, ARKEOS, 37, pp. 289-312.Ferrer Albelda, E. (2015): “El ‘signo de Tanit’ en la península ibérica”, A. Bernabé y J.A. Álvarez-Pedrosa (eds.), Orientalística en tiempos de crisis, Actas del VI Congreso Nacional del Centro de Estudios del Próximo Oriente, pp.167-179.Feijoo Martínez, S. y Alba Calzado, M. A. (2002): “El sentido de la Alcazaba emiral de Mérida: su aljibe, mezquita y torre de señales”, Mérida, excavaciones arqueológicas, 8, pp. 565-586.Fernández Gómez, J. H., López Grande, M. J., Mezquida Orti, A., Velázquez Brieva, F. (2009): Amuletos púnicos de hueso hallados en Ibiza. Treballs del Museu Arqueològic d´Eivissa i Formentera, Eivissa: Govern Balear.Fossati, A. E. (2019): Messages from the Past: Rock Art of Al-Hajar Mountains (The Archaeological Heritage of Oman), Archaeopress. García García, F. A. (2010): “El crismón”, Revista Digital de Iconografía Medieval, vol. II, núm. 3, pp. 21-31.Gsell, S. (1920): Historie ancienne de L’Afrique du Nord. Tome IV, Paris, Librairie Hachette.Guarducci, M. (1942-43): “Le impronte del Quo Vadis e monumenti affini, figurati ed epigrafici”, Rendiconti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia, 19 (ser. 3), pp. 305-44.Hernández Cabrera, J. O. (2021): “Hitos falsables en la arqueología del poblamiento antiguo de las islas canarias. I. La Piedra de Anaga de Manuel de Ossuna y Van Den Heede (1845-1921)”, XVI Jornadas de Estudios sobre Fuerteventura y Lanzarote (29 de septiembre al 2 de octubre de 2015), Tomo I (Prehistoria y Arqueología). Archivo General Insular, Cabildo de Fuerteventura y Cabildo de Lanzarote, Puerto del Rosario, pp. 215-247.Huang, L. (2015): “Les marques lapidaires de Sainte-Foy de Conques (Aveyron, France)”, Actes du XIXè Colloque International de Glyptographie de Colmar (France), pp. 263-308. Khan, M. (2013): “Rock Art of Saudi Arabia”, Arts, 2, pp. 447-475; doi:10.3390/arts2040447. Kolber, J. (2015): “Walking Around Chaco: Foot and Sandal Prints in the Rock-art of Chaco Culture National Historical Park”, ARKEOS, 37, pp. 313-318.Lipinski, E. (1992) : “Signe de Tanit”, E. Lipinski (Dir.), Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et puniche, Brepols, Belgique, pp. 416-419.López-Menchero, V. M., Marchante, Á., Vincent, M., Cárdenas, Á. J., y Onrubia, J. (2017): “Uso combinado de la fotografía digital nocturna y de la fotogrametría en los procesos de documentación de petroglifos: El caso de Alcázar de San Juan (Ciudad Real, España)”, Virtual Archaeology Review, vol. 8, núm. 17, pp. 64-74. Louart, A. (2018) : “L’empreinte humaine dans la vallée de l’oued Çayyad. Les gravures podomorphes”, D. Huyge y F. Van Noten (eds.), What Ever Happened to the People? Humans and Anthropomorphs in the Rock Art of Northern Africa, Bruselas, Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences-Royal Museums of Art and History, pp. 35-44.Maroto Rodríguez, I. D. (2018): “Los esclavos públicos e imperiales como agentes culturales en Hispania”, Revista de Historiografía (RevHisto), 28, pp. 139-166.Martín Ruiz, J. A. (2015): “La colonización fenicia en las islas canarias. Una cuestión a debate”, Albahri entre oriente y occidente: Revista independiente de estudios históricos, núm. 1, pp. 9-42. Mayoral Castillo, Á. L. (2015): “Podomorfos, footprints, pediformi, pédiformes”, TRACCE Online Rock Art Bulletin, 34. Menéndez Fueyo, J. L. (2007): “Firmar la tinaja, marcar la historia. Marcas y grafitis en las cerámicas de Santa María de Alicante”, MARQ, arqueología y museos, núm. 2, pp. 107-130.Perera Betancort, M. A. y León Hernández, J. de (1996): “Nuevas estaciones de grabados rupestres de Lanzarote en relación con el contexto arqueológico de los majos”, XI Coloquio de Historia Canario-Americana, 1, pp. 251-290.Perera Betancor, M.A., Rodríguez Rodríguez, J., García Pérez, L., Montelongo Franquiz, A.M., Farray Barreto, J., Álvarez Pérez, M., León Machín, N. de y Medina Medina, M. (2021): “Concomitancias de elementos arqueológicos de Fuerteventura y Lanzarote. Analogías y disimilitudes”, XVI Jornadas de Estudios sobre Fuerteventura y Lanzarote (29 de septiembre al 2 de octubre de 2015), Tomo I (Prehistoria y Arqueología). Archivo General Insular, Cabildo de Fuerteventura y Cabildo de Lanzarote, Puerto del Rosario, pp. 13-66.Ramiro Rodero, R., López-Menchero Bendicho, V. M., Marchante Ortega, A., Cárdenas Martín-Buitrago, Á. J., García Zamorano, P. M. y Onrubia Pintado, J. (2018): Grabados rupestres en La Mancha centro: documentación y estudio de un patrimonio desconocido, Archaeopress. Rodríguez Estévez, J. C. (2014): “Maestros del tardogótico castellano en las Islas Canarias. La catedral de Las Palmas”, Arquitectura tardogótica en la Corona de Castilla: trayectorias e intercambios, pp. 201-214.Rodríguez Oliva, P. (1987): “Representación de pies en el arte Antiguo de los territorios malacitanos”, Baética: Estudios de arte, geografía e historia, 10, pp. 189-210. Rosa, G. y Sousa, M. J. (2017): Catálogo de signos lapidarios y criptografía. Volumen III. La Alcarria. Aache ediciones. Ržiha, F. von (1881): Studien über Steinmetz-Zeichen; T.1/2, Von dem Zeichenwesen im Allgemeinen, Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdr.—(2010), Études sur les marques de tailleurs de Pierre, Ed. La Nef de Salomon.Serra Rafols, E. y Cioranescu, A. (1964): Le Canarien. Crónicas francesas de la conquista de Canarias, Tomo III, Texto G, Instituto de Estudios Canarios. Serra i Ráfols, J. de C. (1960): “Memoria de la excavación del castillo de Rubicón (abril de 1960)”, Revista de Historia Canaria, 131-132, pp. 357-370.Soler Segura, J. (2005): “Interpretando lo rupestre. Visiones y significados de los podomorfos en Canarias”, Traballos de Arqueoloxia e Patrimonio, 33, pp. 165-178.Tejera Gaspar, A. y Aznar Vallejo, E. (1987): “San Marcial del Rubicón. Primer asentamiento europeo en Canarias (1402)”, II Congreso de Arqueología Medieval Española, pp.732-739. —(1989): El asentamiento franco-normando de “San Marcial de Rubicón” (Yaiza, Lanzarote). Un modelo de arqueología de contacto. España, Ayuntamiento de Yaiza (Lanzarote).Tejera Gaspar, A. y Chávez Álvarez, M.ª E. (2005): “El signo de Tanit y la religión de los libios. Una hipótesis interpretativa”, Awal, 32, pp. 57-74.Valdés Fernández, F. (1986): Arqueología islámica en la Baja Extremadura. Historia de la Baja Extremadura, Tomo I, Badajoz, pp. 557-599.—(1995): “El aljibe de la Alcazaba de Mérida y la política omeya en el Occidente de al-Andalus”, Extremadura Arqueológica, V, pp. 279-299.—(1998): “El urbanismo islámico de la Extremadura leonesa: cuatro pautas de desarrollo”, Genèse de la ville islamique en al-Andalus et au Maghreb occidental, Madrid, pp. 159-183.Viera y Clavijo, J. (2016): Historia de Canarias. Volumen IV, Ediciones Idea.

Cet entretien avec le journaliste sénégalais Ousmane Mangane offre l’occasion de prolonger la réflexion initiée dans ce premier numéro de la Revue d’Histoire Contemporaine de l’Afrique portant sur l’histoire des médias sur le continent entre les années 1945 et 1975. Né en 1985 à Lagbar, un village du Ferlo, une région pastorale et très désertique située dans le nord du Sénégal, Ousmane Mangane s’est très tôt impliqué dans la presse scolaire, puis la presse radiodiffusée et télévisée. À travers son parcours, cet entretien est l’occasion de revenir sur plus de vingt ans de journalisme au Sénégal et de suivre la façon dont s’exerce la profession de journaliste aujourd’hui. Il éclaire les liens entre journalisme et politique au Sénégal, ainsi que les transformations du secteur des médias. Ousmane Mangane publie son autobiographie intitulée « Carnets de voyage d’un reporter », à paraître dans le courant de l’année 2021 aux éditions Feu de brousse dirigées par le poète Amadou Lamine Sall. Cet entretien a été réalisé en octobre 2020 à Dakar, puis relu par Ousmane Mangane.

Giguère, François. Une fausse note. Québec : Éditions Vents d’Ouest, 2014. Imprimé Une fausse note est le premier livre de François Giguère, un jeune retraité qui s’est lancé dans l’écriture après avoir gagné le concours littéraire Cerrdoc en 2000. Ce roman jeunesse qualifié de réaliste se situe entre le drame et la romance et se destine aux ados. Pour écrire cet ouvrage, l’auteur s’est inspiré des histoires vécues par ses quatre enfants lorsqu’ils étaient adolescents. Ainsi, ce livre traite entre autres de l’école et des premiers amours avec toutes les difficultés et les joies que cela peut comporter.Le titre Une fausse note est un jeu de mots faisant référence au thème principal du livre, la musique, et à la relation tendue entre Audrey et Sébastien. Audrey, personnage principal fait partie de l’ensemble musical de son école avec son amie Maude et son pire ennemi Sébastien. L’histoire débute avec la fin des vacances et par conséquent la rentrée. Julie St-Laurent, le professeur de musique prévoit pour cette nouvelle année scolaire un projet original qui consiste à faire jouer en duo ses élèves et ce avec un instrument différent de celui qu’ils utilisent dans l’harmonie. Ironie du sort, Audrey et Sébastien se retrouvent à travailler ensemble. Audrey, jeune adolescente au caractère bien trempée impose des limites très strictes à Sébastien qui l’aime en silence depuis si longtemps. Cependant, au fil de l’année scolaire, les choses évoluent et les deux coéquipiers finissent par s’avouer leurs sentiments. Mais les obligations professionnelles du père d’Audrey viendront chambouler leur relation. Le récit est donc une alternance d’événements dramatiques et romantiques qui tient le lecteur en haleine jusqu’à la toute dernière page.La typographie utilisée, la présence de minces interlignes et le nombre de page, soit 180, sont le signe d’un roman qui vise un lectorat âgé d’au moins 12 ans. Il faudra compter une dizaine d’heures pour qu’un bon lecteur puisse terminer ce roman passionnant. En ce qui concerne l’écriture, le style est plutôt classique, même dans les dialogues qui mettent le plus souvent en scène de jeunes ados.Si dans ce roman tout tourne autour de la musique, l’auteur aborde aussi le thème de la famille tel qu’on la connait aujourd’hui. Étant donné que cette histoire est très proche de ce que vivent les jeunes, le lecteur sera aussi amené à réfléchir sur sa relation à l’autre. Cela le fera sans aucun doute évoluer de manière positive. La véracité de certains éléments permettra également au lecteur de se reconnaître et ainsi vivre en héros le temps d’une lecture. Ce livre est donc parfait pour le lectorat adolescent qui s’intéresse à des textes en phase avec la vie actuelle.Note: quatre étoiles Critique: Leticia GomezLeticia étudie au Campus Saint-Jean depuis trois ans où elle effectue un baccalauréat en éducation secondaire avec une majeure en littérature. Elle écrit également des critiques littéraires pour le Franco, un journal francophone local.

O presente artigo discute textos que retratam a mulher dentro dos valores do mundo patriarcal brasileiro, juntamente, com textos em que as personagens ousam arrostar esse mesmo ideário. Em dois retratos feitos em forma de canções, as duas mulheres apresentadas não têm sequer nomes próprios e suas vidas existem em função do homem. Em outros dois, o conto A fuga, de Clarice Lispector, escrito em 1940 e publicado em 1979 e o cordel A mulher que vendeu o marido por 1,99, de Janduhi Dantas, duas mulheres protagonistas demandam em busca de autodeterminação. Ambas as personagens são casadas e são infelizes no casamento; ambas suportam condições adversas que as inquietam e oprimem e das quais desejam sair. Será utilizado o conceito do dominante de (JAKOBSON, 1983), como ferramenta teórica, assim como ferramentas dos estudos de gêneros (BUTLER, 2003; LOURO, 1997) e da literatura comparada (CARVALHAL, 1986).REFERÊNCIAS:ASSIS, Machado. Dom Casmurro. São Paulo: Editora Ática, 1996 [1899].BADINTER, Elisabeth. Um Amor conquistado: o mito do amor materno. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1985.BARTHES, Roland. Mitologias. 9. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 1993.BUTLER, Judith P. Problemas de gênero: feminismo e subversão da identidade. Tradução de Renato Aguiar. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Civilização Brasileira, 2003.CALDEIRA, Teresa Pires do Rio. Cidade de Muros: crime, segregação e cidadania em São Paulo. São Paulo: Edusp/Ed. 34, 2000.CANEVACCI, M. Introdução. In: Dialética da Família: gênese, estrutura e dinâmica de uma instituição repressiva. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1981.CARNEIRO, Sueli. Racismo, sexismo e desigualdade no Brasil. São Paulo: Selo Negro, 2008.CARVALHAL, Tânia Franco. Literatura comparada. São Paulo: Ática, 1986.COLASSANTI, Marina. Mulher daqui pra a frente. Rio de Janeiro: Nórdica, 1981.DANTAS, Janduhi. A mulher que vendeu o marido por 1,99. Patos: Editora Patos, 2009.DEL PRIORI, Mary (Org.). História das mulheres no Brasil. São Paulo: Contexto, 2000.DELUMEAU, Jean. História do medo no Ocidente: 1300-1800 - uma cidade sitiada. Tradução de Maria Lucia Machado, tradução das notas de Heloisa Jahn. São Paulo: Cia das letras, 1989. FLAUBERT, G. Madame Bovary. Paris: Gallimard, Pléiade, 1951 [1857].FREUD, Sigmund. Obras Completas. São Paulo: Imago, 1974.FRIEDAN, Betty. A Mística Feminina. Petrópolis:Vozes, 1971.FRYE, Northrop. Anatomia da Crítica. Tradução de Péricles Eugênio da Silva Ramos. São Paulo: Cultrix, 1973.GOTLIB, Nádia Batella. Clarice uma vida que se conta. São Paulo: Ática, 1995.GUEDES, O.; DAROS, A. O cuidado como atribuição feminina: contribuições para um debate ético. Serv. Soc. Rev., Londrina, v. 12, n. 1, p. 122-134, jul./dez. 2009.HAHNER, J. E. Emancipating the female sex: The struggle for women’s rights in Brazil, 1850-1940. Durham: Duke University Press, 1990. HIRATA, H. Guimarães (Org.). Cuidado e cuidadoras: as várias facetas do trabalho do care. São Paulo: Atlas; 2012.JAKOBSON, Roman. O dominante. In: LIMA, Luiz Costa (Org.). Teoria da literatura em suas fontes. vol. 1; 2a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Francisco Alves, 1983.KAUFMANN, Jean-Claude. L’Entretien Compréhensif. Paris : Éditions Nathan, 1996.LABOV, Williams. Alguns passos iniciais na análise da narrativa. Trad. Waldemar Ferreira Neto. The Journal of Narrative and Life History, v. 7, p. 1-18, 1997. Disponível em: https://www.academia.edu/4598767/LABOV_William._Alguns_passos_iniciais_na_an%C3%A1lise_da_narrativa . Acesso em: 05 nov. 2018.LISPECTOR, Clarice. A Bela e Fera. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1992.LISPECTOR, Clarice. A fuga. In: LISPECTOR, Clarice. A bela e a fera. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 1999.LISPECTOR, Clarice. Água Viva. Edição bilíngue. Paris: des femmes, 1973.LOURO, Guacira. Gênero, sexualidade e educação: uma perspectiva pós-estruturalista. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1997.MAINGUENEAU, Dominique. Análise de Textos da Comunicação. Tradução de Cecília P. de Souza-e-Silva e Décio Rocha. 6. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2011.MEJIA, Blanca Flor Demenjour Munoz; CONCEIÇÃO, Rute Izabel Simões. Qualidade discursiva concretude e projeções metonímicas: um estudo comparativo em narrativas. Revista Arredia, Dourados, Editora UFGD, v. 3, n. 4, p. 82-99, jan./jul. 2014.MOISÉS, Massaud. A Criação Literária. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1974.MONEGAL, Emir Rodríguez. Sexo y poesía en el Novecientos. Montevidéu: Alfa, 1969.NASCIMENTO, Evando. Clarice Lispector: uma literatura pensante. Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira, 2012.NASIO, J. D. A histeria: teoria e clínica psicanalítica. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1991NUNES, A. B. Jr. Êxtase e clausura: sujeito místico, Psicanálise e estética. São Paulo: Annablume, 2005.OLIVEIRA, Valdeci Batista de Melo. Figurações da donzela-guerreira: Luzia-Homem e Dona Guidinha do Poço. São Paulo: Annablume, 2005.PAIVA, Oliveira. Dona Guidinha do Poço. São Paulo: Editora Ática, 2004 [1891].PÊCHEUX, Michel. Análise automática do discurso. Trad. Eni P.Orlandi. In: GADET, Françoise; HAK, Tony (Orgs.) Por uma análise automática do discurso: uma introdução à obra de Michel Pêcheux. Campinas: Unicamp, 1993.PÊCHEUX, Michel. Semântica e discurso: uma crítica à afirmação do óbvio. São Paulo: Unicamp, 1997.PÊCHEUX, Michel. Sob o pseudônimo de Thomas Herbert. Observações para uma teoria geral das ideologias. Trad. Carolina M. R. Zuccolillo; Eni P. Orlandi; José H. Nunes. RUA, nº 1, Campinas, 1995.QUEIRÓS, Eça de. O Primo Basílio. São Paulo: Ática, 1979 [1878].REIS, Carlos; LOPES, Ana Cristina M. Dicionário de narratologia. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007.SANT´ANNA, A. R. de. Paródia, paráfrase cia. 4a ed. Ática: São Paulo, 1991.SANTAELLA, L. Matrizes da linguagem e pensamento: sonora, visual, verbal: aplicações na hipermídia. São Paulo: Iluminuras e FAPESP, 2005.SCOTT, J. (1995). Gênero: uma categoria útil de análise histórica. Educação Realidade, 20, 71-99.TAVARES, Hênio. Teoria literária. 6. ed. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1978.TRILLAT, E. História da histeria. São Paulo: Escuta, 1991.VIANNA, Cynthia Semíramis Machado. A reforma sufragista: marco inicial da igualdade de direitos entre mulheres e homens no Brasil. Tese de doutorado. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, 2017.VIDINHA de balada. Intérpretes: Henrique e Juliano. [S.l.]: Independente, 2017. (3 min.).ZOLIN, Lúcia Osana. Literatura de Autoria Feminina. In: ZOLIN, L. O.; BONNICI, T. (Orgs). Teoria Literária: abordagens históricas e tendências contemporâneas. 2a ed. rev. e amp. Maringá: Eduem, 2005.ENVIADO EM 24-04-19 | ACEITO EM 04-07-19

Introduction When a text is said to be re-appropriated, it is at times unclear to what extent this appropriation is secondary, repeated, new; certainly, the difference between a reiteration and an iteration has more to do with emphasis than any (re)duplication. And at a moment in the development of crime fiction in France when the retranslation of now apparently dated French translations of the works of classic American hardboiled novels (especially those of authors like Dashiell Hammett, whose novels were published in Marcel Duhamel’s Série Noire at Gallimard in the decades following the end of the Second World War) is being undertaken with the ostensible aim of taking the French reader back (closer) to the American original, one may well ask where the emphasis now lies. In what ways, for example, is this new form of re-production, of re-imagining the text, more intimately bound to the original, and thus in itself less ‘original’ than its translated predecessors? Or again, is this more reactionary ‘re-’ in fact really that different from those more radical uses that cleaved the translation from its original text in those early, foundational years of twentieth-century French crime fiction? (Re-)Reading: Critical Theory and Originality My juxtaposition of the terms ‘reactionary’ and ‘radical’, and the attempted play on the auto-antonymy of the verb ‘to cleave’, are designed to prompt a re(-)read of the analysis that so famously took the text away from the author in the late-1960s through to the 1990s, which is to say the critical theory of poststructuralism and deconstruction. Roland Barthes’s work (especially 69–77) appropriated the familiar terms of literary analysis and reversed them, making of them perhaps a re-appropriation in the sense of taking them into new territory: the text, formerly a paper-based platform for the written word, was now a virtual interface between the word and its reader, the new locus of the production of meaning; the work, on the other hand, which had previously pertained to the collective creative imaginings of the author, was now synonymous with the physical writing passed on by the author to the reader. And by ‘passed on’ was meant ‘passed over’, achevé (perfected, terminated, put to death)—completed, then, but only insofar as its finite sequence of words was set; for its meaning was henceforth dependent on its end user. The new textual life that surged from the ‘death of the author’ was therefore always already an afterlife, a ‘living on’, to use Jacques Derrida’s term (Bloom et al. 75–176). It is in this context that the re-reading encouraged by Barthes has always appeared to mark a rupture a teasing of ‘reading’ away from the original series of words and the ‘Meaning’ as intended by the author, if any coherence of intention is possible across the finite sequence of words that constitute the written work. The reader must learn to re-read, Barthes implored, or otherwise be condemned to read the same text everywhere. In this sense, the ‘re-’ prefix marks an active engagement with the text, a reflexivity of the act of reading as an act of transformation. The reader whose consumption of the text is passive, merely digestive, will not transform the words (into meaning); and crucially, that reader will not herself be transformed. For this is the power of reflexive reading—when one reads text as text (and not ‘losing oneself’ in the story) one reconstitutes oneself (or, perhaps, loses control of oneself more fully, more productively); not to do so, is to take an unchanged constant (oneself) into every textual encounter and thus to produce sameness in ostensible difference. One who rereads a text and discovers the same story twice will therefore reread even when reading a text for the first time. The hyphen of the re-read, on the other hand, distances the reader from the text; but it also, of course, conjoins. It marks the virtual space where reading occurs, between the physical text and the reading subject; and at the same time, it links all texts in an intertextual arena, such that the reading experience of any one text is informed by the reading of all texts (whether they be works read by an individual reader or works as yet unencountered). Such a theory of reading appears to shift originality so far from the author’s work as almost to render the term obsolete. But the thing about reflexivity is that it depends on the text itself, to which it always returns. As Barbara Johnson has noted, the critical difference marked by Barthes’s understandings of the text, and his calls to re-read it, is not what differentiates it from other texts—the universality of the intertext and the reading space underlines this; instead, it is what differentiates the text from itself (“Critical Difference” 175). And while Barthes’s work packages this differentiation as a rupture, a wrenching of ownership away from the author to a new owner, the work and text appear less violently opposed in the works of the Yale School deconstructionists. In such works as J. Hillis Miller’s “The Critic as Host” (1977), the hyphenation of the re-read is less marked, with re-reading, as a divergence from the text as something self-founding, self-coinciding, emerging as something inherent in the original text. The cleaving of one from and back into the other takes on, in Miller’s essay, the guise of parasitism: the host, a term that etymologically refers to the owner who invites and the guest who is invited, offers a figure for critical reading that reveals the potential for creative readings of ‘meaning’ (what Miller calls the nihilistic text) inside the transparent ‘Meaning’ of the text, by which we recognise one nonetheless autonomous text from another (the metaphysical text). Framed in such terms, reading is a reaction to text, but also an action of text. I should argue then that any engagement with the original is re-actionary—my caveat being that this hyphenation is a marker of auto-antonymy, a link between the text and otherness. Translation and Originality Questions of a translator’s status and the originality of the translated text remain vexed. For scholars of translation studies like Brian Nelson, the product of literary translation can legitimately be said to have been authored by its translator, its status as literary text being equal to that of the original (3; see also Wilson and Gerber). Such questions are no more or less vexed today, however, than they were in the days when criticism was grappling with translation through the lens of deconstruction. To refer again to the remarkable work of Johnson, Derrida’s theorisation of textual ‘living on’—the way in which text, at its inception, primes itself for re-imagining, by dint of the fundamental différance of the chains of signification that are its DNA—bears all the trappings of self-translation. Johnson uses the term ‘self-différance’ (“Taking Fidelity” 146–47) in this respect and notes how Derrida took on board, and discussed with him, the difficulties that he was causing for his translator even as he was writing the ‘original’ text of his essay. If translation, in this framework, is rendered impossible because of the original’s failure to coincide with itself in a transparently meaningful way, then its practice “releases within each text the subversive forces of its own foreignness” (Johnson, “Taking Fidelity” 148), thereby highlighting the debt owed by Derrida’s notion of textual ‘living on’—in (re-)reading—to Walter Benjamin’s understanding of translation as a mode, its translatability, the way in which it primes itself for translation virtually, irrespective of whether or not it is actually translated (70). In this way, translation is a privileged site of textual auto-differentiation, and translated text can, accordingly, be considered every bit as ‘original’ as its source text—simply more reflexive, more aware of its role as a conduit between the words on the page and the re-imagining that they undergo, by which they come to mean, when they are re-activated by the reader. Emily Apter—albeit in a context that has more specifically to do with the possibilities of comparative literature and the real-world challenges of language in war zones—describes the auto-differentiating nature of translation as “a means of repositioning the subject in the world and in history; a means of rendering self-knowledge foreign to itself; a way of denaturalizing citizens, taking them out of the comfort zone of national space, daily ritual, and pre-given domestic arrangements” (6). In this way, translation is “a significant medium of subject re-formation and political change” (Apter 6). Thus, translation lends itself to crime fiction; for both function as highly reflexive sites of transformation: both provide a reader with a heightened sense of the transformation that she is enacting on the text and that she herself embodies as a reading subject, a subject changed by reading. Crime Fiction, Auto-Differention and Translation As has been noted elsewhere (Rolls), Fredric Jameson made an enigmatic reference to crime fiction’s perceived role as the new Realism as part of his plenary lecture at “Telling Truths: Crime Fiction and National Allegory”, a conference held at the University of Wollongong on 6–8 December 2012. He suggested, notably, that one might imagine an author of Scandi-Noir writing in tandem with her translator. While obvious questions of the massive international marketing machine deployed around this contemporary phenomenon come to mind, and I suspect that this is how Jameson’s comment was generally understood, it is tempting to consider this Scandinavian writing scenario in terms of Derrida’s proleptic considerations of his own translator. In this way, crime fiction’s most telling role, as one of the most widely read contemporary literary forms, is its translatability; its haunting descriptions of place (readers, we tend, perhaps precipitously, to assume, love crime fiction for its national, regional or local situatedness) are thus tensely primed for re-location, for Apter’s ‘subject re-formation’. The idea of ‘the new Realism’ of crime, and especially detective, fiction is predicated on the tightly (self-)policed rules according to which crime fiction operates. The reader appears to enter into an investigation alongside the detective, co-authoring the crime text in real (reading) time, only for authorial power to be asserted in the unveiling scene of the denouement. What masquerades as the ultimately writerly text, in Barthes’s terms, turns out to be the ultimate in transparently meaningful literature when the solution is set in stone by the detective. As such, the crime novel is far more dependent on descriptions of the minutiae of everyday life (in a given place in time) than other forms of fiction, as these provide the clues on which its intricate plot hinges. According to this understanding, crime fiction records history and transcribes national allegories. This is not only a convincing way of understanding crime fiction, but it is also an extremely powerful way of harnessing it for the purposes of cultural history. Claire Gorrara, for example, uses the development of French crime fiction plots over the course of the second half of the twentieth century to map France’s coming to terms with the legacy of the Second World War. This is the national allegory written in real time, as the nation heals and moves on, and this is crime fiction as a reaction to national allegory. My contention here, on the other hand, is that crime fiction, like translation, has at its core an inherent, and reflexive, tendency towards otherness. Indeed, this is because crime fiction, whose origins in transnational (and especially Franco-American) literary exchange have been amply mapped but not, I should argue, extrapolated to their fullest extent, is forged in translation. It is widely considered that when Edgar Allan Poe produced his seminal text “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” (1841) he created modern crime fiction. And yet, this was made possible because the text was translated into French by Charles Baudelaire and met with great success in France, far more so indeed than in its original place of authorship. Its original setting, however, was not America but Paris; its translatability as French text preceded, even summoned, its actualisation in the form of Baudelaire’s translation. Furthermore, the birth of the great armchair detective, the exponent of pure, objective deduction, in the form of C. Auguste Dupin, is itself turned on its head, a priori, because Dupin, in this first Parisian short story, always already off-sets objectivity with subjectivity, ratiocination with a tactile apprehension of the scene of the crime. He even goes as far as to accuse the Parisian Prefect of Police of one-dimensional objectivity. (Dupin undoes himself, debunking the myth of his own characterisation, even as he takes to the stage.) In this way, Poe founded his crime fiction on a fundamental tension; and this tension called out to its translator so powerfully that Baudelaire claimed to be translating his own thoughts, as expressed by Poe, even before he had had a chance to think them (see Rolls and Sitbon). Thus, Poe was Parisian avant la lettre, his crime fiction a model for Baudelaire’s own prose poetry, the new voice of critical modernity in the mid-nineteenth century. If Baudelaire went on to write Paris in the form of Paris Spleen (1869), his famous collection of “little prose poems”, both as it is represented (timelessly, poetically) and as it presents itself (in real time, prosaically) at the same time, it was not only because he was spontaneously creating a new national allegory for France based on its cleaving of itself in the wake of Georges-Eugène Haussmann’s massive programme of urbanisation in Paris in the 1800s; it was also because he was translating Poe’s fictionalisation of Paris in his new crime fiction. Crime fiction was born therefore not only simultaneously in France and America but also in the translation zone between the two, in the self-différance of translation. In this way, while a strong claim can be made that modern French crime fiction is predicated on, and reacts to, the auto-differentiation (of critical modernity, of Paris versus Paris) articulated in Baudelaire’s prose poems and therefore tells the national allegory, it is also the case, and it is this aspect that is all too often overlooked, that crime fiction’s birth in Franco-American translation founded the new French national allegory. Re-imagining America in (French) Crime Fiction Pierre Bayard has done more than any other critic in recent years to debunk the authorial power of the detective in crime fiction, beginning with his re-imagining of the solution to Agatha Christie’s The Murder of Roger Ackroyd and continuing with that of Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Hound of the Baskervilles (1998 and 2008, respectively). And yet, even as he has engaged with poststructuralist re-readings of these texts, he has put in place his own solutions, elevating them away from his own initial premise of writerly engagement towards a new metaphysics of “Meaning”, be it ironically or because he has fallen prey himself to the seduction of detectival truth. This reactionary turn, or sting-lessness in the tail, reaches new heights (of irony) in the essay in which he imagines the consequences of liberating novels from their traditional owners and coupling them with new authors (Bayard, Et si les œuvres changeaient d’auteur?). Throughout this essay Bayard systematically prefers the terms “work” and “author” to “text” and “reader”, liberating the text not only from the shackles of traditional notions of authorship but also from the terminological reshuffling of his and others’ critical theory, while at the same time clinging to the necessity for textual meaning to stem from authorship and repackaging what is, in all but terminology, Barthes et al.’s critical theory. Caught up in the bluff and double-bluff of Bayard’s authorial redeployments is a chapter on what is generally considered the greatest work of parody of twentieth-century French crime fiction—Boris Vian’s pseudo-translation of black American author Vernon Sullivan’s novel J’irai cracher sur vos tombes (1946, I Shall Spit on Your Graves). The novel was a best seller in France in 1946, outstripping by far the novels of the Série Noire, whose fame and marketability were predicated on their status as “Translations from the American” and of which it appeared a brazen parody. Bayard’s decision to give credibility to Sullivan as author is at once perverse, because it is clear that he did not exist, and reactionary, because it marks a return to Vian’s original conceit. And yet, it passes for innovative, not (or at least not only) because of Bayard’s brilliance but because of the literary qualities of the original text, which, Bayard argues, must have been written in “American” in order to produce such a powerful description of American society at the time. Bayard’s analysis overlooks (or highlights, if we couch his entire project in a hermeneutics of inversion, based on the deliberate, and ironic, re-reversal of the terms “work” and “text”) two key elements of post-war French crime fiction: the novels of the Série Noire that preceded J’irai cracher sur vos tombes in late 1945 and early 1946 were all written by authors posing as Americans (Peter Cheyney and James Hadley Chase were in fact English) and the translations were deliberately unfaithful both to the original text, which was drastically domesticated, and to any realistic depiction of America. While Anglo-Saxon French Studies has tended to overlook the latter aspect, Frank Lhomeau has highlighted the fact that the America that held sway in the French imaginary (from Liberation through to the 1960s and beyond) was a myth rather than a reality. To take this reasoning one logical, reflexive step further, or in fact less far, the object of Vian’s (highly reflexive) novel, which may better be considered a satire than a parody, can be considered not to be race relations in the United States but the French crime fiction scene in 1946, of which its pseudo-translation (which is to say, a novel not written by an American and not translated) is metonymic (see Vuaille-Barcan, Sitbon and Rolls). (For Isabelle Collombat, “pseudo-translation functions as a mise en abyme of a particular genre” [146, my translation]; this reinforces the idea of a conjunction of translation and crime fiction under the sign of reflexivity.) Re-imagined beneath this wave of colourful translations of would-be American crime novels is a new national allegory for a France emerging from the ruins of German occupation and Allied liberation. The re-imagining of France in the years immediately following the Second World War is therefore not mapped, or imagined again, by crime fiction; rather, the combination of translation and American crime fiction provide the perfect storm for re-creating a national sense of self through the filter of the Other. For what goes for the translator, goes equally for the reader. Conclusion As Johnson notes, “through the foreign language we renew our love-hate intimacy with our mother tongue”; and as such, “in the process of translation from one language to another, the scene of linguistic castration […] is played on center stage, evoking fear and pity and the illusion that all would perhaps have been well if we could simply have stayed at home” (144). This, of course, is just what had happened one hundred years earlier when Baudelaire created a new prose poetics for a new Paris. In order to re-present (both present and represent) Paris, he focused so close on it as to erase it from objective view. And in the same instance of supreme literary creativity, he masked the origins of his own translation praxis: his Paris was also Poe’s, which is to say, an American vision of Paris translated into French by an author who considered his American alter ego to have had his own thoughts in an act of what Bayard would consider anticipatory plagiarism. In this light, his decision to entitle one of the prose poems “Any where out of the world”—in English in the original—can be considered a Derridean reflection on the translation inherent in any original act of literary re-imagination. Paris, crime fiction and translation can thus all be considered privileged sites of re-imagination, which is to say, embodiments of self-différance and “original” acts of re-reading. References Apter, Emily. The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2006. Barthes, Roland. Le Bruissement de la langue. Paris: Seuil, 1971. Baudelaire, Charles. Le Spleen de Paris. Trans. Louise Varèse. New York: New Directions, 1970 [1869]. Bayard, Pierre. Qui a tué Roger Ackroyd? Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 1998. ———. L’Affaire du chien des Baskerville. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 2008. ———. Et si les œuvres changeaient d’auteur? Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 2010. Benjamin, Walter. “The Task of the Translator.” Illuminations. Trans. Harry Zohn. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1968. 69–82. Bloom, Harold, et al. Deconstruction and Criticism. New York: The Seabury Press, 1979. Collombat, Isabelle. “Pseudo-traduction: la mise en scène de l’altérité.” Le Langage et l’Homme 38.1 (2003): 145–56. Gorrara, Claire. French Crime Fiction and the Second World War: Past Crimes, Present Memories. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2012. Johnson, Barbara. “Taking Fidelity Philosophically.” Difference in Translation. Ed. Joseph F. Graham. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1985. 142–48. ———. “The Critical Difference.” Critical Essays on Roland Barthes. Ed. Diana Knight. New York: G.K. Hall, 2000. 174–82. Lhomeau, Frank. “Le roman ‘noir’ à l’américaine.” Temps noir 4 (2000): 5–33. Miller, J. Hillis. “The Critic as Host.” Critical Inquiry 3.3 (1977): 439–47. Nelson, Brian. “Preface: Translation Lost and Found.” Australian Journal of French Studies 47.1 (2010): 3–7. Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Murders in the Rue Morgue.” Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Vintage Books, [1841]1975. 141–68. Rolls, Alistair. “Editor’s Letter: The Undecidable Lightness of Writing Crime.” The Australasian Journal of Popular Culture 3.1 (2014): 3–8. Rolls, Alistair, and Clara Sitbon. “‘Traduit de l’américain’ from Poe to the Série Noire: Baudelaire’s Greatest Hoax?” Modern and Contemporary France 21.1 (2013): 37–53. Vuaille-Barcan, Marie-Laure, Clara Sitbon, and Alistair Rolls. “Jeux textuels et paratextuels dans J’irai cracher sur vos tombes: au-delà du canular.” Romance Studies 32.1 (2014): 16–26. Wilson, Rita, and Leah Gerber, eds. Creative Constraints: Translation and Authorship. Melbourne: Monash UP, 2012.