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Tarasovych, O. I. „legal status and economic state of the cities of Halicia within the Austrian empire (1772–1867)“. Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, Nr. 76 (14.06.2023): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.76.2.42.
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The article analyzes the legal status and economic condition of the cities of Galicia as part of the Austrian Empire (1772–1867). It is noted that urban planning activity is traditionally determined by several factors that influence the form and nature of the development of urban settlements. First, it is a factor of natural conditions – the influence of climate, geographical and topographical position, geological conditions, relief. Secondly, it is an economic factor – conditions that contribute to the development of the economy and trade, including the availability of natural resources. Thirdly, it is a security (military) factor – the ability to protect life and property during potential wars (historically, this factor was often associated with favorable natural conditions – hills, swamps, river basins). Fourthly, it is a communication factor – connection with other cities, location on trade routes. Fifth, the factor of urban composition is the conscious creation of the form and structure of the city; activity of the urban planner. Sixth, the legal factor is a set of regulatory acts that regulate the organization of the city, development both from a spatial (location) and social point of view (this factor is at the center of our research). These factors are universal in nature and operate regardless of country or culture.It has been established that urban development activity was determined by the owners of the cities: some of the owners sought to demonstrate their wealth and success. The city, which functioned effectively, was distinguished by its appearance on the landscape. However, the functioning of cities did not go beyond the model of the functioning of feudalism in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this regard, it is worth quoting the words of tycoon Jan Zamoyski: “Cities flourish in Western Europe, because the city-state has great rights there. But since this splendor comes at the expense of noble liberty, I prefer not to have it at such a price. People’s happiness is judged not by crafts, not by walls and large buildings, which we do not lack.” This quotation well characterizes the role of private cities in the urban network of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th centuries.Urbanization on the territory of Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth differed from that of Western Europe in that it was not a matter of the central government, but mainly of private initiative. Royal foundations were rare in Poland in the 17th and 18th centuries. As a result, the share of private cities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth increased in the 17th–18th centuries. to about two-thirds. Private cities also existed in other European countries, such as in Germany, France and England, but nowhere were they as dominant as in Poland. This specific aspect of Polish urbanization played a major role in shaping the ethnic and religious structure of cities. Poles and Jews made up the majority of the inhabitants of cities and towns, while Ukrainians were mostly peasants and lived in villages and city suburbs.
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Yuval-Naeh, Avinoam. „England, Usury and the Jews in the Mid-Seventeenth Century“. Journal of Early Modern History 21, Nr. 6 (07.12.2017): 489–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342542.
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Abstract The first half of the seventeenth century saw a profound structural shift in the English economy and economic discourse. One of the controversial issues under dispute was the nature of usury. This paper sheds light on the enduring association of Jews with usury and seeks to demonstrate how the two concepts came to be decoupled in mid-seventeenth century England. It focuses on two case studies—the Jewish readmission polemic and Harrington’s Oceana—and examines two different channels through which this decoupling occurred. Reading these cases through the perspective of usury offers new insights not only into developing attitudes towards the Jews, but also into the different ways of coping with changing relations between traditional theological-economic paradigms and a shifting social reality in early modern England.
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Vidas, Marina. „Un Deu Enemi. Jews and Judaism in French and English Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts in the Royal Library“. Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 55 (03.03.2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v55i0.118912.
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Marina Vidas: Un Deu Enemi. Jews and Judaism in French and English Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts in the Royal Library
The article analyzes images of and texts about Jews and Judaism in five medieval illuminated manuscripts in the collection of the Royal Library, Copenhagen. I begin by examining the references to Jews in a bestiary (MS GKS 3466 8º) composed in the twelfth century by Philippe de Thaon for Queen Adeliza of England and copied a century later in Paris. Then I analyze depictions of Jews in a French early thirteenth-century personal devotional manuscript (MS GKS 1606 4º) as well as in a number of related de luxe Psalters and Bibles in foreign collections. Textual references to Judaism and Jews are examined in a compilation of saints’ lives (MS Thott 517 4º) as well as depictions of individuals of this faith in an Hours (MS Thott 547 4º), both made in fourteenth-century England for members of the Bohun family. Lastly, I analyze images illustrating legends derived from the Babylonian Talmud in a Bible historiale (MS Thott 6 2º), executed for Charles V of France (r. 1364–1380).I argue that images depicting Jews in narrative cycles had a number of meanings, some of which can be interpreted as anti-Jewish. I suggest that the images also played a role in shaping the piety of their audiences as well as the intended viewers’ understanding of their social identity. Indeed, depictions of Jews in the manuscripts seem mostly unrelated to the actually existing Jews. Members of the Hebrew faith were often represented in contexts in which their appearance, beliefs, and activities were distorted to emphasize the holiness, goodness, and perfection of Christ and the Virgin Mary. It is also suggested that their representations may have spurred a reflection on, and sometimes even a criticism of, Christian behavior and attitudes.
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Rochelson, Meri‐Jane. „Jews, gender, and genre in late‐Victorian England: Amy levy'sReuben Sachs“. Women's Studies 25, Nr. 4 (Juni 1996): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.1996.9979116.
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Mousavi Dalini, Javad, und Arash Yousefi. „Exploring Push-Pull Factors Affecting Iranian Jews’ Emigration to Palestine, 1925-1954: A Social History Approach“. Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 61, Nr. 1 (21.01.2024): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2023.611.181-208.
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One of the controversial issues in the twentieth century was the mass immigration of Jews around the world to Palestine/Israel. For the majority of Jews who immigrated from Europe to Palestine/Israel, immigration represented an ideological paradigm constituted by two significant factors, namely race/religion and land. However, for the large proportion of Jews coming from eastern territories, such as Iranian Jews, immigration was mainly a phenomenon affected by conflicts between socio-economic conditions in their countries of origin and those in the destination. The purpose of this study is to investigate the emigration of Iranian Jews to Palestine by relying on a pull-push framework. The study argues that socio-economic turmoil in Iran and the unfavourable economic conditions affecting Jews, along with discrimination against them, were the push factors in their country of origin. Meanwhile, the pull factors in the destination were Palestine’s economic attractiveness, Jews’ need for an increasing Jewish population in Palestine to deal with Arab nations’ sanctions, and the importance of employing an incoming workforce to handle the country’s domestic problems in terms of economy, agriculture, and materials management in the first six years after the establishment of the Israel state.[Salah satu isu kontroversial di abad kedua puluh adalah imigrasi massal orang-orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia ke Palestina/Israel. Bagi mayoritas orang Yahudi yang berimigrasi dari Eropa ke Palestina/Israel, imigrasi mewakili paradigma ideologis yang dibentuk oleh dua faktor penting, yaitu ras/agama dan tanah. Namun, bagi sebagian besar orang Yahudi yang datang dari wilayah timur, seperti orang Yahudi Iran, imigrasi terutama merupakan fenomena yang dipengaruhi oleh kesenjangan antara kondisi sosial ekonomi di negara asal dan negara tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui emigrasi Yahudi Iran ke Palestina berdasarkan faktor-faktor pendorong-penariknya. Penulis berpendapat bahwa gejolak sosial-ekonomi di Iran dan kondisi ekonomi yang tidak menguntungkan orang-orang Yahudi, serta diskriminasi terhadap mereka, merupakan faktor pendorong di negara asal mereka. Sementara itu, faktor penarik dari destinasinya adalah daya tarik ekonomi Israel, kebutuhan masyarakat Yahudi akan peningkatan populasi Yahudi di Israel untuk menghadapi sanksi negara-negara Arab, dan pentingnya menambah tenaga kerja baru untuk menangani permasalahan domestik negara tersebut dari segi perekonomian. pertanian, dan pengelolaan material dalam enam tahun pertama setelah berdirinya negara Israel.]
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Katz, David S. „The Abendana Brothers and the Christian Hebraists of Seventeenth-Century England“. Journal of Ecclesiastical History 40, Nr. 1 (Januar 1989): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900035417.
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One of the most striking features of the first decades of open Jewish resettlement in England is the speed with which Jews managed to integrate themselves into so many different spheres of English life. From the first appointment of a Jew as a broker on the Exchange in 1657 to the first Jewish knighthood in 1700, the story is one of a dramatic rise in the acquisition of rights, privileges and special consideration. So, too, had Jews long been a part of English intellectual and academic life, but before Cromwell's tacit permission of Jewish residence in 1656 only Jewish converts to Christianity dared to make their appearance at English universities. This pattern was broken with the Abendana brothers, Jacob (d. 1685) and Isaac (d. 1699), Hebrew scholars and bibliophiles who came to London from Holland after the Restoration. Jacob Abendana, in the last four years of his life, was rabbi of the Sephardic community in London; Isaac, from at least 1663, taught Hebrew at Oxford and Cambridge. Both men were very much in demand by English scholars, who turned to them to solve Hebraic problems of various kinds and to procure Hebrew books for themselves and for university libraries. Both brothers worked on the first translations of the Mishnah into European languages and thus helped make available to Christian scholars this central core of the Talmud, the Jewish ‘oral’ law. Finally, it was Isaac Abendana who invented the Oxford diary and thereby made a permanent mark on the social habits of the university in which he laboured.
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Falk, Raphael. „Zionism and the Biology of the Jews“. Science in Context 11, Nr. 3-4 (1998): 587–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003239.
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The ArgumentWhereas eugenics aspired to redeem the human species by forcing it to face the realities of its biological nature, Zionism aspired to redeem the Jewish people by forcing it to face the realities of its biological existence. The Zionists claimed that Jews maintained their ancient distinct “racial” identity, and that their regrouping as a nation in their homeland would have profound eugenic consequences, primarily halting the degeneration they fell prey to because of the conditions imposed on them in the past. Some Zionists believed in a Lamarckian driven eugenics that expected the “normalization” of Jewish life styles to change their constitution. Others believed that transforming conditions would shift selective pressures exerted on the Jewish gene pool.
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Shchupak, Igor. „The rescue of Jews from the Nazi genocide by the inhabitants of Eastern Galicia“. European Spatial Research and Policy 28, Nr. 1 (30.06.2021): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.28.1.04.
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The rescue of Jews during the Second World War is one of the least studied issues in the historiography of the Holocaust. The Galicia Region, one of the areas where a total Nazi extermination of Jews occurred, became a region from where a large number of Righteous Among the Nations came – Ukrainians and Poles. The article includes an analysis of the motivations that became the basis for people’s decision to help Jews under the extreme conditions which threatened their lives and the lives of their close ones. It highlights the response of the occupation authorities to rescue actions taken by the non-Jewish population. Despite the unambiguity of the Nazi orders to punish severely those who helped Jews, the real implementation of such sanctions varied. Finally, the article analyses the main determinants (of social, economic, and religious nature) that played an important role in making the decision whether to join the rescue process. The article concludes that no political which could had saved Jews, did lead to any systematic rescue efforts directed at Western Ukrainian Jews, yet the survival of those Jews who were hunter was possible for the deeds of some Polish and Ukrainian people.
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Woolham, John, Caroline Norrie, Kritika Samsi und Jill Manthorpe. „The employment conditions of social care personal assistants in England“. Journal of Adult Protection 21, Nr. 6 (28.11.2019): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-06-2019-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the employment conditions of social care personal assistants (PAs) in England. In England, disabled adults have been able to directly employ people to meet their care or support needs for a number of years, little is known about the employment conditions of people who are directly employed. Design/methodology/approach PAs were recruited mainly through third sector and user led organisations. A total of 105 social care PAs took part in a semi-structured telephone interview, which on average was an hour long. Interviews were fully transcribed. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS (v.24) and qualitative data by NVIVO software. Findings The paper focuses on employment conditions: contracts, pay, pensions, national insurance, overtime, holiday and sick pay, etc. Access to training and support are also described. Though PAs enjoyed considerable job satisfaction, many did not enjoy good employment conditions. Though employer abuse was uncommon, many PAs could arguably be described as exploited. Occupational isolation and lack of support to resolve disputes was striking. Research limitations/implications Though this may be currently the largest qualitative study of PAs in the UK, it is nonetheless relatively small and no claims for generalisability are made, though the geographical spread of the sample was wide and recruited from multiple sites. Practical implications PAs are an effective way of establishing relationship-based care, and confer direct control to disabled employers. Many PAs experienced high job satisfaction. However, lack of regulation and oversight creates considerable potential for exploitation or abuse. This may make the role less attractive to potential PAs in the medium term. Social implications Social care PAs may be a very effective means of achieving genuinely person-centred care or support for many people. However, PAs do not always appear to enjoy satisfactory conditions of employment and their role is largely unregulated. Growth and long-term sustainability of this emergent role may be jeopardised by these employment conditions. Originality/value Little is known about PA working conditions. This study suggests that much more needs to be done to improve these.
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Ormrod, W. Mark. „England's Immigrants, 1330–1550: Aliens in Later Medieval and Early Tudor England“. Journal of British Studies 59, Nr. 2 (April 2020): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.282.
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AbstractThis article, a revised and annotated version of a plenary lecture given at the North American Conference on British Studies meeting in October 2018, considers the place and significance of aliens in England's history between the expulsion of the Jews in 1290 and the arrival of the French and Dutch Protestants from the 1540s onward. It draws extensively on a new database of immigrants to England between 1330 and 1550, which itself relies principally on the remarkable records generated by a tax on aliens resident in England, collected at various points between 1440 and 1487. Aliens emerge as a significant element in English society—sometimes chastised, sometimes subject to violence and other abuse, but also recognized clearly for their contribution to the economy. If immigrants were sometimes seen as a potentially disruptive presence, they were also understood to be a natural and permanent part of the social order.
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Swyngedouw, Marc. „De Sociale Ruimte Hertekenen : Een gevalstudie aan de hand van de constructie van de bedreigende immigrant in Vlaanderen 1930/1980“. Res Publica 37, Nr. 2 (30.06.1995): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v37i2.18684.
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This article exposes comparable social mechanisms that have generated the social construction of threatening immigrants in Europe in the thirties and in the eighties. The analysis is building on Bourdieu 's theory of the construction of social space and the genesis of social groups. This semiotic-praxiological approach is used to explain why the specific historical and socio-economical conditions in the thirties and eighties have lead to the construction of Jews and Muslims as threatening immigrants. Our discussion focuses on the exemplary caseof the 'migrant problem' in historical and actual political discourse in Flanders (Belgium). Where at the end of the thirties the notion 'immigrant' referred exclusively to Jews, in the eighties it is used for Turkish and Maroccan 'guestworkers'. In spite of the specific historical and social situation of Jewish and Muslim immigrants parallel social mechanisms and discourses emerge in the redrawing of the social space by creating 'theatening' immigrants/strangers. These mechanisms are a religious anti Judaism/anti-Islamism, rapid social economie change fueling an economical argumented antiJew/anti-muslim and (cultural) racism legitimized by an internationally disseminated ethno-nationalism.
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Mahoney, Ian, und Tony Kearon. „Social Quality and Brexit in Stoke-on-Trent, England“. International Journal of Social Quality 8, Nr. 1 (01.06.2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ijsq.2018.080102.
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In this article, we seek to provide a social quality–led analysis of some of the conditions that led to the UK population’s collective decision to leave the European Union in June 2016. We draw on interview data collected between 2010 and 2012 to argue that while not predictable, the seeds of the Brexit vote are well rooted in the conditions experienced by many of the working classes in Britain’s most deprived postindustrial communities. We argue that the ongoing decline in economic security, effective enfranchisement, social inclusion, and social empowerment have all had profound consequences for working-class communities and that the outcome of the Brexit vote was rooted, at least in part, in their subjective experiences and disenchantment forged in this ongoing decline.
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Lester, Stan. „Creating conditions for sustainable degree apprenticeships in England“. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 10, Nr. 5 (07.07.2020): 701–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-04-2020-0062.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report on a study funded by the Edge Foundation, an independent educational charity, to investigate what is needed in order for English higher education to operate degree apprenticeships (DAs) on a sustainable basis.Design/methodology/approachThe study, conducted in 2019–2020, took the form of a literature review, semi-structured interviews with employers, institutional staff members and apprentices in three fields, and an open online survey.FindingsThis study illustrates a high level of support for DAs amongst those who are involved in them, whether as educators, employers or apprentices. Degree Apprenticeships aid public-sector recruitment, support progression routes and social mobility within the existing workforce, and contribute to recruitment and productivity in public services and economically critical industries. Practices in the organisation and delivery of apprenticeships are variable, but a clear need is illustrated for strong institution–employer partnerships, integration between on- and off-the-job learning, expansive workplace learning environments, and co-ordination of assessment and quality assurance. There is also a need for external bodies to provide a consistent policy and funding environment.Practical implicationsThe findings illustrate the need for strong partnerships, for programmes that are designed from the ground up as apprenticeships, and for effective integration of apprentices into the organisation's working environment.Originality/valueThis study updates and adds to the literature on DAs and work-integrated higher education. It emphasises three aspects that have hitherto been given little attention: the value of DAs for public-sector recruitment and for creating social mobility within the existing workforce, and the importance of ensuring apprenticeships are aligned with organisational objectives.
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Yavorska, Iryna. „Židovskí utečenci z Bukoviny počas prvej svetovej vojny“. Acta historica Neosoliensia 26, Nr. 2 (02.02.2024): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/ahn.2023.26.02.95-106.
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The article deals with the problem of Jewish refugees during the First World War. It refers to the attitudes of the Jews of Bukovina in the early days of the war, living conditions and survival strategies, which fell refugees from Bukovina. Based on documents and family histories author reproduced the conditions of social adaptation of the Jewish community of Bukovina and government efforts to normalize the living conditions of refugees in the territory of the monarchy.
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Daghamin, Rashed, Fatin Abu Hilal und Mamoon Alqudah. „The Development of the Historical Jewish-Christian Conflict in a Selection of Elizabethan Plays“. Hebron University Research Journal (HURJ): B- (Humanities) 18, Nr. 2 (01.12.2023): 293–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.60138/182202311.
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The study seeks to examine the historical and the socio-political representation of Jews in the Elizabethan drama through a close examination of the three major Jewish characters in the selected plays: Barabbas in Christopher Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta, Shylock in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, and Gerontus in Robert Wilson’s The Three Ladies of London. The study investigates the root causes of the historical tension between Jews and Christians as represented in the plays; these motives are ascribed to religious differences, usury and social crimes linked to Jews, mutual hate crimes and economic rivalry between the two groups. These factors have heightened the ongoing hatred and deepened the conflict between the two communities. As a result, several stereotypes of Jews have been developed, the idea that enhanced the establishment of various forms and practices of the so-called anti-Semitism in the Western culture. To critically examine the stereotyping of the Jew character in the selected plays, the Critical Race Theory (CRT) is adopted throughout the paper as a framework. Remarks that have been labeled as anti-Semitic identified in the texts describe Jews as blasphemous, cruel, murderers, unscrupulous usurers, miserly and cowards. Shakespeare’s Shylock and Marlowe’s Barabbas are labelled negatively as foul-mouthed individuals, unfriendly, deceitful, shrewd, scheming, racists, and manipulative. The Jew character in these plays is the antagonist of the rising New Elizabethan Man. On the other hand, Wilson’s portrayal of Gerontus is less rigid and different; he is shown as honest, kind, forgiving, and virtuous. Wilson is rather sympathetic to his Jewish characters and he does not openly present Jewish stereotypes and anti-Semitic representations. This study shows how Elizabethan drama developed different conflicting discourses about Jewishness and the other races. The Jewish image in the Elizabethan drama reflects the complication of history, religion and culture in establishing discourses of representation. The establishment of the Protestant faith in England may have enforced some revised versions of anti-Semitism in the Elizabethan age.
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Caneri, Sandrine. „Under What Conditions Would the Orthodox Engage in the Judeo-Christian Dialogue?“ Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu 11, Nr. 2 (01.08.2019): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ress-2019-0012.
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Abstract The official dialogue between Churches and Judaism began between the two world wars, in America and then in England and intensified after the Second World War, reaching most Western European countries. The Eastern Churches felt estranged from this dialogue led by the Western Churches, as they have neither the same approach, nor the same history, nor the same texts of reference. This is why the Orthodox Churches wish to enter the dialogue according to their own approach, relying on their own texts, and recontextualizing the Fathers of Church when they speak about Judaism. By basing the dialogue on the origins of the Church, the Orthodox can justify why certain liturgical texts are obsolete and harmful to the Christian conscience. They will also be able to show how their tradition is close to and in continuity with the Jewish tradition. By doing so, they will be sensitive to the rebuilding of the unique people of God, composed of Christians and Jews according to the Epistle to the Ephesians (2.14)
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Naor, Moshe. „The Sephardic Labor Organization and the Status of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews in the Yishuv“. IYUNIM Multidisciplinary Studies in Israeli and Modern Jewish Society 36 (25.12.2021): 172–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51854/bguy-36a128.
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The article discusses the Sephardic Labor Organization in Palestine which was active from 1940 through 1946 as the roof organization of the Sephardic Labor Organization in Tel Aviv and the Organization of Sephardi and Oriental Workers in Jerusalem. The aim of the Sephardic Labor Organization in Palestine as a whole and in particular, of the Sephardic Labor Organization in Tel Aviv was to improve the economic conditions of Sephardi and Mizrahi workers and to enhance their social and political status in the Yishuv. These activities reflect the status of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews as a hybrid group on the socioeconomic border between the Jews and Arabs of Mandatory Palestine. The article explores the processes which led to the establishment of Sephardi labor organizations, and which manifest the connection between patterns of employment and standard of living, and between ethnic identity and social status.
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Sassenberg, Marina. „The Face of Janus“. European Judaism 33, Nr. 2 (01.09.2000): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2000.330209.
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As the unification of contemporary Europe becomes a reality, new questions arise about a common cultural identity. In this context, research on a common European Jewish heritage has achieved wide public interest. Involving economic and political, cultural and religious, social and academic questions, the history of the Hoffaktoren, as they were called in German, was not constrained by European borders. It is the history of those entrepreneurs, bankers, politicians and diplomats, who served their princes throughout seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, which serves perfectly as a research field relating to European identity. Though centred on Germany, Austria and Holland, the history of the Court Jews had a decisive influence on many other countries, such as Spain, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Italy, England and Ireland
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Warde, Alan. „Conditions of Dependence“. International Review of Social History 35, Nr. 1 (April 1990): 71–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900000972x.
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SUMMARYThis paper examines a town in northwest England and a particular set of conditions that inhibited the growth of working-class politics during the twentieth century. The paradox of class politics in Lancaster is that despite a proletarian population, the labour movement locally remained extremely weak. Ironically, it was only upon the deindustrialisation of the town in the later 1960s that labour showed any collective strength. Explanation of quiescence in terms of paternalism and deference is rejected. Rather an account is given in terms of powerlessness. Local structural conditions rendered Lancaster workers so highly dependent that resistance to political domination was precluded.
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Jaffe-Berg, Erith. „Performance as Exchange: Taxation and Jewish Theatre in Early Modern Italy“. Theatre Survey 54, Nr. 3 (29.08.2013): 389–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557413000276.
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In early modern Italy, an unusual form of exchange between Jewish and Christian communities materialized in Mantua: Jews in Mantua were required to perform an annual play as a tribute to their Gonzaga rulers. Elsewhere in the Italian peninsula, far more onerous “performances” were extorted from the Jews during carnival, but in the Mantuan performances, several communities—the ruling Gonzaga family, the Jewish community, and Christian audience members—interacted. I consider these performances a form of taxation because the full cost, which was extensive, was borne by the Jewish community. However, the performances were more than mere payment; they also gave the Jewish community a degree of autonomy and expression and enabled performers to develop their artistic skills, albeit always as the members of the company of “the Jews,” a group that was set apart from the rest of society in early modern Mantua. These theatrical performances can be seen as a public reification of the Jewish community as a distinctively marked but legitimate component of Mantua's economy and social landscape. This dynamic continued in Mantua even as Jews in other parts of Italy were subjected to extremely harsh conditions during the Counter-Reformation and the Catholic Inquisition.
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Goldstein, Yossi. „The Beginnings of Ḥibbat Ẓion: A Different Perspective“. AJS Review 40, Nr. 1 (April 2016): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009416000039.
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In the spring of 1881, Jewish communities within the Pale of Settlement in Russia and Romania witnessed the creation of the Jewish nationalist groups, regional associations, and other core organizations that would subsequently evolve into the movement that came to be known as Ḥovevei Ẓion (lovers of Zion), or Ḥibbat Ẓion.Although anti-Semitism played an important role in stimulating the emergence of Ḥibbat Ẓion, the movement's establishment must be understood as having been shaped by two concurrent processes. One was the conclusion of Jewish emancipation in central and western Europe, which brought central figures in the national movement, such as Leon Pinsker, to the decisive conclusion that the Jews could only be truly emancipated in an independent Jewish state. The second stemmed from the poor socioeconomic conditions faced by Jews of the time, particularly in eastern Europe. The demographic growth experienced by the Jews of eastern Europe, which reached a high point during the last few decades of the nineteenth century, required a dramatic socioeconomic solution that was nowhere to be found. Proponents of the Jewish nationalist movement argued that the establishment of a Jewish state would also help relieve the Jews' social and economic plight.
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Bar-Am, Gali Drucker. „“Our Shtetl, Tel Aviv, Must and Will Become the Metropolis of Yiddish”: Tel Aviv—a Center of Yiddish Culture?“ AJS Review 41, Nr. 1 (April 2017): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009417000058.
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The remnant of the eastern European Jews that arrived in Israel after the Holocaust established a vibrant center of Yiddish culture in Tel Aviv. This paper tells its story. It spotlights the uniqueness of the Tel Aviv center in comparison with similar cultural centers established by eastern European Jews in other cities around the world, both before and after the Holocaust. It portrays the Jewish cultural activists and leaders that composed the Tel Aviv Yiddish center, the special conditions that awaited them in Israel, the institutions that they established, and their aftermath. Finally, it considers the Tel Aviv Yiddish cultural center as a test case for examining the social role of the Jewish cultural center after the Holocaust.
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Sorokina, Yulia V. „Blood Revenge as a Form of Social Defense in Ancient and Medieval Societies“. Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 1, Nr. 2 (19.07.2024): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls631860.
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This article examines the institution of blood feuds as a form of retribution and early criminal punishment. It elucidates the reasons and conditions for the emergence of blood feuds and their role in stabilizing society. This article explores the specific features of blood feud procedures among different cultures, including the Jews, Slavs, and Germanic people, particularly focusing on who had the right to commit blood feuds and against whom they could be directed. Finally, the article analyzes the decline of blood feuds due to the establishment of a state monopoly on punishment.
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Sierzputowska, Karolina. „“Like Beasts of the Field”: The Poverty and Sanitary Conditions of the East End’s Jewish Immigrants in the Context of British Imperial and Racial Discourse“. Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 19 (2021): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.21.003.16412.
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The influx of Eastern European Jewry into London stirred controversy within British society and within the Anglo-Jewish community. Newly arrived Jews became part of the debate over the “alien problem,” which resulted in the passing of the Aliens Act in 1905. This paper will examine the disputes over the poverty and “dirtiness” of Jewish immigrants in the context of the British imperial and racial discourse. The aim is to show how the controversy over the poverty of immigrants and the sanitary conditions of the Jewish quarter exposed deeper social anxiety over the position of the British Empire. The paper will focus on accusations against Jews from Eastern Europe of impoverishing and polluting the “heart of the Empire,” thus contributing to the collapse of the ideals of British progress and superiority.
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Tokarska-Bakir, Joanna. „How to Exit the Conspiracy of Silence?“ East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 25, Nr. 1 (07.01.2011): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325410387640.
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On the subject of the Polish-Jewish postwar relations, this paper deals with the pathology of public discourse known as the “conspiracies of silence” phenomenon (see Eviatar Zerubavel, The Elephant in the Room: Silence and Denial in Everyday Life , 2008). The concept in question may be applied to the Polish historic conditions. It helps to problematize the circumstances in which social conspiracies were accumulating around the Polish-Jewish relations in the postwar period so as to pave the way for analysis of the current difficulties in researching the title issues, particularly those that emerged while using a quantitative and qualitative approach to research Polish attitudes toward Jews. The resulting polemical analysis is made on the basis of a text by one of the most renowned Polish sociologists, Prof. Antoni Sułek. His lecture titled “Ordinary Poles Looking at Jews” was delivered at the University of Warsaw, Poland, on 17 December 2009, within the cycle “Ten Lectures for a New Millennium.” It summarises the Polish twenty-year poll-based researches of Poles’ attitudes towards Jews.
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Alexander, Michael. „The Exilic Imperative of American Jewry“. Religions 9, Nr. 12 (13.12.2018): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9120412.
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This article considers the existence of an exilic imperative in the historical and identity hermeneutics of American Jewry. Author considers cases of (1) American Jewish identification with racial outsiders, including the appropriation of historical, cultural, and religious forms; (2) the persistent creation of American Jewish ethnoburbs, unlike other white ethnic groups; and (3) the creation of exilic fantasy literature by American Jewish novelists. The author suggests that although American conditions do not justify interpretations of Jewish social alienation, American Jews have nevertheless applied traditional Jewish exilic hermeneutics to those American conditions.
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Bentham, Graham. „Public Satisfaction and Social, Economic and Environmental Conditions in the Counties of England“. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 11, Nr. 1 (1986): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/622068.
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Martin, John. „DRAMATIZED DISPUTATIONS: LATE MEDIEVAL GERMAN DRAMATIZATIONS OF JEWISH-CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS DISPUTATIONS, CHURCH POLICY, AND LOCAL SOCIAL CLIMATES“. Medieval Encounters 8, Nr. 2-3 (2002): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700670260497051.
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AbstractA comparison of the two Frankfurt Passion play manuscripts with two major dramatic works of Nuremberg dramatist Hans Folz reveals the impact of local social conditions on attitudes toward Christian-Jewish religious disputation between lay people. Though such debate was officially condemned by the Church from the thirteenth century onward, local attitudes determined whether the official condemnation would be respected or ignored. Further, dramatic engagement with theological issues produced, in Folz's work, toward a more benign depiction of Jews than commonly seen in late medieval German literature.
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Janmaat. „The Development of Generalized Trust among Young People in England“. Social Sciences 8, Nr. 11 (25.10.2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8110299.
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This paper explores how generalized trust develops over the life course among young people in England and whether trust is influenced more by family background factors or by conditions in late adolescence and early adulthood. If the latter are important, there may be reason for concern about falling levels of trust as material conditions, particularly regarding housing, have deteriorated for the present generation of young people. The first set of influences are highlighted by a perspective arguing that trust is primarily shaped by conditions in early childhood, while the latter are suggested by the so-called social learning perspective, which claims that people continuously adjust their social trust through interactions with people in different contexts. Analyzing data of the Citizenship Education Longitudinal Survey, the study finds that trust remains quite volatile until the early twenties. It declines between ages 16 and 23 and groups differing in educational attainment, civic participation and housing situation start to drift apart in their levels of trust between these ages. Educational attainment, civic participation and housing, as conditions pertaining to late adolescence and early adulthood, also turn out to have a significant impact on trust at age 23 controlling for trust at age 16. However, while the first two conditions are influenced by trust at age 16, housing (tenure) is not, indicating it is a more exogenous factor. Family background factors are not influential. Not only do these findings support the social learning perspective, they also suggest that poor living conditions depress trust among a significant minority of young people and exacerbate disparities of trust.
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Charles, Nicolas. „Are Income Contingent Loans for Students Importable into France ?“ Revue française de sociologie (English) Vol. 53, Nr. 2 (05.12.2012): 210–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfsen.532.0210.
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French students often have difficulty paying for their education, the real cost of which greatly exceeds tuition fees alone. A comparative analysis of student funding in France, England and Sweden indicates that income contingent loan (ICL) systems are relatively efficient and equitable. It would, therefore, seem socially just and legitimate to import such systems into France. However, in addition to the question of how to integrate an arrangement of this sort into the French student funding system, the equity of such arrangements depends on a set of specific social conditions, conditions that are found in England and Sweden. Taking into account these conditions, analysis of two simulations of “French-style ICLs” reveals that adapting the arrangements to the French social context would be at the cost of uncertainty as to the impact on social inequalities.
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Dovbyshchenko, Mykhailo. „The Experience of a Difficult Neighborhood: Episodes from the History of Social Interaction Between Ukrainians and Jews of Volyn in the First Half of the 17th Century“. Ukrainian Studies, Nr. 1(86) (29.03.2023): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.1(86).2023.275333.
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The article deals with the problem of relations and social interaction of Ukrainian communities (primarily burghers and peasants) with the Jewish population of the Volyn Voivodeship in the 1st half of the 17th cent. The author pays attention to the relevance of an objective analysis of this problem in view of false stereotypes about the deep traditions of Ukrainian anti-Semitism and insufficient attention of domestic scientists to the study of the experience of social interaction of Jews and Christians in Volyn during the Lithuanian-Polish era. The most important studies and publications, in which the solution of the problem was initiated, were analysed, the priority directions of further studies related to this topic were emphasized. The article raises the issue of the specifics of conflicts between Christians and Jews in Volyn. At the same time, it was emphasized that relatively few conflict situations related to national-religious misunderstandings were found. At the same time, in a number of cases, their analysis makes it possible to obtain (as background information) information about the cooperation of representatives of the Christian and Jewish communities. When presenting the main material, four episodes from the history of Ukrainian-Jewish relations were analysed, which testified to the cooperation of representatives of these communities in the realities of everyday life in Volyn in the 1st half of the 17th cent. In particular, the practice of inviting Ukrainian burghers and peasant women to Jewish families as babysitters was noted; at the same time, it was emphasized that the mentioned cooperation had a long history and was practiced in Volyn despite an explicit prohibition in the II Lithuanian Statute. Cases of reactions of Ukrainian peasants and townspeople in crisis situations were also analysed, when Jews were saved from robbers and a mob that intended to commit lynching by their efforts. As a result it is possible to confirm the fact that the national-religious boundaries between Jews and Ukrainians were blurred in the everyday conditions of the first half of the 17th cent., already stated in the works of domestic researchers. This was confirmed not only by the example of the communication of Jews with the nobility, but also at the level of other classes, namely burghers and peasants. It was emphasized that the myth of the systemic anti-Semitism of Ukrainians is not confirmed in the sources, so the study of real conflicts between Ukrainians and Jews requires new approaches.
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Battenberg, J. Friedrich. „Die Anfänge der ›jüdischen Moderne‹ in der Aufklärungszeit. Zum Diskurs zwischen Moses Mendelssohn und Christian Wilhelm Dohm“. Aschkenas 34, Nr. 1 (21.05.2024): 155–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2024-2009.
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Abstract This contribution locates the beginnings of emancipation of Central-European Jews with the development of social and cultural modernisation. In order to explain this, I will show facts and conditions of the discourse between on the one hand Christian Wilhelm Dohm, as an enlightened Prussian public official and on the other hand philosopher Moses Mendelsohn. I will place this discourse in the centre of my treatise and I will ask in how far it effected a breakthrough of modernisation. My subject will in particular be the coming into view and including of the public; and also, the cameralistic ideas of the benefit of marginalised parts of the population. In addition, the impetus for the debate deriving from conditions in Alsace. And finally, the question in what way the ideas of Dohm and Mendelsohn, although not identical, make a distinction from former ideas of Jewish equality. Even though complete legal emancipation of Jews was another century in coming this initial trigger resulted in decisive criteria and keywords for the oncoming debate.
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Battenberg, J. Friedrich. „Normative Entwicklungen der christlich-jüdischen Beziehungen in Frankfurt im Spätmittelalter“. Aschkenas 32, Nr. 1 (27.04.2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2022-0006.
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Abstract Social historical research assumes that Jewish living conditions of the imperial city Frankfurt had substantially deteriorated since their ghettoization in 1462. This deterioration announced itself normatively thirty years before against the backdrop of ecclesiastical demand for visible division regarding clothing and housing. It is a fact less known. This development had started with citizenship no longer being granted by the city council to Jews but they were mere inhabitants (»Beisassen«) protected by »Stättigkeit« which was then valid for all Jews. By which, in its first general version 1424, the old state of rights was still mirrored in order to limit successively from 1439 the rights of Frankfurt’s Jews. Finally, in the version of 1474, the council abandoned its autonomous municipal statuary law for ruling Jewish matters as far as it was not in accord with »Christian order« and »common law« which is canon law and Roman law, »Ius Commune«. So this meant in fact that the council submitted to the norms of Adversus-Judaeos of Papal church. The continuing imperial »Kammerknechtschaft« (Chamber serfdom) which was to secure the influence of emperor and empire could not keep back this process of detoriation of law.
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Battenberg, J. Friedrich. „Normative Entwicklungen der christlich-jüdischen Beziehungen in Frankfurt im Spätmittelalter“. Aschkenas 32, Nr. 1 (27.04.2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2022-0006.
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Abstract Social historical research assumes that Jewish living conditions of the imperial city Frankfurt had substantially deteriorated since their ghettoization in 1462. This deterioration announced itself normatively thirty years before against the backdrop of ecclesiastical demand for visible division regarding clothing and housing. It is a fact less known. This development had started with citizenship no longer being granted by the city council to Jews but they were mere inhabitants (»Beisassen«) protected by »Stättigkeit« which was then valid for all Jews. By which, in its first general version 1424, the old state of rights was still mirrored in order to limit successively from 1439 the rights of Frankfurt’s Jews. Finally, in the version of 1474, the council abandoned its autonomous municipal statuary law for ruling Jewish matters as far as it was not in accord with »Christian order« and »common law« which is canon law and Roman law, »Ius Commune«. So this meant in fact that the council submitted to the norms of Adversus-Judaeos of Papal church. The continuing imperial »Kammerknechtschaft« (Chamber serfdom) which was to secure the influence of emperor and empire could not keep back this process of detoriation of law.
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Rabin, Shari. „Working Jews: Hazanim and the Labor of Religion in Nineteenth-Century America“. Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 25, Nr. 02 (2015): 178–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2015.25.2.178.
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Abstract This article uses the case of hazanim, nonordained Jewish religious functionaries, to explore how religious work operated as a market activity in the nineteenth century. Building on recent work at the intersection of religion, class, and capitalism, it recasts ministers, rabbis, and other religious leaders as contracted workers who sought ways to acquire wages through the specific marketing of ritual authority. Scholars have described the history of the American ministry as a path toward professionalization, seen as the outcome of clerical self-assertion in the aftermath of disestablishment. These accounts, however, ignore the everyday social and economic factors shaping the development of American religious institutions, which were particularly challenging for Jews, who had specific needs for religious labor, no existential distinction between ministers and congregants, and no institutional infrastructure to oversee qualifications and placement. As Jews founded congregations in the United States, they required particular human resources, which were acquired through unregulated contracts and unreliable credentials. These complex conditions contributed to the possibility of religious exploitation, personal fraud, communal instability, interpersonal distrust, and social conflict, which shifted in meaning and intersected with notions of religious authenticity. In this context, Jews increasingly prioritized preaching and teaching and founded national institutions, which together would make religious work more specialized, labor markets more efficient, and the resultant professionals more reliable in their work. Understanding religious workers in this way encourages us to see how religion was, and is, labor.
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Batsiayeu, V. F. „Family traditions of Jews of Belarus“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 65, Nr. 1 (12.02.2020): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2020-65-1-78-84.
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In the modern period, the need for a comprehensive study of the social culture of the ethnos and its important component, the family, is growing. At the same time there was no sufficient attention given to study of family relations of the Jews of Belarus. In ethnological science there are no special scientific papers on this issue. Meanwhile, the identification of religious customs that affect marriage and family relations, age of marriage and conditions for its increase, mechanisms of marriage, reasons for maintaining the stability of marriages and reducing the number of divorces among Jews using structural, historical and functional research methods is of particular scientific interest and has practical importance. Marital and family relations of the Jews of Belarus in the XVI – in the beginning of the XX century established religious practices (betrothal of young men from 14 and girls from 12–13 years old, forcing a spiritual court to marry a 20-year-old bachelor, disapproval of marriages for the sake of wealth and marriages between old and young). In the second half of the XIX century with the weakening of the influence of the rabbinate on public life and the increase in the general educational level, men began to marry at the age of 18, and women – in 16 years. Shadhonims (matchmakers) were engaged in arranging marriages, who introduced suitable couples and helped draw up a preliminary and marriage contract. Families were large and strong. Adultery infidelity rarely violated. Violators punished the spiritual court by fasting, physically and publicly humiliated. There was a custom “conditional divorce”. The husband who was leaving for a long time left a letter of divorce to his wife, which said that if he did not return by the deadline, the wife could be free. For men, the process of divorce was simplified. It was enough for them to give his wife a check sheet (“het”). With the weakening of the influence of these customs, the number of divorced women declined.
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Emelyanenko, Tatyana G. „Materials of I.M. Pulner on the Ethnography of the Georgian Jews in the Аrchive of the Russian Ethnographic Museum: 1926–29“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 2 (2021): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-2-603-614.
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The article introduces one of the documentary sources on the history and ethnography of the Georgian Jews stored in the archive of the Russian Ethnographic Museum – field materials collected by I. M. Pulner in his expeditions to Georgia in 1926, 1928, and 1929. The introductory part of the article provides a brief summary of the main stages of his professional activity, wherein his study of the Georgian Jews ethnography dates back to his student years. The expeditions he carried out at that time were the first experience of purposeful ethnographic study of this Jewish ethnic group. Pulner's field materials accrue special scientific value as they contain real facts and people’s statements, as well as ethnographer’s direct observations, which give a fairly objective idea of everyday culture and socio-economic conditions of the Georgian Jews in the second half of the 1920s. The documents of the archive include expedition journal and report, as well as separate notes on various areas of Georgian Jewish culture. Most notes date from Pulner’s first trip to Kutaisi; in the following two years, he mostly visited villages where the Georgian Jews lived, but the archive of the Museum contains only several his recordings of weather wisdom, culinary recipes, and song lyrics written down in these trips. The article chiefly analyses Pulner’s Kutaisi materials. Drawing on them, methods and peculiarities of his ethnographic work among the local Jews are revealed; areas in which he collected his data are described; certain information is cited concerning occupation, material situation, organization of religious life, specificity of religious rituals performed in synagogue, Sabbath celebration, state of Jewish education following the closure of Jewish schools during the Soviet era, attitude to the ideas of Zionism among the youth, relations (including matrimony) between the mountain Jews, Ashkenazi, and Georgians Jews, traditional dwelling and its decoration, festive and everyday food, clothing, folk sayings, wedding ceremonial rites, etc. Among all occupations, Pulner underscored trade, which remained the main occupation of the Jews of Kutaisi, although it fell into decay under the Soviet rule, forcing Jews to master new professions of porters and water sellers, which were considered lowly occupations in Georgia. Talking about the synagogue, he drew attention to the fact that among the Georgian Jews it was not just a place for performing religious rites, but also the center of the Jewish quarter residents’ social life; he noted the leading role of cantor in synagogue service and detailed its procedure. There are interesting materials about relationship between the Georgian Jews and the Jews of other ethnic groups (mountain, Ashkenazi) demonstrating their distancing, as well as materials on their close cooperation with the Georgians in everyday life. Information on material culture is brief and concerns mainly clothing worn by men and women. Of the wedding rituals, Pulner managed to record only matchmaking rites. He did not succeed in continuing a full-scale study the eorgian Jews, and those materials he collected during his student expeditions remain rare evidence of the Georgian Jews in the Soviet era.
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Shtakser, Inna. „Pale of the Settlement Working-Class Jewish Youth and Adoption of Revolutionary Identity During the 1905 Revolution“. Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, Nr. 2001 (01.01.2009): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2009.146.
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This paper examines the construction of a revolutionary identity among the working-class Jewish youth of the Pale of Settlement through the prism of changes taking place in their attitudes and behavior standards. I claim that these changes, caused initially by worsening economic and social conditions for the Jewish community in the Russian empire, resulted in the creation of a new image a young Jew could choose for her/himself, that of a working-class Jewish revolutionary. This new image widened the options for secularization available to working-class Jews and signaled a greater openness within the Jewish community to an idea of a secular Jew. The availability of a new secular, activist identity also allowed the workingclass revolutionary youth to create for themselves a new political space within the hierarchy of the Jewish community, a space dependent on their combined new and old identities as revolutionaries and Jews.
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Pinigina, Yulia. „Jews and Power in Late Imperial Irkutsk: Illegal Practices of Interaction“. Judaic-Slavic Journal, Nr. 1 (5) (2021): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3364.2021.1.06.
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In the Late Russian Empire the gap between the official legal status of the Jewish population and its real position in the society increased steadily. As a result, legal as well as extra-legal and illegal practices of interaction between the authorities and the ethno-confessional minority were formed. In the course of investigation of the “assassination attempt upon the Governor-General” in Irkutsk in 1905, conducted by the Gendarme Directorate, the system of “patronage trade” was revealed, linking the Jewish population and the city police. This plot is analyzed from the social practice perspective. The author argues that the expanding range of practices of interaction between the authorities and the Jewish population created opportunities for the preservation and development of the community in the conditions of the late imperial transitional society.
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Gareau, Brian J., Xiaorui Huang und Tara Pisani Gareau. „Social and ecological conditions of cranberry production and climate change attitudes in New England“. PLOS ONE 13, Nr. 12 (12.12.2018): e0207237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207237.
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WEST, ANNE, AGNES BLOME und JANE LEWIS. „What characteristics of funding, provision and regulation are associated with effective social investment in ECEC in England, France and Germany?“ Journal of Social Policy 49, Nr. 4 (29.07.2019): 681–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000631.
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AbstractEarly childhood education and care (ECEC) is seen as a crucial element of the social investment state. Whilst the extent of social investment in ECEC depends on financial expenditure, its effectiveness depends on certain conditions being met: namely, affordable, high quality provision being available. We explore policy development and the role played by government in the funding, provision and regulation of ECEC in England, France and Germany and then compare availability, affordability and quality. We argue that for children aged three and over, social investment can be deemed to be broadly effective in France and Germany, but in England quality is compromised by low staff qualification levels in private childcare centres. For children under three, effective social investment is elusive in all countries, although as a result of different conditions not being met. Our findings lead us to question the limitations of the concept of social investment in ECEC, particularly in marketised contexts.
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Настюк, А. А. „INFLUENCE OF USURIOUS RELATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF KIEVAN RUS“. Прикарпатський юридичний вісник 1, Nr. 3(28) (16.03.2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/pyuv.v1i3(28).315.
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The purpose of our work is to study usury relations and their impact on the development of Kievan Rus.
The source legal basis shows that in Kievan Rus the usury was governed by princely legislation. Russian-Byzantine treaties emphasize the interest of the princely power in stable trade relations. In our opinion, namely, the stimulation and support from the state to the traders explain the intensive development of trade relations in the state, which, in turn, develop usurious relations, since the creation of a credit system is a necessary element of increasing trade operations. We have analyzed the chronicles and found that the foreigners (Jews), indigenous peoples (Russes), religious organizations and councils were the borrowers. Our study found that not only ordinary people, but also princely power were credited.
In the paper, we considered the reasons for ensuring the legal regulation of usurious relations through the introduction of new articles in the Russian truth during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in Kiev.
During the study, we concluded that the subjects of usurious relations were not only ordinary people and boyars who took money out at interest, but also princes did. We found that the princes borrowed money from religious organizations, congregations, and Jews. We found out that owing to debts, the princes were forced to make concessions to creditors. This led to a change of policy in the state. Our study found that the princes did not always want to be responsible for their debt obligations. The princes’ reluctance to repay debts prompted them to break and violate credit conditions, even to amend legislation. The victims of usurious relations were not only the princes but also the people of Kiev. The uprising of 1113 was the result of harsh conditions for repayment of debt interest rates. The expulsion of the Jews is a clear indication that the authorities in Kievan Rus fought not with usury, but with foreign residents who could interfere with the internal affairs of Kievan Rus through their debts. The influence of the prince administration on the personal system in the interests of his social group caused a revolt, as it happened after the death of Svyatopolk II. If the purpose of power was to fight against usury, in Russian truth it would be forbidden. After the expulsion of the Jews, the authorities softened the conditions for borrowing money. In turn, it indicates that not only Jews but also Russes were engaged in usury. Thus, the expulsion of the Jews was a factor in the competition for usurious cash flows.
We concluded that the level of economic development of Kievan Rus was closely linked to usurious relations.
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HOFÄCKER, DIRK, HEIKE SCHRÖDER, YUXIN LI und MATTHEW FLYNN. „Trends and Determinants of Work-Retirement Transitions under Changing Institutional Conditions: Germany, England and Japan compared“. Journal of Social Policy 45, Nr. 1 (14.09.2015): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727941500046x.
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AbstractMany governments world-wide are promoting longer working life due to the social and economic repercussions of demographic change. However, not all workers are equally able to extend their employment careers. Thus, while national policies raise the overall level of labour market participation, they might create new social and labour market inequalities. This paper explores how institutional differences in the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan affect individual retirement decisions on the aggregate level, and variations in individuals’ degree of choice within and across countries. We investigate which groups of workers are disproportionately at risk of being ‘pushed’ out of employment, and how such inequalities have changed over time. We use comparable national longitudinal survey datasets focusing on the older population in England, Germany and Japan. Results point to cross-national differences in retirement transitions. Retirement transitions in Germany have occurred at an earlier age than in England and Japan. In Japan, the incidence of involuntary retirement is the lowest, reflecting an institutional context prescribing that employers provide employment until pension age, while Germany and England display substantial proportions of involuntary exits triggered by organisational-level redundancies, persistent early retirement plans or individual ill-health.
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Leonova, T. A., und I. A. Shuteleva. „The Catholic Clergy of England in the Conditions of Plague Epidemics during the 14th–15th Centuries“. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 164, Nr. 3 (2022): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2022.3.147-160.
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This article discusses the social role played by the clergy and the Catholic Church in England during the plague epidemics of the late Middle Ages. The commonly held viewpoints of modern medieval researchers on assessing the phenomenon and consequences of plague epidemics in Europe are presented. It is shown that the population of the parishes of England, including the parish clergy, is the least studied social sphere of that period. The contemporaries perceived the events of the epidemic through a system of symbols that denoted the inevitability of a catastrophe for nature and society. The possible influence of the ideas about the alien in the liquidation of foreign monasteries, traditionally seen as resulting from the anti-papal sentiments in England, is considered using an interdisciplinary approach. The results obtained reveal that any astrological explanations for the plague were categorically denied in the highest echelons of church power. The ethical context of the disasters that befell was widely approved. Hence, the Church tried to morally improve the society to counteract the plague. The conclusion is made that the repeated plague epidemics caused substantial changes in the demographics of the late medieval population, including the parish clergy, which is evidenced by the reduction of at least 500 parishes in England. Based on the ethical explanation of the epidemics nature, the Catholic Church considered charity an important factor in rallying society and resisting the plague.
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Essau, Cecilia A., Satoko Sasagawa, Junwen Chen und Yuji Sakano. „Taijin Kyofusho and Social Phobia Symptoms in Young Adults in England and in Japan“. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 43, Nr. 2 (15.12.2010): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022110386372.
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The main aims of the present study were to compare the frequency of social phobia and taijin kyofusho symptoms among young adults in Japan and in England and to examine the role of family environment in the development of these two conditions. A total of 927 young adults (462 in England and 465 in Japan) between the ages of 19 and 24 were investigated. They completed a set of questionnaires that were used to measure social phobia and taijin kyofusho symptoms, as well as family background. Results showed that young adults in Japan reported significantly higher levels of taijin kyofusho and social phobia symptoms than young adults in England. Family sociability had a consistent effect on both social phobia and taijin kyofusho symptoms across the two cultures, but parental rearing attitudes showed distinct patterns between the two countries. This finding suggests that cross-cultural models need to consider familial factors that may be predictive across cultures and others that may be more culturally specific.
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Lasinska, Marianna. „Permanent and temporary migrations of european jews late XIXth - early XXth century“. Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, Nr. 2 (2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-59-65.
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Big part of European Jewry emigrated to other continents in late XIXth – early XXth century. Jews from Russian Empire started their first emigration wave in 1881. The main reason of this wave was Pogroms, according to traditional historiography. Other reasons were: low social level of life in Russian Empire; restrictions on Jewish rights («Pale of Settlement»); religious and ideological ideas of Zionism; networks of relatives and friends with information about wonderful life in other countries; Jewish hometown-based associations in foreign countries with their help to new immigrants etc. One more reason of Jewish migration – the work of recruiting agents network. The Number of recruiting agents was too big in Russian Empire in late XIXth – early XXth century. The business with recruiting of new emigrants was a very profitable. Mass of Jewish people coming out from Russian Empire to other countries and continents with recruiting agents services. There were many scammers in association of recruiting agents. Two waves of Jewish emigration caused irreparable damage economic system and demography of Russian Empire. Situation with Jewish immigration into Russian Empire was quite different. It`s character was not such mass. The main reasons of immigration were: business, finance and Zionism. This study is based on archival materials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire of the Vilnius Governor-General, which are stored in the holdings of the Central Archives for the History of Jewish People Jerusalem (State of Israel). These archival materials are about permanent and temporary migration of European Jewry that took place across the northwestern border of the Russian Empire to the territories of Western European countries, England and the North American continent during 1881-1903. Circumstances of crossing the specified border by foreigner Jews in the opposite direction (immigration) for staying within the Russian Empire are covered. It is noted that one of the reasons for the mass emigration movements of the Jewish population outside the Russian Empire was the active actions of emigration agents and their societies.
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Wagner, Anne. „Multiple historical and social layers of interpretation of marital rape in England“. Semiotica 2016, Nr. 209 (01.03.2016): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0021.
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AbstractThis paper sets out to examine the way in which legal reasoning constructed marital rape and eventually officially recognized it after centuries of men’s ascendency over women. Understanding the multiple layers requires cultural and historical awareness of the traditional concept of “marriage” and the practice of religion as well as the very different conditions in which marital rape was envisaged. The main contention of this paper is to show that legal knowledge derives from a patriarchal tradition where the processing of marital abuse and rape hovered between cultural and subjective realities contrary to objective rationality.
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De Juan, Alexander, und Tim Wegenast. „Temperatures, food riots, and adaptation: A long-term historical analysis of England“. Journal of Peace Research 57, Nr. 2 (21.08.2019): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319863474.
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A large body of research indicates that environmental conditions can influence the risk of social unrest. However, we know little about how these effects may change in the long run. Are they likely to remain constant or do they change over time – for example as a consequence of human adaptation? To investigate this question, we rely on a disaggregated analysis of England over a period of more than 300 years. Combining data on geo-referenced food riots with reconstructed climate data, we first assess the impact of annual temperatures on social unrest over the period 1500–1817. We then use our long-term time-series dataset to assess the temporal heterogeneity of year-to-year associations between temperatures and social conflict. Our models show a substantive negative correlation between temperatures and food riots in the aggregate. This association, however, seems to be highly inconsistent over time and largely confined to the 18th century. In addition, we find evidence of decadal processes of adaptation: past exposure to adverse weather conditions dampens the effect of current exposure. Taken together, these findings underline the importance of considering temporal heterogeneities when assessing the climate–conflict nexus and caution against any simple extrapolations of observable present-day effects of environmental conditions into the future.
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McNay, Kirsty, Jane Humphries und Stephan Klasen. „Excess Female Mortality in Nineteenth-Century England and Wales“. Social Science History 29, Nr. 4 (2005): 649–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013341.
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Sex differences in mortality among historical populations are an intriguing yet neglected issue. In mid-nineteenth-century England and Wales, although women and girls enjoyed an overall longevity advantage, they tended to die at higher rates than males at ages when modern life tables show female advantage. We use multilevel modeling to analyze these sex differences in mortality. We identify significant regional variation, related to local demographic conditions, economic structure, and the nature of female employment. But some regional variation remains unexplained, suggesting the need for further investigation.
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Zhao, Zhongwei. „The demographic transition in Victorian England and changes in English kinship networks“. Continuity and Change 11, Nr. 2 (August 1996): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000003337.
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Lorsque l'on étudie le fonctionnement des réseaux de famille et de parenté, la question la plus importante, et pourtant la moins étudiée, est de savoir dans quelle mesure ces systèmes de soutien sont affectés par les conditions démographiques dans le passé. Nous commençons par examiner les changements rapides démographiques intervenus, surtout en matière de mortalité et de fécondité, dans l'Angleterre de l'époque victorienne et rappellons à quel point les cohortes nées dans les années 1851–1855 et 1901–1905 ont pu connaître des conditions démographiques différentes. L'accent est mis sur l'impact que des conditions démographiques modifiées ont pu avoir sur le fonctionnement des réseaux familiaux et le soutien apporté par la parenté. Les modèles de parenté subissent des modifications au cours de la vie, ces changements étant étudiés au niveau des individus, grâce à un programme informatique de simulation, intitulé CAMSIM. Cet exercice de simulation a permis de reconstituer les effets que les modifications de fécondité et de mortalité ont pu entraîner sur le nombre et le type de parents vivants, auxquels un individu peut faire théoriquement appel pour l'aider, è un âge donné.