Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Jarawa reserve“

In the last four decades, dugong (Dugong dugon) aggregations have been rarely reported from the geographically isolated, vast seascape of the Andaman Islands, India. The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, hunting, coastal development, and habitat loss are the major causes of this change in the social system of dugongs in the Andaman Islands. Our long-term monitoring study (2017 to 2022) reveals a changing trend in aggregating behaviour of dugongs. In an inclusive, collaborative effort, we engaged multiple stakeholders using two approaches: (1) creating a spatially spread citizen science network targeting sea-faring agencies—the fishers, forest department, SCUBA divers, and defence bodies (Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard); and (2) conducting standardized questionnaire surveys (UNEP/CMS) with fishers. Our approach yielded reports of 63 herd sightings of dugongs from the Andaman archipelago. The fishers reported 73.01% of the sightings, followed by the defence bodies (20.63%), forest department (3.18%), and SCUBA divers (3.18%). Smaller herds in our study comprised three to six individuals, with a social structure of “adults only” and “adult–calf.” The larger herds of seven to 13 individuals included an “adult–calf” combination with a greater number of adults accompanying two to three calves. More than 95% of these herd occurrences were reported from sheltered, coastal waters with resource concentrations (large seagrass meadows). Further, we present novel dugong occurrence reports from data-deficient regions like the Jarawa Tribal Reserve and the North Sentinel Island, along with dugong occurrences from Little Andaman, where the population was speculated to be locally extinct after the 2004 tsunami. These findings strongly advocate the involvement of multiple stakeholders as a cost-effective approach to monitoring the distribution and population of dugongs in larger seascapes like the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Moreover, such an approach would be critical for sensitizing the local stakeholders regarding the conservation and management of large marine mammals such as dugongs.

This study examined ant species richness in Jaragua National Park (Pedernales Province, Dominican Republic). Ants were sampled at 15 sites during late March and early April, 2012. Habitats sampled included dry forest, beach scrub, lakeside acacia scrub, and thorn woodland. Sixty-four species from 23 genera were collected. Species richness was higher than expected, considering only 125 species had previously been reported for all of Hispaniola. Jaragua National Park is part of the Jaragua-Bahoruco-Enriquillo Biosphere Reserve. The ant species richness observed in this study suggests that the park, along with larger reserve, is successful in preserving important habitat for insects.

This paper assesses the Dominican Republic’s willingness to pay (WTP) for a conservation, restoration, and sustainable development program for the Bahoruco-Jaragua-Enriquillo Biosphere Reserve (RBJBE). Created in 2002, the RBJBE covers approximately 4858 km2, of which approximately 900 km2 correspond to the sea surface. With three core conservation zones, the RBJBE constitutes a complex space with a history of conflicts rooted in exploiting natural resources and social and economic issues. At the same time, it is a biodiversity hotspot of global importance. We present a Contingent Valuation Method to estimate the WTP for a conservation and restoration program called PROBIOSFERA. The non-parametric and parametric estimates of the WTP are DOP 165.00 (≈USD 2.94) and DOP 181.88 (≈USD 3.25), respectively. The socioeconomic variables that positively affect the WTP are income level, educational level, and age. The ecosystem services that are statistically related to WTP are the provisioning and supporting services. Regardless of the monetary valuation scenarios defined, the estimated annual monetized aggregated welfare associated with the RBJBE for Dominican society is DOP 7.2 billion (≈USD 128.1 million).

The Caiman Management Pilot Program in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve is coordinated by the government of the state of Amazonas. The initiative adheres to the legal framework for the use of natural resources in protected areas. Since 2004, three experimental culling events have taken place in the Jarauá sector of the Mamirauá Reserve. The latest event took place in December 2008, when 257 specimens were captured: 253 black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) and four spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus). Some data on surveys and specimen extraction in the latter experimental effort are hereby presented.

This article aims to briefly review the socio-economic impact caused by the flooding of Lake Enriquillo on the inhabitants of Boca Cachón due to the complex local phenomenon related to climate variability. Between 2003 and 2014, Boca de Cachón and the communities surrounding Lake Enriquillo were deeply affected by flooding of the Lake’s rising waters. Lake Enriquillo is the largest wetland in the Caribbean and the first designated RAMSAR site. In turn, Boca de Cachón could be considered the first human settlement formally displaced because of climate variability in the Dominican Republic and probably one of the first in the Americas in the twenty-first century. Boca de Cachón is a rural Municipal District located to the northwest of the municipality of Jimaní, with a population of around 3000 inhabitants on the southwest border with the Republic of Haiti and located in the Biosphere Reserve Jaragua-Bahoruco-Enriquillo. Given the future climatic scenarios for the Dominican Republic and the possible climate change that could exacerbate by excess or, by default, the socio-environmental problems in the Lake’s belt, it is necessary to support the communities in their capacity-building processes. The lessons learned from Boca de Cachón can serve as a learning space for adaptation processes in rural environments in the Caribbean region.

European Robin Erithacus rubecula has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion. The population trend appears to be increasing and the size is extremely large. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. In Europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 58,700,000-90,500,000 pairs, which equates to 117,000,000-181,000,000 mature individuals. This species is found in forest undergrowth and edge, preferring conifer tracts in some parts of its range and deciduous woodland in others. It uses copses and adjacent open land, farmland woodlots, thickets along watercourses, hedgerows with some tall trees, orchards, gardens and parks and is also found in urban areas in parts of Europe. It requires cool shade, medium-height cover with perches, and patches of bare ground. Breeding occurs from early April to mid-June in the U.K., from the end of April to late July in central Europe and from mid-May in northern Russia and mid-April in southern Russia. On the 28th of April 2020, I was birdwatching in Horsh Ehden Nature Reserve Zgharta-Ehden District, north Lebanon when I encountered a couple of European Robins carrying insects to a nest in a hole in a big rock near the river. Following the birds, they entered the whole and went outside immediately watching me cautiously. I went to see what’s inside that rock and I saw the nest of the European Robin with 3 nestling inside of it. Later after 3 weeks I went again to see the nest I found the juveniles wandering around it. Reporting it to Dr Ghassan Ramadan Jaradi, it was accepted as a first breeding record of this species to Lebanon. Later on, I was able to identify many juvenile individuals near the same location.

Background and research aim: This paper analyses the governance in the Jaragua-Bahoruco-Enriquillo Biosphere Reserve (RBJBE), located in the southwest of the Dominican Republic along the borders with the Republic of Haiti. Methods: Construction and validation of an integrated scale of good governance and its subsequent analysis using factorial methods were carried out to identify good governance factors, and then regression analysis was performed. Results: Participation and coordination mechanisms are key factors in explaining governance of the biosphere reserve and critical factors in supporting a transition from an AINH (as if nothing happened) governance mode to good governance. Conclusion: The RBJBE operates in an AINH governance mode with opportunities to improve by promoting more qualified stakeholders' participation. It effectively facilitates interaction between stakeholders who share a diverse landscape mosaic, considering their interests, perspectives, and knowledge of natural resources. Implications for conservation: Considering the AINH governance in the RBJBE context and extending it to similar BR scenarios in Latin America and the Caribbean, one key implication focuses on implementing effective participation mechanisms and social engagement of stakeholders, as well as improving zoning and land use planning strategies linked to a more integrative landscape approach to conservation and local development objectives.

Introducción: Se utilizan quemas como parte del manejo de pastos introducidos en Chiapas, lo cual puede derivar en incendios forestales. Objetivos: obtener la carga de combustibles, comportamiento del fuego, emisiones de CO2 y derivar aspectos de seguridad durante el combate de incendios en pastizales y sabanas artificiales de pasto jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa Nees.), debido a la falta de información sobre estos temas. Métodos: Se estudiaron un pastizal y una sabana, ambos de pasto jaragua, en las comunidades California y Flores Magón, respectivamente, en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura. Se midieron cargas de combustibles previos y posteriores a las quemas. Se condujeron seis quemas prescritas (tres a favor de viento y pendiente y tres en contra), en cada uno de los dos tipos de vegetación analizados, y se midieron variables meteorológicas, así como variables de comportamiento del fuego. Las emisiones se estimaron multiplicando la carga de combustibles consumida por una constante de emisión. Resultados: En el pastizal las medias fueron: carga inicial, 6.214 t/ha; carga residual, 0.107 t/ha, emisión de CO2, 10.449 t/ha. Para la sabana, los valores alcanzaron: 14.119, 2.161 y 20.460 t/ha, respectivamente, sin diferencias para las cargas previas y posteriores a la quema entre las quemas. Para el pastizal, las quemas a favor alcanzaron: 3.92 m, 1.83 m y 22.3 m/min para longitud y profundidad de llama y velocidad de propagación, mientras que tales valores para las quemas en contra, fueron: 1.07 m, 0.23 m y 0.67 m/min, con diferencias entre tipos de quema. Para la sabana, las quemas a favor alcanzaron 5.89 m (longitud de llama), 1.53 m (profundidad de llama) y 45.5 m/min (velocidad de propagación), mientras que para las quemas en contra tales valores fueron: 2.21 m, 0.76 m y 2.8 m/min, respectivamente. En todos los casos se reportan diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: El comportamiento del fuego, en particular en la sabana estudiada, es peligroso, por lo cual una buena prescripción y mucha precaución deben preverse durante quemas controladas o prescritas. Asimismo, un combate directo por el frente del fuego puede resultar muy peligroso, por lo cual debe evitarse y mejor combatir por la cola del incendio y esperar a que el frente avance en contra del viento y pendiente para combatirlo.

Introducción: Se utilizan quemas como parte del manejo de pastos introducidos en Chiapas, lo cual puede derivar en incendios forestales. Objetivos: obtener la carga de combustibles, comportamiento del fuego, emisiones de CO2 y derivar aspectos de seguridad durante el combate de incendios en pastizales y sabanas artificiales de pasto jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa Nees.), debido a la falta de información sobre estos temas. Métodos: Se estudiaron un pastizal y una sabana, ambos de pasto jaragua, en las comunidades California y Flores Magón, respectivamente, en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura. Se midieron cargas de combustibles previos y posteriores a las quemas. Se condujeron seis quemas prescritas (tres a favor de viento y pendiente y tres en contra), en cada uno de los dos tipos de vegetación analizados, y se midieron variables meteorológicas, así como variables de comportamiento del fuego. Las emisiones se estimaron multiplicando la carga de combustibles consumida por una constante de emisión. Resultados: En el pastizal las medias fueron: carga inicial, 6.214 t/ha; carga residual, 0.107 t/ha, emisión de CO2, 10.449 t/ha. Para la sabana, los valores alcanzaron: 14.119, 2.161 y 20.460 t/ha, respectivamente, sin diferencias para las cargas previas y posteriores a la quema entre las quemas. Para el pastizal, las quemas a favor alcanzaron: 3.92 m, 1.83 m y 22.3 m/min para longitud y profundidad de llama y velocidad de propagación, mientras que tales valores para las quemas en contra, fueron: 1.07 m, 0.23 m y 0.67 m/min, con diferencias entre tipos de quema. Para la sabana, las quemas a favor alcanzaron 5.89 m (longitud de llama), 1.53 m (profundidad de llama) y 45.5 m/min (velocidad de propagación), mientras que para las quemas en contra tales valores fueron: 2.21 m, 0.76 m y 2.8 m/min, respectivamente. En todos los casos se reportan diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: El comportamiento del fuego, en particular en la sabana estudiada, es peligroso, por lo cual una buena prescripción y mucha precaución deben preverse durante quemas controladas o prescritas. Asimismo, un combate directo por el frente del fuego puede resultar muy peligroso, por lo cual debe evitarse y mejor combatir por la cola del incendio y esperar a que el frente avance en contra del viento y pendiente para combatirlo.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The jarina palm (Phytelephas macrocarpa Ruiz & Pavón), also known as "vegetable ivory", is a naturally occurring palm in western Amazonia and its seeds are used for making buttons, handicrafts and biojoias. Its exploitation is essentially extractive, and to date only a few studies related to the biology and silviculture aspects of it have been carried out. Its seed germination is slow, irregular and sometimes very low. This work has been divided into two chapters. In the first one, the objective was to evaluate the morphophysiological characteristics of the seeds and seedlings from different progenies of jarina to infer about its genetic variation. Seeds of fifteen progenies were used and the degree of moisture, seeds biometric, and aspects of germination and seedling development were evaluated using thirty-one variables. From the twenty four variables that presented significant differences, a grouping study (UPGMA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out. In the second chapter, the objective was to investigate morphoanatomic, histochemical and mobilization of organic reserves (lipids, proteins, starch and soluble sugars) in seeds and seedlings of the jarina palm. The evaluated progenies presented significant differences for twenty four characteristics related to the biometry, germination and development of the seedling, indicating genetic variation between them. Three progenies stood out (P04, P11 and P12) for they highest percentages of germination and the different stages of seedling development, as well as higher speed indexes and shorter times to reach these percentages. From the fifteen progenies of jarina and twenty-four characters related to the morphophysiology of seed, germination and seedling, four distinct genetic groups were found. The jarina palm presented particular morphoanatomic characteristics and differences in the mobilization dynamics of the primary metabolites, with the starch as the major reserve, followed by lipids, proteins and total soluble sugars. Histochemical tests on the haustory and endosperm tissues, with seedlings at different stages, confirmed the presence of primary reserves (starch, lipids and proteins), as well as pectins, mucilages and phenolic compounds.
A jarina (Phytelephas macrocarpa Ruíz & Pavón), também conhecida como “marfim vegetal”, é uma palmeira de ocorrência natural na Amazônia ocidental e suas sementes são utilizadas para confecção de botões, artesanatos e biojoias. Sua exploração é essencialmente extrativista, existindo poucos estudos relacionados com a biologia e aspectos silviculturais da espécie. A germinação das sementes é demorada, irregular e, às vezes, muito baixa. Este trabalho foi dividido em dois capítulos. No primeiro, objetivou-se avaliar características morfofisiológicas das sementes e plântulas de diferentes progênies de jarina, a partir das quais se inferiu sobre a variabilidade genética da mesma. Nesse, foram utilizadas sementes de quinze progênies e avaliado o grau de umidade, caraterísticas biométricas das sementes e aspectos da germinação e do desenvolvimento da plântula, num total de trinta e uma variáveis. A partir das variáveis que apresentaram diferenças significativas (vinte e quatro) foi feito um estudo de agrupamento (UPGMA) e análise de componentes principais (ACP). No segundo capítulo, objetivou-se investigar aspectos morfoanatômicos, histoquímicos e da mobilização de reservas orgânicas (lipídios, proteínas, amido e açúcares solúveis), em sementes e plântulas de P. macrocarpa. As progênies de jarina apresentaram diferenças significativas para vinte e quatro características relacionadas à biometria, germinação e desenvolvimento da plântula, indicando variação genética entre as mesmas. Três progênies se destacaram (P04, P11 e P12) por apresentarem os maiores percentuais de germinação e dos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da plântula, além de maiores índices de velocidades e menores tempos para alcançar tais percentuais. A partir de quinze progênies de jarina e vinte e quatro caracteres relacionados com a morfofisiologia da semente, germinação e plântula, foram encontrados quatro grupos genéticos distintos. P. macrocarpa apresentou características morfoanatômicas particulares e diferenças na dinâmica de mobilização dos metabólitos primários, tendo o amido como reserva majoritária, seguido de lipídeos, proteínas e açúcares solúveis totais. Os testes histoquímicos nos tecidos do haustório e endosperma, com as plântulas em diferentes estádios, confirmaram a presença de reservas primárias (amido, lipídeos e proteínas), bem como pectinas, mucilagens e compostos fenólicos.

This chapter draws attention to the complex trajectories of the history of biomedicine among the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups of the Andaman Islands. It argues that the scattered traces one follows to address historical or anthropological research in the tribal reserves of the Andaman Islands have led to questions that have often muddled assumptions about the category of the ‘medical.’ The chapter does a close reading of state medical discourse as it takes shape in the memoirs of a government physician in the Jarawa Tribal Reserve. It argues that Dr Kar’s memoir cum ethnography offers important insights into the contingent formations of the ‘medical’ in the interstices of tribal welfare practice in the Andaman Islands.

Chapter 3 presents the life, spiritual awakening, and preaching ministry of Jarena Lee. Beginning with a contextual description of the early United States of America, when freedom and equality were declared for all but were actually reserved exclusively for white men, this chapter narrates a black woman preacher’s fight against racial inequality and gender discrimination. Lee’s powerful experience of divine call enabled her to face her own doubts and confront the institutional obstacles toward accepting her religious vocation. The chapter sheds light on her resolve to do the work of evangelism as an unlicensed itinerant preacher. Through an analysis of the private rhetoric of her spiritual autobiography, The Life and Religious Experience of Jarena Lee, this chapter reveals the tactics that Lee used in claiming her call and using her voice to construct a narrative to persuade others of the veracity of her divine call.