Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „J P Narayan“

Microneedles are small-scale devices that may be used for access to interstitial fluid and/or capillary blood for transdermal monitoring of chemicals [1]. In this presentation, the integration of several types of electrochemical sensors with hollow microneedles will be considered. For example, carbon fiber electrodes have been integrated with digital micromirror device-produced microneedles; ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide were detected with these devices [2]. Carbon paste electrodes have also been integrated with digital micromirror device-produced microneedles; electrodes made from rhodium-dispersed carbon paste were used for hydrogen peroxide sensing [3]. In addition, lactate oxidase-modified rhodium-dispersed carbon paste electrodes were demonstrated for lactate sensing, including in the presence of interferents such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and acetaminophen. A multiplexed microneedle array containing digital micromirror device-produced microneedles was subsequently used for amperometric detection of glucose, lactate, and pH; detection of these analytes in complex media was shown [4]. More recently, digital micromirror device-produced hollow microneedles were modified with a working sensor, which was prepared with graphene ink and 4 (3-Butyl-1-imidazolio)-1-butanesulfonate) ionic liquid. Direct oxidation of fentanyl via square-wave voltammetry was shown; a detection limit of 27.8 μM was demonstrated using this approach [5]. Two photon polymerization has also been used to create hollow microneedles for biosensing; a porous carbon electrode created using interference lithography was used for potassium ion sensing in the presence of interfering sodium ions [6]. In another study, nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond coatings were deposited on Ti –6Al–4V alloy microneedles using microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition; dopamine and uric acid were electrochemically detected in an in vitro study [7]. These studies indicate that microneedles may have utility for minimally invasive detection of analytes in a real time manner. Benefits and disadvantages of the microneedle-based sensing approach as well as efforts needed for clinical translation of microneedle-based sensing technology will be considered. References [1] Miller PR, Narayan RJ, Polsky R. Microneedle-based sensors for medical diagnosis. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2016;4:1379-1383. [2] Miller PR, Gittard SD, Edwards TL, Lopez DM, Xiao X, Wheeler DR, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Brozik SM, Polsky R, Narayan RJ. Integrated carbon fiber electrodes within hollow polymer microneedles for transdermal electrochemical sensing. Biomicrofluidics. 2011;5:013415. [3] Windmiller JR, Zhou N, Chuang MC, Ramírez GV, Santhosh P, Miller PR, Narayan R, Wang J. Microneedle array-based carbon paste amperometric sensors and biosensors. Analyst. 2011;136:1846-1851. [4] Miller PR, Skoog SA, Edwards TL, Lopez DM, Wheeler DR, Arango DC, Xiao X, Brozik SM, Wang J, Polsky R, Narayan RJ. Multiplexed microneedle-based biosensor array for characterization of metabolic acidosis. Talanta. 2012;88:739–742. [5] Joshi P, Riley PR, Mishra R, Azizi Machekposhti S, Narayan R. Transdermal polymeric microneedle sensing platform for fentanyl detection in biofluid. Biosensors. 2022 Mar 27;12:198. [6] Miller PR, Xiao X, Brener I, Burckel DB, Narayan R, Polsky R. Microneedle-based transdermal sensor for on-chip potentiometric determination of K+. Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2014;3:876-881. [7] Skoog SA, Miller PR, Boehn RD, Sumant AV, Polsky R, Narayan RJ. Nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond microneedle arrays for electrochemical biosensing. Diamond and Related Materials. 2015;54:39-46.

ABSTRACT Soon after tooth extraction the bone resorption takes place reducing the height and width of alveolar ridge. This produces an altered morphology of the bone unfavorable for implant placement and implant placement becomes impossible without surgical correction. Socket grafting maintains and preserves ridge for implant placement. How to cite this article Mahesh L, Narayan TV, Bali P, Shukla S. Socket Preservation with Alloplast: Discussion and a Descriptive Case. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):934-937.

Aims: To derive an expression for change in entropy of spinning black holes on the basis of the model for the energy of spinning black holes ( Mahto et al. 2011a) & the model for entropy change ( Mahto et al. 2011b) and then calculate their values for different test spinning black holes. Study Design: Data for the mass of black holes have collected from the research paper entitled :Super massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past Present & Future Research(2005), Space Science Reviews by L. Ferrarese & H. Ford and Black holes in Astrophysics(2005), New Journal Physics by R. Narayan. The data for black hole constant for spinning black holes () is taken from the paper entitled: Study of Schwarzschild radius with reference to the spinning black holes. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences (2011a). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physics, Marwari College Bhagalpur and University Department of Physics, T.M.B.U. Bhagalpur, between December 2013 and March 2014. Methodology: A theoretical based work using Laptop to calculate the calculation for change in entropy of different test spinning black holes at Marwari College Bhagalpur and the residential research chamber of the first author. Results: The calculation shows that the change in entropy of spinning black holes of the rest masses for stellar – mass black holes (M ~ 5 ­ 20 Mʘ) in X-ray binaries is to J/K and for the super massive black holes (M ~ 106 – 109.5 Mʘ) in active galactic nuclei is to J/K. The nature of the graph for XRBs is the same to the Hawking entropy with the event horizon and straight line for AGN which confirms the validity of equations and . Conclusion: The change in energy and entropy of black holes are mainly dependent on the mass and independent of their event horizons.

Healthcare education and practice has significantly been impacted by COVID-19. This includes the challenge on pedagogical approaches that highlight the potential of technology to facilitate innovative new approaches in response to social distancing, lockdowns, remote learning and improving the patient experience and positive outcomes. Many of these innovative approaches are not fundamentally new but are now seeing relevance beyond early adopters to mainstream implementation. This presentation draws upon collaborations with educational researchers and technologists that have explored the integration of technology into healthcare education and practice. COVID-19 Adversity to Opportunity Many healthcare programmes required reenvisaging teaching and learning approaches in response to COVID-19 restrictions. This had a particular impact on the development of interpersonal and practical knowledge and skills essential for healthcare graduates. The limited access to on-campus learning provided an opportunity for both institutional and individual evaluation of pedagogical practices. The affordances of traditional, didactic, and “hands-on” skills were compared with those that could be facilitated using online asynchronous/ synchronous strategies. A particular concern was the development of the interpersonal and practical skills required in safe and effective healthcare practice. Alongside easing of restrictions, these skills were adapted using online demonstrations within the limits of socially distanced “bubbles”, telehealth and limited clinical placements. Reconsideration of summative assessments was also required- with the introduction online synchronous and asynchronous verbal assessments, and asynchronous submissions of practical skills online (Cochrane et al., 2021; Narayan et al., 2021). In the prospect of COVID-19 restrictions continuing to lift, it is envisioned that most of the reenvisaged pedagogical approaches to healthcare education will persist, without compromising student critical thinking or practical skills. Interprofessional Collaboration This presentation will highlight the importance of interprofessional collaboration in healthcare curriculum design using a Design-Based-Research methodology (Chen et al., 2020; Kartoğlu et al., 2020) to facilitate authentic learning and develop self-determined learning capabilities for healthcare professionals. DBR- Design Principles in response to COVID Transferable design principles will be introduced for enhancing healthcare education that will improve practice in a COVID19 world, particularly drawing from eight healthcare projects including: STUDIO602 – enhancing clinical practice with mobile technologies (Cochrane & Sinfield, 2021), developing a virtual reality handover experience for healthcare students (Cochrane et al., 2018), using immersive reality to develop critical thinking in clinical health education (Stretton et al., 2018), enhancing first responder clinical simulation education using immersive reality and biometrics (Cochrane et al., 2020), designing authentic learning for graduate entry nursing students (Macdiarmid et al., 2021), designing public and environmental health education (Kersey et al., 2018), Biomedical engineering (Lam et al., 2021), and physiology education (Fabris et al., 2019). References Chen, W., Sandars, J., & Reeves, T. C. (2020). Navigating complexity: The importance of design-based research for faculty development. Medical Teacher, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1774530 Cochrane, T., Aiello, S., Cook, S., Aguayo, C., & Wilkinson, N. (2020). MESH360: A framework for designing MMR enhanced Clinical Simulations [Journal]. Research in Learning Technology, 28(Mobile Mixed Reality - Themed Collection). https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v28.2357 Cochrane, T., Narayan, V., Aiello, S., Birt, J., Cowie, N., Cowling, M., Deneen, C., Goldacre, P., Alizadeh, M., Sinfield, D., Stretton, T., & Worthington, T. (2021, 29th November- 1st December 2021). Post Pandemic Socially Constructed Blended Synchronous Learning: Vignettes from the Mobile Learning SIG. ASCILITE 2021: 38th International Conference on Innovation, Practice and Research in the Use of Educational Technologies in Tertiary Education, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, Australia. Cochrane, T., & Sinfield, D. (2021). STUDIO602: A model for designing real world collaborations between Higher education and Industry. In K. MacCallum & D. Parsons (Eds.), Industry Practices, Processes and Techniques Adopted in Education - Supporting innovative teaching and learning practice (Vol. In preparation). Springer. http://davidparsons.ac.nz/industry-in-ed/ Cochrane, T., Stretton, T., Aiello, S., Britnell, S., Cook, S., & Narayan, V. (2018). Authentic Interprofessional Health Education Scenarios using Mobile VR [Journal]. Research in Learning Technology, 26, 2130. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2130 Fabris, C. P., Rathner, J. A., Fong, A. Y., & Sevigny, C. P. (2019). Virtual Reality in Higher Education. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education (formerly CAL-laborate International), 27(8). Kartoğlu, Ü., Siagian, R. C., & Reeves, T. C. (2020). Creating a "Good Clinical Practices Inspection" Authentic Online Learning Environment through Educational Design Research. TechTrends : for leaders in education & training, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00509-0 Kersey, K., Lees, A., Conn, C., Cochrane, T., Narayan, V., & Williams, M. (2018). “Context matters”: The challenges and opportunities of designing tertiary public and environmental health education in South Auckland. Pacific Health, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24135/pacifichealth.v1i1.8 Lam, L., Cochrane, T., Rajagopal, V., Davey, K., & John, S. (2021). Enhancing student learning through trans-disciplinary project-based assessment in bioengineering. Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 3(1), 4-5. https://doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v3i1.80 Macdiarmid, R., Winnington, R., Cochrane, T., & Merrick, E. (2021). Using educational design research to develop authentic learning for Graduate Entry Nursing students in New Zealand. Nurse Education in Practice, 102965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.102965 Narayan, V., Cochrane, T., Aiello, S., Birt, J., Cowie, N., Cowling, M., Deneen, C., Goldacre, P., Alizadeh, M., Sinfield, D., Stretton, T., & Worthington, T. (2021, 29 November - 1 December). Mobile learning and socially constructed blended learning through the lens of Activity Theory. ASCILITE 2021: 38th International Conference on Innovation, Practice and Research in the Use of Educational Technologies in Tertiary Education, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, Australia. Stretton, T., Cochrane, T., & Narayan, V. (2018). Exploring Mobile Mixed Reality in Healthcare Higher Education: A Systematic Review [Journal]. Research in Learning Technology, 26, 2131. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2131

ABSTRACT Reconstruction of the post-burn contracture is a complex task in plastic surgery. A burn patient treated traditionally only by dressings develops scar with contracture involving the burned region. The lip is a part of the face that is frequently affected by burn injury. Post-burn scar sequelae in this area often result in cosmetic disfigurement and psychological upset in patients. Microstomia poses difficulty in airway intubation during anesthesia and contracture of the neck if present confounds difficulty. Reconstruction of post-burn oral commissure aims to restore both symmetry of the lips (esthetic) and full oral competence (functional). Frequently treated in our department, we present a case series of post-burn contracture of neck with microstomia whose neck extension and mouth opening both were restricted giving less option but more challenge for both anesthesiologists and plastic surgeons. How to cite this article Narayan N, Dhanraj P, Mahesh MS. Reconstruction of Post-burn Microstomia: Our Experience. J Health Sci Res 2015;6(1):5-7.

ABSTRACT Purpose Several antiplaque agents are being available in the market in spite of vast development of modern medical science, satisfactory treatment of ‘oral diseases’ by newer drugs is not fully achieved, rather the chemical compounds has exposed the patients to it is different ill effects, therefore, there is interest to find out effective remedy of any disease by harmless herbal drugs thus the aim of this study was to compare plaque formation at 24 hours after the use of Triphala, Hi ora, Chlorhexidine and colgate plax mouth washes. Methods A controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial was designed. Thirty subjects underwent four consecutive experimental phases with four treatments: Triphala, Hi Ora, Chlorhexidine and colgate plax. On the day of study, the subjects discontinued all other oral hygiene habits and were randomly assigned for treatment with the experimental mouthwash. Each experimental phase was preceded by a 28- day washout period. Plaque formation was recorded after one undisturbed day. Results Triphala, Hi Ora and Chlorhexidine reduced de novo plaque formation to a greater extent than the colgate plax mouthwash (p < 0.05). Conclusion Triphala and Hi Ora presents an anti-plaque efficacy similar to that of chlorhexdine, and was more effective at inhibiting plaque formation than the colgate plax mouth wash. How to cite this article Narayan A, Mendon C. Comparing the Effect of Different Mouthrinses on de novo Plaque Formation. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(4):460-463.

BackgroundSleep disorders are prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Sleep is closely related to disease activity, depression, stress, fatigue and pain [1]. Community prevalence of sleep disorders in India varies from 6.2% to 36.3% [2,3]. Studies assessing sleep quality in the Indian population with RA are limited.ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of impaired sleep quality using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and determine factors predicting impaired sleep quality in patients with RA.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with RA presenting to our rheumatology clinic after informed consent and Ethics Committee approval from January 2021. Sleep quality was assessed by PSQI, depression by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Quality of life by Indian Health Assessment Questionnaire (IHAQ). Disease activity was assessed using Disease Activity Index (DAS28 CRP) and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Serum samples for interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were collected and stored at -800C. Relationship of fatigue was examined with age, serum TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, CDAI, DAS28 CRP and patient global assessment (PtGA) using Spearman correlation coefficient. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of impaired sleep quality in patients with RA.ResultsOne hundred and fifty-four patients were enrolled, 133 were females (86.3%). Median pain VAS score was 6[2]. Mean DAS was 4.35 ± 1.31, mean CDAI: 19.75 ± 7.91 and median IHAQ was 9.5[8]. The prevalence of depression (PHQ-9 >10) was 5.8% (n = 9) with a median PHQ-9 of 2[3]. One patient was on tofacitinib, 20 were on methotrexate monotherapy and others were on combination of conventional DMARDs.The prevalence of impaired sleep (PSQI >5) was 8.4% (n = 13) with a median PSQI of 2[2]. PSQI had significant correlation with PHQ-9 (r = 0.471, p<0.0001), IHAQ (r = 0.288, p<0.0001), DAS28 (r = 0.197, p = 0.015) and CDAI (r = 0.235 p = 0.003). Age, pain VAS, serum TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 had no correlation with PSQI. Among individual components of DAS, PtGA (r = 0.296 p <0.0001) alone correlated with PSQI. PHQ-9, IHAQ and PtGA were significant predictors of impaired sleep quality (Table 1).ConclusionCompared to other studies within India, our patients had very low prevalence of impaired sleep quality. Sleep quality significantly influences disease activity likely by affecting PtGA. Risk factors for poor sleep quality are presence of depression, poor quality of life and patient global assessment of disease activity. Hence a holistic management of RA must involve addressing these risk factors.Table 1.Predictors of impaired sleep qualityPredictorsβ (95% CI)P valuePtGA0.176(0.023 - 0.412)0.004Depression (PHQ-9)0.282 (0.101 - 0.342)<0.0001IHAQ0.230 (0.025 -.129)0.004References[1] McBeth J, Dixon WG, Moore SM, Hellman B, James B, Kyle SD, et al. Sleep Disturbance and Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Prospective mHealth Study. J Med Internet Res. 2022 Apr 22;24(4):e32825.[2] Ramaswamy G, Premarajan KC, Kar SS, Narayan SK, Thekkur P. Prevalence and determinants of sleep disorders in a community in rural southern India. Natl Med J India. 2020 May 1;33:132.[3] Panda S, Taly AB, Sinha S, Gururaj G, Girish N, Nagaraja D. Sleep-related disorders among a healthy population in South India. Neurol India. 2012 Jan 1;60(1):68.AcknowledgementsNone.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

ABSTRACT Introduction The ultimate success of fixed prosthesis is to pay meticulous attention to the detailed production of the missing tooth structure. Such an accurate replication is technically demanding. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of marginal fit of castings with varying sprue diameter and using ring and ringless techniques. Materials and methods Forty standardized wax copings were fabricated on a stainless steel die and divided into two groups. The first group was cast using the metal ring investment technique; the second group was cast using the ringless investment technique. Both the groups were further divided into two groups, each based on the diameter of the sprue (groups I and III: 4.5 mm and groups II and IV: 2.5 mm). The vertical marginal gap was measured at three sites per specimen, using a digital optical microscope at ×100 magnification. The results were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and independent t-test to determine statistical significance. Results The vertical marginal gaps of castings fabricated using the ringless technique (0.145 ± 0.072 mm) were significantly less (p < 0.001) than those castings fabricated using the conventional metal ring technique (0.264 ± 0.100 mm); however, the vertical marginal gaps of the 2.5 mm sprue diameter (0.199 ± 0.092 mm) and 4.5 mm sprue diameter (0.211 ± 0.118 mm) castings were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). There was also statistically significant interaction (p < 0.001) between group IIA (0.120 ± 0.038 mm) and group IA (0.302 ± 0.098 mm), which was analyzed using the independent t-test. Conclusion It can be concluded that the ringless casting technique in comparison to metal ring technique produces metal castings of better marginal adaptation. Furthermore, the sprue diameter had significant difference wherein the 4.5 mm diameter produced the least vertical discrepancies in the ringless casting technique and 2.5 mm produced lesser vertical discrepancies in the metal ring. Clinical significance One of the key factors that decides the success of a metal-ceramic restoration is the marginal fit. The accurate fit of the restoration greatly minimizes the plaque accumulation, offers good mechanical properties, and reduces micro-leakage and development of secondary caries. The techniques of casting procedure and sprue diameter can have an influence on the outcome. Hence, the current research was undertaken to study the influence of these factors on marginal fit. How to cite this article Dutta T, George VT, Balakrishnan D, Narayan AI. An in vitro Comparative Study to evaluate the Marginal Fit of Castings using Ring and Ringless Casting Techniques with Varying Sprue Diameter. World J Dent 2017;8(2):109-113.

Morphological instability of the lithium-electrolyte interface is a critical problem limiting the development of lithium-metal negative electrodes for batteries. At high current densities approaching the diffusion-limited current density, dendrites form due to depletion of Li+ ions near the electrode surface (1). At lower current densities, unstable deposition produces whiskers (2). Whiskers are separated by typically several micrometers, and in contrast to dendrites grow by addition of Li atoms to their base or "root" (3). Experimental evidence indicates that whisker growth is fed by large-scale interface or grain boundary diffusion, and that whiskers relieve compressive stress in the metal generated by electrodeposition (4-7). The present study proposes that Li electrodeposition is destabilized by interface diffusion driven by compressive stress due to incorporation of Li atoms at grain boundaries. The competition between stress and stabilizing surface energy effects generates a surface pattern which determines (in part) whisker sites. A morphological instability model is formulated based on the Asaro-Tiller-Grinfel'd (ATG) surface instability on elastically stress solids (8). The model applies to deposits less than 1 micron thick for which elastic deformation is expected to dominate (9,10). The Li electrode is depicted by a three-layer elastic model consisting of a stress-free substrate (current collector) layer, a Li layer with uniform diffusion-induced in-plane stress, and top layer. The top layer can simulate submicron thickness solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layers, or macroscopically thick polymer separators and solid electrolytes. The Li-top layer interface deforms by diffusion. Out-of-plane normal stress is included to simulate the effect of applied stress on the instability (11,12). For model calculations, the interface stress was estimated from neutron-depth-profiling measurements of Li diffusion into Cu current collectors (13). The measured Li incorporation was found to be consistent with a whisker spacing of several microns, in agreement with experimental results (3,6,14). Calculations showed that the instability is inhibited significantly by the use of substrates with elastic modulus much greater than that of Li. This substrate stiffness effect is consistent with experimental observations of Sn whiskers (15). The effect of a stress-free SEI layer on the instability was found to be negligible, due to its small thickness. Whisker growth was suppressed by macroscopically thick top layers with elastic modulus at least 10 times that of Li. No significant whisker inhibition was found at applied stress levels of ~ 1 MPa, which are found experimentally to stabilize deposition in Li films significantly exceeding 1 micron thickness (11,12). This effect may be due to an instability associated with viscoplastic rather than elastic deformation (16). REFERENCES P. Bai et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 3221(2016). L Frenck et al., Front. Energy Res., 7, 115 (2016) A. Kushima et al., Nano Energy, 32, 271 (2017). J. H. Cho et al., Energy Storage Mater., 24, 281 (2020). X. Wang et al., Nat. Energy, 3, 227 (2018). A. A. Rulev et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 11, 10511 (2020). E. Chason et al., Prog. Surf. Sci., 88, 103 (2013). B. J. Spencer et al., J. Appl. Phys., 73, 4956 (1993). C. Xu et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 114, 57 (2017). L. Q. Zhang et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 15, 94 (2020). A. J. Louli et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, A1291 (2019). K. L. Harrison et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 13, 31668 (2021). S. Lv et al., Nat. Commun., 9, 2152 (2018). J. Steiger et al., J. Power Sources, 261, 112 (2014). B. Hutchinson et al., Mater. Sci. Forum, 467-470, 465 (2004). S. Narayan and L. Anand, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 040525 (2020).

This study aims to determine the development of scientific publications, mapping the scope and theme of publications related to obesity in early childhood published in Scopus-indexed journals from 2013-2023. This study uses the Scopus database which is retrieved using the publish or perish application. From the results of data extraction, 200 articles were obtained with keywords in the article titled Childhood Obesity. This research uses keyword co-occurrence analysis to identify and explore the main fields and topics that appear in publications. The application used to analyze the data is Vos Viewer. Based on the results of the analysis, 7 clusters were obtained. This study provides information to researchers, especially researchers in Indonesia about publication trends related to Childhood obesity. It is hoped that this research can be a foundation for further research, scientific development, and implementation in the fields of early childhood, health, and physical education. Keywords: childhood obesity, early childhood education, bibliometrics. References: An, R. (2020). Projecting the impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic on childhood obesity in the United States: A microsimulation model. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(4), 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.006 Biro, F. M., & Wien, M. (2010). Childhood obesity and adult morbidities. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91(5), 1499S-1505S. Cunningham, S. A., Kramer, M. R., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2014). Incidence of Childhood Obesity in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(5), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1309753 Famelia, R., Tsuda, E., Bakhtiar, S., & Goodway, J. D. (2018). Relationships among perceived and actual motor skill competence and physical activity in Indonesian preschoolers. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 6, S403–S423. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2016-0072 Gao, Z., Zeng, N., Pope, Z. C., Wang, R., & Yu, F. (2019). Effects of exergaming on motor skill competence, perceived competence, and physical activity in preschool children. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.12.001 Genin, P. M., Lambert, C., Larras, B., Pereira, B., Toussaint, J. F., Baker, J. S., Tremblay, A., Thivel, D., & Duclos, M. (2021). How did the COVID-19 confinement period affect our physical activity level and sedentary behaviors? Methodology and first results from the French national ONAPS survey. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 18(3), 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1123/JPAH.2020-0449 Giles, L. C., Whitrow, M. J., Davies, M. J., Davies, C. E., Rumbold, A. R., & Moore, V. M. (2015). Growth trajectories in early childhood, their relationship with antenatal and postnatal factors, and development of obesity by age 9 years: Results from an Australian birth cohort study. International Journal of Obesity, 39(7), 1049–1056. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.42 Huang, S. Y., Hogg, J., Zandieh, S., & Bostwick, S. B. (2012). A ballroom dance classroom program promotes moderate to vigorous physical activity in elementary school children. American Journal of Health Promotion, 26(3), 160–165. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.090625-QUAN-203 Ji, C. Y., & Cheng, T. O. (2008). Prevalence and geographic distribution of childhood obesity in China in 2005. In International journal of cardiology (Vol. 131, Issue 1, pp. 1–8). Elsevier. Jia, P., Xue, H., Zhang, J., & Wang, Y. (2017). Time trend and demographic and geographic disparities in childhood obesity prevalence in China—evidence from twenty years of longitudinal data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040369 Kawuki, J., Ghimire, U., Papabathini, S. S., Obore, N., & Musa, T. H. (2021). A bibliometric analysis of childhood obesity research from China indexed in Web of Science. Journal of Public Health and Emergency, 5(February). https://doi.org/10.21037/jphe-20-95 Kesehatan RI, K. (2021). Epidemi Obesitas. In Epidemi Obesitas (pp. 1–8). Milliken, S., Allen, R. M., & Lamont, R. F. (2019). The role of antimicrobial treatment during pregnancy on the neonatal gut microbiome and the development of atopy, asthma, allergy and obesity in childhood. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 18(3), 173–185. Min, J., Fang Yan, A., & Wang, Y. (2018). Mismatch in Children’s Weight Assessment, Ideal Body Image, and Rapidly Increased Obesity Prevalence in China: A 10‐Year, Nationwide, Longitudinal Study. Obesity, 26(11), 1777–1784. Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014a). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama, 311(8), 806–814. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.732 Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014b). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama, 311(8), 806–814. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.732 Osunsan, O. K., Ijjo, A. T., Mugisha, J. F., Samuel, P., & Muhwezi, M. (2022). Publish or Perish’: A Systematic Review. Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 1. Ranjani, H., Mehreen, T. S., Pradeepa, R., Anjana, R. M., Garg, R., Anand, K., & Mohan, V. (2016). Epidemiology of childhood overweight & obesity in India: A systematic review. In Indian Journal of Medical Research (Vol. 143, Issue FEBRUARY, pp. 160–174). https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.180203 Reyes-Olavarría, D., Latorre-Román, P. Á., Guzmán-Guzmán, I. P., Jerez-Mayorga, D., Caamaño-Navarrete, F., & Delgado-Floody, P. (2020). Positive and negative changes in food habits, physical activity patterns, and weight status during covid-19 confinement: Associated factors in the chilean population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155431 Russell, C. G., & Russell, A. (2019). A biopsychosocial approach to processes and pathways in the development of overweight and obesity in childhood: Insights from developmental theory and research. Obesity Reviews, 20(5), 725–749. Simmonds, M., Llewellyn, A., Owen, C. G., & Woolacott, N. (2016). Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 17(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12334 World Health Organisation. (2021). WHO releases guidelines to address overweight and obesity in. Zhang, X., Zhang, F., Yang, J., Yang, W., Liu, W., Gao, L., Peng, Z., & Wang, Y. (2018). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school-aged children in Jiangsu Province, China, 2014-2017. PLoS One, 13(8), e0202681. World Health Organisation. (2021). WHO releases guidelines to address overweight and obesity in.

Abstract B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy of B lineage progenitors. It remains a leading cause of death in childhood, while outcomes in adults are dismal. There is therefore a need to better understand drivers of high-risk B-ALL and to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting these challenging patient cohorts. Loss-of-function mutations affecting CREBBP are recurrent second-hit mutations across multiple genetic subtypes of B-ALL and are associated with adverse features, including high-risk genetic subtypes and persistent measurable residual disease. In addition, they have been mechanistically associated with chemoresistance and are more frequently found in relapse. We sought to identify novel treatment options for CREBBP-mutated high-risk B-ALL. CREBBP-mutated isogenic human B-ALL cell lines were genome-engineered to provide a platform for synthetic lethal drug screening. We subjected these cell lines to a targeted drug screen focused on clinically-actionable drugs in classes that have either been implicated or hypothesized to show differential sensitivity patterns in published models of B cell lymphoma and other CREBBP-mutated malignancies. Unexpectedly, CREBBP-mutated cells were not differentially sensitive to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, and paradoxically showed a degree of sensitization to the glucocorticoid Dexamethasone, used in current ALL induction regimens. As anticipated, and validating our screen design, inhibitors of the CREBBP paralogue EP300 (the CREBBP/EP300-specific bromodomain inhibitor Inobrodib and the CREBBP/EP300 acetylase inhibitor A485) exhibited synthetic lethality, consistent with previous reports in B-cell lymphoma. The most potent hit was the BCL2 inhibitor Venetoclax, which we show acts through a non-canonical, but BCL2-dependent mechanism resulting in ferroptotic programmed cell death. CREBBP-mutated cell lines were transcriptionally and functionally characterized, revealing underlying differences in cell-cycle, metabolism and response to oxidative stress. Acquisition of resistance to Venetoclax further dysregulated these pathways and resulted in a transcriptionally-convergent state. Lastly, we demonstrate that small-molecule inhibition of CREBBP sensitizes B-ALL cells, regardless of genotype, to Venetoclax-induced ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo, providing a potential novel drug combination for broader clinical translation in B-ALL. In summary, we have identified a number of actionable compounds that specifically target CREBBP-mutated high-risk B-ALL, demonstrate a novel mechanism-of-action for the BCL2 inhibitor Venetoclax in B-ALL and propose CREBBP-inhibitors and Venetoclax as a novel treatment combination for B-ALL across genotypes. Citation Format: Alicia Garcia Gimenez, Jonathan Ditcham, Dhoyazan M. Azazi, Eshwar Meduri, Ryan Asby, Nathalie Sakakini, Cecile K. Lopez, Nisha Narayan, Jaana Bagri, Tumas Beinortas, Shuchi Agrawal Singh, George Giotopoulos, Michael P. Murphy, Sarah J. Horton, Brian J. Huntly, Simon E. Richardson. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of CREBBP sensitizes B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia to ferroptotic cell death upon BCL2 inhibition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 363.

This technical note summarizes a technical comparison of common testing procedures, as well as reviewed of the UN Test N` 5, for the assessment of the self-heating properties of cargoes and materials that has shown a clear trend on maritime fire and explosions events, as well as considering of external factors that can combine self-heating and emit flammable gases to conclude in an unlikely event affecting the security of crews and ships. A high understanding of the external factors effect on the cargo materials certainly will help the application of spontaneous reactions management actions (SRMA) on board of ships during the cargo sea passage. The intended comparison is based on laboratory, industry and field observations and data, whereas the among the external factors considered are, moisture content, stockpile procedure and aging, air velocities and moderate pressures internal and externally to the cargo material. The comparison results have shown that the self-heating and the flammable gas emissions has a common pattern when reacting with any oxygen available source, regardless the reactive material chemical composition. Keywords: reactive materials, self-heating, self-ignition, direct reduced iron fines, materials handling, UN test N` 5, maritime safety, spontaneous reactions, risk management. IMSBC Code , IMO. References [1]A. M. DeGennaro, M. W. Lohry, L. Martinelli, C. W. Rowley. Uncertainty Quantification for Cargo Hold Fires. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. [2]L.L.Sloss Assessing and Managing Spontaneous Combustion of Coals. IEA Clean Coal Center (CCC 259). Oct. 2015. [3].A. Janes, G Marlair, D Carson, j. Chaneausx. Towards the improvement of UN Test N1 5 Method for the characterization of substances which in contact with water emit Flammable Gases. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Elsevier 2012, 25 (3), pp 524-534. [4]G. Rouget, B. Majidi, D. Picard, G. Gauvin, D. Ziegler, J. Mashreghi, and H. Alamdar. Electrical Resistivity Measurement of Petroleum Coke Powder by Means of Four-Probe Method. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. Vol. 48B, Oct. 2017-2543. [5]Y. Rubiela Hernández Puerto, M.Triviño Restrepo. El coque metalúrgico aplicado a protección catódica (Metallurgia coque applied to catodic protection). Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG. Vol. 10, Nº 20, 60-67 (2007) UNMSM I. [6]S. Narayan Jha, K. Narsaiah, A.L. Basediya, R.Sharma, P. Jaiswal, R. Kumar, and R. Bhardwaj. Measurement techniques and application of electrical properties for nondestructive quality evaluation of foods—a review. Food Sci Technol. 2011 Aug; 48(4): 387–411. [7]R. Fontes Araujo, J. Batisa Zonta, E. Fontes Araujo, E. Heberle, E, F. Miranda Garcia Zonta. Teste de Conductividade Eletrica para Smentes de Feijao Mungo Verde 1. Rev. Brasikleira de Sementes, Vol. 33, N` 1, pp123/130, 2011. [8]P.A. Eidem. Electric Resistivity of Coke Beds. PhD Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Tronheim Oct. 2008. [9]N. Birks, et.al. - Mechanism in Corrosion Induced Auto-ignition of Direct Reduced Iron. Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh. [10]Monitoring Implementation of the Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention. Report on incidents involving HNS. Submitted by the United Kingdom. IMO 85th Session, Agenda item 5- LEG 85/INF.2, 19 September 2002.

We consider one of the fundamental problems of classical invariant theory - the research of Poincare series for an algebra of invariants of Lie group $SL_2$. The first two terms of the Laurent series expansion of Poincare series at the point $z = 1$ give us important information about the structure of the algebra $\mathcal{I}_{d}.$ It was derived by Hilbert for the algebra ${\mathcal{I}_{d}=\mathbb{C}[V_d]^{\,SL_2}}$ of invariants for binary $d-$form (by $V_d$ denote the vector space over $\mathbb{C}$ consisting of all binary forms homogeneous of degree $d$). Springer got this result, using explicit formula for the Poincare series of this algebra. We consider this problem for the algebra of joint invariants $\mathcal{I}_{2n}=\mathbb{C}[\underbrace{V_2 \oplus V_2 \oplus \cdots \oplus V_2}_{\text{n times}}]^{SL_2}$ and the algebra of joint covariants $\mathcal{C}_{2n}=\mathbb{C}[\underbrace{V_2 {\oplus} V_2 {\oplus} \cdots {\oplus} V_2}_{\text{n times}}{\oplus}\mathbb{C}^2 ]^{SL_2}$ of $n$ quadratic forms. We express the Poincare series $\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{C}_{2n},z)=\sum_{j=0}^{\infty }\dim(\mathcal{C}_{2n})_{j}\, z^j$ and $\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{I}_{2n},z)=\sum_{j=0}^{\infty }\dim(\mathcal{I}_{2n})_{j}\, z^j$ of these algebras in terms of Narayana polynomials. Also, for these algebras we calculate the degrees and asymptotic behavious of the degrees, using their Poincare series.

Abstract Introduction: Extensive research studies on breast cancer disparities have had limited impact on reducing breast cancer disparities. Quality improvement initiatives use data-driven, rigorous approaches to plan, execute, and study the delivery of healthcare services. There have been limited studies using quality improvement methods to address health disparities. The purpose of our study was to describe the design of a quality improvement initiative to address breast cancer disparities using the A3 problem solving method. Methods: A3 problem solving method was used to reduce breast cancer screening disparities. The A3 method is a quality improvement tool used to identify problems, organize and synthesize data, and propose solutions to achieve goals (summarized on one side of a sheet of paper). A3 methods are outlined by the FOCUS-PDCA acronym: F - Find process to improve, O - Organize team of stakeholders, C - Clarify current state, U - Understand sources of variation that contribute to the problem, S - Select change ideas, P - Plan and do the improvement, C - Check the results, A - Act. Quantitative data was derived from the electronic medical record. Qualitative data was derived from divergent thinking exercises asking participants from diverse standing urban stakeholder groups about barriers to cancer screening. Results: Design of the A3 problem solving process was conducted between November 2022 until May 2023 yielding the following FOCUS-PDCA design and initial results. F - Increase the percentage of patients who have undergone mammography screening within the last two years. O - Team includes representative leaders from primary care, community health, ambulatory operations, diversity, equity, and inclusion, radiology, breast center, population health, information services, and federally qualified health centers. C and U - Quantitative data collection revealed that 74% of 37,509 eligible patients (women between 50-74 years old) received a mammogram within the last two years (75% White, 58% Black, 67% Asian, 60% American Indian, 64% Hispanic). Divergent thinking exercises revealed the following root causes for mammography screening disparities: patients don’t know they are due, transportation issues, barriers to scheduling, access to mammography facilities, financial concerns, and fears about returning to clinics during COVID-19. S - Process improvements included multilingual and modality reminders, marketing campaigns, transportation vouchers, co-location of screening centers with federally qualified health centers, expanded access to mammography screening facilities, educational activities for primary care physicians, participation in community events, equity-focused review of screening guidelines. PDCA - Based on selected improvements, changes in breast cancer screening percentages will be displayed using run charts until December 2024, stratified by race and ethnicity. Conclusion: A3 problem solving tools represent structured, scientifically rigorous approaches that cancer centers can use to reduce screening disparities. Citation Format: Nia Foster, Arissa J. Milton, Mai A. Elezaby, Roberta M. Strigel, Meeghan A. Lautner, Ryan W. Woods, Nicci O. Brackett, Noelle K. LoConte, Anand K. Narayan. Improving breast cancer screening disparities through A3 problem solving: Design of a quality improvement initiative [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr C112.

Khanna A, Goyal RS, Bhawsar R. Menstrual practices and reproductive problems Study of adolescent girls in Rajasthan. J Health Manag. 2005;7(1):91–107. Ersoy B, et al. Effects of different socioeconomic conditions on Menarche in Female Turkish Students. Early Hum Dev. 2004;76(2):115–25. Dongre AR, Deshmukh PR, Garg BS. The effect of community-based health education interventions on menstrual hygiene management among rural Indian adolescent girls. World Health Popul. 2007;9(3):48–54. Tang CS, Yeung DY, Lee AM. Psychosocial correlates of emotional Responses to menarche among Chinese adolescent girls. J Adolescent Health. 2003;33(3):193–201. Adhikari P, et al. Knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene in rural adolescent girls in Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2007;5(3):382–6 Ali TS, Rizvi SN. Menstrual knowledge and practices of female adolescents in urban Karachi, Pakistan. J Adolescent. 2010;33(4):531–41. Bobhate P, Shrivastava S et al.. This was a cross-sectional study of knowledge and practices regarding reproductive health among female adolescents in an urbsluminf Mumbai. J Fam Reprod Health. 2011;5(4):117–24. Dasgupta A, Sarkar M. Menstrual hygiene: how hygienic is the adolescent girl? Indian J Community Med. 2008;33(2):77–80. Goel MK, Kundan M. Psycho-social behavior of urban Indian adolescent girls during menstruation. Australas Med J. 2011;4(1):49–52. Shanbhag D, Shilpa R, D’Souza N, Josephine P, Singh J, Goud BR. Perceptions regarding menstruation and Practices during menstrual cycles among high school going adolescent girls in resource-limited settings around Bangalore City, Karnataka, India. Int J Collab Res Inter Med Public Health. 2012;4(7):1353–62. Tiwari H, Oza UN, Tiwari R. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about Menarche of adolescent girls in Anand District, Gujarat. East Mediterr Health J. 2006;12(3-4):428–33. Thakre SB, Thakre SS, Reddy M, Rathi N, Pathak K, Ughade S. Menstrual hygiene: knowledge and practice among adolescent school girls of Saoner, Nagpur district. J Clin Diagn Res. 2011;5(5):1027–33. Yasmin S, Mallik S, Manna N, Ahmed A, Paria B. Menstrual hygiene among adolescent school students: an in-depth cross-sectional study in an urban community of West Bengal, India. Sudan J Public Health. 2013;8(2):60–4. Oche MO, Umar AS, Gana GJ et al.. Menstrual health: Unmet needs of adolescent girls in Sokoto, Nigeria. Sci Res Essays. 2012;7(3):410–8. Ray S, Dasgupta A. Determinants of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls: a multivariate analysis. Natl J Commun Med. 2012;3(2):294–301. Boosey R, Prestwich G, Dave T. Menstrual hygiene management amongst Schoolgirls in the Rukungiri district of Uganda and their impact on their education: A cross-sectional study. Pan African Med J. 2014;19:253. Nemade D, Anjenaya S, Gujar R. Effect of health education on statistics and practices about menstruation among adolescent faculty girls of Kalamboli, Navi-Mumbai. fitness of Popul-Perspect issues. 2009;32(4):167–75 Narayan okay, Srinivasa D, Pelto P, Veerammal S. Puberty Rituals, Reproductive Understanding, and Health of Adolescent Girls in South India. Asia-percent Popul J. 2001;16(2):225–38. ARORA A, Mittal A, Pathania D, Mehta C, Bunger R. Impact of health education on understanding and practices about menstruation among adolescent college women in the rural part of the district Ambala, Haryana. Ind J Comm health. 2013;25(4):492–7. Lawan UM, Yusuf NW, Musa AB. Menstruation and menstrual hygiene among adolescent college women in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria. Afr J Reprod fitness. 2010;14(3):201–7. Zegeye DT, Megabiaw B, Mulu A. Age at menarche and the menstrual pattern in younger secondary college humans in Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Women’s Fitness. 2009;nine:29. Thakre SB, et al. Town-rural versions of menstrual troubles and practices of Female college students in Nagpur, India. Indian Pediatr. 2012;49(9):733–6. Udgiri R, Angadi MM, Patil S et al.. Expertise and practices concerning menstruation among adolescent women in a town slum in Bijapur. J Indian Med Assoc. 2010;108(8):514–6. Marvan ML, Molina-Abolnik M. Mexican youngsters’ revel in of menarche and attitudes toward menstruation: function of communique among moms and daughters. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynaecol. 2012;25(6):358–63. Sharma M, Gupta S. Menstrual sample and abnormalities in the immoderate college girls of Dharan: A cross-sectional test of the boarding faculty of Nepal Med Coll J.2003;5(1):34–6. Adinma ED, Adinma JI. Menstrual traits among south-eastern Nigerian adolescent faculty women West Afr J Med. 2009;28(2):110–3. Reis N, Kilic D, Engin R, Karabulutlu O. Sexual and reproductive health desires of adolescent girls from conservative and low-income households in Erzurum, Turkey. fitness of Popul Perspect trouble. 2011;3(6):370–7. Bosch AM, Hutter I, van Ginneken JK. Perceptions of teens and their months for reproductive and sexual development in MATLAB, Bangladesh. Int J Adolesc Med health. 2008;20(three):329–42 Dhingra R, Kumar A, Kour M. Understanding and Practices Associated with Menstruation Among Tribal (Gujjar) Adolescent Women. Ethno-remedy. 2009;3(1): 43–8 El-Gilany AH. Badawi. El-Fedawy S. Menstrual hygiene among adolescent schoolgirls in Mansoura, Egypt. Am. Reprod health subjects. 2005;13(26):147–52. Gumanga SK, Kwame-Aryee RA. Menstrual trends in a few adolescents women in Accra, Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2012;46(1):3–7. Dambhare DG, Wagh SV, Dudhe JY. Age at menarche and menstrual cycle the patterns among adolescent women in India. Glob J Health Sci. 2012;4(1): a hundred and 5–11. Kotecha PV, et al. Reproductive fitness focuses on rural college-going young people in the Vadodara district. Indian J sex Transm Dis. 2009;30(2): 94–9. Mudey A, Kesharwani N, Mudey GA et al.. Pass-sectional observed attention concerning secure and hygienic practices among faculty-going adolescent girls in a rural area of Wardha District, India. Glob J Health Sci. 2010;2(2):225–31 Ray S, et al. Knowledge and information on psychological, physiological, and gynecological problems among adolescent girls in eastern India. Ethiopia J Health Sci. 2011;21(3):183–9. Jarrah SS, Kamel AA. Attitudes and practices of school-aged girls towards menstruation. Int J Nurs Pract. 2012;18(3):308–15. Lee LK, et al. Menstruation among adolescent girls in Malaysia: A cross-sectional school survey. Singapore Med J. 2006;47(10):869–74. Wong LP. Attitudes toward menstruation, menstrual-related symptoms, and pre-menstrual syndrome among adolescent girls: A rural school-based survey. Women's Health. 2011;51(4):340–64. Wong LP. Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea: urban-rural and multipath differences in perception, impact, and treatment-seeking. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynaecol. 2011;24(5):272–7. Aniebue UU, Aniebue PN, Nwankwo TO. Impact of pre-menarcheal training on menstrual practices and hygiene in Nigerian schoolgirls. Pan Afr Med J. 2009;2:9. Iliyasu Z, et al. Sexual and reproductive health communication between mothers and adolescent daughters in Northern Nigeria. Health Care Women Int. 2012;33(2):138–52. Ajah LO, et al. Adolescent reproductive health challenges among schoolgirls in southeast Nigeria: Knowledge of menstrual patterns and contraceptive adherence. Patient Preference Adherence. 2015;9:1219–24. Chandraratne NK, Gunawardena NS. Premenstrual syndrome: The experience of a sample of Sri Lankan adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2011;24(5):304–10. Abd El-Hameed NA, Mohamed MS, Ahmed NH, Ahmed ER. Assessment of dysmenorrhea and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in some nursing schools in LL-Minia governorate, Egypt. J Am Sci. 2011;7(9):216–23. Eswi A, Helal H, Elarousy W. Menstrual attitudes and knowledge of Egyptian female adolescents. J Am Sci. 2012;8(6):555–65. Omidvar S, Begum K. Factors influencing hygienic practices during menses among girls from South India: A cross-sectional study. Int J Collab Res Intern Med Public Health. 2010;2(12):411–23. Wong LP. Attitudes towards dysmenorrhea, impact, and treatment-seeking among adolescent girls: A rural school-based survey. Aust J Rural Health. 2011;19(4):218–23. Wong LP, Khoo EM. Menstrual-related attitudes and symptoms among Multiracial Asian adolescent females. Int J Behav Med. 2011;18(3):246–53. Sommer M. Ideologies of sexuality, menstruation, and risk: girls’ experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania. Cult Health Sex. 2009;11(4):383–98. Crichton J, et al. Emotional and psychosocial aspects of menstrual poverty in resource-poor settings: A qualitative study of the experiences of adolescent girls in an informal settlement in Nairobi. Health Care Women Int. 2013;34(10):891–916. Mason L, et al. ‘We keep it secret so no one should know’–a qualitative study to explore young schoolgirls’ attitudes and experiences with menstruation in rural western Kenya. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79132. Munthali AC, Zulu EM. The timing and position of initiation rites in preparing younger human beings for formative years and accountable reproductive behavior in Malawi. Afr J Reprod fitness. 2007;11(three): hundred and 50–67. fifty-three. McMahon SA, et al. ‘The girl together with her duration is the one to hang her head’ Reflections on menstrual management amongst schoolgirls in rural Kenya. BMC Int fitness haul rights. 2011;eleven:7. Sommer M. An early window of possibility for promoting girls’ health: Policy implications of the woman’s puberty e-book task in Tanzania. Int. Electron J Health Microbiol. 2011; 14:77–92 Dorgbetor G. Mainstreaming MHM in colleges through the play-primarily based approach: training discovered in Ghana. Waterlines. 2015;34(1): 41–50.56. Marvan ML, Vacio A, Espinosa-Hernandez G. Menstrual-associated changes expected with the aid of premenarcheal girls dwelling in rural and urban areas of Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(4):863–8. Marvan ML, Vacio A, Espinosa-Hernandez G. A contrast of menstrual adjustments anticipated through pre-menarcheal kids and changes skilled with the aid of publish-menarcheal children in Mexico. J Sch health. 2001;71(9):458–61 Pitangui AC, et al. Menstruation disturbances: incidence, characteristics, and effects on the daily activities of adolescent girls residing in Brazil. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2013;26(three):148–52 Santina T, Wehbe N, Ziade F. Exploring dysmenorrhea and menstrual reviews among Lebanese lady young people. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18(8):857–63. Chaudhuri A, Singh A. How do school women cope with dysmenorrhea? J Indian Med Assoc. 2012; 10(5):287–91. Sommer M. Where the training machine and Girls’ bodies collide: The Social and fitness impact of ladies’ stories of menstruation and training in Tanzania. J Adolesc. 2010;33(4):521–9. Patil MS, Angadi MM. Menstrual patterns among adolescent girls in the rural regions of Bijapur. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2013;6(1):17–20. Rana B, Prajapati A, Sonaliya KN, Shah V, Patel M, Solanki A. Assessment of menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent females in the Kheda district of Gujarat Kingdom, India. Healthline J. 2015;6(1):23–9. Sharma P, et al. Troubles associated with menstruation among adolescent girls. Indian J Pediatr. 2008; seventy-five (2): one hundred twenty-five–9, 65. Juyal R, Kandpal SD, Semwal J. Social elements of menstruation-associated practices in adolescent women in the district Dehradun. Indian J Network Fitness. 2013;25(three):213–6. Haque SE, et al. The impact of a school-based instructional intervention on menstrual health: An intervention examine among adolescent women in Bangladesh. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e004607. Bodat S, Ghate MM, Majumdar JR. School absenteeism during menstruation among rural adolescent girls in Pune. Natl J Community Med. 2013; four(2):212–6. Joshi D, Buit G, González-Botero D. Menstrual hygiene control: training and empowerment for women? Waterlines. 2015;34(1): 51–67. Sir Bernard Law et al. Sanitary pad interventions for girls’ schooling in Ghana: A pilot study. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48274 Oster E, Thornton R. Menstruation, sanitary products, and school attendance: Evidence from a randomized evaluation. Am Econ J. 2011;3(1):91–100. Mason L, Laserson K, Oruko K et al. Adolescent schoolgirls’ experiences of Menstrual cups and pads in rural western Kenya: A qualitative study. Waterlines. 2015;34(1):15–30. Kabir H, et al. Treatment-seeking for selected reproductive health problems: Behaviors of unmarried female adolescents in two low-performing areas of Bangladesh. Reprod Health. 2014;11:54. Nair MK, et al. Menstrual disorders and menstrual hygiene practices of girls in higher secondary schools. Indian J Pediatr. 2012;79 Suppl 1:S74–8. Baidya S, Debnath M, Das R. Reproductive health problems among rural adolescent girls of the Mohanpur Block of the West Tripura District. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2014;7(1):78–82. Wong LP, Khoo EM. Dysmenorrhea in a multiethnic population of adolescent Asian girls. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;108(2):139–42. Poureslami M. Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of adolescent girls in suburban districts of Tehran about dysmenorrhea and menstrual hygiene. J Int Womens Stud. 2002;3(2):51–61. Eryilmaz G, Ozdemir F. Evaluation of menstrual pain management approaches by Northeastern Anatolian adolescents. Pain Manag Nurs. 2009;10(1):40–7. Wasnik VR, Dhumale D, Jawarkar AK. A study of the menstrual pattern and problems among rural school-going adolescent girls in the Amravati district of Maharashtra, India. Int J Res Med Sci. 2015;33(55):1252–6. Fakhri M, et al. Promoting menstrual health among Persian adolescent girls from a low socioeconomic background: A quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:193. Allah ESA, Elsabagh EEM. Impact of a Health education intervention on Knowledge and Practice about Menstruation among female secondary school students in Zagazig City. J Am Sci. 2011;7(9):737–47. Sumpter C, Torondel B. A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62004. Nanda PMA, Mukherjee S, Barua A Mehl GL, Venkatraman CM. A study To evaluate the effectiveness of WHO tools: an orientation program on adolescent health for healthcare providers and adolescent job aid in India. Geneva: International Center for Research on Women, 2012. Vandenhoudt H, et al. Evaluation of a U.S. evidence-based parenting intervention in rural Western Kenya: From parents’ matters! To families matter! AIDS Educ Prev. 2010;22(4):328–43. Sommer M, Ackatia-Armah N, Connolly S, Smiles D. A comparison of menstruation and education experiences of girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Cambodia, and Ethiopia. Compare. 2014;45(4):589–609. Children, S.t. Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2015. Available from: http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.9080949/k.F576/ Adolescent_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health.htm Health, I.f.R. Meeting the Needs of Adolescents: Introducing CCycle-Smart2013. Available from: http://irh.org/blog/meeting-the-needs-of-adolescents introducing-the cycle smart-kit/ Health, I.f.R. A3 project. Available from: http://irh.org/projects/a3_project/. Accessed 15 Oct 2014. Kettaneh APS, Todesco M. Good policy and practice booklet no. 9: puberty education and menstrual hygiene management. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 2014. Always. Tips and advice: “The talk.” Available from: http://always.com/en-us/ tips-and-advice/the-talk. Accessed 15 Oct 2014. George R. Celebrating womanhood: How is better menstrual hygiene management the path to better health, dignity, and business? Geneva: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaboration Council, 2013. Sommer M. V. E., Worthington, N., Sahin M. WASH in schools empowers girl’s education: proceedings of the menstrual hygiene management in schools virtual conference 2012. in Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools Virtual Conference. New York, NY: United Nations Children’s Fund and Columbia University; 2012. Kanotra SK, Bangal VB, Bhavthankar DP. Menstrual Patterns and Problems among adolescent girls in rural areas. International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research. 2013; 4(8):551–

Lithium microstructure formation is the limiting factor preventing the application of lithium metal anodes and, to some degree, fast-charging of graphite anodes, because of enhanced cell degradation and risks of short-circuits. To improve mechanistic understanding and develop prevention strategies, a complementary analytical tool set is necessary. Contributing to non-invasive in operando techniques, we present pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (pEPR) with a practical sampling rate of 100 microseconds, providing a global view on lithium microstructure formation and evolution.[1] pEPR experiments offer an estimate of the dimension and size distribution of the morphology that is in line with post-test SEM characterization. For lithium metal anodes, the sampling rate is sufficient to observe dynamic morphology changes that evolve for several seconds after fresh lithium deposition, attributed to surface smoothening, comparable to recently observed heating-induced healing of dendrites.[2] For graphite anodes, lithium plating can be followed at C-rates up to 18C. Quantitative measurements reveal an exponential increase of deposited lithium mass upon galvanostatic charge. The plating onset is pinpointed to the characteristic voltage drop well below 0 V vs. Li/Li+.[3] After stopping the charge at intermediate states of charge, the partial intercalation of lithium can be monitored at OCV, identifying two kinetic domains and the amount of remaining dead lithium. [1] C. Szczuka, J. Ackermann, P. Philipp, M. Schleker, P. Jakes, R.-A. Eichel, J. Granwehr, Commun. Mater. 2021, 2, 20. [2] L. Li, S. Basu, Y. Wang, Z. Chen, P. Hundekar, B. Wang, J. Shi, Y. Shi, S. Narayanan, N. Koratkar, Science. 2018, 359, 1513–1516. [3] C. Uhlmann, J. Illig, M. Ender, R. Schuster, E. Ivers-Tiffée, J. Power Sources 2015, 279, 428–438. Figure 1

Rechargeable sodium (Na) batteries that utilizing solid-state ion conductors have attracted intense attentions for large-scale energy storage systems due to the abundant resources of Na compounds and electrochemical voltage (2.70 V vs. 3.05V for Li). So far, the most popular inorganic Na-ion SEs include oxides, halides, and chalcogenides such as Na3PhCh4 (Ph=P, Sb; Ch=S, Se) etc. In specific, Na3SbCh4 (Ch=S, Se) chalcogenide conductors exhibit impressive ionic conductivity at room temperature due to vacancy-assisted three-dimensional (3D) ion transport channels. In this talk, we will introduce our works on the studies on in-situ synthesis of Na chalcogenide solid electrolytes (SEs) and several strategies for interface stabilization of such SEs towards Na anode. The in-situ synthesis studies of Na3SbCh4 (Ch=S, Se) reveal the structural evolutions during the solid-state reaction process.1 Besides, efficient interface stabilization strategies have been demonstrated to enable solid-state Na metal batteries that using Na as the anode, and metal sulfide (TiS2 or FeS2) as the cathode.2, 3 For instance, phase transition interlayer (PEG-PPG-PEG) has been successfully proved to prevent the side reactions between the Na3SbS4 SE and Na metal and contribute to the uniform Na deposition at interface to prevent dendrite formation and growth. The goal of our work is to develop novel chalcogenide Na conductors and promote their applications in solid-state Na batteries. Halacoglu, S.; Chertmanova, S.; Chen, Y.; Li, Y.; Rajapakse, M.; Sumanasekera, G.; Narayanan, B.; Wang, H., Visualization of Solid-State Synthesis for Chalcogenide Na Superionic Conductors by in-situ Neutron Diffraction. ChemSusChem 2021, 14 (23), 5161-5166. Li, Y.; Arnold, W.; Halacoglu, S.; Jasinski, J. B.; Druffel, T.; Wang, H., Phase-Transition Interlayer Enables High-Performance Solid-State Sodium Batteries with Sulfide Solid Electrolyte. Advanced Functional Materials 2021, 31 (28), 2101636. Li, Y.; Halacoglu, S.; Shreyas, V.; Arnold, W.; Guo, X.; Dou, Q.; Jasinski, J. B.; Narayanan, B.; Wang, H., Highly efficient interface stabilization for ambient-temperature quasi-solid-state sodium metal batteries. Chemical Engineering Journal 2022, 434, 134679.

ABSTRACT Aim To compare laryngeal preservation rates, survival rates, and voice outcomes after treatment of early glottic cancer between transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) and radiotherapy (RT). Materials and methods A review of oncologic results was performed on a consecutive series of individuals with early-stage glottic carcinoma (T1 and T2) who were treated between 2011 and 2014 at Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology and had received either RT or TLM. Data were collected with a view to assess overall survival, disease-specific survival, laryngectomyfree survival, and laryngeal preservation rates. The Voice Handicap Index-30 (VHI-30) was used as the measure of voice quality after treatment. Results Two-year overall survival for TLM group was 93.8% and for RT group was 90.5%, p = 0.643. Disease-free survival (TLM = 90.6% vs RT = 76.2%) was not found to be significant (p-value = 0.104). Laryngeal preservation rate was 79.5% in TLM and 71.4% in RT group (p-value = 0.003). Laryngectomy- free survival was better in TLM (TLM = 96.9% vs RT = 76.2%, p = 0.003). Substage analysis showed equivalent voice for TLM (VHI = 6–12) and RT (VHI = 6–14) in T1a patients (p = 0.94), whereas voice outcome was better for RT in T1b (VHI = 10–16 for TLM vs VHI = 11–18 for RT, p = 0.044) and T2 (VHI = 21–29 for TLM vs VHI = 16–23 for RT, p = 0.002) stages. Conclusion Transoral laser microsurgery can be considered the treatment of choice for early glottic cancer in view of better laryngeal preservation rate and laryngectomy-free survival with added advantage of low treatment cost and shorter hospital stay compared with RT. Clinical significance Laryngeal cancers represent the most common malignancy of head and neck, with estimated worldwide incidence of 120,000 cases annually. Optimal treatment modality has generated significant controversy in literature. External beam RT, open partial laryngectomy, and TLM are various treatment options available. This study depicts TLM as a preferred modality for early glottic cancer. How to cite this article Shenoy AM, Sharma V, Chavan P, Halkud R, Ranganath N, Pasha T, Shenoy P, Ravikumar B, Narayana SM, Sharif MI, Vijay CR. Transoral Laser Microsurgery vs Radiotherapy for Early Glottic Cancer: Study at Tertiary Care Center in India. Int J Head Neck Surg 2017;8(1):15-20.

Slurry electrodes have been proposed as a means to enhance the scalability of hybrid redox flow battery (RFB) chemistries for better usability in utility scale energy storage applications1–3. In conventional hybrid RFB’s, scalability is limited due the spatial constraints of the flow cell and the metal deposited by the negative half-reaction on charge1. By using a slurry electrode, the solid metal can be deposited onto electrically conductive particles dispersed in the electrolyte instead of on the stationary electrode within the flow cell. In this way, hybrid RFB chemistries can achieve the same scalability as more commonly studied true RFB chemistries, such as all-vanadium. Due to the high abundance, low cost, and low toxicity of iron electrolytes, the all-iron RFB chemistry is of particular interest for use with a slurry electrode2,4. The usefulness of the slurry electrode depends on the current distribution of the plating reaction. To successfully decouple the storage and power capacities of the RFB and thus enhance its scalability5, the faradaic current of the plating reaction must occur predominantly on the mobile slurry particles, as opposed to on the stationary current collector1. This current distribution is dependent on a variety of factors, such as the applied overpotential, the electrical conductivity of the slurry, the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, the kinetics of the reaction, and the rate of ionic mass transport to reaction sites. Ionic mass transport in electrolytes containing slurry electrodes may differ from ionic transport in neat electrolyte in interesting and important ways. Due to the volume fraction of the electrolyte occupied by solid particles, the effective concentration of the ionic species may be lower than in neat electrolyte. Further, the solid particle volume fraction hinders ionic diffusion by introducing diffusion path tortuosity. This effect is more severe in higher slurry particle loadings. In this work, the effect of varying dispersed solid particle loading on ionic diffusivity is investigated via voltammetry using a rotating disk electrode. The diffusivities of ionic iron species are measured as a function of the volume fraction of solids dispersed in the electrolyte. Comparisons with the Bruggeman correlation6,7 are made and amendments to the Levich equation are considered. (1) Petek, T. J.; Hoyt, N. C.; Savinell, R. F.; Wainright, J. S. Slurry Electrodes for Iron Plating in an All-Iron Flow Battery. J. Power Sources 2015, 294, 620–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.050. (2) Petek, T. J. Enhancing the Capacity of All-Iron Flow Batteries: Understanding Crossover and Slurry Electrodes. Ph.D. Thesis 2015, No. May. (3) Narayanan, T. M.; Zhu, Y. G.; Gençer, E.; McKinley, G.; Shao-Horn, Y. Low-Cost Manganese Dioxide Semi-Solid Electrode for Flow Batteries. Joule 2021, 5 (11), 2934–2954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.07.010. (4) Dinesh, A.; Olivera, S.; Venkatesh, K.; Santosh, M. S.; Priya, M. G.; Inamuddin; Asiri, A. M.; Muralidhara, H. B. Iron-Based Flow Batteries to Store Renewable Energies. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2018, 16 (3), 683–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0709-8. (5) Weber, A. Z.; Mench, M. M.; Meyers, J. P.; Ross, P. N.; Jeffrey, T.; Liu, Q. Redox Flow Batteries , a Review Environmental Energy Technologies Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Department of Mechanical , Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering , University of Tennessee , Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill Un. 1–72. (6) Tjaden, B.; Cooper, S. J.; Brett, D. J.; Kramer, D.; Shearing, P. R. On the Origin and Application of the Bruggeman Correlation for Analysing Transport Phenomena in Electrochemical Systems. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2016, 12, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2016.02.006. (7) Chung, D. W.; Ebner, M.; Ely, D. R.; Wood, V.; Edwin García, R. Validity of the Bruggeman Relation for Porous Electrodes. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2013, 21 (7). https://doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/21/7/074009.

ABSTRACT Aim To evaluate and compare various nuclear morphometric parameters in different histopathological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by using computerized image analysis and also to correlate it with regional lymph node metastasis. Materials and methods This retrospective study was conducted on paraffin blocks of 40 tissue specimens of OSCC cases treated with neck dissection, which were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission’s Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India. All cases were histopathologically graded as well, moderately, and poorly differentiated OSCC. Further, they were also categorized based on pathological lymph node status as with or without lymph node metastasis. Sections from tumor proper were subjected to Feulgen nuclear staining technique. Images of 10 microscopic fields at the deepest invading part of tumor were captured randomly and 100 nuclei of tumor cells with clear, complete, nonoverlapping outlines were selected in each case. Nuclear morphometric parameters, such as large diameter, small diameter, nuclear area, and nuclear perimeter were measured for each of the 100 cells. Results An increase in mean nuclear area coefficient of variation (NACV) was observed in OSCC cases with lymph node metastasis pN(+) than in those without lymph node metastasis pN(–), (p = 0.67). A significant increase in nuclear area and perimeter was observed in pN(+) cases (p < 0.01). A significant decrease in circular rate and increase in largest to smallest nuclear diameter (L/S) ratio (p < 0.01) was observed in pN(+) cases. On comparing the nuclear morphometric parameters with different histopathological grades of OSCC, we found an increase in mean NACV values from well-differentiated OSCC to moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC (p = 0.612). An increase in mean nuclear area and perimeter was noted as grades of OSCC advanced (p > 0.01). The mean circular rate was found to be lowest in poorly differentiated OSCC (p = 0.362). A significant increase in mean L/S ratio was observed within different histopathological grades of OSCC (p = 0.044), which when further confirmed using least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test, indicated a difference only between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated cases of OSCC (p = 0.132). Conclusion Our observations reveal that tumor cells with greater nuclear dimension and more elliptical shape tend to show increased incidence of nodal metastasis. Also, a positive inclination was observed in nuclear size and shape with increasing histopathological grades of OSCC. However, our data warrant a large-scale study to establish nuclear morphometry as a quantitative objective parameter and also for the rational application of the same. How to cite this article Narayanan N, Pathak J, Patel S, Swain N. Evaluation of Nuclear Morphometry in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(2):107-113.

ABSTRACT Islamic banking is undoubtedly faced with several potential financing risks, with the three largest financing contracts (Mudharaba, Musharaka, and Murabaha) that reduce the financial performance of Islamic banks. The potential risk is strengthened if the stability of national economic growth is contracted. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the impact of Mudharaba, Musharaka, and Murabaha financing on Financing Risk moderated by the business cycle and the relationship between Financing Risk and the Financial Performance of Islamic Commercial Banks. The sample of this study was 12 Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia during the period 2017-2021. The Data were then analyzed using the technique of Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Researchers found that Musharaka financing has a significant positive effect on Financing Risk, Mudharaba and Murabaha Financing has an insignificant effect on Financing Risk, and Financing Risk has a significant negative effect on Financial Performance. The Business Cycle does not moderate the Financing of Mudharaba, Musharakah, and Murabaha on Financing Risk. The results can encourage the Islamic Commercial Bank to evaluate the distribution strategy of Musharaka financing, optimize the distribution of Mudharaba and Murabaha financing, and prepare financing strategies that do not depend on macroeconomic conditions. Keywords: Financing Risk, Financing, Business Cycle, Financial Performance. ABSTRAK Perbankan syariah dengan tiga akad pembiayaan terbesar (Mudharaba, Musharaka, dan Murabaha) dihadapkan pada sejumlah potensi risiko pembiayaan yang menurunkan kinerja keuangan Bank Syariah. Potensi risiko tersebut menguat jika stabilitas pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional juga terganggu atau mengalami kontraksi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini hendak mengkaji pengaruh Pembiayaan Mudharaba, Musharaka, dan Murabaha terhadap Risiko Pembayaran dengan dimoderasi oleh Siklus Bisnis, dan sekaligus menguji hubungan antara Risiko Pembayaran dan Kinerja Keuangan Bank Syariah. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 12 Islamic Commercial Bank di Indonesia selama periode 2017-2021. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Peneliti menemukan bahwa Pembiayaan Musharaka berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap Risiko Pembiayaan, Pembiayaan Mudharaba dan Murabaha tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Risiko Pembiayaan, dan Risiko Pembiayaan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap Kinerja Keuangan. Adapun Siklus Bisnis tidak dapat memoderasi Pembiayaan Mudharaba, Musharaka, dan Murabaha terhadap Risiko Pembiayaan. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi evaluasi bagi Islamic Commercial Bank agar dapat mengevaluasi strategi penyaluran pembiayaan Musharaka, mengoptimalkan penyaluran pembiayaan Mudharaba dan Murabaha, dan mempersiapkan strategi pembiayaan yang tidak bergantung pada kondisi makro ekonomi. Kata Kunci: Risiko Pembiayaan, Pembiayaan, Siklus Bisnis, Kinerja Keuangan. REFERENCES Abdillah, W., & Hartono, J. (2015). Partial least square (PLS) alternatif structural equation modelling (SEM) dalam penelitian bisnis. CV. Andi Offset. Abdul-rahman, A., & Nor, S. M. (2016). Challenges of profit-and-loss sharing financing in Malaysian Islamic banking. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 12, 2(2), 39–46. Adzimatinur, F., & Manalu, V. G. (2020). The impact of mudharabah and musharakah based financing to credit risk. 1st Annual Conference of Ihtifaz: Islamic Economics, Finance, and Banking, 127–134. Aiyubbi, D. E., Widarjono, A., & Amir, N. (2022). The impact of sectoral financing diversification on non-performing financing of Islamic rural banks. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 9(2), 140–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20473/vol9iss20222pp140-155 Al-Harbi, A. (2020). Banks’ profitability in an Islamized financial system: Comparative study between Iran and Sudan. International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research, 4(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v4i1.498 Alarussi, A. S., & Alhaderi, S. M. (2018). Factors affecting profitability in Malaysia. Journal of Economic Studies, 45(3), 442–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-05-2017-0124 Alper, D., & Anber, A. (2011). Bank specific and macroeconomics determinant of commercial banks profitability empirical evidence from Turkey. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2, 138–152. Anik, A., & Prastiwi, I. E. (2019). Macro economic challenges and third party funds of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business, 3(1), 127-151. https://doi.org/10.22515/shirkah.v3i1.208 Arikunto. (2006). Metode penelitian: Prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktek. PT. Rineka Cipta. Azizah, S. N., & Mukaromah, S. (2020). The Effect of murabaha financing, profit sharing financing, intellectual capital, and non performing financing (NPF) on financial performance. Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 10(1), 150–160. https://doi.org/10.22219/jrak.v10i1.11323 Belkhaoui, S., Alsagr, N., & van Hemmen, S. F. (2020). Financing modes, risk, efficiency and profitability in Islamic banks: Modeling for the GCC countries. Cogent Economics and Finance, 8(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1750258 Ben Bouheni, F., Obeid, H., & Margarint, E. (2022). Nonperforming loan of European Islamic banks over the economic cycle. Annals of Operations Research, 313(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04038-8 Bodie, Z., Kane, A., & Marcus, A. J. (2014). Investments. Mc Graw Hill Education. Booth, J. R., Officer, D. T., & Henderson, G. V. (1985). Commercial bank stocks, interest rates, and systematic risk. Journal of Economics and Business, 37(4), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-6195(85)90024-4 BPS. (2021). [Seri 2010] Laju Pertumbuhan PDB Seri 2010, 2010(September), 1–10. https://www.bps.go.id/indikator/indikator/view_data/0000/data/104/sdgs_17/1 Danlami, M. R., Abduh, M., & Abdul Razak, L. (2022). CAMELS, risk-sharing financing, institutional quality and stability of Islamic banks: evidence from 6 OIC countries. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 13(8), 1155–1175. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-08-2021-0227 Enqvist, J., Graham, M., & Nikkinen, J. (2014). The impact of working capital management on firm profitability in different business cycles: Evidence from Finland. Research in International Business and Finance, 32, 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2014.03.005 Fianto, B. A., Gan, C., & Hu, B. (2019). Financing from Islamic microfinance institutions: evidence from Indonesia. Agricultural Finance Review, 79(5), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-10-2018-0091 Financial Service Authority. (2021). Snapshot perbankan syariah September 2021. In Financial Service Authority. Financial Service Authority. (2022). Sharia Banking Statistic. Hasanah, R., & Septiarini, D. F. (2020). The effect of CAR, ROA, BI 7-day rate, and inflation on non-performing home financing in sharia general banks for the 2016-2018 period. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 7(4), 774–794. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20473/vol7iss20204pp774-794 Hosen, M. N., & Muhari, S. (2019). Non-performing financing of Islamic rural bank industry in Indonesia. Banks and Bank Systems, 14(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(1).2019.03 Ijaiya, M., Jimoh, A. T., Attah, J. A., Nafiu, A. I., Polytechnic, F., & State, K. (2021). Murabaha-related credit risk and financial performance of Islamic banks in Africa. International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research, 5(1), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v5i1.1279 Lisa, O., Dahlan, A., & Gustopo, A. A. (2022). Non-performing financing as a medium of sharia cooperative performance in East Java non-performing financing sebagai pemediasi kinerja koperasi syariah di Jawa Timur. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 9(6), 863–873. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol9iss20226pp863-873 McQueen, G., & Roley, V. V. (1993). Stock prices news and business conditions. The Review of Financial Studies, 6(3), 683–707. Mutamimah, M., & Saputri, P. L. (2022). Corporate governance and financing risk in Islamic banks in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-09-2021-0268 Nosheen, & Rashid, A. (2019). Business orientation, efficiency, and credit quality across business cycle: Islamic versus conventional banking. Are there any lessons for Europe and Baltic States? Baltic Journal of Economics, 19(1), 105–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/1406099X.2018.1560947 Ogunleye, R. W. (2001). Sensitivity of bank stock return to market and interest rate risks. NDIC Quarterly, 11(1), 57–77. Omer Mustafa, O. A. (2020). Why do Islamic banks concentrating finance in murabaha mode? performance and risk analysis (Sudan: 1997-2018). International Business Research, 13(7), 208-223. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n7p208 Pham, H. S. T., & Nguyen, D. T. (2020). The effects of corporate governance mechanisms on the financial leverage–profitability relation: Evidence from Vietnam. Management Research Review, 43(4), 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-03-2019-0136 Priyadi, U., Utami, K. D. S., Muhammad, R., & Nugraheni, P. (2021). Determinants of credit risk of Indonesian Sharīʿah rural banks. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 13(3), 284–301. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-09-2019-0134 Purba, N. S., & Darmawan, A. (2018). Pengaruh pertumbuhan produk domestik bruto dan inflasi terhadap non performing finance bank syariah. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis (JAB), 61(2), 172. Rahardja, P., & Manurung, M. (2005). Teori ekonomi makro. Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia. Rahmah, A. Z., & Armina, S. H. (2020). Macro and micro determinants of the non-performing finance: The case of Indonesian Islamic bank. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 6(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol6.iss1.art4 Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. In Boenningstedt: SmartPLS GmbH. Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com. Rizvi, S. A. R., Narayan, P. K., Sakti, A., & Syarifuddin, F. (2020). Role of Islamic banks in Indonesian banking industry: An empirical exploration. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 62(October 2018), 101117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2019.02.002 Sabrina, S., & Majid, M. S. A. (2020). The reluctance phenomenon of Islamic banks to offer profit-loss sharing financing. JEJAK: Journal of Economics and Policy, 13(2), 242–264. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v13i2.23891 Sahyouni, A., & Wang, M. (2019). Liquidity creation and bank performance: Evidence from MENA. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 11(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-01-2018-0009 Sandika, M. T. (2013). Hubungan faktor-faktor ekonomi makro terhadap profitabilitas PT Bank Central Asia tbk periode Juli 2005 – Mei 2011. Semnas Fekon: Optimisme Ekonomi Indonesia 2013, Antara Peluang dan Tantangan. Schoon, N. (2016). Modern Islamic banking: Products and processes in practice. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Setiawan, U. N. A., & Indriani, A. (2016). Pengaruh dana pihak ketiga (DPK), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), dan non performing financing (NPF) terhadap profitabilitas bank syariah dengan pembiayaan sebagai variabel intervening. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi & Keuangan, 5(3), 1535–1540. Sugiyono. (2014). Metode penelitian pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta. Supriani, I., & Sudarsono, H. (2018). Analisis pengaruh variabel mikro dan makro terhadap NPF perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Equilibrium: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 6(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.21043/equilibrium.v6i1.3040 Sutrisno, S., & Widarjono, A. (2022). Is profit – loss-sharing financing matter for Islamic bank’s. 10(207), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks10110207 Suzuki, Y., Uddin, S. M. S., & Islam, A. K. M. R. (2020). Incentives for conventional banks for the conversion into Islamic banks: evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(2), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-03-2017-0031 Tran, S. H., & Nguyen, L. T. (2020). Financial development, business cycle and bank risk in Southeast Asian countries. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(3), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no3.127 Umami, D. R., & Rani, L. N. (2021). Factors affecting non-performing financing of sharia rural banks for 2015-2019 period. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 8(4), 483–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20473/vol8iss20214pp483-495 Warninda, T. D., Ekaputra, I. A., & Rokhim, R. (2019). Do mudarabah and musharakah financing impact Islamic bank credit risk differently? Research in International Business and Finance, 49(September 2017), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2019.03.002 Widarjono, A., Anto, M. B. H., & Fakhrunnas, F. (2020). Financing risk in Indonesian Islamic rural banks: Do financing products matter? Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(9), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2020.VOL7.NO9.305 Yahya, D. R. (2019). Pengaruh pengelolaan modal kerja terhadap profitabilitas dan likuiditas dengan siklus bisnis sebagai variabel moderasi. Media Mahardhika, 17(3), 400–413. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29062/mahardika.v17i3.96 Zannati, R., & Hendryadi. (2019). Determinan non performing financing perbankan syariah: Perspektif makro ekonomi. SERAMBI: Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Dan Bisnis Islam, 1(3), 91–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36407/serambi.v1i3.126

ABSTRACT Introduction Mishri is one of the form of smokeless tobacco, which is a roasted, powdered preparation made by baking tobacco on a hot metal plate until it is uniformly black, after which it is powdered. It is noted that mishri use is more commonly used by the women of low socioeconomic status, hence the need was felt to conduct this study among women mishri users of slums. Also, the consequences of mishri use are little known, hence an effort is made to find out its ill-effect on oral health. Objective To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among women using mishri regarding its effects on their oral and general health. Materials and methods A 6-month KAP study was conducted among 100 women who were using mishri. Snowball sampling was used. Oral examination of the participants was also done for oral potentially malignant disorders, such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and hyperkeratinized pouch. Results About 61% of the population used mishri for cleaning the teeth and others used it as quid; 0.85% of the total participants knew that the use of mishri may lead to precancerous lesions/conditions. Only 17% knew that mishri use can cause gum disease; 84% of the population was willing to quit the habit of using mishri. Conclusion It is concluded that all the participants had poor knowledge. Attitude toward quitting mishri use was found to be good. About 4% of the participants reported about quitting the habit. Clinical significance There is need to create awareness regarding harmful effects of mishri usage in this particular area to improve oral health status. How to cite this article Chawla RM, Mitra P, Shetiya SH, Agarwal DR, Narayana DS, Bomble N. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Women in Slums of Pimpri, Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra, India, regarding Usage of Mishri. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(3):218-221.

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess clinical skills of interns in selected procedures using direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) To assess the change in procedural skills among students who received a structured feedback on DOPS. Materials and methods The study was interventional and conducted between December 2015 and February 2016 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Ernakulam, Kerala, India. In the study, investigator observed the trainee performing a practical procedure within the workplace and recorded a rating for each competency on the assessment form. Feedback was given expanding on the reasons for any ratings of development required and makes practical suggestions for any remedial steps. The intern is reassessed for the same procedure at a later stage and the impact on skills is scored. Then the structured feedback is provided, and later on again the score on skills obtained by DOPS are compared between pre- and post-values by Wilcoxon-signed rank test. Results The average of pre- and post-feedback values were compared by Wilcoxon signed rank test. The p-value calculated was <0.001, which is significant. None of the interns were competent to perform the procedure before feedback; 80% of them needed more practice and 20% needed supervision. After feedback, 53.3% achieved competency and 46.7% achieved competency needing supervision; 93.3% of interns regarded feedback as superior quality, while 6.7% regarded as satisfactory. Conclusion Direct observation of procedural skills can be used to assess clinical skills of interns in selected procedures and it brings changes in procedural skills among students who received a structured feedback on DOPS. How to cite this article Eralil GJ. Role of Structured Feedback of Direct Observation of Procedural Skills in improving Clinical Skill of Interns. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2017;51(1):22-27.

The development of energy systems in which solar radiation acts as an energy input is the most attractive alternative for meeting global demand in a sustainable manner in the near future. Since photovoltaic technologies are limited by the daily and seasonal intermittencies inherent in solar radiation, they often work in tandem with batteries, which can store electrical energy as electrochemical energy to be supplied on demand. However, a monolithic device that integrates electrical energy production and storage by sharing a common electrode is not yet available, a challenge since 1976 when this concept was first reported1. But, it has been in the last decade when the interest in this type of systems has increased due to advances in portable electronics and the potential in applications such as microbots or for the IoT (internet of things). In these applications, the device shape and weight factor, portability and decentralization of production and energy storage are more important properties than the overall efficiency of the process. The studies of photorechargeable batteries in the decade of 2010 were mainly based on dye-sensitized solar cells2, and extended to Li-ion batteries3. More recently, photorechargeable lithium batteries have been reported by using a semiconductor electrode with the dual functionality of light harvesting and electrochemical energy storage4, 5. However, a single material for both capacitive and light harvesting functions affects the system operation and hinders the interpretation of the physical processes because of the changes in the electrical properties of the semiconductor induced by the intercalation of ions. In a previous study, a photocapacitive system was developed based on BiVO4 light harvester and PbOx nanoparticles performing the capacitive platform by redox pesudocapacitance6. Based on this idea, a new photoelectrode based on Cu2O-TiO2 heterostructured film is studied as photoelectrode in an adapted Li coin cell (inset figure 1)7. The optical and electrochemical characterization of the electrodeposited Cu2O and nanoparticulated TiO2 films were analyzed separately by UV-vis and UPS spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The analysis of these results depicts an energetic scheme of the heterostructure system that explains the cyclic voltammetry registered at different light powers (figure 1). Then, a Cu2O-TiO2/Li photobattery is fabricated and its performance studied. The fabricated photorechargeable lithium battery can accumulate 88% of the theoretical energy density of the TiO2 electrode (~150 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C discharge rate) using only white LED illumination. The overall efficiency of the output electric energy respect to the light energy emitted by the LED is 0.29%. Beyond the photorechargeable lithium battery, this study analyzes the mechanism of operation in order to provide enlightening design rules to guide the development of a monolithic photorechargeable battery technology. Figure 1. Cyclic Voltammetry plots of the photorechargeable battery illuminated at different light powers (0, 50 and 100 mW/cm2) with a white LED. Inset: the adapted coin cell to allow light illumination of the photoelectrode. References G. Hodes, J. Manassen and D. Cahen, Nature, 1976, 261, 403-404. A. Hauch, A. Georg, U. O. Krašovec and B. Orel, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2002, 149, A1208-A1211. A. Paolella, C. Faure, G. Bertoni, S. Marras, A. Guerfi, A. Darwiche, P. Hovington, B. Commarieu, Z. Wang and M. Prato, Nature communications, 2017, 8, 14643. S. Ahmad, C. George, D. J. Beesley, J. J. Baumberg and M. De Volder, Nano letters, 2018, 18, 1856-1862. A. Kumar, P. Thakur, R. Sharma, A. B. Puthirath, P. M. Ajayan and T. N. Narayanan, Small, 2021, 17, 2105029. A. Lemsi, D. Cardenas-Morcoso, M. Haro, C. Gil-Barrachina, C. Aranda, H. Maghraoui-Meherzi, M. García-Tecedor, S. Giménez and B. Julián-López, Energy Technol., 2020, 8, 2000301. I. Ciria-Ramos, E. J. Juarez-Perez and M. Haro, Small, 2023, 2301244 Acknowledgments M.H. acknowledges the funding support from MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033 for the Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC2018-025222-I) and the project PID2019-108247RA-I00. E.J.J-P acknowledges the funding support from MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/ PRTR (project grants PID2019-107893RB-I00 and EIN2020-112315, respectively). Figure 1

ABSTRACT Background Treatment with dental implants has become increasingly important in the range of prosthodontic treatment. Significant improvements in oral rehabilitation particularly in edentulous individuals have been seen. In Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, a survey was made to evaluate awareness among patients for dental implants, their level of knowledge, and attitude toward replacement of missing teeth by dental implants. Materials and methods A survey of 480 people was conducted through a printed questionnaire and completed by willing respondents. The questionnaires were prepared in English and Tamil language to enable better understanding and completion. Results Of the 510 people surveyed, 480 responses were retrieved, of which 331 were aware of dental implant treatment in Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu. Among them, 304 respondents were aware that implants could be used for replacement of missing teeth. Most of the respondents stated that dental implants were placed in the jawbone, followed by gums. Only 41% respondents assumed that implants last for a lifetime and only 35% of respondents believe that poor oral hygiene was the most common cause of implant failure. Conclusion More dental education programs are needed to improve understanding of the importance of restoration of missing teeth. General implant awareness levels are satisfactory. However, increased awareness of patients for restoration of missing tooth with dental implants is necessary. Dental education programs with special emphasis on advantages, treatment, maintenance, and postoperative care of dental implant therapy are needed. More than two-thirds of the surveyed population is interested in knowing about and being treated with dental implants. How to cite this article Narayanan V, Karuppiah P, Rajasekar A, Mayavan LD. Awareness among Patients regarding Dental Implants as a Treatment Option for replacing Missing Teeth in Melmaruvathur Population. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2016;6(1):6-9.

Amyloid-β (Aβ) has long been implicated as a causative protein in Alzheimer's disease. Cellular Aβ accumulation is toxic and causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which precedes clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease pathology. In the present study, we explored the possible use of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxide metabolites of arachidonic acid, as therapeutic target against Aβ-induced mitochondrial impairment using cultured neonatal hippocampal astrocytes. Inhibition of endogenous EET production by a selective epoxygenase inhibitor, MS-PPOH, caused a greater reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential in the presence of Aβ (1, 10 μM) exposure versus absence of Aβ. MS-PPOH preincubation also aggravated Aβ-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Preincubation of the cells with either 14,15- or 11,12-EET prevented this mitochondrial depolarization and fragmentation. EET pretreatment also further improved the reduction observed in mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the presence of Aβ. Preincubation of the cells with EETs significantly improved cellular respiration under basal condition and in the presence of the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP). The uncoupling of ATP synthase from the electron transfer chain that occurred in Aβ-treated cells was also prevented by preincubation with EETs. Lastly, cellular reactive oxygen species production, a hallmark of Aβ toxicity, also showed significant reduction in the presence of EETs. We have previously shown that Aβ reduces EET synthesis in rat brain homogenates and cultured hippocampal astrocytes and neurons (Sarkar P, Narayanan J, Harder DR. Differential effect of amyloid beta on the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase activity in rat brain. Neuroscience 194: 241–249, 2011). We conclude that reduction of endogenous EETs may be one of the mechanisms through which Aβ inflicts toxicity and thus supplementing the cells with exogenous EETs improves mitochondrial dynamics and prevents metabolic impairment.

If inherently intermittent renewable energy technologies are to offer a practical alternative to conventional heat engines, it is critically important that efficient, cost-effective and sustainable energy storage solutions are developed to decouple supply and demand profiles. A promising strategy is to pair the competitive energy densities of batteries with the superior cycling lifetimes and power densities of supercapacitors,[1] employing an appropriate maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system to optimise energy exchange between these complementary devices.[2] Mixed-valence manganese(III/IV) oxides (MnOz, where z ranges between 1.5 and 2.0) have emerged as foremost candidates for the electroactive material in supercapacitor cathodes due to their low toxicity, minimal cost,[3] ready availability (manganese appears at an average concentration of ca. 1,000 ppm in the Earth’s crust[4]), wide electrochemical stability window (ca. 1.0 V in aqueous electrolytes[5]), and high maximum theoretical specific capacitance (ca. 1,370 F g-1, based on the reduction of Mn4+ ions by a single electron[6]). Charge storage in MnOz is predominantly mediated by the pseudocapacitive intercalation of cations from the surrounding electrolyte in each discharge phase, followed by the release of these guest ions during charging. Of the various crystallographic phases of MnOz, cryptomelane (α-MnOz) and birnessite (δ-MnOz) polymorphs are deemed two of the most promising candidates for storage applications because they possess characteristically wide channels for intercalation/de-intercalation:[8,9] α-MnOz consists of ca. 4.6 Å diameter one-dimensional tunnels enclosed between corner-sharing MnO6 octahedra, whereas δ-MnOz comprises two-dimensional layers of MnO6 octahedra separated by ca. 7.0 Å. Herein, a scalable, low-cost synthesis procedure is discussed that enables the production of highly pseudocapacitive birnessite and cryptomelane electrodes with tuneable material characteristics, including particle morphology, crystallographic structure, average Mn oxidation state, and the level of pre-intercalation by Na+ and K+ ions.[10] In addition to comparing the electrochemical properties of these NaxKyMnOz products in aqueous conditions, their application within an asymmetric supercapacitor is showcased: by optimising the relative masses of a NaxKyMnOz cathode and activated carbon anode in a 100 cm2 aqueous full-cell configuration, discharge capacitances in the range 10-30 F g-1 can be achieved over a voltage span of 1.8 V at current densities as high as 10 A g-1, with Coulombic efficiency exceeding 80% up to ca. 20 A g-1. With these competitive performance characteristics, the developed NaxKyMnOz materials are a promising option for high-power supercapacitor cathodes, helping to pave the way towards more efficient and sustainable energy storage. References [1] Babu, B.; Simon, P.; Balducci, A. Adv. Energy Mater., 2020, 10, e2001128. [2] Jing, W.; Lai, C. H.; Wong, W. S. H.; Wong, M. L. D., Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess., 2017, 22, 55–64. [3] Narayanan, T. M.; Zhu, Y. G.; Gençer, E.; McKinley, G.; Shao-Horn, Y., Joule, 2021, 5, 2934–2954. [4] Hurd, A. J.; Kelley, R. L.; Eggert, R. G.; Lee, M. H., MRS Bull., 2012, 37, 405– 410. [5] Xie, J.; Liang, Z.; Lu, Y. C., Nat. Mater., 2020, 19, 1006–1011. [6] Toupin, M.; Brousse, T.; Bélanger, D., Chem. Mater., 2004, 16, 3184–3190. [7] Guo, W.; Yu, C.; Li, S.; Wang, Z.; Yu, J.; Huang, H.; Qiu, J., Nano Energy, 2019, 57, 459–472. [8] Samal, R.; Chakraborty, B.; Rout, C. S., J. Appl. Phys., 2019, 126, e045112. [9] Ghosh, S. K., ACS Omega, 2020, 5, 25493–25504. [10] Jones, D. R.; Hussein, H. E. M.; Worsley. E. A.; Kiani, S.; et al., ChemElectroChem, 2023, 10, e202300210. Figure 1

Father's involvement is something that influences the child's problematic behavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether father involvement can influence children's problematic behavior. This study used the systematic literature review (SLR) method by referring to 10 valid articles published in the last 10 years with the publication years between 2013 - 2023. The finding of the literature shows that there is a significant impact of father involvement on the children's problematic behavior. The more the father is involved in the children's development, the lower the level of children's problematic behavior is. The image of a father as a mentor and motivator for early childhood can still be explored in depth. Because of the limitations of this study, this study suggests that future research can further discuss the impact of the father’s involvement in the children's problematic behavior in a specific cultural aspect by considering cross-cultural factors. This is intended to conclude the relationship between the father’s interactive situations with the impact of the father’s involvement in the children's problematic behavior. Keywords: child problematic behavior, father involvement, socio-economic status. References:Ahmed, M., Almher, H., & Abdal, B. B. (2021). Relationship between Perceived Behavioral Control, Attitude and Knowledge Sharing among Engineers in Oil and Gas Companies. IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management), 2(2), 147–155. Araban, M., Montazeri, A., Stein, L. A. R., Stein, L. A. R., Stein, L. A. R., Karimy, M., & Mehrizi, A. A. H. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with disruptive behavior among Iranian students during 2015: a cross-sectional study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 46(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-00848-x Asri, D. N., & Suharni. (2021). Modifikasi Perilaku: Teori dan Penerapannya. Baker, C. E. (2017). Father-Son Relationships in Ethnically Diverse Families: Links To Boys’ Cognitive and Social Emotional Development in Preschool. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2335–2345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0743-3 Bertalanffy, L. von. (1968). General System Theory. New York: Goerge Braziller. Besnard, T., Verlaan, P., Davidson, M., Vitaro, F., Poulin, F., & Capuano, F. (2013). Bidirectional influences between maternal and paternal parenting and children’s disruptive behaviour from kindergarten to grade 2. Early Child Development and Care, 183(3–4), 515–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.711597 Braza, P., Carreras, R., Muñoz, J. M., Braza, F., Azurmendi, A., Pascual-Sagastizábal, E., Cardas, J., & Sánchez-Martín, J. R. (2013). Negative Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles as Predictors of Children’s Behavioral Problems: Moderating Effects of the Child’s Sex. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(4), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9893-0 Cano, T., Perales, F., & Baxter, J. (2019). A Matter of Time: Father Involvement and Child Cognitive Outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(1), 164–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12532 Chomariyah, S., Fakhruddin, & Supriyadi. (2019). Development of Interactive Multimedia on Ablution and Prayer Learning to Introduce Religious and Moral Values for Kindergarten. Journal of Primary Education, 8(3), 270–280. Chu, H. S., & Lee, H. (2019). Relationship between paternal psychological distress and involvement in childcare among fathers of preschool-aged children: Mediating effect of maternal psychological distress. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1688-z Coates, E. E. (2019). Pathways Linking Nonresident Father Involvement and Child Outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 1681–1694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01389-6 Craig, A. G., Thompson, J. M. D., Slykerman, R., Wall, C., Murphy, R., Mitchell, E. A., & Waldie, K. E. (2021). The Father I Knew: Early Paternal Engagement Moderates the Long-term Relationship between Paternal Accessibility and Childhood Behavioral Difficulties. Journal of Family Issues, 42(10), 2418–2437. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20980128 Dereli, E. (2020). Physical and Relational Aggressive Behavior in Preschool: School Teacher Rating, Teachers’ Perception and İntervention Strategies. Journal of Educational Issues, 6(1), 228. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v6i1.16947 Flouri, Midouhas, E., & Narayanan, M. K. (2016). The Relationship Between Father Involvement and Child Problem Behaviour in Intact Families: A 7-Year Cross-Lagged Study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(5), 1011–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0077-9 Flouri, Narayanan, M. K., & Midouhas, E. (2015). The Cross-Lagged Relationship between Father Absence and Child Problem Behaviour in The Early Years. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(6), 1090–1097. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12236 Frank, T. J., Keown, L. J., & Sanders, M. R. (2015). Enhancing Father Engagement and Interparental Teamwork in an Evidence-Based Parenting Intervention: A Randomized-Controlled Trial of Outcomes and Processes. Behavior Therapy, 46(6), 749–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.05.008 Georgea, J. S., Fletcherb, R., & Palazzic, K. (2016). Comparing Fathers’ Physical and Toy Play and Links to Child Behaviour: An Exploratory Study. Infant and Child Development, 18(6), 238–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd Gressiera, Calatib, & Serrettic. (2016). 5-HTTLPR and gender differences in affective disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 193–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.027 Gustafsson, B. M., Danielsson, H., Granlund, M., Gustafsson, P. A., & Proczkowska, M. (2018). Hyperactivity precedes conduct problems in preschool children: a longitudinal study. BJPsych Open, 4(4), 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.20 Higgins, J., & Green, S. (2008). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. In PT Higgins and Sally Green. Ho, S. S., Goh, T. J., & Chuah, A. S. F. (2022). Perceived behavioral control as a moderator: Scientists’ attitude, norms, and willingness to engage the public. PLoS ONE, 17(10 October), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275643 Kelly, D. (2018). Generative fatherhood and children’s future civic engagement: a conceptual model of the relationship between paternal engagement and child’s developing prosocial skills. J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ, 28, 303–314. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1080/10911359.2017.1418469 Kuo, P. X., Volling, B. L., & Gonzalez, R. (2018). Gender role beliefs, work-family conflict, and father involvement after the birth of a second child. Psychol Men Masc, 19(2), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000101.Gender Lee, J. kyung, & Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J. (2017). Resident Fathers’ Positive Engagement, Family Poverty, and Change in Child Behavior Problems. Family Relations, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12283 Liu, Dittman, C. K., Guo, M., Morawska, A., & Haslam, D. (2021). Influence of Father Involvement, Fathering Practices and Father-Child Relationships on Children in Mainland China. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(8), 1858–1870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01986-4 Liu, X. (2019). A Review of the Study on Father Involvement in Child Rearing. Asian Social Science, 15(9), 82. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n9p82 Maselko, J., Hagaman, A. K., Bates, L. M., Bhalotra, S., Biroli, P., Gallis, J. A., O’Donnell, K., Sikander, S., Turner, E. L., & Rahman, A. (2019). Father involvement in the first year of life: Associations with maternal mental health and child development outcomes in rural Pakistan. Social Science and Medicine, 237(October 2018), 112421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112421 McCaig, Stolz, H. E., Reimnitz, S. J., Baumgardner, M., & Renegar, R. G. (2021). Determinants of Paternal Engagement: Investigating Low-Income Fathers‟ Caregiving, Play, and Verbal Engagement With Infants. Journal of Family Issues, 0(0), 1–21. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Academia and Clinic Annals of Internal Medicine Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses : Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264–269. Mulihatun, W. N., & Santi, M. Y. (2022). Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keterlibatan Ayah dalam Pengasuhan Anak Usia Dini. Window of Health: Jurnal Kesehatan, 5(1), 20–34. Mulyani, H., Meirawan, D., & Rahmadani, A. (2020). Increasing school effectiveness through principals’ leadership and teachers’ teaching performance, is it possible? Cakrawala Pendidikan, 39(2), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i2.28864 Nafisah, A. D., & Pranoto, Y. K. S. (2022). Father’s Involvement in Learning from Home Program During Covid-19 Pandemic. Belia, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15294/belia.v11i1.48424 Nafisah, A. D., Pranoto, Y. K. S., & Nuzulia, S. (2022). Studi Literatur: Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia Dini Ditinjau dari Keterlibatan Ayah. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pascasarjana (Prosnampas), 5(1). https://doi.org/https://proceeding.unnes.ac.id/index.php/snpasca/issue/view/37 Nafisah, A. D., Sobah, A., Yusuf, N. A. K., & Hartono, H. (2022). Pentingnya Penanaman Nilai Pancasila dan Moral pada Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(5), 5041–5051. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i5.1865 Nugrahani, H. Z., Mini, R., Salim, A., & Saleh, A. Y. (2021). Gambaran keterlibatan ayah dalam pengasuhan anak usia dini : Baseline dari rancangan program intervensi untuk ayah. Provitae: Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan, 14(1), 42–58. Nurainiah. (2022). Aspek Perkembangan Kecerdasan Moral Pada Anak Usia Dini. Tarbiyatul-Aulad: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Anak, 8(01), 119–138. Opondo, C., Redshaw, M., & Quigley, M. A. (2017). Journal of A ff ective Disorders Association between father involvement and attitudes in early child-rearing and depressive symptoms in the pre-adolescent period in a UK birth cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 221, 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.010 Parung, G. E., & Ferreira, N. (2017). Work-Life Balance, Couple Satisfaction, and Father Involvement: A Cross-Cultural Study. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 32(4), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v32i4.851 Perry, K. J., Ostrov, J. M., Murray-Close, D., Blakely-McClure, S. J., Kiefer, J., DeJesus-Rodriguez, A., & Wesolowski, A. (2021). Measurement of aggressive behavior in early childhood: A critical analysis using five informants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 209, 105180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105180 Rohmalina, R., Lestari, R. H., & Alam, S. K. (2019). Analisis Keterlibatan Ayah dalam Mengembangkan Perkembangan Sosial Emosional Anak Usia Dini. Golden Age: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 3(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.29313/ga.v3i1.4809 Saida, E. K., Suprianto, A., & Jayanti, M. A. (2022). Pengaruh kondisi sosial dan ekonomi keluarga terhadap tingkat pendidikan anak di Desa Kentol , Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Teori dan Praksis Pembelajaran IPS, 7(2), 59–69. Sebre, S. B., Jusiene, R., Dapkevice, E., Skreitule-Pikse, I., & Bieliauskaite, R. (2015). Parenting dimensions in relation to pre-schoolers behaviour problems in Latvia and Lithuania. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39(5), 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025414548774 Septiani, D., & Nasution, I. N. (2017). Peran Keterlibatan Ayah dalam Pengasuhan Bagi Perkembangan Kecerdasan Moral Anak. Jurnal Psikologi, 13(2), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v13i2.4045 Setiawan, D., Nafisah, A. D., & Diana. (2022). Father ’ s Involvement in Children ’ s Distance Learning during the Pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 16(1), 149–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.161.10 Seymour, M., Peace, R., Wood, C. E., Jillard, C., Evans, K., O’Brien, J., Williams, L. A., Brown, S., & Giallo, R. (2021). “We’re in the background”: Facilitators and barriers to fathers’ engagement and participation in a health intervention during the early parenting period. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 32(S2), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.432 Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. Stachl, C., Au, Q., Schoedel, R., Gosling, S. D., Harari, G. M., Buschek, D., Völkel, S. T., Schuwerk, T., Oldemeier, M., Ullmann, T., Hussmann, H., Bischl, B., & Bühner, M. (2020). Predicting personality from patterns of behavior collected with smartphones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(30), 17680–17687. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920484117 Steenhoff, T., Tharner, A., & Væver, M. S. (2019). Mothers ’ and Fathers ’ Observed Interaction with Preschoolers : Similarities and Differences in Parenting Behavior in a Well-Resourced Sample. PLoS ONE, 14(8), 1–25. Sucianing, K. A., & Heriyanti, K. (2022). Pengaruh Agama terhadap Psikis Manusia. Swara Vidya, II(1), 33–43. Sun, J., Singletary, B., Jiang, H., Justice, L. M., & Lin, T. (2022). Child Behavior Problems During COVID-19: Associations with Parent Distress and Child Social-Emotional Skills. Journal of Applied Developmental PsychologY, 78, 1–10. Sunaryo. (2004). Psikologi Untuk Pendidikan. Tarver, J., Palmer, M., Webb, S., Scott, S., Slonims, V., Simonoff, E., & Charman, T. (2019). Child and parent outcomes following parent interventions for child emotional and behavioral problems in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism, 23(7), 1630–1644. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319830042 Tétreault, É., Bernier, A., & Matte-Gagné, C. (2021). Quality of father–child relationships as a predictor of sleep developments during preschool years. Developmental Psychobiology, 63(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.22130 Torres, N., Veríssimo, M., Monteiro, L., Ribeiro, O., & Santos, A. J. (2014). Domains of Father Involvement, Social Competence and Problem Behavior in Preschool Children. Journal of Family Studies, 20(3), 188–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2014.11082006 Tresna Dewi, A. R. (2018). Pengaruh Keterlibatan Orangtua Terhadap Perilaku Sosial Emosinal Anak. Jurnal Golden Age, 2(02), 66. https://doi.org/10.29408/goldenage.v2i02.1024 Vaillancourt, T., Haltigan, J. D., Smith, I., Zwaigenbaum, L., Szatmari, P., Fombonne, E., & Bennett, T. (2017). Joint trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 29(1), 203–214. Walsh, A. D., Hesketh, K. D., Van Der Pligt, P., Cameron, A. J., Crawford, D. A., & Campbell, K. J. (2017). Fathers’ perspectives on the diets and physical activity behaviours of their young children. PLoS ONE, 12(6), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179210 Wardani, A., & Ayriza, Y. (2021). Analisis Kendala Orang Tua dalam Mendampingi Anak Belajar di Rumah Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 772–782. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.705 Wathoni, H., Kustiono, K., & Ahmadi, F. (2021). Multimedia-based E-Puzzle development to improve visual-spatial abilities and early childhood religious character. Journal of Primary Education, 10(2), 141–150. Woodworth, S., Belsky, J., & Crnic, K. (1996). The Determinants of Fathering during the Child’s Second and Third Years of Life: A Developmental Analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(3), 679. https://doi.org/10.2307/353728 Yalçın, V. (2021). Moral Development in Early Childhood: Benevolence and Responsibility in the Context of Children’s Perceptions and Reflections. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 16(4), 140–163. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2021.383.8 Yoon, S., Kim, M., Yang, J., Lee, J. Y., Latelle, A., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., & Schoppe-Sullivan, S. (2021). Patterns of father involvement and child development among families with low income. Children, 8(12), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121164 Zhang, J., Liu, Y., & Hu, T. (2019). A Meta-Analysis of The Relationship between Father Involvement and Problem Behaviour Among Preschool Children. Early Child Development and Care, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1679127 Zhang, W., Shen, Q., Teso, S., Lepri, B., Passerini, A., Bison, I., & Giunchiglia, F. (2021). Putting human behavior predictability in context. EPJ Data Science, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-021-00299-2

Non-Von Neumann computing application constituted by artificial synapses based on electrochemical random-access memory (ECRAM) has aroused tremendous attention owing to its capability to perform parallel operations, thus reducing the cost of time and energy spent [1-3]. Existing ECRAM synapses comprise two-terminal memristors and three-terminal synaptic transistors (SynT). While low cost, scalability, and high density are the highlights for memristors, their nonlinear, asymmetric state modulation, high ON current withdrawal, and sneak path in crossbar array integration prevent them from becoming the ideal synaptic elements for artificial neural networks (ANN) [4]. SynT configuration, on the other hand, offers an additional electrolyte-gated control from which ion doping content can be monitored via redox reactions, thus decoupling write-read actions and improving the linearity of programming states [5-6]. Nevertheless, existing SynTs suffer from different integration issues stemming from liquid-based ionic conductors and manually exfoliated channels. Moreover, several kinds of SynTs possess highly conductive channels in the range of µS to mS, significantly scaling up the energy spent for analog states reading. Despite having numerous communications on the performance of different ECRAM, a comprehensive electrochemical view of ion intercalation into the active material, the main root of conductance modulation, is clearly missing. In this work, we present the elaboration procedure of an all-solid-state synaptic transistor composed of nanoscale electrolyte and channel layers. The devices have been elaborated on 8’’ Silicon wafers using microfabrication processes compatible with conventional semiconductor technology and CMOS back end of line (BEoL) integration. (Figure 1a) We demonstrate the excellent synaptic plasticity properties of short-term potentiation (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) of our SynT. We performed tests to study the correlation between linearity, asymmetry, and the number of analog states. By averaging the amount of injected ions per write operation, we estimated the energy consumed for switching among adjacent states of this device is 22.5 pJ, yielding area-normalized energy of 4 fJ/µm2. In addition, operating in the range of nS, our SynTs meet the critical criteria of low energy consumption for both write and read operations. Endurance was highlighted by cycling in ambient conditions with 100 states of potentiation and depression for over 1000 cycles with only a slight variation of Gmax/Gmin ratio of 6.2 % (Figure 1b, c). Approximately 95 % accuracy in MNIST pattern recognition test on ANN in the crossbar array configuration has been obtained by simulation with SynTs as synaptic elements reassured SynT is a promising candidate for future neuromorphic computing hardware. To shed light on the properties of intercalation phenomena of Li ions into the TiO2 layer, a further electrochemical study on a cell comprising Ti/TiO2/LiPON/Li corresponding to the SynT gate stack was performed. This understanding will help to elucidate the correlation with conductance modulation characteristics for a synaptic transistor. Multiple tests were carried out, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) with different scan rates, rate capability with Galvanostatic cycling with potential limit (GCPL), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on different states of charge. A circuit model was introduced to fit the frequency response of the cell, and it explained well the behavior of charging capability at different OCV (Figure 1d). References [1] P. Narayanan et al., “Toward on-chip acceleration of the backpropagation algorithm using nonvolatile memory,” IBM J. Res. Dev., vol. 61, no. 4/5, p. 11:1-11:11, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1147/JRD.2017.2716579. [2] J. Tang et al., “ECRAM as Scalable Synaptic Cell for High-Speed, Low-Power Neuromorphic Computing,” in 2018 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, Dec. 2018, p. 13.1.1-13.1.4. doi: 10.1109/IEDM.2018.8614551. [3] Y. Li et al., “In situ Parallel Training of Analog Neural Network Using Electrochemical Random-Access Memory,” Front. Neurosci., vol. 15, p. 636127, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.636127. [4] M. A. Zidan, H. A. H. Fahmy, M. M. Hussain, and K. N. Salama, “Memristor-based memory: The sneak paths problem and solutions,” Microelectron. J., vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 176–183, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.mejo.2012.10.001. [5] Y. van de Burgt et al., “A non-volatile organic electrochemical device as a low-voltage artificial synapse for neuromorphic computing,” Nat. Mater., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 414–418, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1038/nmat4856. [6] E. J. Fuller et al., “Li-Ion Synaptic Transistor for Low Power Analog Computing,” Adv. Mater., vol. 29, no. 4, p. 1604310, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1002/adma.201604310. Figure 1

Advanced batteries containing a Li metal anode (LMA) are needed to enable the clean economy and meet ambitious climate targets. Currently, LMA batteries are limited by dendrite propagation due to the non-uniform plating and stripping of Li, which is detrimental to cell performance. The non-crystalline solid electrolyte (SE), lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is unique in demonstrating stable Li plating/stripping at appreciable rates, but its synthesis requires costly and slow vacuum deposition methods. We use aqueous precursor solutions which are rapidly condensed during spin coating and gently annealed to produce dense, flat, Li metal oxide films without long-range order. However, such solution-processed SEs typically exhibit ionic conductivities (σ ion ) too low for energy storage applications (~10-8 S cm-1) and far lower than vacuum-deposited LiPON (~10-6 S cm-1). We will discuss various approaches to increase the σion of these materials, including compositional engineering and controlled processing conditions. Structure-property relationships have been elucidated using modelling of the local structure and interphase formation against Li evaluated by time-dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical testing of these films deposited onto a current collector in an anode-free cell will be used to evaluate their ability to facilitate stable deposition and stripping of Li. Initial exploration of processing parameters have yielded σion values > 10-7 S cm-1 [1] and the presence of medium-range order (nanocrystalline domains) in some cases. Beyond Li, new non-crystalline SEs for other ions will be discussed. As only limited chemical compositions and processing conditions of these materials have been reported, with no corresponding structural studies, our work provides insight to enable the optimisation and discovery of scalable non-crystalline SEs for advanced batteries. 1. P. Vadhva, T. Gill, J. H. Cruddos, S. Said, M. Siniscalchi, S. Narayanan, M. Pasta, T.S. Miller, A.J.E. Rettie. Engineering solution-processed non-crystalline solid electrolytes for Li metal batteries. Chemistry of Materials, 2022, 35, 3, 1168–1176.

ABSTRACT Introduction Pregnancy is a natural process that may create some changes in different parts of the body including the oral cavity. These changes will lead to oral diseases if enough and timely care of oral cavity is not taken. Women may experience increased gingivitis or pregnancy gingivitis beginning in the second or third month of pregnancy that increases in severity throughout the duration of pregnancy. To motivate the patient toward oral health and implement the needed prophylactic measures, a longitudinal study was planned to observe the effect of oral health education during pregnancy on knowledge, attitude, practice, oral health status, and treatment needs (TNs) of pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic groups. Materials and methods A longitudinal study was conducted among 112 pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic groups to assess the effect of oral health education on knowledge, attitude, practice, oral health status, and TNs. The demographic details, knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant women, and oral health status were collected through a predesigned questionnaire by a principal investigator through an interview. Oral health examination was carried out to assess oral health status using revised World Health Organization Proforma 1997, and oral health education was given through PowerPoint presentation to the participants in local language, i.e., Marathi, after collecting the baseline data. Reinforcement of oral health education and blanket referral was done at 14th week, and follow-up data were collected at 28th week of gestation. The demographic details, such as age, sex, education, occupation, income, and the questions based on knowledge, attitude, and practice among participants were analyzed using number, percentage, and mean. Results At baseline, knowledge was limited, attitude was positive, while the practice was poor regarding oral health care during pregnancy in pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic groups. After oral health education and blanket referral, at 28th week of gestation, knowledge regarding oral health care improved drastically, attitude toward oral health became more positive, whereas practice did not change much among all the pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic groups, probably indicating sociocultural influences. Conclusion Intensive oral health education during pregnancy leads to drastic improvement in knowledge and attitude. Practice, gingival health, and the number of filled teeth also improved to some extent. Clinical significance Regular oral health education programs should be conducted at community level among pregnant woman to reduce the burden of oral diseases. How to cite this article Chawla RM, Shetiya SH, Agarwal DR, Mitra P, Bomble NA, Narayana DS. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Pregnant Women regarding Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs following Oral Health Education in Pune District of Maharashtra: A Longitudinal Hospital-based Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(5):371-377.

The ability to recognize the concept of early numbers in early childhood is very important to develop so that children are ready to take part in learning mathematics at a higher level. This study aims to determine the effect of mathematics learning approaches and self-regulation to recognize the concept of early numbers ability in kindergarten. The study used an experimental method with a treatment design by level 2x2. The sample used was 32 children. Score data, ability to recognize number concepts, analyzed and interpreted. The results showed that: (1) The Realistic Mathematics Education approach is better than the Open Ended Approach in improving the ability to recognize children's number concepts; (2) There is an interaction effect between mathematics learning approaches and Self-Regulation to recognize the concept of early numbers ability; (3) The Realistic Mathematics Education approach is more suitable for children with high self-regulation, (4) The Open Ended approach is more suitable for children with low self-regulation. Subsequent experiments are expected to find mathematics learning approaches for children whose self-regulation is low on recognizing the concept of early numbers ability. Keywords: mathematics learning approach, self-regulation, early number concept ability References: Adjie, N., Putri, S. U., & Dewi, F. (2019). Penerapan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik (PMR) dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Bilangan Cacah pada Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 4(1), 336. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v4i1.338 Adjie, N., Putri, S. U., & Dewi, F. (2020). Peningkatan Kemampuan Koneksi Matematika melalui Pendidikan Matematika Realistik (PMR) pada Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(2), 1325–1338. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i2.846 Adjie, N., Putri, S. U., & Dewi, F. (2021). Improvement of Basic Math Skills Through Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) in Early Childhood. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(3), 1647–1657. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i3.1832 Amalina, A. (2020). Pembelajaran Matematika Anak Usia Dini di Masa Pandemi COVID-19 Tahun 2020. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 538. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.592 Amalina, A., Yanti, F., & Warmansyah, J. (2022). Penerapan Pendekatan Matematika Realistik terhadap Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Pengukuran pada Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun. Aulad: Journal on Early Childhood, 5(2), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.31004/aulad.v5i2.378 Amini, F., Munir, S., & Lasari, Y. L. (2022). Student Mathematical Problem Solving Ability in Elementary School: The Effect of Guided Discovery Learning. Journal of Islamic Education Students (JIES), 2(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.31958/jies.v2i2.5592 Anselmus, Z., & Parikaes, P. (2018). Regulasi Diri Dalam Belajar Sebagai Konsekuen. Jurnal Penelitain Dan Pengembangan Pendidikan, 1(1), 82–95. Apriani, N., & Maryam, K. (2020). Pengaruh Pendekatan Realistic Matematick Edukation (RME) Terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah. 3(1), 12–19. Ardiniawan, D. Y., Subiyantoro, S., & Kurniawan, S. B. (2022). Peningkatan Kemampuan Penalaran Matematis Siswa Sekolah Dasar Melalui Pendekatan Realistic Mathematics Education ( RME ) Siswa SD Se-Kecamatan Pacitan. April, 607–613. Asri Devi, N. M. I. (2020). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Puzzle Angka untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Mengenal Lambang Bilangan. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Profesi Guru, 3(3), 416. https://doi.org/10.23887/jippg.v3i3.28331 Aulia, M., & Amra, A. (2021). Parent’s Participation in Improving the Quality of Education in Elementary Schools. Journal of Islamic Education Students (JIES), 1(2), 58. https://doi.org/10.31958/jies.v1i2.3004 Aziza, A., Pratiwi, H., & Ageng Pramesty Koernarso, D. (2020). Pengaruh Metode Montessori dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Matematika Anak Usia Dini di Banjarmasin. AL-ATHFAL : JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ANAK, 6(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.14421/al-athfal.2020.61-02 Becker, D. R., Miao, A., Duncan, R., & Mcclelland, M. (2014). Behavioral self-regulation and executive function both predict visuomotor skills and early academic achievement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.04.014 Bohlmann, N. L., & Downer, J. T. (2016). Self-Regulation and Task Engagement as Predictors of Emergent Language and Literacy Skills. Early Education and Development, 27(1), 18–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2015.1046784 Brandes-Aitken, A., Braren, S., Swingler, M., Voegtline, K., & Blair, C. (2019). Sustained attention in infancy: A foundation for the development of multiple aspects of self-regulation for children in poverty. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 184, 192–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.04.006 Charlesworth, R. (2005). Experiences in Math for Young Children Fifth Edition (3rd edition). Delmar Cengage Learning. Charlesworth, R. (2011). Understanding child development. Wadsworth Publishing. Chisara, C., Hakim, D. L., & Kartika, H. (2018). Implementasi Pendekatan Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Dalam Pembelajaran Matematika. Prosiding Sesiomadika, 65–72. Cobb, P., Zhao, Q., & Visnovska, J. (2008). Learning from and adapting the theory of realistic mathematics education. Éducation et Didactique, 2(1), 105–124. Coelho, V., Cadima, J., Pinto, A. I., & Guimarães, C. (2019). Self-Regulation, Engagement, and Developmental Functioning in Preschool-Aged Children. Journal of Early Intervention, 41(2), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815118810238 Cohen−Swerdlik. (2009). Psychology: Psychological Testing and Assessment An Introduction to Test and Measurement 7th Edition. In McGraw-Hill (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. https://doi.org/13: 9780767421577 Costa, P., Ermini, T., & Sigaud, C. H. de S. (2019). Effects of an educational playful intervention on nasal hygiene behaviors of preschoolers: a quasi-experimental study. Health Promotion Perspectives, 9(1), 50–54. https://doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2019.06 Deflorio, L., Klein, A., Starkey, P., Swank, P. R., Taylor, H. B., Halliday, S. E., Beliakoff, A., & Mulcahy, C. (2018). A study of the developing relations between self-regulation and mathematical knowledge in the context of early math intervention. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.06.008 Delyana, H. (2015). Peningkatan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Siswa Kelas VII Melalui Penerapan Pendekatan Open Ended. Lemma, 2(1), 26–34. Dennick, R. (2016). Constructivism: reflections on twenty-five years teaching the constructivist approach in medical education. International Journal of Medical Education, 7(July), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5763.de11 Deny, S. (2019). Survei PISA 2018: Skor Pendidikan Indonesia Masih di Bawah Rata-Rata. 04 Desember. Dwipayana, I. K. A. A., & Diputra, K. S. (2019). Pengaruh Pendekatan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Berbasis Open Ended Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa. Journal of Education Technology, 2(3), 87. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v2i3.16380 Egbert, J., Herman, D., & Lee, H. (2015). Flipped Instruction in English Language Teacher Education : A Design- ­ ‐ based Study in a Complex, Open- ­ ‐ ended Learning Environment. 19(2), 1–23. Eisenberg, N., Pidada, S., & Liew, J. (2001). The Relations of Regulation and negative emotionality to Indonesian Children’s social functioning. Child Development, 72(6), 1747–1763. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00376 Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Self-Regulation and School Readiness. Early Education & Development, 21(5), 681–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2010.497451 Eka, F. (2016). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Open Ended Pada Pembelajaran Matematika Kelas V Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al-Munawwarah Kota Jambi. Skripsi, 4(1), 1–23. Elina, R. (2021). Journal of Islamic Education Students The Effect of Administrative Services on Students’ Satisfaction. JIES: Journal of Islamic Education Students, 1(1), 39–47. Elliott, W., Jung, H., & Friedline, T. (2016). Math Achievement and Children’s Savings: Implications for Child Development Accounts. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 31(2), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-010-9185-4 Evi, S. (2011). Pendekatan Matematika Realistik (PMR) untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berfikir Siswa di Tingkat Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, Edisi Khus(2), 154–163. Fajriah, N., & Asiskawati, E. (2015). Kemampuan Berfikir Kreatif Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Menggunakan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik di SMP. Pendidikan Matematika, 3(2), 157–165. Faridah, N., Isrok’atun, I., & Aeni, A. N. (2016). Pendekatan Open-Ended Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Matematis Dan Kepercayaan Diri Siswa. Jurnal Pena Ilmiah, 1(1). Fathonah, R. N. (2021). Video Kegiatan Rote Counting dan Rational Counting untuk Menstimulasi Berhitung Permulaan pada Anak Usia ( 4-5 ) Tahun. https://doi.org/10.36706/jtk.v8i2.14630 Febriyani, E., & Warmansyah, J. (2021). Akreditasi Satuan PAUD Berbasis Sistem Penilaian Akreditasi (SISPENA). Journal of Science and Technology, 1(2), 3. Friskilia, O., & Winata, H. (2018). Regulasi Diri (Pengaturan Diri) Sebagai Determinan Hasil Belajar Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Jurnal Pendidikan Manajemen Perkantoran, 3(1), 184. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpm.v3i1.9454 Frye, D., Baroody, A. J., Burchinal, M., Carver, S. M., Jordan, N. C., & McDowell, J. (2014). Teaching math to young children: A practice guide (NCEE 2014-4005). Department of Education. García-Sánchez, P., Tonda, A., Mora, A. M., Squillero, G., & Merelo, J. J. (2018). Automated playtesting in collectible card games using evolutionary algorithms: A case study in Hearthstone. Knowledge-Based Systems, 153, 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2018.04.030 Greenberg, J. (2012). M ore, A ll G one , E mpty , Every Day in Every Way Coming soon ! May, 62–64. Hamidah, N. H., Lidinillah, D. A. M., & Muslihin, H. Y. (2021). Desain Lembar Kerja Anak Berbasis Realistic Mathematika Education ( RME ) untuk Mengenalkan Konsep Bilangan Anak Usia Sciencs Study ) siswa Negara Indonesia. 5(1), 1–9. Handayani, S. D., & Irawan, A. (2020). Pembelajaran matematika di masa pandemic covid-19 berdasarkan pendekatan matematika realistik. Jurnal Math Educator Nusantara: Wahana Publikasi Karya Tulis Ilmiah Di Bidang Pendidikan Matematika, 6(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.29407/jmen.v6i2.14813 Haryuni, S. (2013). Peningkatan Kemampuan Mengenal Bilangan Melalui Media Domino Segitiga di PAUD Kenanga I Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Spektrum PLS, 1(1), 103–118. Hayati, N., & Fitri, R. (2016). Bombik Modifikasi Pada Anak Kelompok Bermain. Jurnal Paud Teratai, 5(3), 1–5. Hendrik, J., & Susanti. (2019). Perancangan Aplikasi Tes Psikologi Kecerdasan Majemuk Menggunakan Howard Gardner ’ S Theory of Multiple Intelligences Dengan Microsoft Visual Basic . Net. Jurnal TIMES, VIII(1), 54–62. Hidayat, E. I. F., Vivi Yandhari, I. A., & Alamsyah, T. P. (2020). Efektivitas Pendekatan Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Matematika Siswa Kelas V. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 4(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v4i1.21103 Hurtado, C. M. (2017). The Role Of And Quality Of Head Start Experiences In the Development Of Self-Regulatation. Ivrendi, A. (2011). Influence of Self-Regulation on the Development of Children’s Number Sense. Early Childhood Education Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-011-0462-0 Jampel, I. N., & Puspita, K. R. (2017). Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Sekolah Dasar Melalui Aktivitas Pembelajaran Mengamati Berbantuan Audiovisual. International Journal of Elementary Education, 1(3), 197. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v1i3.10156 Jaramillo, J. M., Rendón, M. I., Muñoz, L., Weis, M., Trommsdorff, G., & Medina, A. M. (2017). Children s Self-Regulation in Cultural Contexts : The Role of Parental Socialization Theories, Goals, and Practices. 8(June), 1–9.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00923 Jennifer, J. C., Margaret, M., & Leow, C. (2014). A Survey Study of Early Childhood Teachers ’ Beliefs and Confidence about Teaching Early Math. 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-013-0619-0 Kurnia. (2015). Penerapan Model Problem Based Learning Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Menulis Teks Eksposisi Pada Siswa Kelas X II-4 SMA Negeri 8 Makassar. Jurnal Pepatudzu, 9(1), 72–84. Laela, M. N., Ashari, F. A., & Nurcahyani, L. D. (2023). Development of APE Jemari Keahlian to Develop Cognitive Abilities in Children 4-5 Years Old. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Educational Research, 1(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.31958/ijecer.v1i2.8158 Lau, Y. S., & Rahardjo, M. M. (2020). Meningkatkan Budaya Antri Anak Usia 4-5 Tahun melalui Metode Berbaris Sesuai Warna. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 755. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.624 Liwis, N. W. N., & Antara, P. A. (2017). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Matematika Realistik Terhadap Kemampuan Mengenal Konsep Bilangan Pada Anak Kelompok A Taman Kanak-Kanak Gugus V Kecamatan Buleleng Gugus V Kecamatan Buleleng Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Undiksha, 5(1). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/paud.v5i1.11403 Manab, A. (2016). Memahami regulasi diri: Sebuah tinjauan konseptual. Psychology & Humanity, 7–11. McGuire, P., Kinzie, M. B., & Berch, D. B. (2012). Developing Number Sense in Pre-K with Five-Frames. Early Childhood Education Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-011-0479-4 Mclaughlin, T., Gordon, C., & Ayivor, J. (2013). An Evaluation of the Direct Instruction Model-Lead-Test Procedure and Rewards on Rote Counting, Number Recognition... Indonesian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 2(1), 98–109. Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Hooper, M. (2015). TIMSS 2015 International Results in Mathematics. Mulyana, F. A. P., Nandiyanto, A. B. D., & Kurniawan, T. (2022). E-learning Media for the Ability to Recognize and Count Numbers in Kindergarten Students. International Journal of Research and Applied Technology, 2(1), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.34010/injuratech.v2i1.6784 Mulyati, C., Muiz, D. A., & Rahman, T. (2019). Pengembangan Media Papan Flanel Untuk Memfasilitasi Kemampuan Konsep Bilangan Anak Pada Kelompok B. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling (JPDK), 1(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.31004/jpdk.v1i1.362 Mulyati, S., & Sisrazeni, S. (2022). The Relationship Between Stressful Study And Students’ Sleep Pattern During Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Islamic Education Students (JIES), 2(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.31958/jies.v2i1.4384 Mustikasari, M., Zulkardi, Z., & Aisyah, N. (2013). Pengembangan Soal-Soal Open-Ended Pokok Bahasan Bilangan Pecahan Di Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.4.2.820 . Muzakki, M., & Fauziah, P. Y. (2015). Implementasi pembelajaran anak usia dini berbasis budaya lokal di PAUD full day school. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, 2(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.21831/jppm.v2i1.4842 Nabighoh, W. N., Mustaji, M., & Hendratno, H. (2022). Meningkatkan Kecerdasan Logika Matematika Anak Usia Dini melalui Media Interaktif Puzzle Angka. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(4), 3410–3417. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i4.2410 Narayani, N. P. U. D. (2019). Pengaruh Pendekatan Matematika Realistik Berbasis Pemecahan Masalah Berbantuan Media Konkret Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 3(2), 220. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v3i2.17775 Ningsih, S. (2014). Realistic Mathematics Education: Model Alternatif Pembelajaran Matematika Sekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 1(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.18592/jpm.v1i2.97 Nisva, L., & Okfrima, R. (2019). Hubungan Antara Regulasi Diri Dengan Palang Merah Indonesia. Jurnal PSYCHE, 12(2), 155–164. Nurina, D. L., & Retnawati, H. (2015). Keefektifan Pembelajaran Menggunakan Pendekatan Problem Posing dan Pendekatan Open-Ended Ditinjau Dari HOTS. PYTHAGORAS: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10(2), 129. https://doi.org/10.21831/pg.v10i2.9128 Nurlatifah, D., Sudin, A., Maulana, M., & Kontekstual, P. (2017). Perbedaan Pengaruh Antara Pendekatan Realistik Dan Pendekatan Kontekstual Terhadap Pemahaman Matematis Siswa Pada Materi Kesebangunan. Jurnal Pena Ilmiah, 2(1), 961–970. Nurlita, M. (2015). Pengembangan Soal Terbuka (Open-Ended Problem) pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika SMP Kelas VIII. Pythagoras: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10(1), 38–49. O’Connor, P. A., Morsanyi, K., & McCormack, T. (2018). Young children’s non-numerical ordering ability at the start of formal education longitudinally predicts their symbolic number skills and academic achievement in maths. Developmental Science, 21(5), e12645. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12645 Oktaviana, W., Warmansyah, J., & Trimelia Utami, W. (2021). The Effectiveness of Using Big Book Media on Early Reading Skills in 5-6 Years Old. Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 7(2), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.14421/al-athfal.2021.72-06 Östergren, R., & Träff, U. (2013). Early number knowledge and cognitive ability affect early arithmetic ability. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 115(3), 405–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.03.007 Pendidikan, M., Kebudayaan, D. A. N., & Indonesia, R. (2014). No Title. Ponitz, C. C., McClelland, M. M., Matthews, J. S., & Morrison, F. J. (2009). A Structured Observation of Behavioral Self-Regulation and Its Contribution to Kindergarten Outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015365 Portilla, X. A., Ballard, P. J., Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., & Obradović, J. (2014). An integrative view of school functioning: Transactions between self-regulation, school engagement, and teacher-child relationship quality. Child Development,85(5), 1915–1931. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12259 Prasetya, I., Ulima, E. T., Jayanti, I. D., Pangestu, S. G., Anggraeni, R., & Arfiah, S. (2019). Kegiatan Bimbingan Belajar dalam Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Siswa di Kelurahan Bolong Karanganyar. Buletin KKN Pendidikan, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.23917/bkkndik.v1i1.9286 Purnomo, Y. W., Kowiyah, K., Alyani, F., & Assiti, S. S. (2014). Assessing Number Sense Performance of Indonesian Elementary School Students. International Education Studies, 7(8). https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n8p74 Putra, A. P. (2014). Aji Permana Putra, Eksperimen Pendekatan Pembelajaran... I, 1–10. Qistia, N., Kurnia, R., & Novianti, R. (2019). Hubungan Regulasi Diri dengan Kemandirian Anak Usia Dini. Aulad : Journal on Early Childhood, 2(3), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.31004/aulad.v2i3.35 Rahma, A., & Haviz, M. (2022). Implementation of Cooperative Learning Model with Make A Match Type on Students Learning Outcomes in Elementary School. Journal of Islamic Education Students (JIES), 2(2), 58. https://doi.org/10.31958/jies.v2i2.5593 Rahmawati, F. (2013). Pengaruh Pendekatan Pendidikan Realistik Matematika dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Prosiding SEMIRATA 2013, 1(1), 225–238. Rakhman, A., & Alam, S. K. (2022). Metode Bermain Kooperatif Dalam Meningkatkan Antusias Belajar Anak Usia Dini Pada Masa Covid-19. Abdimas Siliwangi, 5(1). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/as.v5i1.6880 Riley, D., Juan, robert R. S., Klinkner, J., & Ramminger, A. (2008). Social and Emotional Development. redleaf press. Rismaratri, D., & Nuryadi. (2017). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Quantum Dengan Pendekatan Realistic Mathematic Education ( RME ) Terhadap Kemampuan Berfikir Kreatif Dan Motivasi Belajar Matematika. Jurnal Edukasi Matematika Dan Sains, 5(2). Rohmalina, R., Aprianti, E., & Lestari, R. H. (2020). Pendekatan Open-Ended dalam Mempengaruhi Kemampuan Mengenal Konsep Bilangan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(2), 1409–1418. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i2.805 Roliana, E. (2018). Urgensi Pengenalan Konsep Bilangan Pada Anak Usia Dini. Nasional Pendidikan Dasar, 417–420. Rosdiani, A., & Warmansyah, J. (2021). Perancangan Game Edukasi Berhitung Berbasis Mobile Aplikasi Inventor. Journal of Science and Technology, 1(2), 198–206. Rudyanto, H. E. (2016). Pengembangan Kreativitas Siswa Sekolah Dasar Melalui Pembelajaran Matematika Open-Ended. Premiere Educandum : Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar Dan Pembelajaran, 3(02), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.25273/pe.v3i02.275 Sa’diah, H., Zulhendri, Z., & Fadriati, F. (2022). Development of Learning Videos with Kinemaster-Based Stop Motion Animations on Thematic Learning in Elementary Schools. Journal of Islamic Educational Students (JIES), 2(2), 91. https://doi.org/10.31958/jies.v2i2.5615 Safitri, N. D., Hasanah, U., & Masruroh, F. (2023). The Development of Thematic Board Educational Game Tools to Train The Literacy Skills of Children 5-6 Years Old. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Educational Research, 1(2), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.31958/ijecer.v1i2.8156 Salminen, J., Guedes, C., Lerkksnen, M. K., Pakarinen, E., & Cadima. (2021). Teacher – child interaction quality and children s self-regulation in toddler classrooms in Finland and Portugal. December 2020, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2222 Sarnecka, B. W., & Lee, M. D. (2019). Levels of number knowledge during early childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 103(3), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2009.02.007 Sawyer, A. C. P., Chittleborough, C. R., Mittinty, M. N., Miller-Lewis, L. R., Sawyer, M. G., Sullivan, T., & Lynch, J. W. (2015). Are trajectories of self-regulation abilities from ages 2-3 to 6-7 associated with academic achievement in the early school years? Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(5), 744–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12208 Setiyawati, Y. (2019). Regulasi Diri Mahasiswa Ditinjau Dari Keikutsertaan Dalam Suatu Organisasi. EMPATI-Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 6(1), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.26877/empati.v6i1.4115 Shah, P. E., Weeks, H. M., Richards, B., & Kaciroti, N. (2018). Early childhood curiosity and kindergarten reading and math academic achievement. Pediatric Research, 84(3), 380–386. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0039-3 Sriwahyuni, E., Asvio, N., & Nofialdi, N. (2017). Metode Pembelajaran Yang Digunakan Paud (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini) Permata Bunda. ThufuLA: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Guru Raudhatul Athfal, 4(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.21043/thufula.v4i1.2010 Sudono, A. (2000). Sumber belajar dan alat permainan untuk pendidikan anak usia dini. Grasindo. Sumardi, S., Rahman, T., & Gustini, I. S. (2017). Peningkatan Kemampuan Anak Usia Dini Mengenal Lambang Bilangan Melalui Media Playdough. Jurnal Paud Agapedia, 1(2), 190–202. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpa.v1i2.9359 Supriaji, U., & Soliyah, S. (2021). Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Mengenal Angka Melalui Pendekatan Realistik Matematik Education ( Rme ) Pada Anak Usia 5-6. Jurnal Kridatama Sains Dan Teknologi, 03(01), 1–12. Suseno, P. U., Ismail, Y., & Ismail, S. (2020). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Matematika Video Interaktif berbasis Multimedia. Jambura Journal of Mathematics Education, 1(2), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.34312/jmathedu.v1i2.7272 Sutama, I. W., Astuti, W., Pramono, P., Ghofur, M. A., N., D. E., & Sangadah, L. (2021). Pengembangan E-Modul “Bagaimana Merancang dan Melaksanakan Pembelajaran untuk Memicu HOTS Anak Usia Dini melalui Open Ended Play” Berbasis Ncesoft Flip Book Maker. SELING: Jurnal Program Studi PGRA, 7(1), 91–101. http://www.jurnal.stitnualhikmah.ac.id/index.php/seling/article/view/736 Syah, M. (2003). Pendekatan pembelajaran Pendidikan Matematika. Remaja Rosdakarya. Taman, D. I., Cimahi, K. K., Masa, P., & Covid, P. (2020). Jurnal tunas siliwangi. 6(2), 51–62. Utami, N. R., & Warmansyah, J. (2019). Cerita gambar berseri untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar sains di lembaga paud Yogyakarta. Jurnal Tunas Cendekia, 2(2), 89–100. Utami, R. W., Endaryono, B. T., & Djuhartono, T. (2020). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Matematis Siswa Melalui Pendekatan Open-Ended. Faktor : Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan, 7(1). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/fjik.v7i1.5328 Utami, S. Y., Muawwanah, U., & Moha, L. (2023). Implementation of Loose Part Media to Increase Creativity in Early Childhood. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Educational Research, 1(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.31958/ijecer.v1i2.8157 Utoyo, S., & Arifin, I. N. (2017). Model Permainan Kinestetik Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Matematika Awal Pada Anak Usia Dini. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 11(2), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.112.10 Van Herwegen, J., Costa, H. M., Nicholson, B., & Donlan, C. (2018). Improving number abilities in low achieving preschoolers: Symbolic versus non-symbolic training programs. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 77, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.011 Warmansyah, J., Sari, R. N., Febriyani, E., & Mardiah, A. (2022). The Effect of Geoquarium Magic Educational Game Tool on The Ability to Recognize Geometry Shapes in Children 4-5 Years Old. The 6th Annual Conference on Islamic Early Childhood Education, 2017, 93–100. Warmansyah, J., Zulhendri, Z., & Amalina, A. (2021). The Effectiveness of Lore Traditional Games Towards The Ability to Recognize The Concept of Numbers on Early Childhood. Ta’dib, 24(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.31958/jt.v24i2.2685 Weller, S. C., Vickers, B., Bernard, H. R., Blackburn, A. M., Borgatti, S., Gravlee, C. C., & Johnson, J. C. (2018). Open-ended interview questions and saturation. 1–18. Widyastuti, N. S., & Pujiastuti, P. (2014). Pengaruh Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Indonesia (PMRI) Terhadap Pemahaman Konsep Dan Berpikir Logis Siswa. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 2(2), 183. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v2i2.2718 Wijaya, A. (2011). Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Suatu Alternatif Pendekatan Pembelajaran Matematika. Graha Ilmu. Wulandani, C., Afina Putri, M., Indah Pratiwi, R., & Sulong, K. (2022). Implementing Project-Based Steam Instructional Approach in Early Childhood Education in 5.0 Industrial Revolution Era. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Educational Research (IJECER), 1(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.31958/ijecer.v1i1.5819 Wulandari, N. P. R., Dantes, N., & Antara, P. A. (2020). Pendekatan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Berbasis Open Ended Terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Siswa. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 4(2), 131. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v4i2.25103 Yanti, D., Widada, W., & Zamzaili. (2018). Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Open Ended Peserta Didik Sekolah Negeri Dan Swasta Dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Realistik Berorientasi Etnomatematika Bengkulu. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Raflesia, 3(1), 203–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31186/jpmr.v3i1.6284 Yilmaz, Z. (2017). Young Children s Number Sense Development : Age-Related Complexity across Cases of Three Children. 9(June), 891–902. Zhou, N., & Yadav, A. (2017). Effects of multimedia story reading and questioning on preschoolers’ vocabulary learning, story comprehension, and reading engagement. Educational Technology Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-017-9533-2 Zulkarnain, I., & Amalia Sari, N. (2016). Model Penemuan Terbimbing dengan Teknik Mind Mapping untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Siswa SMP. EDU-MAT: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 2(2), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.20527/edumat.v2i2.619

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered one of the best candidates to meet the skyrocketing demand for high energy density energy storage systems that was sparked by increasing popularity of portable electronics, electro-mobility and the necessary shift towards renewable energy sources.1 While the demand for energy storage systems rises rapidly, research moves forward rather sluggishly due to the complex interplay between the various active and inactive materials of a battery. One of the bottlenecks is the large time requirement and limited knowledge gain of typical, sequential experiments where one experiment is performed after the other. To mitigate this limitation, high-throughput experimentation (HTE) setups have been designed, where multiple experiments are performed in parallel rather than in sequence. Although they are common in other fields of research, high-throughput methods have not been widely adopted in battery research yet.2 Nevertheless, once a HTE setup is established, the bottleneck tends to move from the experiment to the data processing and analysis. Suitable tools to circumvent this are modern machine learning (ML) techniques, recognized as invaluable tools for accelerated material development. In most studies conducted for LIBs, only a limited number of electrolyte formulations is considered for a given set of individual electrolyte components due to aforementioned limitations of experimental capabilities. In this work, we have employed a unique HTE setup that is capable of applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to 96 liquid electrolytes in a broad temperature range in parallel to study one of the fundamental bulk properties of liquid electrolytes; the ionic conductivity. Two large datasets of ionic conductivities were acquired for electrolytes consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and either vinylene carbonate (VC) or propylene carbonate (PC) in the temperature range of -30 to 60 °C. Conducting salt concentration as well as solvent ratios were varied in wide ranges and experimental results bundled with all necessary metadata in an in-house developed .json file format for each individual experiment. More than 5000 individual conductivity values have been determined for 128 different electrolyte formulations in total. The conductivity datasets were used by our project partners in different ML approaches. Linear and Gaussian process regression were used to unravel the impact of individual electrolyte components on the ionic conductivity.3 Symbolic regression was used to discover an equation that directly models the conductivity based on the electrolyte formulation and has some common features with the empirical Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation.4 Active learning was used to improve an initial predictive model with as little additional experiments as possible in order to generate an accurate model for a given dataset.5 The presented work serves as a proof of concept in a system where the relation between parameters and observable are comparatively simple and is the foundation for applying similar principles of data processing, metadata handling and ML application to more complex experiments like galvanostatic cycling. References: 1. T. Placke, R. Kloepsch, S. Dühnen, M. Winter, J. Solid State Electrochem., 21, 1939–1964 (2017). DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3610-7 2. A. Benayad, D. Diddens, A. Heuer, A. N. Krishnamoorthy, M. Maiti, F. L. Cras, M. Legallais, F. Rahmanian, Y. Shin, H. Stein, M. Winter, C. Wölke, P. Yan, I. Cekic‐Laskovic, Adv. Energy Mater. 2102678 (2021). DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202102678 3. A. Narayanan Krishnamoorthy, C. Wölke, D. Diddens, M. Maiti, Y. Mabrouk, P. Yan, M. Grünebaum, M. Winter, A. Heuer, I. Cekic‐Laskovic, Chemistry–Methods 2, e202200008 (2022). DOI: 10.1002/cmtd.202200008 4. E. Flores, C. Wölke, P. Yan, M. Winter, T. Vegge, I. Cekic-Laskovic, A. Bhowmik, Digit. Discov. 1, 440–447 (2022). DOI: 10.1039/D2DD00027J 5. F. Rahmanian, M. Vogler, C. Wölke, P. Yan, M. Winter, I. Cekic-Laskovic, H. S. Stein, Batter. Supercaps 5, e202200228 (2022). DOI: 10.1002/batt.202200228

Представлен обзор, касающийся применения твердых дисперсных систем в фармации. Рассмотрены основные методы получения твердых дисперсий. Метод «удаления растворителя» является наиболее простым: в растворителе растворяют лекарственного вещества и носитель с его последующим выпариванием. Метод сплавления заключается в нагревании смеси лекарственного вещества с носителем выше температуры плавления с последующим отверждением при быстром охлаждении. Метод совместного измельчения основан на совместном использовании энергии сжатия, сдвига и трения для перевода находящегося в твердом состоянии лекарственного вещества и носителя в аморфное состояние. Метод «замешивания» является разновидностью метода совместного измельчения. В данном случае растворитель выполняет одновременно несколько функций: растворяет один из компонентов, а также проникает в микротрещины кристаллов другого компонента, оказывая расклинивающее действие и способствуя измельчению и взаимопроникновению одного вещества в поры другого. Метод с использованиемагентов, стабилизирующих аморфное состояние лекарственного вещества, заключается в смешивании следующих компонентов: умеренно растворимого лекарственного вещества, агента, индуцирующего переход системы в аморфное состояние и агента, стабилизирующего ее аморфное состояние. Полученная смесь подвергается термической или механохимической обработке. Для получения твердых дисперсных систем также используются комбинации методов. Приведены примеры полимеров и веществ не полимерной природы, используемых в качестве носителей в твердых дисперсных системах. Изучены работы авторов, посвящённые созданию и исследованиютвердых дисперсий различных фармацевтических субстанций, а также лекарственных форм, полученных на основе данных твердых дисперсий. ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. Sekiguchi K., Obi N. Studies on absorption of eutectic mixtures: a comparison of the behavior ofeutectic mixture of sulfathiazole and that of ordinary sulfathiazole in man. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1961;9:866–872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.9.8662. Теслев А. А. К вопросу применения твердых дисперсных систем для улучшения биофармацевтических характеристик лекарственных средств. Фармацевтические технологии и упаковка. 2014;2:18–21.3. Debjit Bhowmik, Harish G., Duraivel S., Pragathi Kumar B., Vinod Raghuvanshi, Sampath Kumar K. P.Solid dispersion – a approach to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs. The PharmaInnovation Journal. 2013;1(12): 24–38.4. Manoj Kumar Sarangi, Neha Singh. A Comparative study of solubility enhancement of aceclofenac by soliddispersion technique using several polymers. J. Appl. Pharm. 2018;10(1): 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/1920-4159.1000259 Available at: https://www.longdom.org/abstract/a-comparative-study-of-solubility-enhancement-of-aceclofenac-by-solid-dispersion-technique-using-several-polymers-17207.html5. Muralidhar S., Devala Rao G., Krishna Murthy M., Kiran Kumar K., Kranthi Teja K., Syed Khaja Nawaj,Narayana T. V. Enhancement of dissolution rate of etoricoxib through solid dispersion technique. J. Appl.Pharm. Sci. 2011;1(5): 129–132.6. Nadia Saffoon, Yeakuty Marzan Jhanker, Naz Hasan Huda. Dissolution profi le of ibuprofen soliddispersion prepared with cellulosic polymers and sugar by fusion method. S. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011;4(1):31–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v4i1.88647. Maniruzzaman M., Islam M. T., Halsey S., Amin D., Douroumis D. Novel controlled release polymer-lipid formulations processed by hot melt extrusion. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2016;17(1): 191–199. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-015-0470-28. Ochi M., Kimura K., Kanda A., Kawachi T., Matsuda A., Yuminoki K., Hashimoto N. Physicochemicaland pharmacokinetic characterization of amorphous solid dispersion of meloxicam with enhanced dissolutionproperty and storage stability. AAPS PharmSci-Tech. 2016;17(4): 932–939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-015-0422-x9. Karolewicz B., Gajda M., Gorniak A., Owczarek A., Mucha I. Pluronic F127 as a suitable carrier forpreparing the imatinib base solid dispersions and its potential in development of a modifi ed release dosageforms. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2017;130(1): 383–390.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6139-110. Karolewicz B., Gajda M., Pluta J., Gorniak A. Dissolution study and thermal analysis of fenofibrate–Pluronic F127 solid dispersions. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2016;125(2): 751-757. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5013-211. 11. Gorniak A., Gajda M., Pluta J., Czapor-Irzabek H., Karolewicz B. Thermal, spectroscopic and dissolution studies of lovastatin solid dispersions with acetylsalicylic acid. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2016;125(2): 777–784. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5279-z12. Teixeira C. C. C., Mendonзa L. M., Bergamaschi M. M., Queiroz R. H. C., Souza G. E. P., Antunes L.M. G., Freitas L. A. P. Microparticles containing curcumin solid dispersion: stability, bioavailability andanti-inflammatory activity. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2016;17(2): 252–261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-015-0337-613. Censi R., Gigliobianco M. R., Dubbini A., Malaj L., Di Martino P. New nanometric solid dispersionsof glibenclamide in neusilin® UFL2. AAPS PharmSci-Tech. 2016;17(5): 1204–1212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-015-0457-z14. Punčochová K., Ewing A. V., Gajdošová M., Pekárek T., Beránek J., Kazarian S. G., Štěpánek F. Thecombined use of imaging approaches to assess drug release from multicomponent solid dispersions.Pharm. Res. 2017;34(5): 990–1001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-016-2018-x15. Sapkal S. B., Shinde S. A., Darakhe R. A., Shrikhande V. N. Solid dispersion of valsartan forsolubility improvement using b-cyclodextrin. MOJ BioequivAvailab. 2018;5(6): 313–319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/mojbb.2018.05.0012116. Akiladevi D., Shanmugapandiyan P., Jebasingh D., Sachinandhan Basak. Preparation andevaluation of paracetamol by solid dispersion technique. Int. J. Pharm. 2011;3(1): 188–191. Режим до-ступа: https://innovareacademics.in/journal/ijpps/Vol3Issue1/1053.pdf17. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Арзамасцев А. П., Попков В. А., Решетняк В. Ю., Краснюк И. И. Патент№ 2261087 РФ. 2005.18. Краснюк И. И. (мл.) Влияние твердых дисперсий на растворимость антибиотиков. Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2009;43(4): 48–50.19. Краснюк И. И. (мл.) Повышение биодоступности лекарственных форм с применением твердых дисперсий. Автореферат дисс. ... доктора фарм. наук. М.: 2010. 48 с. Режим доступа: https://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01004609020#?page=120. Краснюк И. И. (мл.) Определение растворимости синтомицина в твердых дисперсиях. Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2010;44(1): 27–34.21. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Лапшова А. С., Хабриев Р. У., Попков В. А., Решетняк В. Ю., Зверева С. О.,Краснюк О. И. Изучение растворимости эритромицина из твердых дисперсий. Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2009;43(11): 36–43.22. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Лапшова А. С., Хабриев Р. У., Попков В. А., Решетняк В. Ю., Зверева С. О.,Краснюк О. И. Повышение растворимости мезапама путем получения его твердых дисперсий. Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2010;44(11): 25–29.23. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Манахова О. В., Хабриев Р. У., Попков В. А., Решетняк В. Ю., Краснюк О. И.Повышение растворимости феназепама путём получения его твёрдых дисперсий. Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2010;44(5): 42-45.24. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Попков В. А., Решетняк В. Ю., Сковпень Ю. В. Повышение биодоступности малорастворимых лекарственных веществ с использованием твердых дисперсий. Российскиймедицинский журнал. 2005;6: 34–37.25. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Попков В. А., Решетняк В. Ю., Сковпень Ю. В. Влияние твердых дисперсий на растворимость лекарственных веществ. Фармация. 2004;1: 17–21.26. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Тарханова В. В. Повышение растворимости оксазепама с применениемвспомогательных веществ (полиэтиленгликолей). Военно-медицинский журнал. 2009;330(3): 69–70.27. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Хабриев Р. У., Попков В. А., Решетняк В. Ю., Лапшова А. С. Применение твердых дисперсий в лечении и профилактике инфекционных заболеваний. Российский медицинский журнал. 2009;2: 42–44.28. Попков В. А., Решетняк В. Ю., Краснюк И. И., Сковпень Ю. В. Твердые дисперсии с полиэтиленгликолями в фармации. Фармация. 2005;3: 39–42.29. Хабриев Р. У., Попков В. А, Краснюк И. И, Краснюк И. И. (мл.) Основные принципы класси-фикации лекарственных форм. Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2009;43(2): 51–56.30. Хабриев Р. У., Попков В. А., Решетняк В. Ю., Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Манахова О. В. Повышениерастворимости ангиопротектора методом твердых дисперсий. Химико-фармацевтический журнал.2009;43(8): 45–49.31. Душкин А. В., Метелева Е. С., Чистяченко Ю. С., Халиков С. С. Механохимическое получение и свойства твердых дисперсий, образующих водорастворимые супрамолекулярные системы.Фундаментальные исследования. 2013;1: 741–749.32. Душкин А. В., Сунцова Л. П., Халиков С. С. Механохимическая технология для растворимостилекарственных веществ. Фундаментальные исследования. 2013;1-2: 448–457.33. Сунцова Л. П., Метелева Е. С., Душкин А. В. Механохимическое получение и исследованиеводорастворимых композиций на основе флавоноидов – генистеина, дигидрокверцетина, рутина.Фундаментальные исследования. 2014;11–10: 2174–2179.34. Ковалевская И. В., Рубан О. А., Кутовая О. В. Исследование свойств твердых дисперсий тиоктовой кислоты, полученных жидкофазным методом. Вестник фармации. 2018;1(79): 47–53.35. 35. Ткаченко М. Л., Жнякина Л. Е., Космынин А. С. Физико-химические исследования твердых смесей кофеина и парацетамола. Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2003;37(8): 34–36.36. Ткаченко М. Л., Жнякина Л. Е., Мощенский Ю. В., Смелова С. Г. Исследование твердыхдисперсий ибупрофена с трисамином в качестве гидрофильного носителя. Вестник ВГУ, серия: Химия. Биология. Фармация. 2007;1: 53–60. Режим д о с т у п а: http://www.vestnik.vsu.ru/pdf/chembio/2007/01/2007-01-09.pdf37. Ткаченко М. Л., Жнякина Л. Е., Космынин А. С. Особенности растворения в системе«парацетамол — кислота аминокапроновая». Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2002;36(11): 55–56.38. Ткаченко М. Л., Смелова С. Г., Жнякина Л. Е., Павлова Л. В. Твердые дисперсии бутадиона с трисамином в качестве гидрофильного носителя. Фармация. 2006;3: 31–35.39. Беляцкая А. В., Краснюк И. И., Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Степанова О. И., Грих В. В., Растопчина О. В.,Янкова В. Г. Использование готовых лекарственных препаратов при экстемпоральном изготовлениимягких лекарственных форм. Фармация. 2017;4: 28–32.40. Грих В. В. Разработка лекарственных форм нифедипина с применением твердых дисперсий.Автореферат дисс. … канд. фарм. наук. М.: 2018. 24 с.41. Грих В. В., Беляцкая А. В., Краснюк И. И. (мл), Степанова О. И., Краснюк И. И. Изучение растворимости производного 1,4-дигидропиридина в присутствии поливинилпирролидона-10000 в твердых дисперсиях. «Перспективы развития биологии, медицины и фармации»: Материалы V Международной научной конференции молодых ученых и студентов, 8–9 декабря 2017. Шымкент: 2017. c. 157.42. Грих В. В., Краснюк И. И., Беляцкая А. В., Степанова О. И. Изучение растворимости нифедипина в присутствии полиэтиленгликоля в твердых дисперсиях. «Актуальные проблемы современной медицины и фармации»: Сборник тезисов докладов LXXI Международной научно-практической конференции студентов и молодых учёных, 2017, Минск. Минск: БГМУ; 2017. с. 1531.43. Грих В. В., Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Краснюк И. И., Беляцкая А. В., Степанова О. И., Кошелева Т. М.,Овсянникова Л. В., Плахотная О. Н., Король Л. А., Галайко А. Н. Перспективы применения твёрдыхдисперсий метилурацила в медицине и фармации. Фармация. 2016;5: 9–13.44. Грих В. В., Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Беляцкая А. В., Степанова О. И., Краснюк И. И., Овсяникова Л. В.,Кошелева Т. М. Изучение оптических свойств растворов производного 1,4-дигидропиридина и еготвёрдых дисперсий с полимером. «Фармобразование»: Материалы VII Международной научно-мето-дической конференции, 28–30 марта 2018, Воронеж. Воронеж: 2018. с. 423–425.45. Грих В. В., Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Степанова О. И., Беляцкая А. В., Краснюк И. И., Краснюк О. В.Патент № 2629843 РФ. 2017.46. Грих В. В., Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Степанова О. И., Беляцкая А. В., Краснюк И. И., Атякшин Д. А. Заявка РФ на изобретение № 2017139594. 2017.47. Грих В. В., Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Степанова О. И., Беляцкая А. В., Краснюк И. И., Тарасов В. В.,Козин Д. А., Нестеренко Е. Разработка мягких лекарственных форм, содержащих твердые дисперсии. Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств. 2018;1(22): 36–38.48. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Беляцкая А. В., Краснюк И. И., Степанова О. И., Овсянникова Л. В.,Грих В. В., Алленова Т. М., Одинцова Е. Б. Перспективы применения твёрдых дисперсий с поливи-нилпирролидоном в медицине и фармации. Фармация. 2016;6: 7–11.49. Краснюк И. И. (мл.), Беляцкая А. В., Никулина О. И., Краснюк И. И., Харитонов Ю. Я., Грих В. В.Биофармацевтические аспекты применения твёрдых дисперсий. В кн.: Эпоха в фармации. А. И. Тенцова (ред.) М.: Перо; 2014. с. 62–66.

ABSTRACTBackground: Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2). The COVID-19 pandemic severely limits the community environment, one of which is the limitation of dental and oral health services. The wide spread of the COVID-19 virus has caused many people to feel afraid to have their teeth checked in the midst of a pandemic, thus affecting the motivation and interest of the public to visit the dentist's practice. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between motivation and public interest in visiting the dentist during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sungai Miai Village. Methods: This study used an analytic observational research with a cross sectional design. The subject of this research is the Sungai Miai Village Community aged 20-55 years using a sampling technique by means of cluster random sampling totaling 113 people. Results: The results of the analysis using the Gamma test to determine the relationship between motivation and interest in visiting the dentist during the COVID-19 pandemic obtained a significant value of 0.009 (<0.05) with a correlation value of -0.52 Conclusion: There is a relationship between motivation to visit the practice dentists and interest in visiting a dentist practice with a moderate correlation strength. Keywords : Covid-19 Pandemic, Dentist Practice, Interest, Motivation, Relationship between Motivation and Interest1.Handayani D, Hadi D, Isbaniah F, Burhan A, Heidy A. Corona Virus Disease 2019. Indonesian Journal of Respirology. 2020;40(2):119–129.2.Zanke A, Thenge R, VS A. A Pandemic Declared by World Health Organization. IP International Journal of Comprehensive and Advance Pharmacology. 2020;5(2):49–57.3.Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The Latest Situation of the Development of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). 2021;9(2): 1-4.4.Susilo A, Rumende C, Ceva W, Santoso W, Yulianti M. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Recent Literature Review. Indonesian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2020; 7(1): 45-67.5.Novani N, Amalia N. Health Education On Knowledge Of Transmission And Prevention Of Covid-19 In The Earthquake River, Jingah River Village, North Banjarmasin District, Banjarmasin. Muhammadiyah's Progressive Independent Community Development Process. 2021;1(1): 533–537.6.Ulfa L, Muchlis N, Sundari. The Effect of Dentist Workload on Job Satisfaction and Performance During the Covid Pandemic at Kimia Farm Clinic, Makassar City. Journal of Muslim Community Health. 2021;2(3):69–80.7.Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. COVID-19: A Pandemic Declaration by the World Health Organization. IP International Journal of Comprehensive and Advance Pharmacology. 2020;5(2):49–57.8.Guo H, Zhuo Y, Liu X, Tan J. The Impact of The Covid 19 Epidemic on TheUtilization of Emergency Dental Services. Journal of Dental Science. 2020;15:564–567.9.Alharbi A, Alharbi S, Alqaidi S. Guidelines for Dental Care Provision during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Saudi Dental Journal. 2020;32(4):181–186.10.Sophisticated C, Fikriyah K, Indraini R, Suryaningsih S, Hanifah N. Public Health Improvement in the Pandemic Period for Residents of Orphanages in Surabaya. Journal of Community Service. 2021;5(4):964–973.11.Putra V. Dental Practice Action Policy During the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Global Prevention Overview. Journal of Government Insights. 2020;1(1):1–11.12.Fadillah L, Azizah S, Yunengsih Y. Analysis of Outpatient Service Quality During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Melati Bunda Main Clinic. Smart Indonesian Scientific Journal. 2021;1(10):1316–1322.13.Siswanto B. Manpower Management. Bandung: New Rays, New Prints; 2012: 243-270.14.Dermawan K. Factors influencing the behavior of community visits to the utilization of posyandu services in Pemecutan Kelod Village, West Denpasar District. Journal of the world of health. 2019; 5(2): 29-39.15.Notoadmodjo, Soekijo. Health Promotion and Behavioral Science. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 2017: 131-207.16.Werang YAT, Sidabutar M, Manu AA, Variani R. Motivation for Dental Treatment in Patients Visiting the Dental Clinic. Dental Therapist Journal. 2019; 1(2). 2715-3770.17.Armada, A., Listiawaty, R., & Berliana, N. Relationship of Patient Perceptions About Service Quality with Patient Revisit Interests to Air Hitam Laut Health Center. Mulawarman Journal of Public Health (JKMM). 2020: 2(2), 77-82.18.Lateef F. Face to Face with Coronavirus Disease 19: Maintaining Motivation, Psychological Safety, and Wellness. Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock. 2020: 13(2), 116–123.19.Nijampatnam PMP, Srinivas P, Suresh S, Narayana RV, Talluri D, Srinivas R. Evaluation of the effect of various factors on patient compliance among patients visiting Govt. Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar. International Journal of Oral Care and Research, 2016;4(1):16-20.20.Iksan, NP, Wowor, VN, & Pangemanan, DH Effect of Extrinsic Motivation on Compliance Level of Removable Denture Wearers in Kelurahan Batu Kota. e-GiGi; 2018. 6(2).72-82.21.Anggraina D and Musyrifah. The motivating factor for parents to take care of their children at UNAIR medical faculty clinics. Dentistry Magazine.2015; 38(1). 12–15.22.Setijanto D, Putri NN, Bramantoro T,Berniyanti T, Sosiawan A, Palupi R,. Attention, Interest, Desire and Action Distribution of Universitas Airlangga Student Visiting the Dental and Oral Health Services.JSDMID4. 2017; 2(1).51-57.23.Hikmat, R., & Fazriah, M. The Relationship Between Patient Satisfaction and Interest in Repeat Visits. Journal of Health, 2015; 6(1), 645-653.24.Nishikawa, K., Ohta, R., & Sano, C. Factors Associated with Motivation for General Medicine among Rural Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020; 19(9), 5102-5120.25.Muthuri, RNDK, Senkubuge, F., & Hongoro, C. Determinants of motivation among healthcare workers in the East African community between 2009–2019: a systematic review. In Healthcare. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute;2020:8(2).164-170.26.Susi, S., Bachtiar, H., & Azmi, U. The relationship between parents' socioeconomic status and caries in the primary teeth of children aged 4 and 5 years. Andalas Medical Magazine, 2012; 36(1), 96-105.27.Sulistiyoningrum, A., Sriatmi, A., & Arso, S. P. Determinants Of The Quality Of Pharmacy Services In Hospital During Pandemic Covid-19. Dentino: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi,2022; 7(1), 107-112.28.Sumendap, J., Rompas, S., & Listen, V. Relationship between Family Support and Motivation with Elderly Interests in Posbindu. Journal of Nursing, 2020; 8(1), 99-105.29.Dewi, TK, Apriyanti, T., & Ambarwati, T. The Relationship between Knowledge Levels About Covid-19 and Interest in Dental Examinations in Health Facilities for Class I and V Students Sdn Matenggeng 02 Cilacap Regency. Indonesian Journal of Health and Medical; 2020. 2(1), 99-108.30.Yosa, A., & Wahyuni, S. Factors Relating to Dental Service Visits at Way Laga Health Center Bandar Lampung City. Journal of Health Analysts, 2017; 4(2), 420-426.31.Rahmadani, Relationship between Knowledge Level and Patient Interest in Performing Root Canal Treatment During a Pandemic. J Dent. 2021; 1(1). 55-65.

Collisionless shocks are frequently analysed using the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) formalism, even though MHD assumes a small mean free path. Yet, isotropy of pressure, the fruit of binary collisions and assumed in MHD, may not apply in collisionless shocks. This is especially true within a magnetized plasma, where the field can stabilize an anisotropy. In a previous article (Bret & Narayan, J. Plasma Phys., vol. 88, no. 6, 2022b, p. 905880615), a model was presented capable of dealing with the anisotropies that may arise at the front crossing. It was solved for any orientation of the field with respect to the shock front. Yet, for some values of the upstream parameters, several downstream solutions were found. Here, we complete the work started in Bret & Narayan (J. Plasma Phys., vol. 88, no. 6, 2022b, p. 905880615) by showing how to pick the physical solution out of the ones offered by the algebra. This is achieved by 2 means: (i) selecting the solution that has the downstream field obliquity closest to the upstream one. This criterion is exemplified on the parallel case and backed up by particle-in-cell simulations. (ii) Filtering out solutions which do not satisfy a criteria already invoked to trim multiple solutions in MHD: the evolutionarity criterion, that we assume valid in the collisionless case. The end result is a model in which a given upstream configuration results in a unique, or no downstream configuration (as in MHD). The largest departure from MHD is found for the case of a parallel shock.

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to give new results about factorizations of the Fibonacci numbers F n and the Lucas numbers L n. These numbers are defined by the second order recurrence relation a n+2 = a n+1+a n with the initial terms F 0 = 0, F 1 = 1 and L 0 = 2, L 1 = 1, respectively. Proofs of theorems are done with the help of connections between determinants of tridiagonal matrices and the Fibonacci and the Lucas numbers using the Chebyshev polynomials. This method extends the approach used in [CAHILL, N. D.—D’ERRICO, J. R.—SPENCE, J. P.: Complex factorizations of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, Fibonacci Quart. 41 (2003), 13–19], and CAHILL, N. D.—NARAYAN, D. A.: Fibonacci and Lucas numbers as tridiagonal matrix determinants, Fibonacci Quart. 42 (2004), 216–221].

Abstract Bacteriophages and bacterial toxins are promising antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. In fact, bacteriophages have recently been successfully used to treat life-threatening infections caused by MDR bacteria (Schooley RT, Biswas B, Gill JJ, Hernandez-Morales A, Lancaster J, Lessor L, Barr JJ, Reed SL, Rohwer F, Benler S, et al. 2017. Development and use of personalized bacteriophage-based therapeutic cocktails to treat a patient with a disseminated resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 61(10); Chan BK, Turner PE, Kim S, Mojibian HR, Elefteriades JA, Narayan D. 2018. Phage treatment of an aortic graft infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evol Med Public Health. 2018(1):60–66; Petrovic Fabijan A, Lin RCY, Ho J, Maddocks S, Ben Zakour NL, Iredell JR, Westmead Bacteriophage Therapy Team. 2020. Safety of bacteriophage therapy in severe Staphylococcus aureus infection. Nat Microbiol. 5(3):465–472). One potential problem with using these antibacterial agents is the evolution of resistance against them in the long term. Here, we studied the fitness landscape of the Escherichia coli TolC protein, an outer membrane efflux protein that is exploited by a pore forming toxin called colicin E1 and by TLS phage (Pagie L, Hogeweg P. 1999. Colicin diversity: a result of eco-evolutionary dynamics. J Theor Biol. 196(2):251–261; Andersen C, Hughes C, Koronakis V. 2000. Chunnel vision. Export and efflux through bacterial channel-tunnels. EMBO Rep. 1(4):313–318; Koronakis V, Andersen C, Hughes C. 2001. Channel-tunnels. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 11(4):403–407; Czaran TL, Hoekstra RF, Pagie L. 2002. Chemical warfare between microbes promotes biodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99(2):786–790; Cascales E, Buchanan SK, Duché D, Kleanthous C, Lloubès R, Postle K, Riley M, Slatin S, Cavard D. 2007. Colicin biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 71(1):158–229). By systematically assessing the distribution of fitness effects of ∼9,000 single amino acid replacements in TolC using either positive (antibiotics and bile salts) or negative (colicin E1 and TLS phage) selection pressures, we quantified evolvability of the TolC. We demonstrated that the TolC is highly optimized for the efflux of antibiotics and bile salts. In contrast, under colicin E1 and TLS phage selection, TolC sequence is very sensitive to mutations. Finally, we have identified a large set of mutations in TolC that increase resistance of E. coli against colicin E1 or TLS phage without changing antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial cells. Our findings suggest that TolC is a highly evolvable target under negative selection which may limit the potential clinical use of bacteriophages and bacterial toxins if evolutionary aspects are not taken into account.

Let ${\cal C}(d,n)$ denote the set of $d$-dimensional lattice paths using the steps $X_1 := (1, 0, \ldots, 0),$ $ X_2 := (0, 1, \ldots, 0),$ $\ldots,$ $ X_d := (0,0, \ldots,1)$, running from $(0,\ldots,0)$ to $(n,\ldots,n)$, and lying in $\{(x_1,x_2, \ldots, x_d) : 0 \le x_1 \le x_2 \le \ldots \le x_d \}$. On any path $P:=p_1p_2 \ldots p_{dn} \in {\cal C}(d,n)$, define the statistics ${\rm asc}(P) := $$|\{i : p_ip_{i+1} = X_jX_{\ell}, j < \ell \}|$ and ${\rm des}(P) := $$|\{i : p_ip_{i+1} = X_jX_{\ell}, j>\ell \}|$. Define the generalized Narayana number $N(d,n,k)$ to count the paths in ${\cal C}(d,n)$ with ${\rm asc}(P)=k$. We consider the derivation of a formula for $N(d,n,k)$, implicit in MacMahon's work. We examine other statistics for $N(d,n,k)$ and show that the statistics ${\rm asc}$ and ${\rm des}-d+1$ are equidistributed. We use Wegschaider's algorithm, extending Sister Celine's (Wilf-Zeilberger) method to multiple summation, to obtain recurrences for $N(3,n,k)$. We introduce the generalized large Schröder numbers $(2^{d-1}\sum_k N(d,n,k)2^k)_{n\ge1}$ to count constrained paths using step sets which include diagonal steps.

Myxomas are the most common primary cardiac neoplasms. The prevalence of cardiac tumors at autopsy ranges from 0.001% to 0.3%. More than 50% of benign cardiac tumors are myxomas. Approximately 7% of these have genetic origin and arise as a component of a heritable disorder with some clinical manifestations. Over 72% of primary cardiac tumors are benign. In adults, the majority of benign lesions are myxomas. Its clinical manifestations are variable and nonspecific. Commonly observed symptoms and signs are dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pulmonary edema, cough, hemoptysis, edema, and fatigue. Key words: POCUS; ARDS; Atrial myxoma; Pulmonary edema Abbreviations: ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRP: C reactive protein; ABG: arterial blood gases; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; HFNC: high frequency nasal cannula; TTE: transthoracic echocardiography; P/F: ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to inspired oxygen fraction; CT: computed tomography; POCUS: point of care ultrasound Citation: Aisa T, Lal S, Thomas J, Singh V, Narayanan N. Think ultrasound; could point of care ultrasound really change the management of critically ill patient? Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(1):105–108; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i1.1438 Received: 16 June 2020; Reviewed: 4 June 2020; Accepted: 21 June 2020

Background and objective: Nephropathy is the major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Delay in identification and management of nephropathy in T2DM may cause development of ESRD. An increased level of serum ferritin plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in T2DM. Hence, the present study intended to assess the level of serum ferritin in renal dysfunction in patients with T2DM. Material and methods: This was a retrospective study with 81 T2DM patients with and without nephropathy. They were categorized into two groups. Group-1 consisted of 46 T2DM cases without nephropathy and remaining 35 with nephropathy.The clinical and biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, urea, creatinine, iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and haemoglobin were measured by standard methods, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by MDRD formula. Results: Significantly (p<0.05) elevated level of serum ferritin along with urea and creatinine was found in patients with T2DM with nephropathy.A significant positive correlation (r = 0.37) of serum ferritin and negative correlation (r = - 0.852) of eGFR with creatinine were found. It indicated that ferritin could be a good marker to monitor kidney function in T2DM. Conclusion: Apart from eGFR and serum creatinine, raised serum ferritin level was a good indicator of renal dysfunction in T2DM patients and might play an important role in renal dysfunction in early stage diabetic nephropathy. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.018 *Correspondence: Dr. Siva Prasad Palem., M.Sc., Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar-505001, Telangana, India. Affiliated with Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences (KNRUHS), Warangal, Telangana, India. E-mail: sp.biocom@yahoo.co.in.

Photo by Ishan @seefromthesky on Unsplash ABSTRACT A strike to highlight the plight facing contract doctors which has been proposed has received mixed reactions from those within the profession and the public. This unprecedented nationwide proposal has the potential to cause real-world effects, posing an ethical dilemma. Although strikes are common, especially in high-income countries, these industrial actions by doctors in Malaysia are almost unheard of. Reviewing available evidence from various perspectives is therefore imperative to update the profession and the complexity of invoking this important human right. INTRODUCTION Contract doctors in Malaysia held a strike on July 26, 2021. COVID-19 cases are increasing in Malaysia. In June, daily cases ranged between 4,000 to 8,000 despite various public health measures. The R naught, which indicates the infectiousness of COVID-19, remains unchanged. During the pandemic, health care workers (HCWs) have been widely celebrated, resulting in a renewed appreciation of the risks that they face.[1] The pandemic has exposed flawed governance in the public healthcare system, particularly surrounding the employment of contract doctors. Contract doctors in Malaysia are doctors who have completed their medical training, as well as two years of internship, and have subsequently been appointed as medical officers for another two years. Contract doctors are not permanently appointed, and the system did not allow extensions after the two years nor does it offer any opportunity to specialize.[2] Last week, Parliament did decide to offer a two-year extension but that did not hold off the impending strike.[3] In 2016, the Ministry of Health introduced a contract system to place medical graduates in internship positions at government healthcare facilities across the country rather than placing them in permanent posts in the Public Service Department. Social media chronicles the issues that doctors in Malaysia faced. However, tensions culminated when and contract doctors called for a strike which ended up taking place in late July 2021. BACKGROUND Over the past decade, HCW strikes have arisen mostly over wages, work hours, and administrative and financial factors.[4] In 2012, the British Medical Association organized a single “day of action” by boycotting non-urgent care as a response to government pension reforms.[5] In Ireland, doctors went on strike for a day in 2013 to protest the austerity measures implemented by the EU in response to the global economic crisis. It involved a dispute over long working hours (100 hours per week) which violated EU employment laws and more importantly put patients’ lives at risk.[6] The strike resulted in the cancellation of 15,000 hospital appointments, but emergencies services were continued. Other major strikes have been organized in the UK to negotiate better pay for HCWs in general and junior doctors’ contracts specifically.[7] During the COVID-19 pandemic, various strikes have also been organized in Hong Kong, the US, and Bolivia due to various pitfalls in managing the pandemic.[8] A recent strike in August 2020 by South Korean junior doctors and medical students was organized to protest a proposed medical reform plan which did not address wage stagnation and unfair labor practices.[9] These demands are somewhat similar to the proposed strike by contract doctors in Malaysia. As each national health system operates within a different setting, these strikes should be examined in detail to understand the degree of self-interest involved versus concerns for patient’s welfare. l. The Malaysia Strike An anonymous group planned the current strike in Malaysia. The group used social media, garnering the attention of various key stakeholders including doctors, patients, government, and medical councils.[10] The organizers of the strike referred to their planned actions as a hartal. (Although historically a hartal involved a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and other establishments as a form of civil disobedience, the Malaysian contract doctors pledged no disturbance to healthcare working hours or services and intend a walk-out that is symbolic and reflective of a strike.)[11] The call to action mainly involved showing support for the contract doctors with pictures and placards. The doctors also planned the walk-out.[12] Despite earlier employment, contract medical doctors face many inequalities as opposed to their permanent colleagues. These include differences in basic salary, provisions of leave, and government loans despite doing the same job. The system disadvantages contract doctors offering little to no job security and limited career progression. Furthermore, reports in 2020 showed that close to 4,000 doctors’ contracts were expected to expire by May 2022, leaving their futures uncertain.[13] Some will likely be offered an additional two years as the government faces pressure from the workers. Between December 2016 and May 2021, a total of 23,077 contract doctors were reportedly appointed as medical officers, with only 789 receiving permanent positions.[14] It has been suggested that they are appointed into permanent positions based on merit but the criteria for the appointments remain unclear. Those who fail to acquire a permanent position inevitably seek employment elsewhere. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been numerous calls for the government to absorb contract doctors into the public service as permanent staff with normal benefits. This is important considering a Malaysian study that revealed that during the pandemic over 50 percent of medical personnel feel burned out while on duty.[15] This effort might be side-lined as the government prioritizes curbing the pandemic. As these issues remain neglected, the call for a strike should be viewed as a cry for help to reignite the discussions about these issues. ll. Right to strike The right to strike is recognized as a fundamental human right by the UN and the EU.[16] Most European countries also protect the right to strike in their national constitutions.[17] In the US, the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 prohibited healthcare workers of non-profit hospitals to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. But this exclusion was repealed in 1947 and replaced with the requirement of a 10-day advanced written notice prior to any strike action.[18] Similarly, Malaysia also recognizes the right to dispute over labor matters, either on an individual or collective basis. The Industrial Relations Act (IRA) of 1967[19] describes a strike as: “the cessation of work by a body of workers acting in combination, or a concerted refusal or a refusal under a common understanding of a number of workers to continue to work or to accept employment, and includes any act or omission by a body of workers acting in combination or under a common understanding, which is intended to or does result in any limitation, restriction, reduction or cessation of or dilatoriness in the performance or execution of the whole or any part of the duties connected with their employment” According to the same act, only members of a registered trade union may legally participate in a strike with prior registration from the Director-General of Trade Unions.[20] Under Section 43 of the IRA, any strike by essential services (including healthcare) requires prior notice of 42 days to their employer.[21] Upon receiving the notice, the employer is responsible for reporting the particulars to the Director-General of Industrial Relations to allow a “cooling-off” period and appropriate action. Employees are also protected from termination if permitted by the Director-General and strike is legalized. The Malaysian contract healthcare workers’ strike was announced and transparent. Unfortunately, even after legalization, there is fear that the government may charge those participating in the legalized strike.[22] The police have announced they will pursue participants in the strike.[23] Even the Ministry of Health has issued a warning stating that those participating in the strike may face disciplinary actions from the ministry. However, applying these laws while ignoring the underlying issues may not bode well for the COVID-19 healthcare crisis. lll. Effects of a Strike on Health Care There is often an assumption that doctors’ strikes would unavoidably cause significant harm to patients. However, a systematic review examining several strikes involving physicians reported that patient mortality remained the same or fell during the industrial action.[24] A study after the 2012 British Medical Association strike has even shown that there were fewer in-hospital deaths on the day, both among elective and emergency populations, although neither difference was significant.[25] Similarly, a recent study in Kenya showed declines in facility-based mortality during strike months.[26] Other studies have shown no obvious changes in overall mortality during strikes by HCWs.[27] There is only one report of increased mortality associated with a strike in South Africa[28] in which all the doctors in the Limpopo province stopped providing any treatment to their patients for 20 consecutive days. During this time, only one hospital continued providing services to a population of 5.5 million people. Even though their data is incomplete, authors from this study found that the number of emergency room visits decreased during the strike, but the risks of mortality in the hospital for these patients increased by 67 percent.[29] However, the study compared the strike period to a randomly selected 20-day period in May rather than comparing an average of data taken from similar dates over previous years. This could greatly influence variations between expected annual hospital mortality possibly due to extremes in weather that may exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as heart failure during warmer months or selecting months with a higher incidence of viral illness such as influenza. Importantly, all strikes ensured that emergency services were continued, at least to the degree that is generally offered on weekends. Furthermore, many doctors still provide usual services to patients despite a proclaimed strike. For example, during the 2012 BMA strike, less than one-tenth of doctors were estimated to be participating in the strike.[30] Emergency care may even improve during strikes, especially those involving junior doctors who are replaced by more senior doctors.[31] The cancellation of elective surgeries may also increase the number of doctors available to treat emergency patients. Furthermore, the cancellation of elective surgery is likely to be responsible for transient decreases in mortality. Doctors also may get more rest during strike periods. Although doctor strikes do not seem to increase patient mortality, they can disrupt delivery of healthcare.[32] Disruptions in delivery of service from prolonged strikes can result in decline of in-patient admissions and outpatient service utilization, as suggested during strikes in the UK in 2016.[33] When emergency services were affected during the last strike in April, regular service was also significantly affected. Additionally, people might need to seek alternative sources of care from the private sector and face increased costs of care. HCWs themselves may feel guilty and demotivated because of the strikes. The public health system may also lose trust as a result of service disruption caused by high recurrence of strikes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, as the healthcare system remains stretched, the potential adverse effects resulting from doctor strikes remain uncertain and potentially disruptive. In the UK, it is an offence to “willfully and maliciously…endanger human life or cause serious bodily injury.”[34] Likewise, the General Medical Council (GMC) also requires doctors to ensure that patients are not harmed or put at risk by industrial action. In the US, the American Medical Association code of ethics prohibits strikes by physicians as a bargaining tactic, while allowing some other forms of collective bargaining.[35] However, the American College of Physicians prohibits all forms of work stoppages, even when undertaken for necessary changes to the healthcare system. Similarly, the Delhi Medical Council in India issued a statement that “under no circumstances doctors should resort to strike as the same puts patient care in serious jeopardy.”[36] On the other hand, the positions taken by the Malaysian Medical Council (MMC) and Malaysian Medical Association (MMA) on doctors’ strikes are less clear when compared to their Western counterparts. The MMC, in their recently updated Code of Professional Conduct 2019, states that “the public reputation of the medical profession requires that every member should observe proper standards of personal behavior, not only in his professional activities but at all times.” Strikes may lead to imprisonment and disciplinary actions by MMC for those involved. Similarly, the MMA Code of Medical Ethics published in 2002 states that doctors must “make sure that your personal beliefs do not prejudice your patients' care.”[37] The MMA which is traditionally meant to represent the voices of doctors in Malaysia, may hold a more moderate position on strikes. Although HCW strikes are not explicitly mentioned in either professional body’s code of conduct and ethics, the consensus is that doctors should not do anything that will harm patients and they must maintain the proper standard of behaviors. These statements seem too general and do not represent the complexity of why and how a strike could take place. Therefore, it has been suggested that doctors and medical organizations should develop a new consensus on issues pertaining to medical professional’s social contract with society while considering the need to uphold the integrity of the profession. Experts in law, ethics, and medicine have long debated whether and when HCW strikes can be justified. If a strike is not expected to result in patient harm it is perhaps acceptable.[38] Although these debates have centered on the potential risks that strikes carry for patients, these actions also pose risks for HCWs as they may damage morale and reputation.[39] Most fundamentally, strikes raise questions about what healthcare workers owe society and what society owes them. For strikes to be morally permissible and ethical, it is suggested that they must fulfil these three criteria:[40] a. Strikes should be proportionate, e., they ‘should not inflict disproportionate harm on patients’, and hospitals should as a minimum ‘continue to provide at least such critical services as emergency care.’ b. Strikes should have a reasonable hope of success, at least not totally futile however tough the political rhetoric is. c. Strikes should be treated as a last resort: ‘all less disruptive alternatives to a strike action must have been tried and failed’, including where appropriate ‘advocacy, dissent and even disobedience’. The current strike does not fulfil the criteria mentioned. As Malaysia is still burdened with a high number of COVID-19 cases, a considerable absence of doctors from work will disrupt health services across the country. Second, since the strike organizer is not unionized, it would be difficult to negotiate better terms of contract and career paths. Third, there are ongoing talks with MMA representing the fraternity and the current government, but the time is running out for the government to establish a proper long-term solution for these contract doctors. One may argue that since the doctors’ contracts will end in a few months with no proper pathways for specialization, now is the time to strike. However, the HCW right to strike should be invoked only legally and appropriately after all other options have failed. CONCLUSION The strike in Malaysia has begun since the drafting of this paper. Doctors involved assure that there will not be any risk to patients, arguing that the strike is “symbolic”.[41] Although an organized strike remains a legal form of industrial action, a strike by HCWs in Malaysia poses various unprecedented challenges and ethical dilemmas, especially during the pandemic. The anonymous and uncoordinated strike without support from the appropriate labor unions may only spark futile discussions without affirmative actions. It should not have taken a pandemic or a strike to force the government to confront the issues at hand. It is imperative that active measures be taken to urgently address the underlying issues relating to contract physicians. As COVID-19 continues to affect thousands of people, a prompt reassessment is warranted regarding the treatment of HCWs, and the value placed on health care. [1] Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia, “Current situation of COVID-19 in Malaysia.” http://covid-19.moh.gov.my/terkini (accessed Jul. 01, 2021). [2] “Future of 4,000 young doctors who are contract medical officers uncertain,” New Straits Times - November 26, 2020. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/11/644563/future-4000-young-doctors-who-are-contract-medical-officers-uncertain [3] “Malaysia doctors strike, parliament meets as COVID strain shows,” Al Jazeera, July 26, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/malaysia-doctors-strike-parliament-meets-as-covid-strains-grow [4] R. Essex and S. M. Weldon, “Health Care Worker Strikes and the Covid Pandemic,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 384, no. 24, p. e93, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2103327; G. Russo et al., “Health workers’ strikes in low-income countries: the available evidence,” Bull. World Health Organ., vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 460-467H, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.2471/BLT.18.225755. [5] M. Ruiz, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “A retrospective study of the impact of the doctors’ strike in England on 21 June 2012,” J. R. Soc. Med., vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 362–369, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0141076813490685. [6] E. Quinn, “Irish Doctors Strike to Protest Work Hours Amid Austerity,” The Wall Street Journal, 2013. https://www.wsj.com/articles/no-headline-available-1381217911?tesla=y (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [7] “NHS workers back strike action in pay row by 2-to-1 margin,” The Guardian, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/sep/18/nhs-workers-strike-pay-unison-england (accessed Jun. 29, 2021); M. Limb, “Thousands of junior doctors march against new contract,” BMJ, p. h5572, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h5572. [8] J. Parry, “China coronavirus: Hong Kong health staff strike to demand border closure as city records first death,” BMJ, vol. 368, no. February, p. m454, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1136/bmj.m454; “MultiCare healthcare workers strike, urging need for more PPEs, staff support,” Q13 FOX, 2020. https://www.q13fox.com/news/health-care-workers-strike-urging-need-for-ppes-risks-on-patient-safety (accessed Jun. 29, 2021); “Bolivia healthcare workers launch strike in COVID-hit region,” Al Jazeera, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/9/bolivia-healthcare-workers-strike-covid-hit-region (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [9] K. Arin, “Why are Korean doctors striking?” The Korea Herald, 2020. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200811000941 (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [10] “Hartal Doktor Kontrak,” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/hartaldoktorkontrak. [11] “Hartal,” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/hartal (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [12] “Hartal Doktor Kontrak,” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/hartaldoktorkontrak. [13] R. Anand, “Underpaid and overworked, Malaysia’s contract doctors’ revolt amid Covid-19 surge,” The Straits Times, 2021. [14] Anand. [15] N. S. Roslan, M. S. B. Yusoff, A. R. Asrenee, and K. Morgan, “Burnout prevalence and its associated factors among Malaysian healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic: An embedded mixed-method study,” Healthc., vol. 9, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.3390/healthcare9010090. [16] Maina Kiai, “Report by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://freeassembly.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/A.71.385_E.pdf. [17] ETUI contributors, Strike rules in the EU27 and beyond. The European Trade Union Institute. ETUI, 2007. [18] National Labor Relations Board, National Labor Relations Act. 1935, pp. 151–169. [19] Ministry of Human Resources, Industrial Relations Act 1967 (Act 177), no. October. 2015, pp. 1–76. [20] Article 10 of the Federal Constitution states that all citizens have the right to form associations including registered trade or labor unions. A secret ballot with two-third majority will suffice to call for a strike required for submission to the DGTU within 7 days as stated in Section 25(A) of the Trade Union Act 1959. [21] Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia, Guidelines on Strikes, Pickets and Lockouts in Malaysia. Putrajaya, 2011. [22] Ordinance Emergency which was declared in Malaysia since 12 January 2021. Under the Ordinance Emergency, the king or authorized personnel may, as deemed necessary, demand any resources. [23] “Malaysia doctors strike, parliament meets as COVID strain shows,” Al Jazeera, July 26, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/malaysia-doctors-strike-parliament-meets-as-covid-strains-grow [24] S. A. Cunningham, K. Mitchell, K. M. Venkat Narayan, and S. Yusuf, “Doctors’ strikes and mortality: A review,” Soc. Sci. Med., vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 1784–1788, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.044. [25] M. Ruiz, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “A retrospective study of the impact of the doctors’ strike in England on 21 June 2012,” J. R. Soc. Med., vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 362–369, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0141076813490685. [26] G. K. Kaguthi, V. Nduba, and M. B. Adam, “The impact of the nurses’, doctors’ and clinical officer strikes on mortality in four health facilities in Kenya,” BMC Health Serv. Res., vol. 20, no. 1, p. 469, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05337-9. [27] G. Ong’ayo et al., “Effect of strikes by health workers on mortality between 2010 and 2016 in Kilifi, Kenya: a population-based cohort analysis,” Lancet Glob. Heal., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. e961–e967, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (19)30188-3. [28] M. M. Z. U. Bhuiyan and A. Machowski, “Impact of 20-day strike in Polokwane Hospital (18 August - 6 September 2010),” South African Med. J., vol. 102, no. 9, p. 755, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.6045. [29] M. M. Z. U. Bhuiyan and A. Machowski, “Impact of 20-day strike in Polokwane Hospital (18 August - 6 September 2010),” South African Med. J., vol. 102, no. 9, p. 755, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.6045. [30] M. Ruiz, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “A retrospective study of the impact of the doctors’ strike in England on 21 June 2012,” J. R. Soc. Med., vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 362–369, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0141076813490685. [31] D. Metcalfe, R. Chowdhury, and A. Salim, “What are the consequences when doctors strike?” BMJ, vol. 351, no. November, pp. 1–4, 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6231. [32] D. Waithaka et al., “Prolonged health worker strikes in Kenya- perspectives and experiences of frontline health managers and local communities in Kilifi County,” Int. J. Equity Health, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2020, doi: 10.1186/s12939-020-1131-y. [33] The study has shown that there were 9.1% reduction in admissions and around 6% fewer emergency cases and outpatient appointments than expected. An additional 52% increase in expected outpatient appointments cancelations were made by hospitals during that period. D. Furnivall, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “Retrospective analysis of the national impact of industrial action by English junior doctors in 2016,” BMJ Open, vol. 8, no. 1, p. e019319, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019319. [34] D. Metcalfe, R. Chowdhury, and A. Salim, “What are the consequences when doctors strike?” BMJ, vol. 351, no. November, pp. 1–4, 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6231. [35] R. Essex and S. M. Weldon, “Health Care Worker Strikes and the Covid Pandemic,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 384, no. 24, p. e93, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2103327. [36] M. Selemogo, “Criteria for a just strike action by medical doctors,” Indian J. Med. Ethics, vol. 346, no. 21, pp. 1609–1615, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.20529/IJME.2014.010. [37] Malaysian Medical Association, “Malaysian Medical Association Official Website.” https://mma.org.my (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [38] M. Toynbee, A. A. J. Al-Diwani, J. Clacey, and M. R. Broome, “Should junior doctors strike?” J. Med. Ethics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 167–170, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-103310. [39] R. Essex and S. M. Weldon, “Health Care Worker Strikes and the Covid Pandemic,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 384, no. 24, p. e93, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2103327. [40] M. Selemogo, “Criteria for a just strike action by medical doctors,” Indian J. Med. Ethics, vol. 346, no. 21, pp. 1609–1615, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.20529/IJME.2014.010; A. J. Roberts, “A framework for assessing the ethics of doctors’ strikes,” J. Med. Ethics, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 698–700, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1136/medethics-2016-103395. [41] “Malaysia doctors strike, parliament meets as COVID strain shows,” Al Jazeera, July 26, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/malaysia-doctors-strike-parliament-meets-as-covid-strains-grow

AbstractObjective. To describe the effects of wearing individual protection equipment against biological hazard when performing a simulated resuscitation.Methods. Uncontrolled quasi-experimental study involving 47 volunteers chosen by random sampling stratified by sex and professional category. We determined vital signs, anthropometric parameters and baseline lactate levels; subsequently, the volunteers put on level D individual protection equipment against biological hazard and performed a simulated resuscitation for 20 minutes. After undressing and 10 minutes of rest, blood was extracted again to determine lactate levels. Metabolic fatigue was defined as a level of lactic acid above 4 mmol/L at the end of the intervention.Results. 25.5% of the participants finished the simulation with an unfavorable metabolic tolerance pattern. The variables that predict metabolic fatigue were the level of physical activity and bone mass -in a protective formand muscle mass. People with a low level of physical activity had ten times the probability of metabolic fatigue compared to those with higher levels of activity (44% versus 4.5%, respectively).Conclusion. Professionals who present a medium or high level of physical activity tolerate resuscitation tasks better with a level D individual biological protection suit in a simulated resuscitation.Descriptors: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; personal protective equipment; anaerobic threshold; containment of biohazards; stress, physiological.How to cite this article: Martín-Rodríguez F. Metabolic fatigue in resuscitators using personal protection equipment against biological hazard. Invest. Educ. Enferm. 2019; 37(2):e04ReferencesBarsuk JH, Cohen ER, Wayne DB, Siddall VJ, McGaghie WC. Developing a Simulation-Based Mastery Learning Curriculum: Lessons from 11 Years of Advanced Cardiac Life Support. Simul. Healthc. 2016; 11(1):52–9. Kwon JH, Burnham CAD, Reske KA, Liang SY, Hink T, Wallace MA, et al. Assessment of Healthcare Worker Protocol Deviations and Self-Contamination During Personal Protective Equipment Donning and Doffing. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2017; 38(9):1077-83. Schoch-Spana M, Cicero A, Adalja A, Gronvall G, Kirk Sell T, Meyer D, et al. Global Catastrophic Biological Risks: Toward a Working Definition. Health Secur. 2017; 15(4):323-8. Millett P, Snyder-Beattie A. Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity. Health Secur. 2017; 15(4):373-83. Fogel I, David O, Balik CH, Eisenkraft A, Poles L, Shental O, et al. The association between self-perceived proficiency of personal protective equipment and objective performance: An observational study during a bioterrorism simulation drill. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2017; 45(11): 1238-42. Calfee MW, Tufts J, Meyer K, McConkey K, Mickelsen L, Rose L, et al. Evaluation of standardized sample collection, packaging, and decontamination procedures to assess cross-contamination potential during Bacillus anthracis incident response operations. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2016; 13(12): p. 980-92. Narayanan N, Lacy CR, Cruz JE, Nahass M, Karp J, Barone JA, et al. Disaster Preparedness: Biological Threats and Treatment Options. Pharmacotherapy. 2018; 38(2):217-34. Hunt L, Gupta-Wright A, Simms V, al. e. Clinical presentation, biochemical, and haematological parameters and their association with outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2015; 15(11):1292–9. Nicaise V. The Sensitivity And Specificity Of The IPAQ For Detecting Intervention Related Changes In Physical Activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(Sup. 1):607. van Poppel MNM, Chinapaw MJM, Mokkink LB, van Mechelen W, Terwee CB. Physical activity questionnaires for adults: A systematic review of measurement properties. Sports Med. 2010; 40(7):565-600. Baur DA, Bach CW, Hyder WJ, Ormsbee MJ. Fluid retention, muscle damage, and altered body composition at the Ultraman triathlon. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2016; 116(3):447-58. Spartano LN, Lyass GA, Larson DM, Lewis SG, Vasan SR. Abstract 19256: Predicting Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure and Heart Rate at 20 Years of Follow-up: Correlates in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2015; 132(3):A19256-A19256. Jayasinghe S, Lambert G, Torres S, Fraser S, Eikelis N, Turner A. Hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis and sympatho-adrenal medullary system responses to psychological stress were not attenuated in women with elevated physical fitness levels. Endocrine. 2016; 51(2):369-79. Pattani R, Marquez C, Dinyarian C, Sharma M, Bain J, Moore JE, et al. The perceived organizational impact of the gender gap across a Canadian department of medicine and proposed strategies to combat it: a qualitative study. BMC Medicine. 2018; 16(1): p. 48. ¿Morales‐Alamo D, Losa‐Reyna J, Torres‐Peralta R, Martin‐Rincon M, Perez‐Valera M, Curtelin D, ¿et al. What limits performance during whole‐body incremental exercise to exhaustion in humans? J. Physiol. 2015; 593(20):4631–48. Hall MM, Rajasekaran S, Thomsen TW, Peterson AR. Lactate: Friend or Foe. PM R. 2016; 8(3):S8-S15. Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Petruzzello SJ. Practical markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during exercise: rationale and a case for affect-based exercise prescription. Prev. Med. 2014; 38(2):149-59. Vikmoen O, Raastad T, Seynnes O, Bergstrøm K, Ellefsen S, Rønnestad BR. Effects of Heavy Strength Training on Running Performance and Determinants of Running Performance in Female Endurance Athletes. PLoS One. 2016; 11(3):e0150. Devlin J, Paton B, Poole L, Sun W, Ferguson C, Wilson J, et al. d lactate clearance after maximal exercise depends on active recovery intensity. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 2014; 54(3):271-8. Szarpak L, Madziała M, Smereka J. Comparison of endotracheal intubation performed with 3 devices by paramedics wearing chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear personal protective equipment. Am. J. Emerg Med. 2016; 34(9):1902-3. Szarpak L, Ramirez JG, Buljan D, Drozd A, Madziała M, Czyzewski L. Comparison of Bone Injection Gun and Jamshidi intraosseous access devices by paramedics with and without chemical-biological-radiological-nuclear personal protective equipment: a randomized, crossover, manikin trial. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2016; 34(7):1307-8. Szarpak L, Truszewski Z, Smereka J, Madziała M, Czyzewski L. Comparison of two intravascular access techniques when using CBRN-PPE: A randomized crossover manikin trial. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2016; 34(6):1170-2. Szarpak L, Truszewski Z, Gałązkowski R, Czyzewski L. Comparison of two chest compression techniques when using CBRN-PPE: a randomized crossover manikin trial. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2016; 34(5): 913-5. Stein C, Makkink A, Vincent-Lambert C. The effect of physical exertion in chemical and biological personal protective equipment on physiological function and reaction time. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010; 14(1):36-44. Ji T, Qian X, Yuan M, Jiang J. Experimental study of thermal comfort on stab resistant body armor. Springerplus. 2016; 5(1):1168. Carter H, Amlôt R. Mass Casualty Decontamination Guidance and Psychosocial Aspects of CBRN Incident Management: A Review and Synthesis. PLoS Curr. 2016; September 27; 8. Verbeek JH. Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016; 4:CD011621. Coca A. Physiological Evaluation of Personal Protective Ensembles Recommended for Use in West Africa. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2017; 11(5): 580-6.

Aligning protein-protein interaction networks from different species is a useful mechanism for figuring out orthologous proteins, predicting/verifying protein unknown functions or constructing evolutionary relationships. The network alignment problem is proved to be NP-hard, requiring exponential-time algorithms, which is not feasible for the fast growth of biological data. In this paper, we present a novel protein-protein interaction global network alignment algorithm, which is enhanced with an extended large neighborhood search heuristics. Evaluated on benchmark datasets of yeast, fly, human and worm, the proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art. Furthermore, the complexity of ours is polynomial, thus being scalable to large biological networks in practice. Keywords Heuristic, Protein-protein interaction networks, network alignment, neighborhood search References [1] R.L. Finley, R. Brent, Interaction mating reveals binary and ternary connections between drosophila cell cycle regulators. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91 (1994) 12980-12984.[2] R. Aebersold, M. Mann, Mass spectrometry-based proteomics, Nature. 422 (2003) 198-207.[3] C.S. Goh, F.R. Cohen, Co-evolutionary analysis reveals insights into protein-protein interactions, J. Mol. Biol. 324 (2002) 177-192.[4] J.D. Han et al, Evidence for dynamically organized modularity in the yeast proteinprotein interaction network, Nature. 430 (2004) 88-93.[5] G.D. Bader, C.W. Hogue, Analyzing yeast protein-protein interaction data obtained from different sources, Nat. Biotechnol. 20 (2002) 991-997.[6] H.B. Hunter et al, Evolutionary rate in the protein interaction network, Science. 296 (2002) 750-752.[7] J. Dutkowski, J. Tiuryn,J, Identification of functional modules from conserved ancestral protein-protein interactions, Bioinformatics. 23 (2007) i149-i158.[8] B.P. Kelley et al, Conserved pathways within bacteria and yeast as revealed by global protein network alignment, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 100 (2003) 11394-11399.[9] O. Kuchaiev, N. Przˇ ulj, Integrative network alignment reveals large regions of global network similarity in yeast and human, Bioinformatics. 27 (2011) 1390-1396.[10] M. Remm et al, Automatic clustering of orthologs and in-paralogs from pairwise species comparisons, J. Mol. Biol. 314 (2001) 1041-1052. [11] L. Chindelevitch et al, Local optimization for global alignment of protein interaction networks, In: Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, Hawaii, USA, 2010, pp. 123-132.[12] E. hmet, Aladağ, Cesim Erten, SPINAL: scalable protein interaction network alignment, Bioinformatics. Volume 29(7) (2013) 917-924. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt071.[13] B.P. Kelley et al, Pathblast: a tool for alignment of protein interaction networks, Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (2004) 83-88.[14] R. Sharan et al, Conserved patterns of protein interaction in multiple species, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 102 (2005) 1974-1979.[15] M. Koyuturk et al, Pairwise alignment of protein interaction networks, J. Comput. Biol. 13 (2006) 182-199.[16] M. Narayanan, R.M. Karp, Comparing protein interaction networks via a graph match-and-split algorithm, J. Comput. Biol. 14 (2007) 892-907.[17] J. Flannick et al, Graemlin: general and robust alignment of multiple large interaction networks, Genome Res. 16 (2006) 1169-1181.[18] R. Singh et al, Global alignment of multiple protein interaction networks. In: Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, 2008, pp. 303-314.[19] M. Zaslavskiy et al, Global alignment of protein-protein interaction networks by graph matching methods, Bioinformatics. 25 (2009) 259-267.[20] L. Chindelevitch, Extracting information from biological networks. PhD Thesis, Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 2010.[21] Do Duc Dong et al, An efficient algorithm for global alignment of protein-protein interaction networks, Proceeding of ATC15, 2015, pp. 332-336.[22] S. Ropke, D. Pisinger, An Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search Heuristic for the Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows. Transportation Science. 40 (2006) 455-472. https:// doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1050.0135.[23] P. Shaw, A new local search algorithm providing high quality solutions to vehicle routing problems, Technical report, Department of Computer Science, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, 1997.[24] Roman Lutz, Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search, Bachelor thesis, Ulm University, 2014.[25] M.A. Trick, A linear relaxation heuristic for the generalized assignment prob-lem, Naval Research Logistics. 39 (1992) 137-151.[26] J.Y. Potvin, M. Rousseau, Parallel Route Building Algorithm for the Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problem with Time Windows, European Journal of Operational Research. 66(3) (1993) pp. 331-340.[27] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Network-alignment-a-A-dashed-arrow-from-a-node-i-V1-from-the-first-network-G1-V1-E_fig1_24017968[28] J.M. Peter, Van Laarhoven, H.L. Emile, Aarts. Simulated annealing. Springer, 1987.

Alex Abou-Chebl, MD Michael Abraham, MD Joseph E. Acker, III, EMT-P, MPH Robert Adams, MD, MS, FAHA Eric Adelman, MD Opeolu Adeoye, MD DeAnna L. Adkins, PhD Maria Aguilar, MD Absar Ahmed, MD Naveed Akhtar, MD Rufus Akinyemi, MBBS, MSc, MWACP, FMCP(Nig) Karen C. Albright, DO, MPH Felipe Albuquerque, MD Andrei V. Alexandrov, MD Abdulnasser Alhajeri, MD Latisha Ali, MD Nabil J. Alkayed, MD, PhD, FAHA Amer Alshekhlee, MD, MSc Irfan Altafullah, MD Arun Paul Amar, MD Pierre Amarenco, MD, FAHA, FAAN Sepideh Amin-Hanjani, MD, FAANS, FACS, FAHA Catherine Amlie-Lefond, MD Aaron M. Anderson, MD David C. Anderson, MD, FAHA Sameer A. Ansari, MD, PhD Ken Arai, PhD Agnieszka Ardelt, MD, PhD Juan Arenillas, MD PhD William Armstead, PhD, FAHA Jennifer L. Armstrong-Wells, MD, MPH Negar Asdaghi, MD, MSc, FRCPC Nancy D. Ashley, APRN,BC, CEN,CCRN,CNRN Stephen Ashwal, MD Andrew Asimos, MD Rand Askalan, MD, PhD Kjell Asplund, MD Richard P. Atkinson, MD, FAHA Issam A. Awad, MD, MSc, FACS, MA (hon) Hakan Ay, MD, FAHA Michael Ayad, MD, PhD Cenk Ayata, MD Aamir Badruddin, MD Hee Joon Bae, MD, PhD Mark Bain, MD Tamilyn Bakas, PhD, RN, FAHA, FAAN Frank Barone, BA, DPhil Andrew Barreto, MD William G. Barsan, MD, FACEP, FAHA Nicolas G. Bazan, MD, PhD Kyra Becker, MD, FAHA Ludmila Belayev, MD Rodney Bell, MD Andrei B. Belousov, PhD Susan L. Benedict, MD Larry Benowitz, PhD Rohit Bhatia, MBBS, MD, DM, DNB Pratik Bhattacharya, MD MPh James A. Bibb, PhD Jose Biller, MD, FACP, FAAN, FAHA Randie Black Schaffer, MD, MA Kristine Blackham, MD Bernadette Boden-Albala, DrPH Cesar Borlongan, MA, PhD Susana M. Bowling, MD Monique M. B. Breteler, MD, PhD Jonathan Brisman, MD Allan L. Brook, MD, FSIR Robert D. Brown, MD, MPH Devin L. Brown, MD, MS Ketan R. Bulsara, MD James Burke, MD Cheryl Bushnell, MD, MHSc, FAHA Ken Butcher, MD, PhD, FRCPC Livia Candelise, MD S Thomas Carmichael, MD, PhD Bob S. Carter, MD, PhD Angel Chamorro, MD, PhD Pak H. Chan, PhD, FAHA Seemant Chaturvedi, MD, FAHA, FAAN Peng Roc Chen, MD Jun Chen, MD Eric Cheng, MD, MS Huimahn Alex Choi, MD Sherry Chou, MD, MMSc Michael Chow, MD, FRCS(C), MPH Marilyn Cipolla, PhD, MS, FAHA Kevin Cockroft, MD, MSc, FACS Domingos Coiteiro, MD Alexander Coon, MD Robert Cooney, MD Shelagh B. Coutts, BSc, MB.ChB., MD, FRCPC, FRCP(Glasg.) Elizabeth Crago, RN, MSN Steven C. Cramer, MD Carolyn Cronin, MD, PhD Dewitte T. Cross, MD Salvador Cruz-Flores, MD, FAHA Brett L. Cucchiara, MD, FAHA Guilherme Dabus, MD M Ziad Darkhabani, MD Stephen M. Davis, MD, FRCP, Edin FRACP, FAHA Deidre De Silva, MBBS, MRCP Amir R. Dehdashti, MD Gregory J. del Zoppo, MD, MS, FAHA Bart M. Demaerschalk, MD, MSc, FRCPC Andrew M. Demchuk, MD Andrew J. DeNardo, MD Laurent Derex, MD, PhD Gabrielle deVeber, MD Helen Dewey, MB, BS, PhD, FRACP, FAFRM(RACP) Mandip Dhamoon, MD, MPH Orlando Diaz, MD Martin Dichgans, MD Rick M. Dijkhuizen, PhD Michael Diringer, MD Jodi Dodds, MD Eamon Dolan, MD, MRCPI Amish Doshi, MD Dariush Dowlatshahi, MD, PhD, FRCPC Alexander Dressel, MD Carole Dufouil, MD Dylan Edwards, PhD Mitchell Elkind, MD, MS, FAAN Matthias Endres, MD Joey English, MD, PhD Conrado J. Estol, MD, PhD Mustapha Ezzeddine, MD, FAHA Susan C. Fagan, PharmD, FAHA Pierre B. Fayad, MD, FAHA Wende Fedder, RN, MBA, FAHA Valery Feigin, MD, PhD Johanna Fifi, MD Jessica Filosa, PhD David Fiorella, MD, PhD Urs Fischer, MD, MSc Matthew L. Flaherty, MD Christian Foerch, MD Gregg C. Fonarow, MD, FAHA Andria Ford, MD Christine Fox, MD, MAS Isabel Fragata, MD Justin Fraser, MD Don Frei, MD Gary H. Friday, MD, MPH, FAAN, FAHA Neil Friedman, MBChB Michael Froehler, MD, PhD Chirag D. Gandhi, MD Hannah Gardener, ScD Madeline Geraghty, MD Daniel P. Gibson, MD Glen Gillen, EdD, OTR James Kyle Goddard, III, MD Daniel A. Godoy, MD, FCCM Joshua Goldstein, MD, PhD, FAHA Nicole R. Gonzales, MD Hector Gonzalez, PhD Marlis Gonzalez-Fernandez, MD, PhD Philip B. Gorelick, MD, MPH, FAHA Matthew Gounis, PhD Prasanthi Govindarajan, MD Manu Goyal, MD, MSc Glenn D. Graham, MD, PhD Armin J. Grau, MD, PhD Joel Greenberg, PhD, FAHA Steven M. Greenberg, MD, PhD, FAHA David M. Greer, MD, MA, FCCM James C. Grotta, MD, FAHA Jaime Grutzendler, MD Rishi Gupta, MD Andrew Gyorke, MD Mary N. Haan, MPH, DrPH Roman Haberl, MD Maree Hackett, PhD Elliot Clark Haley, MD, FAHA Hen Hallevi, MD Edith Hamel, PhD Graeme J. Hankey, MBBS, MD, FRCP, FRCP, FRACP Amer Haque, MD Richard L. Harvey, MD Don Heck, MD Cathy M. Helgason, MD Thomas Hemmen, MD, PhD Dirk M. Hermann, MD Marta Hernandez, MD Paco Herson, PhD Michael D. Hill, MD, MSc, FRCPC Nancy K. Hills, PhD, MBA Robin C. Hilsabeck, PhD, ABPP-CN Judith A. Hinchey, MD, MS, FAHA Robert G. Holloway, MD, MPH William Holloway, MD Sherril K. Hopper, RN Jonathan Hosey, MD, FAAN George Howard, DPH, FAHA Virginia J. Howard, PhD, FAHA David Huang, MD, PhD Daniel Huddle, DO Richard L. Hughes, MD, FAHA, FAAN Lynn Hundley, RN, MSN, ARNP, CCRN, CNRN, CCNS Patricia D. Hurn, PhD, FAHA Muhammad Shazam Hussain, MD, FRCPC Costantino Iadecola, MD Rebecca N. Ichord, MD M. Arfan Ikram, MD Kachi Illoh, MD Pascal Jabbour, MD Bharathi D. Jagadeesan, MD Vivek Jain, MD Dara G. Jamieson, MD, FAHA Brian T. Jankowitz, MD Edward C. Jauch, MD, MS, FAHA, FACEP David Jeck, MD Sayona John, MD Karen C. Johnston, MD, FAHA S Claiborne Johnston, MD, FAHA Jukka Jolkkonen, PhD Stephen C. Jones, PhD, SM, BSc Theresa Jones, PhD Anne Joutel, MD, PhD Tudor G. Jovin, MD Mouhammed R. Kabbani, MD Yasha Kadkhodayan, MD Mary A. Kalafut, MD, FAHA Amit Kansara, MD Moira Kapral, MD, MS Navaz P. Karanjia, MD Wendy Kartje, MD, PhD Carlos S. Kase, MD, FAHA Scott E. Kasner, MD, MS, FAHA Markku Kaste, MD, PhD, FESO, FAHA Prasad Katakam, MD, PhD Zvonimir S. Katusic, MD Irene Katzan, MD, MS, FAHA James E. Kelly, MD Michael Kelly, MD, PhD, FRCSC Peter J. Kelly, MD, MS, FRCPI, ABPN (Dip) Margaret Kelly-Hayes, EdD, RN, FAAN David M. Kent, MD Thomas A. Kent, MD Walter Kernan, MD Salomeh Keyhani, MD, MPH Alexander Khalessi, MD, MS Nadia Khan, MD, FRCPC, MSc Naim Naji Khoury, MD, MS Chelsea Kidwell, MD, FAHA Anthony Kim, MD Howard S. Kirshner, MD, FAHA Adam Kirton, MD, MSc, FRCPC Brett M. Kissela, MD Takanari Kitazono, MD, PhD Steven Kittner, MD, MPH Jeffrey Kleim, PhD Dawn Kleindorfer, MD, FAHA N. Jennifer Klinedinst, PhD, MPH, MSN, RN William Knight, MD Adam Kobayashi, MD, PhD Sebastian Koch, MD Raymond C. Koehler, PhD, FAHA Ines P. Koerner, MD, PhD Martin Köhrmann, MD Anneli Kolk, PhD, MD John B. Kostis, MD Tobias Kurth, MD, ScD Peter Kvamme, MD Eduardo Labat, MD, DABR Daniel T. Lackland, BA, DPH, FAHA Kamakshi Lakshminarayan, MD, PhD Joseph C. LaManna, PhD Catherine E. Lang, PT, PhD Maarten G. Lansberg, MD, PhD, MS Giuseppe Lanzino, MD Paul A. Lapchak, PhD, FAHA Sean Lavine, MD Ronald M. Lazar, PhD Marc Lazzaro, MD Jin-Moo Lee, MD, PhD Meng Lee, MD Ting-Yim Lee, PhD Erica Leifheit-Limson, PhD Enrique Leira, MD, FAHA Deborah Levine, MD, MPh Joshua M. Levine, MD Steven R. Levine, MD Christopher Lewandowski, MD Daniel J. Licht, MD Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH David S. Liebeskind, MD, FAHA Shao-Pow Lin, MD, PhD Weili Lin, PhD Ute Lindauer, PhD Italo Linfante, MD Lynda Lisabeth, PhD, FAHA Alice Liskay, RN, BSN, MPA, CCRC Warren Lo, MD W. T. Longstreth, MD, MPH, FAHA George A. Lopez, MD, PhD David Loy, MD, PhD Andreas R. Luft, MD Helmi Lutsep, MD, FAHA William Mack, MD Mark MacKay, MBBS, FRACP Jennifer Juhl Majersik, MD Marc D. Malkoff, MD, FAHA Randolph S. Marshall, MD John H. Martin, PhD Alexander Mason, MD Masayasu Matsumoto, MD, PhD Elizabeth Mayeda, MPH William G. Mayhan, PhD Avi Mazumdar, MD Louise D. McCullough, MD, PhD Erin McDonough, MD Lisa Merck, MD, MPH James F. Meschia, MD, FAHA Steven R. Messe, MD Joseph Mettenburg, MD,PhD William Meurer, MD BA Brett C. Meyer, MD Robert Mikulik, MD, PhD James M. Milburn, MD Kazuo Minematsu, MD, PhD J Mocco, MD, MS Yousef Mohammad, MD MSc FAAN Mahendranath Moharir, MD, MSc, FRACP Carlos A. Molina, MD Joan Montaner, MD PhD Majaz Moonis, MD, MRCP Christopher J. Moran, MD Henry Moyle, MD, PhD Susanne Muehlschlegel, MD, MPH Susanne Muehlschlegel, MD, MPH Yuichi Murayama, MD Stephanie J. Murphy, VMD, PhD, DACLAM, FAHA Fadi Nahab, MD Andrew M. Naidech, MD, MPh Ashish Nanda, MD Sandra Narayanan, MD William Neil, MD Edwin Nemoto, PhD, FAHA Lauren M. Nentwich, MD Perry P. Ng, MD Al C. Ngai, PhD Andrew D. Nguyen, MD, PhD Thanh Nguyen, MD, FRCPC Mai Nguyen-Huynh, MD, MAS Raul G. Nogueira, MD Bo Norrving, MD Robin Novakovic, MD Thaddeus Nowak, PhD David Nyenhuis, PhD Michelle C. Odden, PhD Michael O'Dell, MD Christopher S. Ogilvy, MD Jamary Oliveira-Filho, MD, PhD Jean Marc Olivot, MD, PhD Brian O'Neil, MD, FACEP Bruce Ovbiagele, MD, MSc, FAHA Shahram Oveisgharan, MD Mayowa Owolabi, MBBS,MWACP,FMCP Aditya S. Pandey, MD Dhruvil J. Pandya, MD Nancy D. Papesh, BSN, RN, CFRN, EMT-B Helena Parfenova, PhD Min S. Park, MD Matthew S. Parsons, MD Aman B. Patel, MD Srinivas Peddi, MD Joanne Penko, MS, MPH Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon, PhD, FAHA Paola Pergami, MD, PhD Michael Phipps, MD Anna M. Planas, PhD Octavio Pontes-Neto, MD Shyam Prabhakaran, MD, MS Kameshwar Prasad, MD, DM, MMSc, FRCP, FAMS Charles Prestigiacomo, MD, FAANS, FACS G. Lee Pride, MD Janet Prvu Bettger, ScD, FAHA Volker Puetz, MD, PhD Svetlana Pundik, MD Terence Quinn, MD, MRCP, MBChb (hons), BSc (hons) Alejandro Rabinstein, MD Mubeen Rafay, MB.BS, FCPS, MSc Preeti Raghavan, MD Venkatakrishna Rajajee, MD Kumar Rajamani, MD Peter A. Rasmussen, MD Kumar Reddy, MD Michael J. Reding, MD Bruce R. Reed, PhD Mathew J. Reeves, BVSc, PhD, FAHA Martin Reis, MD Marc Ribo, MD, PhD David Rodriguez-Luna, MD, PhD Charles Romero, MD Jonathan Rosand, MD Gary A. Rosenberg, MD Michael Ross, MD, FACEP Natalia S. Rost, MD, MA Elliot J. Roth, MD, FAHA Christianne L. Roumie, MD, MPH Marilyn M. Rymer, MD, FAHA Ralph L. Sacco, MS, MD, FAAN, FAHA Edgar A. Samaniego, MD, MS Navdeep Sangha, BS, MD Nerses Sanossian, MD Lauren Sansing, MD, MSTR Gustavo Saposnik, MD, MSc, FAHA Eric Sauvageau, MD Jeffrey L. Saver, MD, FAHA, FAAN Sean I. Savitz, MD, FAHA Judith D. Schaechter, PhD Lee H. Schwamm, MD, FAHA Phillip Scott, MD, FAHA Magdy Selim, MD, PhD, FAHA Warren R. Selman, MD, FAHA Souvik Sen, MD, MS, MPH, FAHA Frank Sharp, MD, FAHA, FAAN George Shaw, MD, PhD Kevin N. Sheth, MD Vilaas Shetty, MD Joshua Shimony, MD, PhD Yukito Shinohara, MD, PhD Ashfaq Shuaib, MD, FAHA Lori A. Shutter, MD Cathy A. Sila, MD, FAAN Gisele S. Silva, MD Brian Silver, MD Daniel E. Singer, MD Robert Singer, MD Aneesh B. Singhal, MD Lesli Skolarus, MD Eric E. Smith, MD Sabrina E. Smith, MD, PhD Christopher Sobey, PhD, FAHA J David Spence, MD Christian Stapf, MD Joel Stein, MD Michael F. Stiefel, MD, PhD Sophia Sundararajan, MD, PhD David Tanne, MD Robert W. Tarr, MD Turgut Tatlisumak, MD, PhD, FAHA, FESO Charles H. Tegeler, MD Mohamed S. Teleb, MD Fernando Testai, MD, PhD Ajith Thomas, MD Stephen Thomas, MD, MPH Bradford B. Thompson, MD Amanda Thrift, PhD, PGDipBiostat David Tong, MD Michel Torbey, MD, MPH, FCCM, FAHA Emmanuel Touze, MD, PhD Amytis Towfighi, MD Richard J. Traystman, PhD, FAHA Margaret F. Tremwel, MD, PhD, FAHA Brian Trimble, MD Georgios Tsivgoulis, MD Tanya Turan, MD, FAHA Aquilla S. Turk, DO Michael Tymianski, MD, PhD, FRCSC Philippa Tyrrell, MB, MD, FRCP Shinichiro Uchiyama, MD, FAHA Luis Vaca, MD Renee Van Stavern, MD Susan J. Vannucci, PhD Dale Vaslow, MD, PHD Zena Vexler, PhD Barbara Vickrey, MD, MPH Ryan Viets, MD Anand Viswanathan, MD, PhD Salina Waddy, MD Kenneth R. Wagner, PhD Lawrence R. Wechsler, MD Ling Wei, MD Theodore Wein, MD, FRCPC, FAHA Babu Welch, MD David Werring, PhD Justin Whisenant, MD Christine Anne Wijman, MD, PhD Michael Wilder, MD Joshua Willey, MD, MS David Williams, MB, BAO, BCh, PhD, Dip.Med.Tox, FRCPE, FRCPI Linda Williams, MD Olajide Williams, MD, MS Dianna Willis, PhD John A. Wilson, MD, FACS Jeffrey James Wing, MPH Carolee J. Winstein, PhD, PT, FAPTA Max Wintermark, MD Charles Wira, MD Robert J. Wityk, MD, FAHA Thomas J. Wolfe, MD Lawrence Wong, MD Daniel Woo, MD, MS Clinton Wright, MD, MS Guohua Xi, MD Ying Xian, MD, PhD Dileep R. Yavagal, MD Midori A. Yenari, MD, FAHA William L. Young, MD Darin Zahuranec, MD Allyson Zazulia, MD, FAHA Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri, PhD John H. Zhang, MD, PhD Justin Zivin, MD, PhD, FAHA Richard Zorowitz, MD, FAHA Maria Cristina Zurru, MD