Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „J.H. Downs (Firm)“

For a liquid film falling down along a vertical fibre, classical theory (Kalliadasis & Chang J. Fluid Mech., vol. 261, 1994, pp. 135–168; Yu & Hinch J. Fluid Mech., vol. 737, 2013, pp. 232–248) showed that drop formation can occur due to capillary instability when the Bond number $G=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}ga^{3}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}h_{0}$ is below the critical value $G_{c}\approx 0.60$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}$ is the fluid density, $g$ is the gravitational acceleration, $a$ is the fibre radius, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ is the surface tension and $h_{0}$ is the unperturbed film thickness. However, the experiment by Quéré (Europhys. Lett., vol. 13 (8), 1990, pp. 721–726) found $G_{c}\approx 0.71$, which is slightly greater than the above theoretical value. Here we offer a plausible way to resolve this discrepancy by including additional wall slip whose amount can be measured by the slip parameter $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}=3\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}/h_{0}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ is the slip length. Using lubrication theory, we find that wall slip promotes capillary instability and, hence, enhances drop formation. In particular, when slip effects are strong ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}\gg 1$), the transition films and the drop height scale as $(c/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC})^{-1/3}$ and $(c/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC})^{2/3}$, respectively, distinct from those found by Yu & Hinch for the no-slip case where $c$ is the travelling speed. In addition, for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}>1$, $G_{c}$ is found to increase with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$ according to $G_{c}\approx 0.7\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}^{1/3}$, offering a possible explanation why the $G_{c}$ found by Quéré is slightly greater than that predicted by the no-slip model. Using the above expression, the estimated slip length in Quéré’s experiment is found to be of the order of several micrometres, consistent with the typical slip length range 1–$10~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ for polymeric liquids such as silicone oil used in his experiment. The existence of wall slip in Quéré’s experiment is further supported by the observation that the film thinning kinetics exhibits the no-slip result $h\propto t^{-1/2}$ for early times and changes to the strong slip result $h\propto t^{-1}$, where $h$ is the film thickness. We also show that when the film is ultrathin, although capillary instability can become further amplified by strong slip effects, the instability can be arrested by the equally intensified gravity draining in the weakly nonlinear regime whose dynamics is governed by the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation.

To study electrostatic actuation, researchers commonly use a setup proposed by G. I. Taylor in [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 306 (1968), pp. 423–434]. It consists of soap film held at a distance h above a rigid plate so that when a voltage difference is applied between the two components, the top film deflects towards the bottom plate. The most striking feature of this system is when the voltage difference exceeds a critical value V*, the electrostatic forces dominate the surface forces and the soap film gets ‘pulled-into’ or collapses onto the bottom plate. This so-called ‘pull-in’ instability is a ubiquitous feature of electrostatic actuation and as a result, has been the subject of many studies. Recently, Siddique et al. [J. Electrostatics, 69 (2011), pp. 1–6] measured the value of V* as a function of the separation distance and found that the standard prediction breaks down as h increases. Here, we continue the work done in [N. D. Brubaker and J. A. Pelesko, European J. Appl. Math., 22 (2011), pp. 455–470] by investigating the cause of this discrepancy. Specifically, we model the effect of gravity on the generalized version of Taylor's model and study whether it provides the proper correction to the predicted value of V*. In doing so, we derive two nonlinear eigenvalue value problems and investigate their solutions sets.

Si capping layer is the most notable approach used in Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS);1-2 however, the Ge segregation and diffusion occurred during the growth of Si.3-4 The formation of undesirable GeOx is detrimental to the Ge nMOS reliability.5 This work focuses on using the scavenging process to reduce the segregated Ge atoms and to completely remove GeOx in the high-k/epi-Si/epi-Ge(001). We used high-resolution synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) to show the detailed development of Ge segregation and scavenging Ge using in-situ film growth, oxidation, and annealing. The Si films in 8Å thickness were grown on the epi-Ge(001) in a semiconductor molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) chamber.2 These samples were in-situ transferred to National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center in Taiwan for electronic structure studies using photoemission. Molecular oxygen was exposed to the epi-Si/epi-Ge(001) surfaces at 300°C in the photoemission chamber. The samples were then in-situ annealed at 500°C for 5 min under an ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The topmost surface of epi-Ge(001) is terminated with Ge-Ge buckled dimers.6 In the case of room-temperature grown amorphous Si (a-Si) film, the intensity of the Ge down-dimer component from the underlying epi-Ge remains as it is. The Ge up-dimer atoms were partly diffused into the a-Si film, and some of them were segregated to the top of the a-Si surface. The epi-Si grown at 260 - 280°C causes the rest of the Ge down-dimer atoms to move to the epi-Si surface to become both segregated Ge (segGe) and diffused Ge (diff-Ge). The growth of Si merely affects the topmost surface, and the Ge atoms in the second layer of the epi-Ge remain intact. A comparison of the amount of GeOx for HfO2/epi-Si/epi-Ge(001) and HfO2/epi-Ge(001) shows that the epi-Si has greatly reduced the amount of GeOx. However, the GeOx, segGe and diff-Ge components are still observed in the HfO2/epi-Si/Ge(001) samples. We have previously reported that three-time scavenging cycles have greatly reduced the amount of segGe and diff-Ge atoms in high-κ/epi-Si/n-Ge(001), thus decreasing electron traps.7 Each scavenging cycle includes room-temperature oxidation followed by thermal annealing. In this study, the oxidation of the as-grown epi-Si/epi-Ge(001) samples was performed at 300°C. It is worth noting that there is no GeOx formation on the surface after the thermal oxidation, which is different from the room-temperature oxidation of the epi-Si/epi-Ge(001) surfaces. In addition, the oxidation at 300°C affects part of the diff-Ge atoms to evaporate from the surface, which is also different from our previous work, where the diff-Ge component shows no change in intensity since the oxidation occurred at room temperature. The subsequent in-situ annealing at 500°C moved the residual Ge-boned Si (diff-Ge) inside the epi-Si to the surface to become part of the segGe atoms. In conclusion, we have used the aforementioned process to further reduce the segregated Ge, and thus the GeOx, on top of the epi-Si/epi-Ge(001). To whom the correspondence is addressed: mhong@phys.ntu.edu.tw (M. Hong), raynien@phys.nthu.edu.tw (J. Kwo), and pi@nsrrc.org.tw (T. W. Pi) Acknowledgments This work is supported by MOST 110-2112-M-002-036-, 110-2622-8-002-014-, 110-2923-M-002-001-, and 110-2112-M-213-012- of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan. Reference 1 H. Arimura, E. Capogreco, A. Vohra, C. Porret, R. Loo, E. Rosseel, A. Hikavyy, D. Cott, G. Boccardi, L. Witters, G. Eneman, J. Mitard, N. Collaert, and N. Horiguchi, IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet., 2.1.1−2.1.4 (2020). 2 H. W. Wan, Y. J. Hong, Y. T. Cheng, C. K. Cheng, C. H. Hsu, C. T. Wu, T. W. Pi, J. Kwo, and M. Hong, M., ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 3, 2164−2169 (2021). 3 R. Loo, H. Arimura, D. Cott, L. Witters, G. Pourtois, A. Schulze, B. Douhard, W. Vanherle, G. Eneman, O. Richard, P. Favia, J. Mitard, D. Mocuta, R. Langer, N. Collaert, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 7, 66−72 (2018). 4 Y. T. Cheng, H. W. Wan, C. K. Cheng, C. P. Cheng, J. Kwo, M. Hong, T. W. Pi, Appl. Phys. Express 13, 085504 (2020). 5 J. Franco, B. Kaczer, P. J. Roussel, J. Mitard, S. Sioncke, L. Witters, H. Mertens, T. Grasser, G. Groeseneken, IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet., 15.2.1−15.2.4 (2013). 6 Y. T. Cheng, Y. H. Lin, W. S. Chen, K. Y. Lin, H. W. Wan, C. P. Cheng, H. H. Cheng, J. Kwo, M. Hong, T. W. Pi, Appl. Phys. Express 10, 075701 (2017). 7 Y. T. Cheng, H. W. Wan, T. Y. Chu, T. W. Pi, J. Kwo, M. Hong, ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 3, 4484-4489 (2021).

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MoS2 is one of the promising 2D materials that caught the interest of many research fields[1], [2] due to their size-dependent tunable bandgap and attractive magnetic, optical, and electrical properties[3]. Furthermore, recently there has been a growing interest in utilizing MoS2 for solar cell applications that demonstrated measurable device enhancements[4]–[6]. Hence, there is a great interest in understanding its potential for solar energy harvesting. In this study, we show a simple method to deposit a 2D layer of MoS2 nanoparticles (NPs) on top of Aluminum-doped Zinc oxide (AZO) layer (transparent conductive oxide) and investigate its spectral response and potential for application in optoelectronic systems. A thin film of 80 nm AZO layer was grown on a 4-inch quartz wafer using thermal Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) with a 1:19 ratio which has shown good electrical and optical qualities for solar cell applications[7]. We deposited the MoS2 by spin-coating it on the AZO/quartz wafers for 40 sec at 1000 rpm. Incremental coating is carried on by dispersing seven layers with 500 μL of MoS2 in each step using a precise pipet to a cumulative dispersion volume of 3500 μL. The prepared samples were characterized using a UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda) across a wide range of wavelengths (250-1200 nm) by measuring both transmittance and reflectance and calculating absorbance. Furthermore, the base AZO/quartz and quartz background signal were measured before spin-coating as reference. The obtained data shows a high absorbance effect due to MoS2 NPs at low wavelengths (<400 nm), where it peaks around 340 nm with an approximate absorbance of ~6.7%. Upon further examination, we notice that this behavior is not linear across the whole spectrum and instead is a function of (i) wavelength and (ii) MoS2 quantity which could be partially due to the quantum confinement effect of several layers of stacked 3D MoS2 nanoparticles[8]. This phenomenon could open the possibility of utilizing this material for low-wavelength filters or UV sensing applications[9]. Also, it can potentially be utilized for quantum down-conversion[10] of high-energy photons to re-emit photons at lower energies in order to enhance solar cells’ efficiencies and reduce thermal burden; however, further investigation is needed. [1] P. Zhou, C. Chen, X. Wang, B. Hu, and H. San, “2-Dimentional photoconductive MoS2 nanosheets using in surface acoustic wave resonators for ultraviolet light sensing,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 271, pp. 389–397, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2017.12.007. [2] H. Dong et al., “Fluorescent MoS 2 Quantum Dots: Ultrasonic Preparation, Up-Conversion and Down-Conversion Bioimaging, and Photodynamic Therapy,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 3107–3114, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b10459. [3] K. F. Mak, C. Lee, J. Hone, J. Shan, and T. F. Heinz, “Atomically Thin MoS 2 : A New Direct-Gap Semiconductor,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 105, no. 13, p. 136805, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.136805. [4] Y. Tsuboi et al., “Enhanced photovoltaic performances of graphene/Si solar cells by insertion of a MoS 2 thin film,” Nanoscale, vol. 7, no. 34, pp. 14476–14482, 2015, doi: 10.1039/C5NR03046C. [5] N. A. Abd Malek et al., “Ultra-thin MoS2 nanosheet for electron transport layer of perovskite solar cells,” Optical Materials, vol. 104, p. 109933, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2020.109933. [6] Y.-J. Huang, H.-C. Chen, H.-K. Lin, and K.-H. Wei, “Doping ZnO Electron Transport Layers with MoS 2 Nanosheets Enhances the Efficiency of Polymer Solar Cells,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 10, no. 23, pp. 20196–20204, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b06413. [7] S. Abdul Hadi, G. Dushaq, and A. Nayfeh, “Effect of atomic layer deposited Al 2 O 3 :ZnO alloys on thin-film silicon photovoltaic devices,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 122, no. 24, p. 245103, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1063/1.4990871. [8] T. Li and G. Galli, “Electronic Properties of MoS 2 Nanoparticles,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 111, no. 44, pp. 16192–16196, Nov. 2007, doi: 10.1021/jp075424v. [9] Z. Lou et al., “High-performance MoS_2/Si heterojunction broadband photodetectors from deep ultraviolet to near infrared,” Opt. Lett., vol. 42, no. 17, p. 3335, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1364/OL.42.003335. [10] A. P. Sunitha, P. Praveen, M. K. Jayaraj, and K. J. Saji, “Upconversion and downconversion photoluminescence and optical limiting in colloidal MoS2 nanostructures prepared by ultrasonication,” Optical Materials, vol. 85, pp. 61–70, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2018.08.038. [11] Y. Wu et al., “Monolithic integration of MoS 2 -based visible detectors and GaN-based UV detectors,” Photon. Res., vol. 7, no. 10, p. 1127, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1364/PRJ.7.001127. Figure 1

New ferroelectric materials have been extensively studied for scaled non-volatile memory [1]. Among materials, Al1-x Sc x N (ASN) films are attracting attention owing to their high remnant polarization (Pr ) of over 100 µC/cm2 [2]. Although the material is started to be characterized, a high coercive field (E c) with a relatively high leakage current has been an issue. As reactive sputtering used to deposit nitrides is known to be influenced by the condition, in this study, we have changed the sputtering pressure for ASN deposition and characterized the ferroelectric properties. The composition of the ASN films is Al0.7Sc0.3N. Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors with 50-nm-thick ASN film capacitors with TiN electrodes were fabricated by a reactive sputtering process. We varied the sputtering pressure from 0.76 to 1.1 Pa. Figure 1 shows the leakage current (J-V) of the capacitors. The capacitor with a low-pressure ASN film shows a relatively low leakage current and a breakdown field (E BD) of 8 MV/cm which is high considering the bandgap of the ASN film to be 3.2 eV. On the other hand, the capacitor with a high-pressure ASN film showed a high leakage current with a reduced E BD of 5.2 MV/cm. As the leakage current is determined by the interface, stacking the ASN layers may result in reducing the leakage current while maintaining a high E BD. The leakage current of a capacitor with a 5-nm-thick low-pressure ASN at each interface and a 40-nm-thick high-pressure ASN film is also shown in fig. 1. We see a slight suppression in the leakage current and improvement in the E BD to be 6.2 MV/cm. P r of the capacitors were obtained by positive-up-negative-down (PUND) measurements. The pulse-height dependent P r is shown in fig. 2. The capacitor with a low-pressure ASN film revealed a high E c of 3.8 MV/cm, while the one with a high-pressure ASN film was 3.4 MV/cm. The capacitor with stacked ASN films showed the same E c of 3.4 MV/cm. The capacitors with single film showed a gradual change in the P r on the electric field. In the stacked one, in contrast, a sharp change in the electric field with a constant P r of 100 μC/cm2 was obtained. In conclusion, stacked ASN films deposited by different sputter pressures show reduced leakage current with a high breakdown field. Although the physical change by the pressure is still unknown, tailoring the interface and bulk regions has a possibility to further improve the ferroelectric properties. References [1] H. A. Hsain, et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 40, 010803 (2022). [2] S. Fichtner, et al., J. Appl. Phys., 125, 114103 (2019). Figure 1

Cold spray (CS) deposition is a solid-state deposition technique that finds applications in additive manufacturing, coating, and repairing damaged components. During the cold spray deposition process, feedstock particles are accelerated by compressed gas and impinged onto the substrate at high velocity. Bonding between particles and the surface being coated is established by the high kinetic energy released during collision rather than by added thermal energy. As the particles remain in the solid state during spraying, oxidation is minimized. Despite the partial removal of the native air-formed oxides by the jetting effect, residual oxide debris often remains along the particle boundaries within the sprayed objects as inclusions [1]. The oxide inclusions have attracted attention concerning their influence on the inter-particle bonding strength in the deposit [2]. However, little is known about whether they affect the material’s corrosion behavior. In this work, we report a preferential corrosion phenomenon observed in a CS Cu-diluted HNO3 system that is caused by the remaining oxide inclusions. A mechanism that integrates Cu-NO3 – catalytic corrosion cycles with confined geometry resulting from the dissolution of the oxide inclusions is proposed. Furthermore, we find that this corrosion phenomenon may be mitigated through microstructure engineering. Annealing the CS Cu at 600 °C consolidated the oxide inclusions with their distribution changed from continuous thin films to isolated spherical particles [3]. The propagation of the preferential corrosion is hence interrupted by the lack of interconnected pathways. Counterintuitively, Cl– can function as an inhibitor for this preferential corrosion. Preferential corrosion did not initiate when 1 mM Cl– was initially present in the solution and slowed down when Cl– was added after the preferential corrosion occurred. Reference [1] S. Yin, X. Wang, W. Li, H. Liao, H. Jie, Deformation behavior of the oxide film on the surface of cold sprayed powder particle, Applied Surface Science, 259 (2012) 294-300. [2] Y. Ichikawa, R. Tokoro, M. Tanno, K. Ogawa, Elucidation of cold-spray deposition mechanism by auger electron spectroscopic evaluation of bonding interface oxide film, Acta Materialia, 164 (2019) 39-49. [3] J. Tam, B. Yu, W. Li, D. Poirier, J.-G. Legoux, J.D. Giallonardo, J. Howe, U. Erb, The effect of annealing on trapped copper oxides in particle-particle interfaces of cold-sprayed Cu coatings, Scripta Materialia, 208 (2022) 114333.

Firm diversification is the level of development a firm undertakes both through the number of firms it manages and the level of its business segments (at least two business segments). Based on agency theory, companies with multi-segments are suspected of placing too large investment in their line of business with low investment opportunities. Meanwhile, according to market power theory, only conglomerate companies are able to diversify well. Previous research stated that even if conglomerate companies diversify, it may lead to firm performance’s loss. This study aims to determine the influence of diversification level, investment opportunities, firm size, leverage, and number of segments on the firm performance of manufacturing companies. The conclusion of this study shows that there is insufficient evidence that diversification level and number of segments has a negative influence on company performance. Also, there is insufficient evidence that leverage has a positive influence on company performance. Meanwhile, there is sufficient evidence that investment opportunities and firm size have a positive influence on firm performance. Keywords: Firm Performance, Diversification Level, Investment Opportunity, Company Size, Leverage, Number of Segments. References: Amyulianthy, R., & Sari, N. (2013). Pengaruh diversifikasi terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Binus Business Review, 4(1), 215–230. Aprilia, W., Rodhiyah, & Widiartanto. (2015). Analisis pengaruh kinerja keuangan perusahaan terhadap return saham perusahaan sektor jasa transportasi yang terdaftar di bursa efek Indonesia. Winindya Aprilia Jurusan Administrasi Bisnis , Universitas Diponegoro Semarang Jl . Prof . H Sudharto , SH . Tem. 1(1), 155. Berger, P. G., & Ofek, E. (1995). Diversification’s effect on firm value. Journal of Financial Economics, 37(1), 39–65. Bowerman, B. (2016). Business Statistics in Practice: Using Data, Modeling, and Analytics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Company, P., Jensen, C., & Meckling, H. (1976). Theory of the firm : managerial behavior , agency costs and ownership structure 1 . Introduction and summary In this paper WC draw on recent progress in the theory of ( 1 ) property rights , firm . In addition to tying together elements of the theory of e. 3, 305–360. Delinalie Chandra, Y. T. (2015). Pengaruh level diversifikasi, leverage, return on asset, umur perusahaan, dan sektor industri terhadap nilai perusahaan yang terdaftar di bei periode 2009–2011. Jurnal Akuntansi, 4(1). Harto, P. (2005). Kebijakan diversifikasi perusahaan dan pengaruhnya Terhadap kinerja: studi empiris pada Perusahaan publik di indonesia. Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. Kurniasari, S. E., & Tahun, E. T. (2014). Pengaruh Diversifikasi Usaha terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan yang Dimoderasi oleh Kepemilikan Manajerial. Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Jurnal, 1–9. Lucyanda, J., & Wardhani, R. H. K. (2017). Pengaruh diversifikasi dan karakteristik perusahaan terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Media Riset Akuntansi, 4(2), Hal-1. Salindeho, A. O., Saerang, I. S., & Maramis, J. B. (2018). Pengaruh Diversifikasi Usaha Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Dan Return Saham Study Kasus Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Automotive and Effect of Business Diversification of Financial Performance and Return Stock Case Stock in Automotive and Component Manufacturing. Jurnal EMBA, 6(3), 1078–1087. Setionoputri, A., Meiden, C., & Siagian, D. (2009). Pengaruh Diversifikasi Korporat Terhadap Excess value Perusahaan Manufaktur, Perdagangan Grosir dan Eceran, serta Properti dan Real Estat yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2005-2007. Bidang Akuntansi Private: Akuntansi Keuangan Dan Pasar Modal (AKPM), 1–25. Spence, M. (2002). Signaling in retrospect and the informational structure of markets. American Economic Review, 92(3), 434–459. Sucipto, D. (2003). Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan. Jurnal Akuntansi: Universitas Sumatera Utara. Sumendap, R., Tommy, P., & Maramis, J. B. (2018). Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan Berdasarkan Diversifikasi Segmen Bisnis Pada Industri Manufaktur Yang Go Public Comparative Analysis of Financial Performance Based on Diversification of Business Segments in Manufacturing Industry That Go Public. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 6(4), 2198–2207.

The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) represents an indispensable technology to ensure the emission-free and sustainable mobility of tomorrow. The commercial viability of PEMFCs scales not only with the performance but also with the longevity of its components, especially the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). One of the key degradation mechanisms of the MEA constitutes Starting-Up (SU) from an inactive (air/air situation) state as well as Shutting-Down (SD) from an active (H2/air situation) state. The onset of oxygen reduction along the H2/air gas front in the anode compartment of the fuel cell leads to a local potential rise at the cathode, which, among other things, promotes the parasitic Carbon Oxidation Reaction (COR) of the cathode catalyst support material. The COR can lead to a separation of the supported catalyst particles from the rest of the electrical network, thus, to a reduction of the Effective Catalyst Surface Area (ECSA), but also to an increasing mechanical instability up to the collapse of the catalyst layer. [1] In previous works, various approaches have been taken to translate real-world damage mechanisms into component-based and accelerated stress tests [2]. To investigate the degenerative effects of SUSD events on MEA corrosion stability, this work first demonstrates the transferability of degradation through a real gas exchange between air and hydrogen at the anode and a simplified but equivalent potential program (Figure 1) under inert conditions using an external power supply on an in-situ complete cell configuration over a common number of cycles. Subsequently, this potential program is repeated ex-situ using a thin-film coated Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) in a three-electrode setup and an aqueous electrolyte at the same temperature as for the in-situ complete cell execution. The integration level comparison is intended to prove that the RDE is an important characterization strategy for degradation analysis, particularly due to its comparatively low complexity and timely and financial efficiency and may be fundamentally advanced over the expensive and time-consuming complete cell measurement. For this purpose, electrochemical measurement methods, such as Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) using the transmission line model for a porous electrode, oxygen diffusion resistance and polarization characteristics at different operating parameters were conducted. In addition, morphological studies were evaluated with respect to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). It is shown that the electrochemical degradation according to the mentioned characterization methods can be transferred in very good approximation from the real gas exchange to the potential protocol on the in-situ complete cell and subsequently to the RDE half cell. References [1] Schwämmlein, J. N.; Rheinländer, P. J.; Chen, Y.; Freyer, K. T.; Gasteiger, H. A. (2018): Anode Aging during PEMFC Start-Up and Shut-Down: H 2 -Air Fronts vs Voltage Cycles. In: J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 (16), F1312-F1322. DOI: 10.1149/2.0611816jes. [2] Marcu, A.; Toth, G.; Kundu, S.; Colmenares, L. C.; Behm, R. J. (2012): Ex situ testing method to characterize cathode catalysts degradation under simulated start-up/shut-down conditions – A contribution to polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell benchmarking. In: Journal of Power Sources 215, S. 266–273. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.05.010. Figure 1

Objective – This research aims to determine and analyze related party transactions to increase firm value through opportunistic behaviour management by conducting earnings management on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2015 and 2018. Methodology/Technique – There are 34 companies that fulfill the requirements to become the sample of this study. The method applied in analyzing the data is verification using path analysis. Findings – The results of the research show that related party transactions do not have any significant effect on firm value however it indicates a positive impact. Moreover, related party transactions do not have any significant impact on earning management yet it gives a negative impact on earning management. Novelty – The influence of earnings management shows a positive impact on firm value while it shows no signs of positive impact on firm value. The analysis shows that the value of the indirect impact of related party transactions through earnings management towards firm value is negative being 0.022 smaller than the direct impact of related party transaction toward firm value which is 0.053. This indicates that related party transactions through earnings management have no significant impact on firm value. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: Related Party Transactions; Earnings Management; Firm Value. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Suryani, A., Atikah; Putri, H. T. 2019. The Effect of Related Party Transactions through Opportunistic Behaviour Management to Increase Firm Value, J. Fin. Bank. Review 4 (2): 64 – 72 https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2019.4.2(3) JEL Classification: G02, G30, G32, G39.

John A. McClernand’s Thirteenth Corps advanced at 10 a. m. on May 22 but its left-most division, commanded by Peter J. Osterhaus, did not close in on the Confederate line of earthworks. The primary reason lay in the nature of the terrain, cut up by ravines and steep ridges. The men were relatively safe when going through the former but terribly exposed to fire when they crested the latter. Osterhaus’ two brigades engaged in heavy skirmishing and endured terrible artillery fire but neither of them got close to the foot of the enemy parapet. McClernand had organized his artillery to support the corps advance and it opened with a great deal of noise that morning. Its effect, however, was largely nullified by the strength of Confederate engineer Samuel H. Lockett’s parapets, well sited on commanding ground.

Abstract The meeting on 17 November had a different outcome, because James Stevenson proposed that the Haig & Haig problem could be solved if the much larger question of amalgamation was finally tackled. A single firm would find it easier to decide which brands to promote and which to withdraw. Marketing was thus the dominant consideration. Although all agreed amalgamation was the ideal solution, two issues were fiercely contested: the choice (and location) of the holding company and the valuation of the firms. For the Big Three finance was the more important issue, but the choice of holding company embraced wider questions about the future of the Scottish economy. Buchanan-Dewar and Walker were English-registered companies, while DCL was Scottish, with its head office in Edinburgh. If one of the blenders became the holding company, and Buchanan-Dewar was the only real candidate, the amalgamation would contribute to the southward drift of industrial ownership and expand the influence of the London capital market over Scottish industry. National sentiment and business instinct conflicted. These issues were resolved by mid-February 1925, only to be followed by the threat of a legal challenge to the amalgamation and a row over compensation for Walker’s directors. For a time it seemed as if the amalgamation might not proceed. The press saw the amalgamation as inevitable. For the men who made the merger, this was far from true. At no time was the outcome certain, and this deflected their thoughts from the future management of what, by 1930, would be the sixth largest firm in British manufacturing industry.1 The men who made the merger were W. H. Ross (aged 62) for DCL, Lord Forteviot (68), A. J. Cameron (55), Peter Dewar (54) and William Harrison (63) for Buchanan-Dewar, and Sir Alexander Walker (55) and Lord Stevenson (51) for John Walker & Sons.

Abstract Ideas about the genesis of sulfide nickel-copper deposits largely rely on the geology and type of major deposits or new discoveries of the times in which they were proposed. Nickel-copper sulfides in the Norwegian gabbronorite intrusions and in the Sudbury Complex were the early examples supporting the conclusion that mafic intrusions were the main host rocks for sulfide nickel-copper deposits. Experimental work by the Norwegian geochemist J. H. L. Vogt at the beginning of the twentieth century created a firm foundation for the hypothesis of magmatic segregation. However, some of the geologic observations of the Sudbury deposits were in contradiction to the magmatic segregation theory, and many authors considered hy-drothermal processes as the main accumulation mechanism of Sudbury-type Ni-Cu sulfides. These two main theories, magmatic and hydrothermal, still prevail in genetic considerations today. The discovery of shock metamorphic structures around Sudbury led to the idea that the Sudbury Complex was an old meteorite impact site and that the mafic intrusion with Ni-Cu sulfides followed the structure of a meteorite crater. After lively discussion, this idea has been widely accepted, but the type of magmatism, composition of primary melts, assimilation of silicate magma, and emplacement as well as localization of sulfides are still under study. Discoveries of ultramafic-hosted nickel sulfides in Manitoba, Canada, and, later on, the komatiite-associated massive nickel sulfides in Western Australia awakened the discussion of genetic models of nickel sulfides in ultramafic host rocks, which has continued until today. Some studies published in the 1980s indicated that the komatiitic ultramafic flows of the Kambalda area, Western Australia, formed deep thermal erosion channels in the underlying supracrustal sequence, and the lavas assimilated volcanic and sedimentary material. The massive Ni-Cu sulfides formed from the assimilated barren sedimentary sulfides and accumulated at the basal depressions of the komatiitic flows. Experimental studies widened knowledge of the origin of the Ni-Cu sulfides. In the 1960s the sulfide mineral stabilities and composition of sulfide phases were the main targets of study. In the 1970s the sulfide-silicate melt system was examined through the calculation of distribution coefficients between sulfides and silicates. Also, the importance of the magma/sulfide mass ratio (R factor) was discovered. Sulfur isotope studies of the Norilsk deposit, Siberia, proved that sedimentary sulfur was extracted from underlying sediments and reacted with metals in mafic magma to form Ni-Cu sulfide deposits. Since then, the origin of sulfur in Ni-Cu sulfides has been a topic of continuous interest. Geochemistry of platinum-group elements (PGE) forms an essential part in the recent studies of Ni-Cu sulfides. Not only are these elements important additional commodities of the deposits, but their distribution has proved to be an important indicator of the evolution of mafic magma. A debate on the origin of platinum-group element deposits is revolving around magmatic and hydrothermal models, resembling the discussion of the genetic theories of Ni-Cu sulfides. Recent studies prove that, owing to high distribution coefficients, magmatic sulfides accumulate a high proportion of platinum-group elements, but the elements are also remobilized by hydrothermal fluids and accumulated with them in suitable environments, forming high-grade deposits. Magmatic sulfides have been a target of international research programs, and IGCP project 161 has widened the knowledge of this type of ore deposit. It is now well known that the variation in composition and structure of magmatic sulfides and platinum-group elements is linked with the origin and composition of mafic magmas, fluid dynamics, emplacement of intrusion, magma mixing and assimilation, crystal fractionation, and partitioning of elements between sulfide and silicate melts, as well as hydrothermal and metamorphic remobilization.

Abstract This paper demonstrates a successful case story of how harnessing digitalization has significantly improved the Management of Inactive wells. An integrated web-based application was developed in house and fully deployed across the Company. It has demonstrated an immense added value by bringing key stakeholders in an automated and collaborative environment to standardize and improve the existing well reactivation cycle and mitigating well & facilities integrity threats. Inactive Strings Management System (ISMS) is tailored made for multiple disciplines such as production, petroleum, well integrity, facilities and reservoir engineers, as well as Corporate Units and Management, all connected through standards automated workflows. The new solution is composed by 13 main modules that covers the whole well reactivation cycle: a) Data Entry b)Validation, c) Endorsement, d) Live Well Inventory, e) Tracking and Monitoring, f) Well Problem & Status, g) Dashboards, h) Well history, i) Well Prioritization, j) Manager Approval, and k) Level 2 KPI's. 1) Managing Problematics Wells, and m) Project Related. The Inactive String Management Tool has proved to be vastly beneficial. Since its implementation in December 2021, it has successfully supported the reactivation of around 810 strings, and monitoring over 4800 operating strings, with an associated cumulative oil rate gain of 490,000 barrels, translated into a profit of around $23 MM (USD), and shortened the well reactivation cycle by 20%. The solution had led to major improvements on the current business and system processes by addressing major challenges including data integrity issues, lack of automation, systems integration, poor tracking of well reactivation actions, and most importantly, absence of a systematic approach to prompt multidisciplinary well revision by having a unique planform to manage the inactive strings, thru standardization of best practices and lessons learned across Assets. It has increased the well problem visibility and accountability of key stakeholders to firm, maturate and accelerate well reactivation actions in an automated and collaborative environment, reducing silos, ensuring alignment, sharing knowledge and information more effectively. Improved resources planning and production gain without jeopardizing well and facilities integrity. This solution is part of the Oil and Gas 4.0 company digital transformation strategy, encourages collaboration across departments, fostering a digital culture to rapidly react to business changes. It has laid down the foundation to sustain growth and a competitive edge in the digital age by applying deeper and more targeted analytics that enable better business decision-making, such as predictive analytics, artificial intelligence, and business process management.

В статье автор обращается к дискуссионной в исторической науке проблеме – возникнове-нию ранних политических партий в Англии во второй половине XVII века и становлению двух-партийной системы на рубеже XVII–XVIII веков. На основе анализа произведений современников эпохи – известных деятелей просветительского движения Г. Болингброка, Дж. Свифта, Д. Дефо, Р. Стиля, Дж. Аддисона, маркиза Галифакса делается вывод о существовании в указанный период партий тори и вигов и их борьбе за власть. Ранние политические партии заметно разнились с теми, которые существуют в современном мире. В то же время нельзя сбрасывать со счетов атрибуты, одинаково присущие ранним и современным партиям (партийная пресса, клубы, партийная пропа-ганда во время избирательных кампаний, деятельность идеологов и партийных лидеров). В пользу существования двухпартийной системы в ту пору говорит и наличие как однопартийных, так и смешанных кабинетов министров. К началу XVIII века политические партии заняли прочное ме-сто в структуре государственного правления, а двухпартийная система сделалась неотъемлемой частью конституционного устройства Англии. In the article, the author addresses the problem discussed in historical science – the emergence of early political parties in England in the second half of the XVIIth century and the formation of a two-party sys-tem at the turn of the XVII–XVIIIth centuries. Basing on the analysis of the works of contemporaries of the era – famous figures of the Enlightenment H. Bolingbroke, J. Swift, D. Defoe, R. Style, J. Addison, the Marquis of Halifax, author concludes that the Tory and Whig parties existed in this period and struggled for power. The early political parties were noticeably different from those that exist in the modern world. At the same time, it is impossible to discount the attributes that are equally inherent in early and modern parties (the party press, clubs, party propaganda during election campaigns, the activities of ideologists and party leaders). In favor of the existence of a two-party system at that time, the presence of both single-party and mixed cabinet ministers also speaks. By the beginning of the XVIIIth century, political gained a firm place in the structure of state government, and the two-party system became an integral part of the constitutional structure of England.