Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „J D Hooker“

Myrioneuron R. Brown ex J. D. Hooker in Bentham & Hooker (1873: 69) comprises about eight species of the family Rubiaceae and it is distributed in East Himalaya to South China (Govaerts et al. 2011). Although it was occasionally treated as a synonym of Mycetia Reinwardt (1825: 9) (Bakhuizen 1975) or Keenania J. D. Hooker (1880: 101) (Van Steenis 1987, Robbrecht 1988), most botanists accepted it as a distinct genus (Kurz 1877, Hooker 1880, Schumann 1891, Pitard 1923, Merrill 1942, Bremekamp 1952, Deb 1996, Lo 1999, Wright 1999, Kress et al. 2003; Chen & Taylor 2011, Govaerts et al. 2011). Most recently, however, a molecular phylogenetic study revealed that Myrioneuron and Mycetia are non-monophyletic and intermixed, and therefore both taxa were combined to represent a monophyletic genus and Mycetia was accepted as its generic name (Ginter et al. 2015). In the study, they published nine new combinations, including Mycetia angustifolia (J. D. Hooker 1880: 97) Razafim. & B. Bremer in Ginter et al. (2015: 293). However, this name is illegitimate because it is a later homonym of Mycetia angustifolia Ridley (1923: 68), in accordance with Article 53.1 of the ICN (McNeil et al. 2012).

Bulbophyllum reflexipetalum, a new species from Motuo County, Southeast Xizang, China, is described and illustrated here. This new species belongs to Bulbophyllum sect. Umbellata Bentham & J. D. Hooker, and it is morphologically similar to B. umbellatum Lindley, B. guttulatum (J. D. Hooker) N. P. Balakrishnan and B. salweenensis X.H. Jin, but is distinguished from them by having reflexed petals, base of dorsal sepal with 1 dentate on each side, lip with significantly revolute margin, adaxially with dark brown spots or patches and one longitudinal groove.

The genus Bostrychia Montagne s.l. is reassessed. Two genera are recognised. Bostrychia and Stictosiphonia J.D. Hooker et Harvey, differing from eachother by the number of tiers of pericentral cells per axial cell, the mode of cortication and the number of indeterminate axes. These genera are described and keys are provided to all species. Bostrychia consists of 11 species. One of which, B. tenussima R.J. King et Puttock, sp. nov., is newly described from New Zealand and temperate Australia. Detailed descriptions are given for the other six species, B. harveyi, B. moritziana, B. pinnata, B. radicans, B. simpliciuscula and B. tenella, that occur in the Australasian region. Taxonomic notes are provided for the type of species. B. scorpiodes, which is restricted to western Europe, and three lesser known species, B. callipters, B. montahnei and B. pilulifers, from the Central and South American regions. Stictosiphonia is resurrected and emended. This genus consists of six species, two of which have tropical distributions, S. kelanensis (Grunow ex Post) R.J. King et Puttock, comb. nov. (southern and eastern Asia and northern Australia) and S. tangatensis (Post) R.J. King et Puttock, comb. nov. (eastern Africa and northern Australia). The remaining four species, S. hookeri, S. vaga, S. arbuscula (J. D. Hooker et Harvey) R.J. King et Puttock, comb. nov. and S. gracilis R.J. King et Puttock, sp. nov., have a southern Australian, New Zealand or subAntarctic distribution.

The genus Capparis Linnaeus (1753: 503) has about 600 species (Zhang & Tucker 2008), distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide and some in temperate regions (Fisci 2015). There are 30 species of Capparis in India (Viswanathan 2000), of these Capparis fusifera Dunn (1914: 377), Capparis grandiflora Wallich ex J. D. Hooker & Thomson (1872: 174), Capparis kollimalayana M.B. Viswanathan (2000: 245), Capparis nilgirinesis Subba Rao, Kumari & V. Chandras. (1981: 146), and Capparis rheedii Candolle (1824: 246) are endemic to Peninsular India (Sundararaghavan, 1993, Singh et al. 2015).

The species Piper petiolatum de Candolle (1866: 161) was first described based on specimens collected by J. D. Hooker and T. Thomson from Khasia hills and by W. Griffith (Kew Distribution numbers 4405 & 4410, these numbers were assigned in 1860’s at Kew before distributing the specimens to different herbaria) from East Bengal (present day Bangladesh – however, the labels on the sheets reveal that the Griffith specimens were actually collected from NE India, which is discussed below). Three years later, in A.P. de Candolle’s Prodromus, A.C.P. de Candolle cited these specimens under Chavica petiolata de Candolle (1869: 389), but did not mention his earlier publication of Piper petiolatum nor was the name listed it in the ‘Species e Pipere exclusae’. Eventually, Hooker in Flora of British India (1886: 84) also overlooked that this species name was already published under Piper Linnaeus (1753: 28) by A.C.P. de Candolle and transferred Chavica petiolata to Piper and cited his name as the author made the new combination. However, Hooker observed that the Khasian specimens quoted by A.C.P. de Candolle were actually of Piper thomsonii (de Candolle 1869: 389) Hooker (1886: 87), which was described along with Chavica petiolata. The former species is often treated as a synonym of Piper sylvaticum Roxburgh (1820: 158) (e. g. Long, 1984), although as stated by Gilbert and Nianhe (1999) certain discrepancies exist.

Abstract In the 1930s, the Rockefeller Foundation supported several small European meetings where physicists were invited to pollinate the debate about fundamental problems in biology. One of these gatherings took place at Klampenborg, about ten kilometres from Copenhagen, early in April 1938. A mixed British contingent of scientists, with Astbury and Bernal representing X-ray crystallography, attended. The crossing from Harwich to the Hook of Holland was distinctly rough, and while most of the party attempted to sleep despite the rolling of the ship, Bernal sat up in the second-class lounge deep in conversation with a tall, rather sleek, young man. His companion was Cyril Darlington, Director of the John Innes Horticultural Institute – a geneticist who had recently written on the coiling of chromosomes. Darlington had proposed that this observable alteration in chromosomal form might be due to an invisible molecular spiral in the constituent nucleoprotein. During the night, Darlington taught Sage ‘all the genetics and cytology anyone needs to know’.

Abstract Discussion Points What is the mechanism of the Evans-Mislow rearrangement in step c? Suggest a mechanism for the formation of compound 5. Explain the stereoselectivity observed in the Luche reduction step j. Further Reading For a mechanistic explanation of the selectivity of the Sharpless epoxidation, see: E. J. Corey, J. Org. Chem.,1990, 55,1693; P. G. Potvin and S. Bianchet, J. Org. Chem.,1992, 57, 6629. For reviews on the Birch reduction, see: P. W. Rabideau, Tetrahedron,1989, 45,1579; J. M. Hook and L. N. Mander, Nat. Prod. Rep.,1986, 3,35. For a review on the use of tetrapropylammonium perruthenate in organic synthesis, see: S. V. Ley, J. Norman and S. P. Marsden, Synthesis,1994, 7, 639. For an analysis of the mechanism of the Evans-Mislow rearrangement, see: D. K. Jones-Hertzog and W. L. Jorgensen, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 6682; D. K. Jones-Hertzog, W. L. Jorgensen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117,9077.

Abstract Sometimes you feel like you are not part of this world. People often stare at you on the street and when you wander the FBI halls late at night. Even the custodial staff seems to follow you as if you are something odd or alien. You consider the situation with an amusement and aloofness that angers those closest to you, particularly Sally. “What’ s that?” Sally asks. You look at your hand. “This is my hand.” Sally rolls her eyes. “Not that. I mean the book in your hand.” “Flatland.” You dust off an old book and flip through its pages. “It was published in 1884 by a Victorian schoolmaster named Edwin Abbott Abbott. It’ s about the life of a square in a 2-D world called Flatland. When he tells his people about the third dimension, they put him in jail.” Sally’ s eyes dart around your cluttered office and focus on a large photo of former FBI Chief J. Edgar Hoover. A thin trail of strawberry incense arises from a burning stick on your desk, and there is a twangy musical sound coming from some nearby speakers. You are now playing a CD of Bismilla Kahn and Ravi Shankar.

In the next few chapters we shall discuss tensors of rank zero to four which relate the intensive variables in the outer triangle of the Heckmann Diagram to the extensive variables in the inner triangle. Effects such as pyroelectricity, permittivity, pyroelectricity, and elasticity are the standard topics in crystal physics that allow us to discuss tensors of rank one through four. First, however, it is useful to introduce the thermodynamic relationships between physical properties and consider the importance of measurement conditions. Before discussing all the cross-coupled relationships, we first define the coupling within the three individual systems. In a thermal system, the basic relationship is between change in entropy δS [J/m3] and change in temperature δT [K]: . . . δS = CδT, . . . where C is the specific heat per unit volume [J/m3 K] and T is the absolute temperature. S, T, and C are all scalar quantities. In a dielectric system the electric displacement Di [C/m2] changes under the influence of the electric field Ei [V/m]. Both are vectors and therefore the electric permittivity, εij , requires two-directional subscripts. Occasionally the dielectric stiffness, βij , is required as well. . . . Di = εijEj Ei = βijDj. . . . Some authors use polarization P rather than electric displacement D. The three variables are interrelated through the constitutive relation . . . Di = Pi + ε0Ei = εijEj. . . . The third linear system in the Heckmann Diagram is mechanical, relating strain xij to stress Xkl [N/m2] through the fourth rank elastic compliance coefficients sijkl [m2/N]. . . . xij = sijklXkl. . . . Alternatively, Hooke’s Law can be expressed in terms of the elastic stiffness coefficients cijkl [N/m2]. . . Xij = cijklxkl. . . . When cross coupling occurs between thermal, electrical, and mechanical variables, the Gibbs free energy G(T, X, E) is used to derive relationships between the property coefficients. Temperature T, stress X, and electric field E are the independent variables in most experiments.

Abstract To the FBI’s confidential informant in the Commerce Department (an economist named Acree), it must have been a remarkable moment. There, on the corner of 17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue was William Remington talking to a mysterious woman. After a while, Remington took from his pocket a piece of paper that he gave to the woman, who then hailed a taxi and drove away. On February 6, 1950, Acree informed the FBI, and the next day Inspector Howard B. Fletcher recommended to Assistant Director D. M. Ladd that the Bureau reopen the Remington investigation. “Yes, do so at once,” J. Edgar Hoover ordered; “cover carefully and DISCREETLY.” It seemed to the FBI that William Remington was up to his old tricks, the woman obviously another Elizabeth Bentley. Bureau memoranda on Remington were again captioned, SUBJECT: ESPIONAGE. “I wish an FBI agent were assigned to watch me twenty-four hours a day,” he had told Daniel Lang in 1949. In 1950, Remington’s wish came true. The FBI moved quickly. On February 10, they interviewed Acree about what he had observed. He did not know the woman Remington was seeing but could give them a good description: about thirty-five years old, sharp features, medium height, medium build. Her hair was brown, cut in a masculine bob, and she wore brown horn-rimmed glasses with unusually thick lenses. She also dressed like the FBI’s idea of a Brunette Spy Queen-her body was completely covered by an olive-green Army officer’s military coat, belted and with a hood. Special Agent Lambert Zander, assigned to watch Remington, saw her for himself on March 2, when she and Remington entered the Tally-Ho Restaurant for lunch.

Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is the proprioception, the sense which has a quite big factor in the orientation and position of the body, its members and joints. For this reason, research for new strategies to explore proprioception and improve the theories of human motion could be done by three different vias. At first, the sense is analysed in a case-study where three groups of persons are compared in a controlled enviroment with three experimental tasks. The subjects belong to each group by the kind of sport they do: sedentary, normal sportsmen (e.g. athletics, swimming) and martial sportmen (e.g. karate, judo). They are compared thinking about the following hypothesis: “Martial Sportmen have a better proprioception than of the other groups’s subjects: It could be due to the type of exercises they do in their sports as empirically, a contact sportsman shows significantly superior motor skills to the members of the other two groups. The second via are records from encephalogram (EEG) while the experimental tasks are doing. These records are analised a posteriori with a set of processing algorithms to extract characteristics about brain’s activity of the proprioception and motion control. 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